FERN PLANTS GALLERY PAGES Fern Culture with British Ferns and their Allies comprising the Ferns, Club-mosses, Pepperworts and Horsetails by Thomas Moore, F.L.S, F.H.S., Etc. London George Routledge and Sons, Broadway, Ludgate Hill. Hardcover published in 1861 provides details on British Ferns |
TYPE OF FERN TO GROW
Where to see UNITED STATES WALES |
USE OF FERN
Where to see AUSTRALIA CANADA ENGLAND FRANCE GERMANY IRELAND NETHERLANDS
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SPORE COLOUR BED PICTURES Where to see NEW ZEALAND SCOTLAND UNITED STATES |
A Natural History of Britain's Ferns by Christopher N. Page. Published by William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd in 1988. ISBN 0 00 219382 5 (limpback edition) provides details of Coastal, Man-made Landscapes, Woodland, Wetland, Grassland and Rock Outcrops, Heath and Moorland, Lower Mountain Habitats, Upper Mountain Habitats and Atlantic Fringe Ferns. Tree Ferns by Mark F. Large & John E. Braggins. Published by Timber Press in 2004. ISBN 978-1-60469-176-4 is a scientifically accurate book dealing with Tree Fern species cultivated in the United States and the Pacific, but little known and rare tree ferns are also included. The Observer's Book of Ferns, revised by Francis Rose, previous editions compiled by W.J.Stokoe. Published by Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd in 1965 provides a comprehensive guide to 45 British species of Ferns. It provides details of habitat and how to use those ferns. The Plant Lover's Guide to Ferns by Richard Steffen & Sue Olsen. Published in 2015 by Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-60469- Success with Indoor Ferns, edited by Lesley Young. Reprinted 1998. ISBN 1 85391 554 8. It details the care of indoor ferns with their position, choice and fern care. |
Where to see UNITED STATES |
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From Chapter 30 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1:- "Genera Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia are a loosely related group of ferns, which include many species which are favourites of enthusiastic gardeners and fern specialists alike. Habitat Cultivation Uses Soil Types Potting Mix Watering Fertilizing Situation Pests The following ferns come from Chapter 30:- |
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Fern |
Foliage Colour and |
Height x Spread in inches (cms) |
Type of Fern to Grow |
Use of Fern |
Comments |
Frond |
Credit |
Form |
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Rumohra adiantiformis |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for House Fern. |
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Propagation: For those without propagation by spores instructions; the following is suitable: "Keep a close eye upon the fronds, and when the spore cases begin to turn brown remove a frond or portions of it, and wrap them up in white paper, putting them in a closed box for a few days, when an abundance of spores for sowing will be available. Fill some pots with good loam, to within an inch (2.5 cms) of the top, using to drainage, and surface this with some finely broken and dusty crocks or bricks. Give a thorough watering, and when this has soaked away sow the spores as thinly as possible. Stand each pot in a saucer of water, cover it in a case or under a bell-glass where light is available, but where there is no direct sunshine. When the pots get covered with small green scales (prothallica), transplant some of the small tufts with a pointed peg into other pots filled with compost and surfaced with sandy soil. Saucers of water beneath the pots should be used to supply moisture." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis. Published by A & C. Black Ltd in 1928. |
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Tectaria brachiata |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
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Propagation: For those without propagation by spores instructions; the following is suitable: "Keep a close eye upon the fronds, and when the spore cases begin to turn brown remove a frond or portions of it, and wrap them up in white paper, putting them in a closed box for a few days, when an abundance of spores for sowing will be available. Fill some pots with good loam, to within an inch (2.5 cms) of the top, using to drainage, and surface this with some finely broken and dusty crocks or bricks. Give a thorough watering, and when this has soaked away sow the spores as thinly as possible. Stand each pot in a saucer of water, cover it in a case or under a bell-glass where light is available, but where there is no direct sunshine. When the pots get covered with small green scales (prothallica), transplant some of the small tufts with a pointed peg into other pots filled with compost and surfaced with sandy soil. Saucers of water beneath the pots should be used to supply moisture." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis. Published by A & C. Black Ltd in 1928. |
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Tectaria cicutaria |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
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Propagation: For those without propagation by spores instructions; the following is suitable: "Keep a close eye upon the fronds, and when the spore cases begin to turn brown remove a frond or portions of it, and wrap them up in white paper, putting them in a closed box for a few days, when an abundance of spores for sowing will be available. Fill some pots with good loam, to within an inch (2.5 cms) of the top, using to drainage, and surface this with some finely broken and dusty crocks or bricks. Give a thorough watering, and when this has soaked away sow the spores as thinly as possible. Stand each pot in a saucer of water, cover it in a case or under a bell-glass where light is available, but where there is no direct sunshine. When the pots get covered with small green scales (prothallica), transplant some of the small tufts with a pointed peg into other pots filled with compost and surfaced with sandy soil. Saucers of water beneath the pots should be used to supply moisture." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis. Published by A & C. Black Ltd in 1928. |
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Tectaria crenata |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
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Propagation: For those without propagation by spores instructions; the following is suitable: "Keep a close eye upon the fronds, and when the spore cases begin to turn brown remove a frond or portions of it, and wrap them up in white paper, putting them in a closed box for a few days, when an abundance of spores for sowing will be available. Fill some pots with good loam, to within an inch (2.5 cms) of the top, using to drainage, and surface this with some finely broken and dusty crocks or bricks. Give a thorough watering, and when this has soaked away sow the spores as thinly as possible. Stand each pot in a saucer of water, cover it in a case or under a bell-glass where light is available, but where there is no direct sunshine. When the pots get covered with small green scales (prothallica), transplant some of the small tufts with a pointed peg into other pots filled with compost and surfaced with sandy soil. Saucers of water beneath the pots should be used to supply moisture." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis. Published by A & C. Black Ltd in 1928. |
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Tectaria gemmifera |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
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Propagation: For those without propagation by spores instructions; the following is suitable: "Keep a close eye upon the fronds, and when the spore cases begin to turn brown remove a frond or portions of it, and wrap them up in white paper, putting them in a closed box for a few days, when an abundance of spores for sowing will be available. Fill some pots with good loam, to within an inch (2.5 cms) of the top, using to drainage, and surface this with some finely broken and dusty crocks or bricks. Give a thorough watering, and when this has soaked away sow the spores as thinly as possible. Stand each pot in a saucer of water, cover it in a case or under a bell-glass where light is available, but where there is no direct sunshine. When the pots get covered with small green scales (prothallica), transplant some of the small tufts with a pointed peg into other pots filled with compost and surfaced with sandy soil. Saucers of water beneath the pots should be used to supply moisture." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis. Published by A & C. Black Ltd in 1928. |
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Tectaria heracleifolia (Aspidium heracleifolium) Fla., Tex.; Mexico; West Indies in Antilles; Central America; South America to Peru. |
Stems erect, compact. |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
Rocky hammocks, limestone outcrops in shade, cave entrances; 0--100 m. |
Tectaria heracleifolia. Illustration from Flora of North America. It may be cited as 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 11 May 2019]' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Propagation: For those without propagation by spores instructions; the following is suitable: "Keep a close eye upon the fronds, and when the spore cases begin to turn brown remove a frond or portions of it, and wrap them up in white paper, putting them in a closed box for a few days, when an abundance of spores for sowing will be available. Fill some pots with good loam, to within an inch (2.5 cms) of the top, using to drainage, and surface this with some finely broken and dusty crocks or bricks. Give a thorough watering, and when this has soaked away sow the spores as thinly as possible. Stand each pot in a saucer of water, cover it in a case or under a bell-glass where light is available, but where there is no direct sunshine. When the pots get covered with small green scales (prothallica), transplant some of the small tufts with a pointed peg into other pots filled with compost and surfaced with sandy soil. Saucers of water beneath the pots should be used to supply moisture." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis. Published by A & C. Black Ltd in 1928. |
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Tectaria incisa Incised halberd fern Fla.; Mexico; West Indies in Antilles; Central America; South America to n Argentina. |
Stems erect, compact. |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
Hammocks. |
Propagation: For those without propagation by spores instructions; the following is suitable: "Keep a close eye upon the fronds, and when the spore cases begin to turn brown remove a frond or portions of it, and wrap them up in white paper, putting them in a closed box for a few days, when an abundance of spores for sowing will be available. Fill some pots with good loam, to within an inch (2.5 cms) of the top, using to drainage, and surface this with some finely broken and dusty crocks or bricks. Give a thorough watering, and when this has soaked away sow the spores as thinly as possible. Stand each pot in a saucer of water, cover it in a case or under a bell-glass where light is available, but where there is no direct sunshine. When the pots get covered with small green scales (prothallica), transplant some of the small tufts with a pointed peg into other pots filled with compost and surfaced with sandy soil. Saucers of water beneath the pots should be used to supply moisture." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis. Published by A & C. Black Ltd in 1928. |
See Distribution Map from Flora of North America. |
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Tectaria mexicana |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
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Propagation: For those without propagation by spores instructions; the following is suitable: "Keep a close eye upon the fronds, and when the spore cases begin to turn brown remove a frond or portions of it, and wrap them up in white paper, putting them in a closed box for a few days, when an abundance of spores for sowing will be available. Fill some pots with good loam, to within an inch (2.5 cms) of the top, using to drainage, and surface this with some finely broken and dusty crocks or bricks. Give a thorough watering, and when this has soaked away sow the spores as thinly as possible. Stand each pot in a saucer of water, cover it in a case or under a bell-glass where light is available, but where there is no direct sunshine. When the pots get covered with small green scales (prothallica), transplant some of the small tufts with a pointed peg into other pots filled with compost and surfaced with sandy soil. Saucers of water beneath the pots should be used to supply moisture." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis. Published by A & C. Black Ltd in 1928. |
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Tectaria muelleri |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
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Propagation: For those without propagation by spores instructions; the following is suitable: "Keep a close eye upon the fronds, and when the spore cases begin to turn brown remove a frond or portions of it, and wrap them up in white paper, putting them in a closed box for a few days, when an abundance of spores for sowing will be available. Fill some pots with good loam, to within an inch (2.5 cms) of the top, using to drainage, and surface this with some finely broken and dusty crocks or bricks. Give a thorough watering, and when this has soaked away sow the spores as thinly as possible. Stand each pot in a saucer of water, cover it in a case or under a bell-glass where light is available, but where there is no direct sunshine. When the pots get covered with small green scales (prothallica), transplant some of the small tufts with a pointed peg into other pots filled with compost and surfaced with sandy soil. Saucers of water beneath the pots should be used to supply moisture." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis. Published by A & C. Black Ltd in 1928. |
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Woodsia ilvensis (Acrostichum ilvense ; Nephrodium rufidulum ; Polypodium ilvense ; Woodsia rufidula) Arctic and North Temperate Zone Growing amongst the fissures of rocks on high mountain cliffs, this extremely rare species is centred in the Snowdon district. Specimens have also been recorded before 1965 from Teesdale, the Lake District, the southern uplands of Scotland, and at one place in the east highlands in the UK. 岩蕨 Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia; Europe, North America]. |
The fronds of this fern may be anything from 1 to 6 inches (2.5-15 cms) high, and are covered on both sides with shining hairs. On the underside the clusters of sporangia lie amongst these hairs and are almost hidden by them. The rootsock is tufted and the delicate roots are black and wiry. The fern is of a dull green colour, and dies down to the ground at the approach of winter. Plants 12-17 cm tall. Rhizomes erect or ascending, scaly; scales concolorous, brown, broadly lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, membranous, margin entire. Fronds clustered; Sori orbicular and attached at ends of veinlets, submarginal. |
4 x |
Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives Propagation: By spores sown on surface of fine peat in well-drained pans placed in temperature of 75F (24C) at any time; division of plants, March or April. |
Suitable for
Greenhouse and hardy deciduous and evergreen ferns. Fronds feather-shaped. |
Hardy Species. Cliffs, rocky slopes; 200-2200 m. |
Woodsia ilvensis. Illustration from Flora of North America. It may be cited as 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 11 May 2019]' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. |
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Woodsia obtusa (Aspidium obtusum ; Woodsia perriniana) North America Woodsia obtusa comprises two cytotypes. Tetraploid populations (subsp. obtusa ) are found throughout the eastern flora, commonly occurring on limestone. The diploid (subsp. occidentalis ) is found near the western edge of the species range, usually on sandstone and granitic substrates. The westernmost collections of Woodsia obtusa (all subsp. occidentalis ) come from the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma and the Edwards Plateau of Texas. |
Stems compact to creeping, erect to horizontal. |
12 x |
Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives Propagation: By spores sown on surface of fine peat in well-drained pans placed in temperature of 75F (24C) at any time; division of plants, March or April. |
Suitable for
Greenhouse and hardy deciduous and evergreen ferns. Fronds feather-shaped. |
Greenhouse Species. |
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Woodsia polystichoides (Physematium polystichoides ; Woodsia brandtii ; Japan Widely distributed in C, E (including Taiwan, but not in Fujian), N, NW, and SW (Sichuan, Yunnan) China [Japan, Korea, Russia]. 耳羽岩蕨 |
Plants 15-30 cm tall. Rhizomes short, erect, scaly; scales brown, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, membranous, margin entire. Fronds clustered. Sori orbicular, terminal at tips of acroscopic veinlets, submarginal. |
6-9 x |
Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives Propagation: By spores sown on surface of fine peat in well-drained pans placed in temperature of 75F (24C) at any time; division of plants, March or April. |
Suitable for
Greenhouse and hardy deciduous and evergreen ferns. Fronds feather-shaped. |
Greenhouse Species. Crevices of shaded rocks; 200-2700 m. |
Woodsia polystichoides. Illustration from Flora of China. It may be cited as 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 11 May 2019]' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. |
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Cyrtomium falcatum (Polypodium falcatum ; Aspidium falcatum ; Cyrtomium yiangshanense ; Dryopteris falcata ; Phanerophlebia falcata ; Polystichum falcatum) Asia Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Indochina, Japan, Korea; Pacific islands (Polynesia); introduced and locally naturalized in Europe, Hawaii, North America, Réunion, South Africa]. 全缘贯众 |
Fronds spreading or erect. Plants 30-40 cm tall. Rhizome erect, densely covered with lanceolate brown scales. Sori throughout abaxial surface of pinnae |
24-36 x |
Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives Propagation: By division of roots in March, also by spores sown on fine sandy peat in temperature 60F (16C) at any time. |
Suitable for House Fern.
Greenhouse Fern. Culture: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat and sand. Pot, March. Water freely in summer, moderately in winter. Shade from strong sun. Temperature, September to March 45-55F (7-13C), March to September 55-65F (13-18C). These ferns also make good room plants provided the atmosphere is not too dry. |
Coastal and lowland forests; sea level to 500 m in China. Brick or stone walls, rocky areas, mesic forests, and coastal bluffs; 0--100 m; introduced; Calif., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., S.C.; Europe; Asia. Cyrtomium falcatum is native to east Asia and widely escaped from cultivation. All plants in the flora of North America appear to be the 32-spored, apogamous triploid. |
Cyrtomium falcatum . Illustration from Flora of China. It may be cited as 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 May 2019]' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. |
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Cyrtomium falcatum cultivars |
Fronds spreading or erect. |
24-36 x |
Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives Propagation: By division of roots in March, also by spores sown on fine sandy peat in temperature 60F (16C) at any time. |
Suitable for House Fern.
Greenhouse Fern. Culture: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat and sand. Pot, March. Water freely in summer, moderately in winter. Shade from strong sun. Temperature, September to March 45-55F (7-13C), March to September 55-65F (13-18C). These ferns also make good room plants provided the atmosphere is not too dry. |
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Plant Delights Nursery sells Cyrtomium falcatum var. maritimum 'Eco-Korean Jade'. |
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Cyrtomium fortunei (Aspidium falcatum var. fortunei ; Cyrtomium falcatum var. polypterum ; C. fortunei f. latipinna ; C. fortunei f. polypterum ; C. recurvum ; C. shandongense ; Phanerophlebia fortunei ; Polystichum falcatum var. fortunei ; P. falcatum f. polypterum ; P. fortunei ) Anhui, Chongqing (Fengjie, Nanchuan), Fujian, S Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei (Nanwutai Shan), Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi (Jincheng, Xiushui), Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [NE India (Manipur), Japan, S Korea, Nepal, Thailand, N Vietnam; introduced and locally naturalized in Europe and North America]. 贯众 |
Plants 25-50 cm tall. Rhizome erect, densely covered with brown scales. |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives Propagation: By division of roots in March, also by spores sown on fine sandy peat in temperature 60F (16C) at any time. |
Suitable for
Greenhouse Fern. Culture: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat and sand. Pot, March. Water freely in summer, moderately in winter. Shade from strong sun. Temperature, September to March 45-55F (7-13C), March to September 55-65F (13-18C). These ferns also make good room plants provided the atmosphere is not too dry. |
Limestone crevices in open areas or forests; 100-2400 m. |
Cyrtomium fortunei. Illustration from Flora of China. It may be cited as 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 May 2019]' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Plant Delights Nursery sells Cyrtomium fortunei 'Ulleung Island'. |
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Cyrtomium macrophyllum (Aspidium falcatum var. macrophyllum ; Cyrtomium falcatum var. macropterum ; Anhui, S Gansu (Kangxian, Wenxian), Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi (Pingli), Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang (Bomi, Zham), Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Japan, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan]. 大叶贯众 |
Plants 30-60 cm tall. Rhizome erect, densely covered with lanceolate blackish brown scales. |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives Propagation: By division of roots in March, also by spores sown on fine sandy peat in temperature 60F (16C) at any time. |
Suitable for
Greenhouse Fern. Culture: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat and sand. Pot, March. Water freely in summer, moderately in winter. Shade from strong sun. Temperature, September to March 45-55F (7-13C), March to September 55-65F (13-18C). These ferns also make good room plants provided the atmosphere is not too dry. |
Forests; 700-2500 m |
Cyrtomium macrophyllum. Illustration from Flora of China. It may be cited as 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 May 2019]' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. |
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Cyrtomium tukusicola (Cyrtomium macrophyllum var. tukusicola) Chongqing (Nanchuan), Guizhou (Fanjing Shan, Kaili), Hunan (Longshan, Sangzhi), Sichuan (Cangxi, Emei, Leibo), C Taiwan, Yunnan (Yangbi), Zhejiang (Qingyuan) [Japan]. 齿盖贯众 Cyrtomium tukusicola is an apomictic species and is sometimes treated as a variety of C. macrophyllum. |
Plants 40-60 cm tall. Rhizome erect, densely covered with lanceolate blackish brown scales. |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives Propagation: By division of roots in March, also by spores sown on fine sandy peat in temperature 60F (16C) at any time. |
Suitable for
Greenhouse Fern. Culture: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat and sand. Pot, March. Water freely in summer, moderately in winter. Shade from strong sun. Temperature, September to March 45-55F (7-13C), March to September 55-65F (13-18C). These ferns also make good room plants provided the atmosphere is not too dry. |
Forests; 1000-2600 m. |
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Dryopteris tokyoensis Tokyo Wood Fern USDA Zones: 5a to 8b, possibly colder Japan, Korea |
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36 x 36 |
Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
The Tokyo wood fern is one of those little known, but splendid, deciduous woodland ferns, native to woodlands from Honshu to Shikoku and across to Korea. Similar to a dwarf Dryopteris x celsa, the tight, 3' (36 inches, 90 cms) wide, deer-resistant clump of upright, narrow, 3' long fronds provide a nice vertical accent in the woodland garden. We think Dryopteris tokyoensis is an easy-to-grow and distinctive deer-resistant fern for the woodland shade garden. |
Dryopteris tokyoensis. Photo Courtesy of Plant Delights Nursery @ Juniper Level Botanic Garden. Propagation: For those without propagation by spores instructions; the following is suitable: "Keep a close eye upon the fronds, and when the spore cases begin to turn brown remove a frond or portions of it, and wrap them up in white paper, putting them in a closed box for a few days, when an abundance of spores for sowing will be available. Fill some pots with good loam, to within an inch (2.5 cms) of the top, using to drainage, and surface this with some finely broken and dusty crocks or bricks. Give a thorough watering, and when this has soaked away sow the spores as thinly as possible. Stand each pot in a saucer of water, cover it in a case or under a bell-glass where light is available, but where there is no direct sunshine. When the pots get covered with small green scales (prothallica), transplant some of the small tufts with a pointed peg into other pots filled with compost and surfaced with sandy soil. Saucers of water beneath the pots should be used to supply moisture." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis. Published by A & C. Black Ltd in 1928. |
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Dryopteris uniformis |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
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Propagation: For those without propagation by spores instructions; the following is suitable: "Keep a close eye upon the fronds, and when the spore cases begin to turn brown remove a frond or portions of it, and wrap them up in white paper, putting them in a closed box for a few days, when an abundance of spores for sowing will be available. Fill some pots with good loam, to within an inch (2.5 cms) of the top, using to drainage, and surface this with some finely broken and dusty crocks or bricks. Give a thorough watering, and when this has soaked away sow the spores as thinly as possible. Stand each pot in a saucer of water, cover it in a case or under a bell-glass where light is available, but where there is no direct sunshine. When the pots get covered with small green scales (prothallica), transplant some of the small tufts with a pointed peg into other pots filled with compost and surfaced with sandy soil. Saucers of water beneath the pots should be used to supply moisture." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis. Published by A & C. Black Ltd in 1928. |
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Dryopteris varia (Polypodium varium ; Aspidium opacum ; Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Vietnam]. 变异鳞毛蕨 |
Rhizome ascending, apex densely covered with scales; scales dark brown, linear-lanceolate, 1.5-2 cm, hairlike at apex. Fronds caespitose. |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
Subtropical and temperate forests; sea level to 2300 m (in Taiwan). |
Dryopteris varia. Illustration from Flora of China. It may be cited as 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 May 2019]' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Propagation: For those without propagation by spores instructions; the following is suitable: "Keep a close eye upon the fronds, and when the spore cases begin to turn brown remove a frond or portions of it, and wrap them up in white paper, putting them in a closed box for a few days, when an abundance of spores for sowing will be available. Fill some pots with good loam, to within an inch (2.5 cms) of the top, using to drainage, and surface this with some finely broken and dusty crocks or bricks. Give a thorough watering, and when this has soaked away sow the spores as thinly as possible. Stand each pot in a saucer of water, cover it in a case or under a bell-glass where light is available, but where there is no direct sunshine. When the pots get covered with small green scales (prothallica), transplant some of the small tufts with a pointed peg into other pots filled with compost and surfaced with sandy soil. Saucers of water beneath the pots should be used to supply moisture." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis. Published by A & C. Black Ltd in 1928. |
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Polystichum whiteleggei Sub-tropical zone |
Plants have long and broad bright green fronds attractively divided, with the stipe and young fronds covered with large, papery scales. They like shady conditions in moist but well-drained soil The fern is endemic to Australia’s subtropical Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea; it is locally common to rare on the edges and flanks of the summits of Mounts Lidgbird and Gower. |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives Propagation: Stove and greenhouse species by spores sown in sandy peat any time; division in March. Hardy species by division of crowns in April, also by spores sown on sterilised loam and kept close under glass cover. |
Ferns suitable for Conservatory or Heated Greenhouse. Stove greenhouse and hardy Polystichum ferns. Heights vary from 12-36 inches (30-90cms). |
Damp banks support a variety of ferns including the endemic Dryopteris apiculis and Polystichum whiteleggei in Lord Howean Hill Forest on Lord Howe Island. |
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Polystichum whiteleggei. By John Game from Berkeley, United States via Wikimedia Commons |
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Polystichum vestitum (Polypodium vestitum, Aspidium vestitum, Polystichum venustum, Aspidium venustum, Hardy in Zone 6 Native to the three principal islands of New Zealand (North Island, South Island and Stewart Island) and the Chatham Islands, as well as to New Zealand's subantarctic Snares, Antipodes, Auckland and Campbell Islands, and to Australia’s Macquarie Island. |
Erect rhizomes and harsh, prickly, semi-deciduous fronds that are dark green above, lighter below. This species grows in cool, moist climates. Can develop a small trunk. It is native to New Zealand. The fronds are 220–600 mm (9-24 inches) long. There are 3–7 (usually 5) round sori on each pinnule, halfway between the margin and midrib, with a light brown indusium. The ferns are usually bicolour with a dark brown centre that is surrounded by margins that are a pale brown. The fern is seriously affected by rabbit grazing. |
On the Snares Islands, clumps of P. vestitum are apparently the preferred cover for nests of the Snares Island snipe, Coenocorypha huegeli (Miskelly, 1999). Birds on the Snares that nest higher up apparently lose a lot of eggs or chicks to petrels. Petrels don't eat the other birds, but they also nest under cover in the area - and petrels are notoriously bad at making landings. |
Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives Propagation: Geenhouse species by spores sown in sandy peat any time; division in March. Easily grown from fresh spores and transplants. However, often slow to establish. Does best in a shaded site planted within a deep, free draining humus-enriched fertile soil. |
Ferns suitable for Cold-Hardy. Greenhouse Polystichum fern. Heights vary from 12-36 inches (30-90cms). |
Plants are very cold-hardy and will withstand severe frosts and snow. Likes plenty of moisture and will tolerate shade to partial sun. Polystichum vestitum is common in the more exposed landscapes such as gulley floors, forest margins and tussock grasslands, but can also be found in abundance in the more cooler and wetter forests. It is found in conjunction with Stilbocarpa polaris, Poa foliosa and Pleurophyllum hookeri. |
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Sori of Polystichum vestitum in Dunedin Botanic Garden. By Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz via Wikimedia Commons
Juvenile Fronds of Polystichum Vestitum Form of Polystichum vestitum in Auckland Botanic Gardens. By Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz via Wikimedia Commons |
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Polystichum triangulum (Polystichum echinatum) Zone 9(10) |
It forms a spreading rosette of narrow, bright green fronds; the pinnae being deltoid to triangular in shape. Native to South America and West Indies. |
Polystichum triangulum (triangular), synonym Polystichum echina-tum, is a small fern that is recommended for Zone 9 and possibly Zone 10. It is most attractive with shiny diamond to triangular-shaped pinnae. If it is not suitable for your garden, try it as a house-plant where, with fronds up to 18 in. (45 cm), it is showy, manageable, and unusual. It can be reproduced by small bulbils on the frond tips. |
Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives Propagation: Greenhouse species by spores sown in sandy peat any time; division in March. |
Ferns suitable for Acid Soil. Greenhouse Polystichum fern. Heights vary from 12-36 inches (30-90cms). |
Although reported as being associated with calcareous rocks, this species grows well in acid, loamy soils. |
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If you grow and sell ferns in any country, please tell me so that I can put them on this website and inform others where they can be bought online via mail-order. If you would provide photos and fern details to be only used by me on this website, they would be gratefully received, since I could assume that the photo was a valid one in regard to its name of fern in its filename to that fern in the photo. |
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Arachniodes standishii USDA Zones 4a to 8b China, Japa, Korea |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
After walking through acres of Arachniodes standishii on Korea's Ulleung Island, we understand why magically elegant upside-down fern is probably the most sought-after fern by gardeners worldwide. The lacy, cutleaf, 18" fronds rise from a thick, slowly creeping rhizome. Our 18-year-old clumps of the easy-to-grow Arachniodes standishii are only 3-4'; 36-48 inches; 90-120 cms wide. Upside-down fern is tardily deciduous, still looking fresh well into the new year. Dormant in the winter. Grow in light shade. |
Arachniodes standishii. Photo Courtesy of Plant Delights Nursery @ Juniper Level Botanic Garden. |
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Dryopteris ludoviciana (Aspidium ludovicianum ; Dryopteris floridana) Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., N.C., S.C. |
Leaves somewhat dimorphic, green through winter, 35--120 × 10--30 cm. |
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Shield Ferns, Buckler Ferns, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) Propagation: See instructions on right. |
Suitable for |
Swamps and wet woods; 0--100 m. Dryopteris ludoviciana is a stately, semi-evergreen, clumping fern, native to the southeastern US, that makes a wonderful addition to the woodland garden. The shiny but leathery 3' tall fronds form a striking upright architectural specimen in the garden. Despite being native to swamps, Dryopteris ludoviciana has performed admirably for us in normal garden conditions. According to fern guru Dr. John Mickel, southern shield fern also occasionally occurs naturally on limestone outcrops, indicating a good tolerance for sweet soils. |
Dryopteris ludoviciana. Photo Courtesy of Plant Delights Nursery @ Juniper Level Botanic Garden. |
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If you grow and sell ferns in any country, please tell me so that I can put them on this website and inform others where they can be bought online via mail-order. If you would provide photos and fern details to be only used by me on this website, they would be gratefully received, since I could assume that the photo was a valid one in regard to its name of fern in its filename to that fern in the photo. |
Site design and content copyright ©January 2009. DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site. |
Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran. Revised and Expanded Edition. Published in 2001 by Timber Press, Inc. Reprinted 2002, 2006. ISBN-13:978-0-88192-495-4. |
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USE OF FERN WITH PHOTOS
using information from Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran and
The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1
Outdoor Use in
Northeastern United States Zones 3-6
Southeastern United States Zones 6-8
Southern Florida and Hawaii Zones 10-11
Central United States Zones 3-6
Northwestern United States Zones 5-8 with some Zone 9
Southwestern United States Zones 6-9
Coastal Central and Southern California Zones 9-10
Accent
Aquatic 1, 2
Basket 1,
Ferns for Hanging Baskets 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Ferns for Hanging Baskets with Pendulous Fronds or weeping Growth Habit 7, 8
Bog or Wet-Soil 1,
Ferns for Wet Soils 2, 3
Border and Foundation 1, 2
Grow in Coastal Region
Cold-hardy Ferns 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Colour in Fern Fronds 1, 2, 3, 4
Conservatory (Stove House) or Heated Greenhouse 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Drier Soil 1, 2, 3, 4
Grows on Rock (epilithic) 1, 2
Borne on Leaf (epiphyllous) 1, 2
Grows on another Plant (epiphyte) 1, 2
Evergreen and Deciduous
Fronds in Floral Decorations
Ferns for Acid Soil 1,
Lime-hating (Calcifluges) 2, 3, 4, 5
Ferns for Basic or Limestone Soil 1,
Ferns Found on Limestone or Basic Soils (Calciphiles) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Ferns for Ground Cover 1,
Ground Cover Ferns 2, 3, 4, 5
Ferns of the Atlantic Fringe with associated plants (1 - Atlantic Cliff-top Grassland, Ledges and Rough Slopes; 2 - Clay Coasts and Dunes of South-East Ireland; 3 - Limestones of Western Atlantic Coasts; 4 - Hebridean Machair; 5 - Horsetail Flushes, Ditches and Stream Margins; 6 - Water Margin Osmunda Habitats; 7 - Western, Low-lying, Wet, Acid Woodlands; 8 - Western, Oak and Oak-Birch Woodlands and Ravines, in the UK and Ireland)
Ferns in Coastal District with associated plants (Hard Rock Cliffs, Soft Rock Cliffs, Clay Coasts, or Coastal Sand-Dunes in the UK)
Ferns of Grasslands and Rock Outcrops (Grasslands; Rocks, Quarries and Mines in the UK)
Ferns of Heath and Moorland with associated plants (1 - Bracken Heath; 2 - Ferns of Moist Heathland Slopes and Margins of Rills and Streams; 3 - Heathland Horsetails, 4 - Heathland Clubmosses, in the UK)
Ferns of Lower Mountain Habitats with associated plants (1 - Upland Slopes and Screes; 2 - Base-rich, Upland Springs and Flushes; 3 - Base-rich, Upland, Streamside Sands and Gravels; 4 - Juniper Shrub Woodland, in the UK)
Ferns for Man-Made Landscapes with associated plants (South-western Hedgebanks, Hedgerows and Ditches, Walls and Stonework, Water Mills and Wells, Lime Kilns and abandoned Lime-Workings, Pit heaps and Shale Bings, Canals, Railways and Their Environs in the UK)
Ferns of Upper Mountain Habitats with associated plants (1 - High Mountain, Basic Cliffs and Ledges; 2 - High, Cliff Gullies; 3 - High Mountain Corries, Snow Patches and Fern beds; 4 - Ridges, Plateaux and High Summits, in the UK)
Ferns for Wetlands with associated plants (1- Ponds, Flooded Mineral Workings and Wet Heathland Hollows; 2 - Lakes and Reservoirs; 3 - Fens; 4 - Ferns of the Norfolk Broads' Fens; 5 - Willow Epiphytes in the UK)
Ferns in Woodland with associated plants (1 - Dry, Lowland, Deciduous Woodland; 2 - Inland, Limestone, Valley Woodland; 3 - Base-rich Clay, Valley Woodland; 4 - Basic, Spring-fed Woodland; 5 - Ravine Woodland on Mixed Rock-types; 6 - Native Pine Forest in the UK)
Ferns in Hedges or Hedgebanks
Outdoor Containers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Rapidly Growing Fern 1, 2
Resurrection Fern
Rock Garden and Wall Ferns 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Shade Tolerant 1, 2, 3, 4
Slowly Growing Fern
Sun Tolerant 1, 2, 3, 4
House Fern in Trough Garden 1,
Fern Suitable for
Indoor Decoration 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
House Fern in Terrarium, Wardian Case or
Bottle Garden 1,
Ferns suitable for Terrariums, Wardian Cases 2, 3, 4,
5, 6
Grow in Woodlands 1, 2, 3, 4
TYPE OF FERN TO GROW WITH PHOTOS
using information from
Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran and
The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1
Aquatic Ferns (Azolla, Ceratopteris, Marsilea, Pilularia, Regnellidium, Salvinia)
Boston ferns (Nephrolepis exaltata), Fishbone ferns (Nephrolepis cordifolia), Lace ferns and Sword ferns
Cloak, Lip, Hand Ferns and their Hardy Relatives (Bommeria, Cheilanthes, Doryopteris, Gymnopteris, Hemionitis, Notholaena, Paraceterach, Pellae, Pleurosorus, Quercifilix) 1,
2, 3
Davallia Ferns (Araiostegia, Davallia, Davallodes, Gymno-grammitis, Humata, Leucostegia, Scyphularia, Trogostolon) 1, 2
Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes) 1, 2
Filmy and Crepe Ferns (Hymenophyllum, Trichomanes, Leptopteris) 1, 2
Lacy Ground Ferns (Culcita, Dennstaedtia, Histiopteris, Hypolepis, Leptolepia, Microlepia, Paesia, Pteridium) 1, 2
Lady Ferns and Their Allies (Allantodia, Athyrium, Diplazium, Lunathyrium, Pseudo-cystopteris, Callipteris, Cornopteris, Cystopteris) 1, 2
Maidenhair Ferns (Adiantum) 1, 2
Miscellaneous Ferns (Acrostichum, Actiniopteris, Anemia, Anogramma, Anopteris, Blotiella, Bolbitis, Christella, Coniogramma, Cryptogramma, Ctenitis, Cyclosorus, Didymochlaena, Dipteris, Elaphoglossum, Equisetum, Gymnocarpium, Llavea, Lonchitis, Lygodium, Macrothelypteris, Oeontrichia, Oleandra, Onoclea, Onychium, Oreopteris, Parathelypteris, Phegopteris, Photinopteris, Pityrogramma, Pneumatopteris, Psilotum, Stenochlaena, Thelypteris, Vittaria)
1, 2, 3, 4 including Fern Allies of Equisetum and Psilotum or Whisk Ferns
Polypodium Ferns and Relatives (Anarthropteris, Belvisia, Campyloneurum, Colysis, Crypsinus, Dictymia, Gonphlebium, Lecanopteris, Lemmaphyllum, Lexogramme, Microgramma, Microsorum, Niphidium, Phlebodium, Phymatosurus, Pleopeltis, Polypodium, Pyrrosia, Selliguea) 1, 2, 3
Primitive Ferns and Fern Oddities (Angiopteris, Botrychium, Christensenia, Danaea, Helminthostachys, Marattia, Ophioglossum, Osmunda and Todea)
Scrambling, Umbrella, Coral and Pouch Ferns (Dicranopteris, Diploptergium, Gleichenia, Sticherus)
Shield, Buckler, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) 1, 2, 3, 4
Spleenworts Ferns (Asplenium) 1, 2, 3
Staghorns, Elkhorns and other large epiphytes (Aglaomorpha, Drynaria, Merinthosorus, Platycerium, Pseudodrynaria) 1, 2
Fern Allies - Tassel Ferns and Clubmosses (Lycopodium)
The Brakes (Pteris) 1, 2
Tree Ferns (Cibotium, Cnemidaria, Cyathea, Dicksonia, Nephelea and Trichipteris) 1, 2
Water, Hard, Rasp and Chain Ferns (Blechnum, Doodia, Woodwardia, Sadleria) 1, 2
Xerophytic Ferns (Actinopteris, Astrolepis, Cheilanthes, Doryopteris, Notholaena, Pellaea, Pityrogramma) 1, 2
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STAGE 4C CULTIVATION, POSITION, USE GALLERY
Cultivation Requirements of Plant |
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Outdoor / Garden Cultivation |
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Indoor / House Cultivation |
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Cool Greenhouse (and Alpine House) Cultivation with artificial heating in the Winter |
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Conservatory Cultivation with heating throughout the year |
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Stovehouse Cultivation with heating throughout the year for Tropical Plants |
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Sun Aspect |
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Soil Type |
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Soil Moisture |
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Position for Plant |
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Ground Cover 0-24 inches (0-60 cms) |
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Ground Cover 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) |
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Ground Cover Over 72 inches (180 cms) |
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Use of Plant |
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STAGE 4D Plant Foliage |
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Flower Shape |
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Number of Flower Petals |
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Flower Shape - Simple |
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Flower Shape - Elaborated |
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Natural Arrangements |
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STAGE 4D |
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Form |
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STAGE 1
Fragrant Plants adds the use of another of your 5 senses in your garden:- |
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STAGE 2 Fan-trained Shape From Rhododendrons, boxwood, azaleas, clematis, novelties, bay trees, hardy plants, evergreens : novelties bulbs, cannas novelties, palms, araucarias, ferns, vines, orchids, flowering shrubs, ornamental grasses and trees book, via Wikimedia Commons |
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Ramblers Scramblers & Twiners by Michael Jefferson-Brown (ISBN 0 - 7153 - 0942 - 0) describes how to choose, plant and nurture over 500 high-performance climbing plants and wall shrubs, so that more can be made of your garden if you think not just laterally on the ground but use the vertical support structures including the house as well. The Gardener's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Climbers & Wall Shrubs - A Guide to more than 2000 varieties including Roses, Clematis and Fruit Trees by Brian Davis. (ISBN 0-670-82929-3) provides the lists for 'Choosing the right Shrub or Climber' together with Average Height and Spread after 5 years, 10 years and 20 years. |
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STAGE 2
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STAGE 4D Trees and Shrubs suitable for Clay Soils (neutral to slightly acid) Trees and Shrubs suitable for Dry Acid Soils Trees and Shrubs suitable for Shallow Soil over Chalk Trees and Shrubs tolerant of both extreme Acidity and Alkalinity Trees and Shrubs suitable for Damp Sites Trees and Shrubs suitable for Industrial Areas Trees and Shrubs suitable for Cold Exposed Areas Trees and Shrubs suitable for Seaside Areas Shrubs suitable for Heavy Shade Shrubs and Climbers suitable for NORTH- and EAST-facing Walls Shrubs suitable for Ground Cover Trees and Shrubs of Upright or Fastigiate Habit Trees and Shrubs with Ornamental Bark or Twigs Trees and Shrubs with Bold Foliage Trees and Shrubs for Autumn Colour Trees and Shrubs with Red or Purple Foliage Trees and Shrubs with Golden or Yellow Foliage Trees and Shrubs with Grey or Silver Foliage Trees and Shrubs with Variegated Foliage Trees and Shrubs bearing Ornamental Fruit Trees and Shrubs with Fragrant or Scented Flowers Trees and Shrubs with Aromatic Foliage Flowering Trees and Shrubs for Every Month:- |
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Use of Fern
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Use of Fern
See
If you grow and sell ferns, please tell me so that I can put them on this website and inform others where they can be bought online via mail-order. The remarkable sex life of ferns:-
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