Ivydene Gardens Plant with Photo Index Gallery:
Page D 5. Photos of Damage to Trees in Pavement of Funchal and these are my solutions with background articles (Many cities in many countries may be experiencing the same problems as in Funchal, so you might find that looking at this section on Damage to Trees in Pavement of Funchal in its entirety for clarification and possible solutions; useful):-

"Solution to holes in trees.
Remove mesh covers and rot within the hole. Then blast the remaining rot with a high pressure water hose to try and clear more of the rot. Spray with Boron (a water based preservative kills only wood boring insects - not spiders, birds or bats) as a treatment for insect, wet and dry rot attack. While it is still wet, apply a layer of Expanding Foam to the bottom of the hole. Immediately place bottles on this and allow to set for 5 minutes. Apply another layer of expanding foam and another layer of bottles. The aim of the bottles (you could use cullet instead) is to occupy space, they are not there as a deterrent. That is why the foam has to be in contact with the inside of the tree not the glass bottle. The poisons in the foam will kill anything eating it and the foam does stick better when wet with water. Keep up this operation until the hole is covered. 
Leave to set and then paint the foam surface twice with a recommended water-based, but not oil-based, sealant.

Solutions to stop creating holes in trees.
When a branch is cut off, remember to cut it off on the other side of the Branch Collar. (See Figure 1 - Optimum position of the final pruning cut in "Guide to Tree Pruning" by the Arboricultural Association which shows the branch collar within and outside the tree. My Comments: I disagree with their recommendation not to apply wound paint as you can see the result if you do not paint trees which are dehydrated, starved and gassed as these trees in the pavements of Madeira are.) 
Once that is done, then immediately apply Boron and 2 coats of protective sealant as used for holes in trees above.

Solution to current problem on these mosaic pavements:-
Carefully remove the existing marble mosaic, concrete, tarmac, or paver and the concrete/metal enclosures round the trees. If any further solid material like gravel, bricks, stones etc can be removed as well, then do so. Level the ground with sharp sand (Sharp sand is like pyramids which lock together, builder's sand is like ball bearings which displaces itself elsewhere if it can when downward pressure is applied to it). 
The time to execute the above and complete the refilling with sharp sand must be completed within 20 minutes, otherwise the exposed roots will dry up and die. 
It is useful to now water it to settle the sand and keep the roots wet. Put the roll of continuous geotextile over the top before laying down the CEDAdrive slabs on 
top. Fill the slabs with the required colours of marble pea-shingle and leave a 3 inch (7.5 cm) gap between the trunk and the CEDAdrive section (Besides black 
and white marble, you can get many other colours). Spread Green Manure seed in the gap and cover to the same level as the top of the CEDAdrive with its pea-shingle; with sharp sand. The Green manure will provide a little nourishment for the tree and protection for the expanding trunk, together with protection from cigarettes. 
Further protection can be carried out by providing seating round the trunk, so that old fogeys like me can rest.
Pop-up irrigation water pipes can be supplied from these water manholes currently in the pavements and they can be set to irrigate each section in rotation from 
Midnight to 06:00 in the morning.
A dissolved mixture of seaweed, fully composted animal waste and fully worm composted human food waste from restaurants/hotels can be applied over a pavement an hour before that section is irrigated 3 times a year to provide the same fertilizer regime as practised by the gardeners at the Pestana Mirimar for that hotel's garden. The drained solids (bones, egg-shells and fish-heads can be crushed, and then added to the solids) from the above fertilizer solution can be applied over the sand between the tree and the CEDAdrive.
An alternative to using marble pea-shingle is Topmix Permeable Concrete within the CEDAdrive slabs. This would perform the same function as the marble pea-shingle, but it may be cheaper and quicker to use in other pavements. The depth of the Cedadrive slabs might have to be increased if traffic is allowed to cross or park on this type of pavement surface. At least the CEDAdrive slabs can flex, whereas concrete cannot.

Articles on

• Branch Collar and the importance of leaving all of it while cutting off that branch; as shown above in this column
• My repair to a 1300 year old yew tree in my church at the bottom of pages 1-12
• Some of my work on trees using a chainsaw and chipper-shredder on page 13
• Protective Dressing, Cavities and 'do not use plastic twine or wire to tie a plant' are at the bottom of pages 14-25 with Forked Leaders, also Terminal Bud and Dormant Branch Growth Bud.
  
  Details on Boron woodworm, wet and dry wood rot treatment on Page 16.
  
  The article on "I have copied the archived post below, because what is stated there is extremely important, since 99.99% of gardeners in the UK totally ignore the fact that plants require humus and think that double-digging is beneficial every year. That is why they are killing their soil and their plants do not grow well." and from its Comments in the row below it.
  "So why do you not use the companion planting cultivation method as further detailed in Companion Planting?
  You may follow this with the following which is normally used for the vegetable garden instead for your flower beds, rose beds and beds which currently have lawn/flower bed/trees/shrubs in them within public spaces and pavements:-
  "Spinach is sown in spring in rows 50cm apart over the whole vegetable garden area for the following
  purposes:
  • these rows divide the vegetable garden up for the whole year,
  • the spinach roots prevent erosion, so the usual paths between beds are omitted,
  • young spinach plants provide protection and shade for the vegetable crops to be grown between them,
  • spinach provides ideal material for sheet surface composting, which becomes an intermediate space, a footpath, and
  • it is in between these lines of spinach that the other vegetable varieties are arranged."
  • This could be used in the flower beds as the system between the permanent plants of trees, shrubs and perennials, which is where you may put bedding. This will also provide you with access to the bedding and the permanent plants together with the nitrogen fertilizer for the other plants from the legumes of spinach.
    You plant your bedding, bulbs or vegetables through the mulch between the lines of spinach. The damage you do to where you plant is fairly quickly repaired by the organisms in the surrounding soil, who each come into the level below the ground level where they normally reside, until they meet their relatives on the other side of the planting hole. The ecosystem is then restored.".
• Tree 64 from pestana mirimar large tree with stumps and wires IMG 6383.JPG has the following solution for the ground surrounding these trees on page 17:-
  Funchal is building more and more on the land. The vegetation on this is being removed and replaced with concrete buildings and tarmaced roads. Neither concrete nor tarmac will convert carbon dioxide that we as animals breathe out into oxygen, which we require to live by. Vegetation also helps absorb the poisons produced by vehicles. It would be cheaper to cut these trees down and build a restaurant on the ground instead, but at some point, we the human race must take some responsibilty for the actions that we do and stop asphyxiating ourselves.
  Suggestion -
  • Remove the lawn and the flower bed plants leaving the trees and the ferns.
  • Mow the lawn and bed with a rotary mower and put the shreddings round the trees.
    • Use a strong Bulldog Premier Border Fork, Brown to lift the turf out of the ground and place this upside down along the edge of the ground with the pavement. Build this up to about 3 inches (7.5 cms) to act as an edging to the pond created when you apply the flood of the solids left over from the combined seaweed, animal manure, worm composted food - after the solutions to the trees and mosaic pavement have been executed. Use the same fork to take up the plants in the flower beds after they have been mown and put them upside down round the base of the trees up to 30 inches (75 cms) radius from the trunk. It is very important that this work done on the ground enclosed by the mosaic pavements is done by hand and not by machine. If you rotovated the lawn and flower beds you would cut through a vast majority of the feeder roots of these trees. When an area has been cleared, then before the break for mid-morning tea, lunch or going home, irrigate the land that has been cleared to prevent that ground from drying out and the roots then would die as well.
    • Mix Clover Seed Blend MAS-CLOo4 in wallpaper paste and spray it over the exposed portion of this upside-down turf edging and leave that as your permanent green edging to the ground enclosing these trees.
    • You could also use the same clover seed mix round the base of the remaining trees and shrubs/ferns up to 36 inches (90 cms) radius from the trunk edge over the shredded flower bed plants and grass mowings, so that the roots nearest the trees would not be disturbed in the future by digging.
  • Irrigate every 3 days with 0.5 inches (1.25 cm) depth of recommended seaweed, animal manure and worm composted hotel/restaurant leftovers for a month. This could start to improve these trees, so that they can stand for the treatment they will later receive. When the mosaic pavements have been replaced with a permeable pavement surface, then that pavement surface surface will require the same liquid irrigation as the ground it encloses.
  • Then after that month, get a professional firm to remove the existing bracing and replace it, including rods for the lowest part of Forked Leaders.
  • Then erect scaffolding so that any part of these trees can be treated with the solutions for the various problems. The scaffolding is supported on the pavements not on the ground round these trees.
  • Then start sorting the problems on the trees from the ground up. Keep the irrigation system going during this operation - irrigate between midnight and 06:00.
  • When all solutions have been executed, including the replacement of the mosaic pavements as the final one; then either
    • sow a green manure over the open ground and irrigate as before. Flood the green manure with a 3 inch (7.5 cm) depth of the solids left over from the combined seaweed, animal manure, worm composted food every 4 months and apply the new different green manure by spraying a solution of wallpaper paste and seeds on the surface of the mulch. Repeat this every 4 months.
    • or
    • sow lines of everlasting spinach over the site and irrigate as before. A succession of bulbs can be planted between these lines of spinach to provide flowers throughout the year. The lines of spinach could be replaced every 4 months or so (depending on the time when the next bulbs come up and the dead foliage of the previous ones can be removed) with a different green manure. The bulbs would take little nourishment or irrigation water. The irrigation water on the ground and on the replaced mosaic pavements could mostly be used by the trees who require this volume most of the year round.

• "Ways to install trees at the bottom of pages 26-37 includes the following on watering - "Throughout the warm, summer weather, the tree will need the equivalent of 1 inch (2.5 cm) of rain per week and this water needs to be applied about twice each week (My Comments - since this is over the entire root area of this tree - which is at least the radius from the trunk of the height of the tree - then if the CEDAdrive slabs are used, apply 0.5 inchs (1.25 cms) of irrigation twice a week to that entire area).  Approximately 5-10 gallons (20 – 40 liters) of water is sufficient to moisten a 20-inch (50 cm) diameter root ball.  A 40-inch (100 cm) diameter root ball has more than twice the volume and would require 35-45 gallons (130 – 170 liters). 
  Another way to measure water need is with the following formula:   The tree needs 5 gallons minimum and 5 additional gallons per inch of diameter (DBH); hence a 3 inch DBH tree needs 20 gallons of water per week to equal 1 inch of rainfall, in other words, 5 gallons minimum + (3 X 5) 15 gallons = 20 gallons."
• The Pruning and Maintenance of Mature Trees:
  • 'Lifting' or the removal of the lower branch systems,
  • Crown Thinning and
  • Crown Reduction
  • at the bottom of
    pages 38-45
• Explaination of watersprouts and watershoots in the Watersprouts on Trees in Pavements in Funchal, Madeira Page. These should be removed from the trees since they are weakly joind to the branch/trunk from which they originated and are dangerous to use as supports for electricians or tree surgeons; as well as likely to fall down in a storm.
   

Plant Name with link to its page in Ivydene Gardens

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Type of Plant with Thumbnail

Comments
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Garnons-Williams or Foord, then it is in the Public Domain and you may download it and use it. Many of the Images published within Ivydene Gardens have the copyright name appended to the Image filename.

Damage to Trees in Pavement of Funchal Page 34

Tree 116 from mirimar to funchal with pollarded tree
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Tree 116 from mirimar to funchal with pollarded tree
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Tree 117 from mirimar to funchal another water manhole IMG 0036.JPG

Tree 117 from mirimar to funchal pollarded tree by new savoy
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Tree 117 from mirimar to funchal view road section after savoy
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Tree 117 from mirimar to funchal water manholes in pavement
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Tree 118 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 118 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 118 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 118 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 119 from mirimar to funchal
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287 - Photo 0032 for Tree 116 -

288 - Photo 0033 for Tree 116 -

289 - Photo 0036 for Tree 117 -

290 - Photo 0035 for Tree 117 -

291 - Photo 0039 for Tree 117 -

292 - Photo 0038 for Tree 117 -

293 - Photo 0040 for Tree 118 -

294 - Photo 0041 for Tree 118 -

295 - Photo 0042 for Tree 118 -

296 - Photo 0043 for Tree 118 -

297 - Photo 0045 for Tree 119 -

Photo 0032 for Tree 116 -
The grass is green but due to the thirst of grass any irrigation water has been taken by the grass and not by the tree. The tree is dehydrating as the horizontal cracks in the bark testify. The vertical cracks are black instead of being lighter grey/brown to indicate new bark as tree does its annual expansion of growth.

Photo 0033 for Tree 116 -
Continuing the maderian fondness for pollarding, these older trees are not just suffering that indignity but also lack of water or nutrients. Any soluble nutrient supplied in the irrigation will be stolen by the grass. You can see the unnatural wispy growth from this treatment. Remove the grass and replace with green manure, etc. To do this in front of one of the most expensive new hotels in the world almost rivals the planting design in the l-shaped garden at the Pestana Grand. We obtained a timeshare in that hotel and in January, I made the mistake of going down to the swimming pool at the corner of the hotel and stood by it wearing a pair of shorts and a shirt in January in the sunshine. I have never been so cold - the wind tunnel round the valley between the oval hotel and the oval-shaped facade of the adjacent flats with only tall palm trees to break it up before it exited the hotel grounds, straight over the cliff and into the sea.
In attending the Tuesday Owner Relations meeting, I was informed that the plants in the beds were dying. These plants had been planted with irrigation pipe on top of the ground, then black plastic and then holes cut in it to take the plants. The irrigation system also supplied the fertiliser and had been started in the previous summer. What they did not realise was that the plants needed less water in the winter and so the roots were drowning. I suggested that they remove the black plastic, reduce the watering so that the ground was not continually flooded and then when the lawn was cut put those mowings on the beds as a mulch in between the plants in a thin layer of no more than 1 inch (2.5 cms), so that the grass compostng in its aerobic composting phase did not get too hot and burn the plants. They did this for a short while before reverting to the old system. Besides the Pestana Mirimar which has its own gardeners, the other pestana hotel gardens are run by contractors, since the object is to mow the grass. The irrigation system is taken care of by the hotel in making sure the correct number of bags of fertiliser are bought and loaded into the system as required. We were fed up and moved.

I wish the hotels would employ a properly qualified Garden Designer, who took into account that people who go swimming do not want to be in a wind tunnel and anybody who wishes to sun bathe the same thing, That guests might like to walk round the garden and MOST IMPORTANT MAKE SURE THAT NO PART OF THE GARDEN CAN BE BE SEEN FROM EVERYWHERE ELSE, IN OTHER WORDS CREATE SOME MYSTERY, otherwise why would you go outside and have a look at it? See my thoughts on Garden Design concepts.

Photo 0036 for Tree 117 -
This is a water-pipe manhole within the pavement of marble blocks pointed with concrete. So an irrigation system can be set up for these trees, especially if my solution for mosaic pavements is taken up.

Photo 0035 for Tree 117 -
Isn't this a marvellous view for the new clients in this new savoy hotel - a series of old trees pollarded with pom-pom foliage. The irrigation is not as much as at the Pestana Mirimar Hotel in that these new branches are very thin in comparison.
These trees are being supported by poles, which prevent them falling over. That means the respective root ball is insufficient in size to hold this tree up and the removal of the foliage is to reduce the stress on those roots for water. If these trees are supported for 10 years, it is possible that if the soil volume and irrigation system is up to it, that by then the roots would have regrown their other 99% and be able to stabilise the relevant tree. It probably also depends on what pruning or electrical lighting systems are attached as to the future of each tree. Still easy come, easy go - make a mistake and start again with another 2000 euro tree.

Photo 0039 for Tree 117 -
You can see the raised concrete enclosures round each tree, the watersprouts and branch stump wounds on these trees. At least they have foliage up above so that the shoppers can be in the shade. They need my solution to mosaic pavements so that they can access water, nutrients and gaseous exchange; which they do not have at the moment. Can you see any lighter coloured bark on these trees indicating an annual expansion for an annual ring from the water supllied?

Photo 0038 for Tree 117 -
These water manholes are in line within the existing pavements so my solution for mosaic pavements has the access to the water to use.

Photo 0040 for Tree 118 -
A deep wound of rot in this trunk.

Photo 0041 for Tree 118 -
Unsealed branch stump wounds which will lead to 2 cavities in this trunk and the tree falling over.

Photo 0042 for Tree 118 -
Dehydrated tree.

Photo 0043 for Tree 118 -
You can see other branch stump wounds, some of which are rotting into the trunk. You can see that the trunks are bare of foliage beyond the height of the lamposts. This allows the light from them to reach the road and for these trees to have lighting displays attached to the lower height of their trunks.

If this width of pavement was converted to my solution for mosaic pavements, these trees would have greater stability from a greater extent of lateral and feeder roots.

Photo 0045 for Tree 119 -
Another branch stump wound drying out and splitting next to a rotting hole in the trunk.

Damage to Trees in Pavement of Funchal Page 35

Tree 120 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 121 from mirimar to funchal next road section
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Tree 121 from mirimar to funchal with watersprouts
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Tree 122 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 122 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 122 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 123 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 123 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 123 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 123 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 123 from mirimar to funchal view previous road section
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298 - Photo 0046 for Tree 120 -

299 - Photo 0049 for Tree 121 -

300 - Photo 0047 for Tree 121 -

301 - Photo 0050 for Tree 122 -

302 - Photo 0051 for Tree 122 -

303 - Photo 0052 for Tree 122 -

304 - Photo 0054 for Tree 123 -

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306 - Photo 0056 for Tree 123 -

307 - Photo 0057 for Tree 123 -

308 - Photo 0059 for Tree 123 -

Photo 0046 for Tree 120 -
These 2 branch stump wounds have dried out, split and are now rotting.

Photo 0049 for Tree 121 -
There are branch stump wounds that are rotting into the trunk.

Photo 0047 for Tree 121 -
A close-up of some of those rotting branch stump wounds. There is also juvenile branches and watersprouts.

Photo 0050 for Tree 122 -
This branch stump wound has dried, split and started to rot. Its callus is also now rotting away and the bark adjacent to the wound is becoming detached from the trunk.

Photo 0051 for Tree 122 -
This branch stump wound is now rotting into the trunk and its callus is breaking apart.

Photo 0052 for Tree 122 -
There are other rotting stumps on this tree trunk.

THis tree needs investigation.

Photo 0054 for Tree 123 -
I think that this damage has been inflicted by the use of a knife. The enclosed bark has died off because the cambium underneath has also been cut off. The exposed heartwood is dry and splitting and the bark above the exposed heartwood is also going to come off.

Photo 0055 for Tree 123 -
It looks as if the same carver repeated his actions on the other side of this tree. The exposed heartwood is splitting and starting to rot.

Photo 0056 for Tree 123 -
Unsealed branch stump wound.

Photo 0057 for Tree 123 -
Looks like the carver continued round the tree.

This tree needs sealing yesterday or these will form cavities in the same area of the trunk and then the whole tree will fall over.

Photo 0059 for Tree 123 -
There is more damage further up the trunk.

This tree needs urgent attention.

Damage to Trees in Pavement of Funchal Page 36

Tree 124 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 124 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 124 from mirimar to funchal pollarded tree
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Tree 125 from mirimar to funchal branch ripped off this trunk
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Tree 125 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 126 from mirimar to funchal new tree pollarded
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Tree 126 from mirimar to funchal new tree pollarded
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Tree 127 from mirimar to funchal new tree pollarded
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Tree 128 from mirimar to funchal new tree pollarded
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Tree 128 from mirimar to funchal view next road section down hill to funchal
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Tree 129 from mirimar to funchal
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309 - Photo 0060 for Tree 124 -

310 - Photo 0062 for Tree 124 -

311 - Photo 0061 for Tree 124 -

312 - Photo 0064 for Tree 125 -

313 - Photo 0063 for Tree 125 -

314 - Photo 0065 for Tree 126 -

315 - Photo 0066 for Tree 126 -

316 - Photo 0067 for Tree 127 -

317 - Photo 0068 for Tree 128 -

318 - Photo 0069 for Tree 128 -

319 - Photo 0070 for Tree 129 -

Photo 0060 for Tree 124 -
Smokers ashtray. I wonder if this is carving by the same carver as in the previous page.

Photo 0062 for Tree 124 -
Dehydrated.

Photo 0061 for Tree 124 -
Branch stump wound rotted into branch collar of new branch, so that new branch could snap off. The left trunk of the 3 trunk forked leader is leaning against another new branch forcing it to the left and causing a split of this 3 trunk forked leader away from trunk on the left with that split going down the trunk.

You could say that there is a problem or two here.

Photo 0064 for Tree 125 -
A forked leader has split apart and not sealed.

Photo 0063 for Tree 125 -
This could be the same tree as in Photo 0060.

Photo 0065 for Tree 126 -
Why did someone pollard this juvenile tree producing this horrendous mess.

Best replace the tree with a proper tree not this mechano assembly job.

Photo 0066 for Tree 126 -
Smokers ashtray. You can see that the original mosaic was laid in the earth and to make it easier to maintain it is becoming embedded in concrete.

Photo 0067 for Tree 127 -
A deep cavity can be seen in the trunk above the branch coming down the photo. Being fully exposed to the sea wind and sunshine with a raised concrete boundary this tree is severely dehydrated.

Photo 0068 for Tree 128 -
There are rotting branch stump wounds as well as the result of pollarding in this tree and others behind it.

Photo 0069 for Tree 128 -
Why was the trunk pollarded to produce a spinning top shape instead of a tree shape?

Photo 0070 for Tree 129 -
Who planted such a spindle of a tree? Then supported it so high up, so that in future when that support is withdrawn, the tree will snap between the top of that current support and the ground? It takes expertise about growing this size of tree in a 2 inch (5cm) drainpipe in a 4 inch (10 cm) drainpipe leaning against a wall, so that the trunk keeps on going up to locate the sunlight. Perhaps Madeira could allocate a slightly larger drain pipe in the future or get Bircham to provide a proper tree. They can produce a tree in any shape to fulfill the client's requirements and it can then stand up by itself and only need a stake at a low level to prevent it being blown out of the ground in its first few years of life where it is transplanted to.

Damage to Trees in Pavement of Funchal Page 37

Tree 129 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 130 from mirimar to funchal new beanpole tree
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Tree 130 from mirimar to funchal new beanpole tree
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Tree 130 from mirimar to funchal new beanpole tree
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Tree 130 from mirimar to funchal new beanpole tree
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Tree 130 from mirimar to funchal new beanpole tree
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Tree 130 from mirimar to funchal new beanpole tree
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Tree 131 from mirimar to funchal new tree
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Tree 131 from mirimar to funchal new tree pollarded
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Tree 132 from mirimar to funchal double trunk
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Tree 133 from funchal to roundabout view previous road section
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320 - Photo 0071 for Tree 129 -

321 - Photo 0073 for Tree 130 -

322 - Photo 0074 for Tree 130 -

323 - Photo 0072 for Tree 130 -

324 - Photo 0075 for Tree 130 -

325 - Photo 0076 for Tree 130 -

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327 - Photo 0078 for Tree 131 -

328 - Photo 0079 for Tree 131 -

329 - Photo 0080 for Tree 132 -

330 - Photo 0086 for Tree 133 -

Photo 0071 for Tree 129 -
One side of a Forked Leader has fallen off and the wound has not been sealed.

Photo 0073 for Tree 130 -
How someone has created this tree with such a thin trunk, defies description. It is supported for too much of its height using perhaps 2 cable electrical cable to tie it with. When the supports are removed, then this trunk will not have increased in strength sufficiently to hold itsef upright in a windy situation.

Instead of plastic coated wire, the Rainbow Buckle Tree Tie could be used, or this Holdfast Tree Tie Rubber Block in this better tree support system image displayed. The wooden posts are far enough away to either rot away or be able to pulled out before this tree trunk can reach them and so no damage to the tree roots.

Photo 0074 for Tree 130 -
The branches are so thin that they have bent over from the weight of the foliage at the end of them causing a great deal of strain on the 3-pronged forked leader.

Photo 0072 for Tree 130 -
Smokers ashtray.

Photo 0075 for Tree 130 -
Since the original stake was not strong enough, it has now been nailed to a thicker one. This thicker one was hammered through the tree roots. So good for them!!!

Photo 0076 for Tree 130 -
New branches lower on the trunk have been chopped off.

Photo 0077 for Tree 130 -
The concrete pointing round these marble blocks has separated from them and the weeds have now started spreading in between. This means that rainwater can access the ground underneath and that is what is keeping this juvenile tree alive

Photo 0078 for Tree 131 -
Pollarding this juvenile tree and it has ended up with new watershoots and watersprouts amongst some new branches. Some of these "new branches have also been pollarded". There appears to be some branch stump wounds that have not been sealed and this tree will become a mess. Chop it down and start with a proper tree and a trained person to maintain it, not someone who enjoys pollarding but does not have a clue as to what the result will be, or how dangerous the resulting growths will be to people climbing on them to prune or fix electrical systems to.

Photo 0079 for Tree 131 -
This is not the same tree as 131, so we will call it Tree 131A.

This has also suffered from being pollarded twice. Why has no maintenance man/woman on these trees ever been trained in how to prune trees/shrubs? except to be told how to do it in the worst way possible for the tree and the resulting safety of pedestrians and other workers involved with these trees. With the climate of Madeira with this method of pruning you get a pom-pom of foliage appearing at the stumps and maybe watersprouts elsewhere with the possibility of proper new branches - fine if you are not worried about the life of the tree and all you want the trunks/branches for is to display lights lower down the tree.

Photo 0080 for Tree 132 -
Is this the trunk stump wounds of 2 of the 4 trunks of a Forked Leader? The other 2 are starting to split apart.

This tree needs an urgent rod brace and cable bracing together with my other solutions to save it. I do believe that this tree has the same chance of being saved as in winning the UK weekly lottery, but there is a small problem - it cannot buy a ticket!

Photo 0086 for Tree 133 -
Here is why the trees have their small branches and foliage removed up to 400 inches (1000cms) or more so that lighting displays can be attached from 160 inches (400 cms) upwards. These can then be seen by the cruise liners and the tourists. Many of the trees from the Cathedral to The Forum Shopping Centre in the pavements alongside those roads are used for this purpose.

Damage to Trees in Pavement of Funchal Page 38

Tree 133 from mirimar to funchal view next road section IMG 0084.JPG

Tree 133 from mirimar to funchal view next road section IMG 0085.JPG

Tree 133 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 133 from mirimar to funchal
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Tree 134 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lights on tree
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Tree 134 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lights on tree
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Tree 135 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lights on tree view next road section IMG0090.JPG

Tree 135 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lights on tree view next road section IMG0091.JPG

Tree 136 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lights on tree
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Tree 137 from funchal roundabout to cathedral shreddings round tree base
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Tree 138 from funchal roundabout to cathedral new branch growth
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331 - Photo 0084 for Tree 133 -

332 - Photo 0085 for Tree 133 -

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336 - Photo 0089 for Tree 134 -

337 - Photo 0090 for Tree 135 -

338 - Photo 0091 for Tree 135 -

339 - Photo 0092 for Tree 136 -

340 - Photo 0093 for Tree 137 -

341 - Photo 0094 for Tree 138 -

Photo 0084 for Tree 133 -
Unfortunately, this is not the same as Tree 133, so we will call it Tree 133A.

This tree is over half-way up the hill from the centre of Funchal. It has been pollarded twice. Its trunk stump wounds have not been sealed, so they are drying out, splitting and some have rotted. The watershoots and watersprouts are not flourishing. Now is that because, there is no irrigation or feeding, that the concrete boundary round the miniscule portion of open ground prevents any rainwater flowing down this pavement, which is on a steep hill, from getting to the tree roots, or that the marble blocks are bedded in concrete?

A minor point - the trees in the grass on the right of the picture have thick branches and deep green foliage despite the fact that these trees are in grass. Is that partly because no idiot has practiced pollarding them and that they have been irrigated and perhaps fed?

Photo 0085 for Tree 133 -
Unfortunately, this is not the same as Tree 133, so we will call it Tree 133B.
This juvenile tree has been pollarded and the resultant watersprouts and watershoots are spindly compared to Tree 80. Tree 80 had also been pollarded, but then it had been irrigated and fed so that a year later the watershoots and watersprouts were more than 5 times larger than these dehydrated and unfed ones.

The same fate of pollarding has also occured to the next juvenile tree down this hill.

It is comforting to know that these trees are outside Quinta Vigia Garden, which is on the right of this road as one goes down this long hill - "In 1979, Quinta Vigia was acquired by the Regional Government and the buildings and gardens were remodelled. On 2 May 1984, it became the official residence of the President of the Regional Government." Just think, it is less than a mile to the first set of trees with slack braces, overhanging gas tanks (Photo 13 on Hotel/Private Gardens alongside pavements in Funchal, Madeira page). Then Pestana Mirimar Hotel, followed by the tree half of whose roots have been cut off and the trees protruding more than 12 inches (30 cms) into the road being run into by the traffic before the Lido is reached. Then to improve matters we have another tree ready to fall on another gas canister (Photo 11 on same page as above) and trees onto the fronts of 2 hotels, before the Pestana Promenade Hotel and then a bijou tree residence by the zebra crossing for the Forum Shopping Centre (on my Welcome page) in one direction. In the other direction, we have electricians climbing onto watershoots within the Funchal shopping area, and the trees outside the Ministry of Tourism being deprived of water and food before reaching the Cathedral. All of these in the same road and easy walking distance by the President. Due to the habit of smokers using the ground round these trees as ashtrays, perhaps the gas from the broken gas canisters might go pop, pop!!!

Photo 0081 for Tree 133 -
Unfortunately, this is not the same as Tree 133, so we will call it Tree 133C.
The second trunk of this 2 trunk forked leader has had a branch ripped off with the bark below it. The branch stump wound is rotting into the trunk and the remainder of the exposed heartwood has dried, starting to split and also rot. The tree is dehydrated as shown by the horizontal cracks in the drying out bark and no evidence of new bark growing between the vertical cracks. The bark is comming away from the trunk.

There is no need to worry, the funeral burning rites date has not yet been announced.

Photo 0082 for Tree 133 -
Unfortunately, this is not the same as Tree 133, so we will call it Tree 133C as it is the same tree as in the previous photo.

Now besides the the other forked leaders, watersprouts and watershoots from the pollarding, you might notice the green hedges in the garden alongside the pavement on the other side of the road, which have plenty of foliage to the ground. Now why should garden owners look after their plants and the government does not look after their trees in pavements, but does look after new public flower beds alongside the new bicycle route on the pavement from the Lido to almost The Forum Shopping Centre with its irrigation system and organic mulch to feed the plants with?

Photo 0088 for Tree 134 -
Fascinating - the electricians totally ignore what they are tying their lighting system to. Note the branch stump wounds rotting into the trunks and the dead branches above. Pity that what the country was named for, nobody is taught how to look after - do not worry when these holes have created such cavities in these trunks that the weight of the tree above breaks these trees and they fall to the ground during one of your festivals / parades with your floats are going underneath them. If not the cavities, then the dead branches falling fromn above might also reduce the native/tourist population. When are you going to get your act together so that there probably should be a department within the Department of Transport with overriding responsibility for the safety of the pedestrians and the health of these trees with a complete maintenance program for every single one of the trees - IGNORANCE IS NOT A DEFENSE IN LAW WHEN THE RELATIVES START TO SUE.

Photo 0089 for Tree 134 -
THERE ARE 2 BRANCH STUMP WOUNDS ON THIS TRUNK, BOTH OF WHOM ARE ROTTING INTO THE TRUNK. I WONDER HOW LONG IT WILL TAKE THEM TO BE MARRIED WITH THE CAVITY IN THE BRANCH STUMP WOUND BELOW.
Black plastic twine has been used to tie this lighting system to the tree - perhaps change this to bungees as stated below.
IGNORANCE IS NOT A DEFENSE IN LAW WHEN THE RELATIVES START TO SUE.

Photo 0090 for Tree 135 -
You could still have this mosaic pavement display using my solution, but at least then these trees would have the ground to stabilise themselves in, drink the irrigation water and be fed without having vehicles like this camper van on top of them.

Thinking about climate change:-

• use the CEDAdrive mosaic pavement and the rain that fell on this section would irrigate these trees and you would not need to put it down storm drains.
• The rain falling on the roads could be directed into the french drain round these trees from the Beany Block kerbs, so again you do not get the storm drains overflowing.
• It is likely that the roofs of these buildings drain onto the pavements and so the trees in the pavements could take this up as well.
• So now with this, Funchal need not be flooded again because every pavement could have its trees in the pavement or Mobilane also do
  • WallPlanter for green facades to buildings
  • Mobiroof for instant roof planting system
  • Noistop for Noise Reduction Screens
  • Live Panel as Green Wall system for the outdoors as well as one for the indoors
  • Livepicture as living picture made up of plants for both the home and at work, and
  • Livedivider as a green room divider for both the home and office
• so that irrespective of whether you have a garden or not, you still live somewhere so you can have nature benefitting you in your home by providing you with oxygen and using up your waste product of carbon dioxide, thus you can help in reducing the pollution caused by you in the environment.
• You can improve it further by making sure that all plants in public places are bee-pollinated to prevent your hay-fever sufferers from inhaling the pollen in the air and that as far as possible grass is replaced with a bee-pollinated green manure in certain areas so that if walking their dog, then they can do so safely in that area.
• Follow my solution for the holes in the trees to elongate their life.
• Follow my solution for the feeding of this vegetation with re-using your wasted food, animal dung and seaweed.
• Follow my solution for re-using your waste glass, by turning it into cullet and using it to repair the trees with and to make pretty coloured patterns of mosaic in your pavements and squares

THINK HOW PROUD MADEIRA COULD BE IN REDUCING THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH RE-USING ITS WASTE INSTEAD OF HARMING ITS NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.

Photo 0091 for Tree 135 -
This is one of the few places where a mulch of tree shreddings has been round the trees in pavements. I suspect that the white items on top of it are cigarette butts and dry wood tends to burn. If my solution for the mosaic pavements was followed then the cigarette butt would come into a green manure and the material below should be moist, so that the cigarette butt could be put out rather than cause a fire or smouldering.

Photo 0092 for Tree 136 -
taken in February 2019 in Funchal, Madeira by Chris Garnons-Williams
I wonder if the carver carved through the bark and cambium, with the enclosed bark then dying off.

Photo 0093 for Tree 137 -
Close-up of the wood-chip and spent pine-needles mulch round the base of this tree.

Photo 0094 for Tree 138 -
2 branches ripped off and a new branch now growing from one of the ripped off branch stumps.

Damage to Trees in Pavement of Funchal Page 39

Tree 139 from funchal roundabout to cathedral
IMG 0095.JPG

Tree 139 from funchal roundabout to cathedral view next road section
IMG 0096.JPG

Tree 140 from funchal roundabout to cathedral fuse box for lights
IMG 0097.JPG

Tree 140 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lights and lighting cables
IMG 0098.JPG

Tree 141 from funchal roundabout to cathedral new beanpole tree
IMG 0099.JPG

Tree 141 from funchal roundabout to cathedral new beanpole tree
IMG 0100.JPG

Tree 141 from funchal roundabout to cathedral new beanpole tree
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Tree 141 from funchal roundabout to cathedral new beanpole tree
IMG 0103.JPG

Tree 141 from funchal roundabout to cathedral new beanpole tree pollarded
IMG 0102.JPG

Tree 141 from funchal roundabout to cathedral view next road section
IMG 0104.JPG

Tree 142 from funchal roundabout to cathedral larger gridded area
IMG 0105.JPG

342 - Photo 0095 for Tree 139 -

343 - Photo 0096 for Tree 139 -

344 - Photo 0097 for Tree 140 -

345 - Photo 0098 for Tree 140 -

346 - Photo 0099 for Tree 141 -

347 - Photo 0100 for Tree 141 -

348 - Photo 0101 for Tree 141 -

349 - Photo 0103 for Tree 141 -

350 - Photo 0102 for Tree 141 -

351 - Photo 0104 for Tree 141 -

352 - Photo 0105 for Tree 142 -

Photo 0095 for Tree 139 -
Could this have been a 3 trunk forked leader and 2 of them have split off. This middle one then ripped off the bark on the supporting main trunk all the way to the ground. Sealant going to be applied?

Photo 0096 for Tree 139 -
Besides the light bulbs, you can also see the branch stump wounds are rotting quite deeply into the trunks of these trees.

If this rot continues amid this inactivity by the government of Madeira, the consequence is that these trunks will break and parts of the relevant tree fall to the ground. Due to being dehydrated, you see no view of growth in the trunks where the bark has split and the juvenile bark underneath is seen.

Photo 0097 for Tree 140 -
Instead of using black wire or black plastic twine, use black bungee cord instead. When attaching heavy objects like the LuxStar electric light control box to the tree attach a coarse net of bungee cords over the box. Attach bungee cords to the top metal hooks of that net and lead that over the gap between a forked leader or a good supporting branch junction with the trunk and back down to that coarse net of bungee cords on the top of that box. Attach more bungee cords to the left hand side of the coarse net of bungees and lead round to the other side of the coarse net to attach them to. Being looser it means that the horizontal bungees generally hold the box against the tree but the weight of the box is taken by the top upright bungees. Check each year that the box with its coarse net of bungee cords and bungee cords are not biting into the bark of the trunk, as it would do otherwise with the use of wire or plastic twine and if neccessary change the bungees - bungee cord length 6, 18, 40 inches (15, 45, 100 cms).

The same bungee cord system can be used for the electrical wiring to prevent damage to the tree.

Photo 0098 for Tree 140 -
Shame about the deep rot in the branch stump wound within the trunk of this tree and I do not suppose we should worry too much about the watershoots from other trunk stump or its forked leader.

Photo 0099 for Tree 141 -
Should we be concerned about the crossing branches of upper foliage? Should we worry about the cavities forming in the branch stump wounds? Should we be concerned about the pollarding of the forked leader; even though it is now splitting down the middle of the main trunk? or that main trunk is being throttled by 2 lots of 2-wire electrical cable ties to the the supporting stake? or the fact that this tree should never have been transplanted here in the first place or pruned in this manner. Barcham can sort it out.

Photo 0100 for Tree 141 -
Even with a wooden mulch; smokers still use this as an ashtray. Hopefully my solution for mosaic pavements might sort this smokers problem out.

Photo 0101 for Tree 141 -
Maybe this plastic tie is only 2 core hollow plastic tubing. It is tied tightly round the trunk of this juvenile tree. As I have pointed out before, plastic does not rot and if this is left in situ, then the tree will not be able to expand in its annual growth each year and so therefore in later life the tree will snap off at this point. The chance of that is small at this moment, but gets more likely as the years go rolling by.

Photo 0103 for Tree 141 -
Isn't that nice the damage to the trunk where it becomes a 3 trunk forked leader? I wonder if a loose strap had tied this to a supporting stake and rubbed the bark away exposing the heartwood underneath! Does the black section indicate that this forked leader is already starting to split apart? Normal pruning policy for madeira has pollarded the upper branches, so if nothing else those stumps will rot and the tree branches will fall down before the tree would have reached maturity. Of course, it might look pretty for a while with its foliage pom-poms from the stumps but the end result will still occur. Unless the branches will descend when the electricians climb on them, instead of falling due to the rot inside.

Photo 0102 for Tree 141 -
I wonder whose twisted wire is enmeshed in these tree's upper foliage. Does this wire have any electrical charge which could provide a lively jig in its recipient who received its end after it had snapped apart? Who does the recipient who has been dancing have to pay for this added entertainment value in Funchal?

Photo 0104 for Tree 141 -
Same comment about these wires as in the previous photo. In the case of the lower wire, this is probably an electrical connection between 1 tree and another, so that 1 control box can service a few trees. The wire looks as though it is under tension, which in one way is fine in that it stops it from waving around in the breeze and getting tangled up in the foliage and in the other case it is not because then the trunks/branches of the tree at each end will bend a different amount in the wind and either if the wire is round the trunk it will wear its way through the bark and cambium, killing the branch/trunk above that or the wire will snap. I think I have explained elsewhere in this missive on trees in pavements of Madeira, the system of sprung wire used by telephone engineers taking their cables from the telephone pole in a public area to a house/building and that would alleviate this problem.

Photo 0105 for Tree 142 -
Now you do think that Madeira has been kind to this tree by providing this metal grid to protect the roots of this tree. But, you are wrong, this metal grid is a series of vertical plates on top of a solid sheet which is sitting on top of the roots underneath. This effectively blocks out surface area just as if one had put the pavement to the same area as this metal grid. The advantage for the Madeirian smokers is that their cigarette butts can go between the vertical plates and that the smokers and other pedestrians can stand or walk over these metal monstrosities pounding the tree roots underneath in the name of making the street look tidy. Does nobody in Madeira know anything about nature or do they only know the best way of killing it? Would you dress your children with chain-mail shoes for them to play rugby in? One way of reducing the world's population by applying foot pressure on their virility as the scrum falls on top of each other.

Photo 6055 for Tree 98 on
Page 27 -

PERHAPS REPLACEMENT OF ALL THE TREES IN THESE PAVEMENTS USING TREES GROWN BY BARCHAM USING THEIR LIGHT POT SYSTEM WOULD BE SAFER FOR THE VISITING AND NATIVE POPULATION. IF SOME ARE REQUIRED TO HAVE LIGHTING DISPLAYS, THEN BARCHAM CAN GROW THOSE TREES APPROPRIATELY (when you see the growth of the pollarded Tree 80 in the front garden of Pestana Mirimar Hotel within 12 months, then it is possible that the trees grown by Barcham for lighting displays could display lights within 18 months of planting in the pavement, providing the recommendations from Barcham on how to attach the lighting system to those trees is followed).

Photo 6055 for Tree 98

This tree was pollarded once planted. WHY? AND WHY WAS THE OTHER LEADER OF THE FORKED LEADER ON THE RIGHT PULLED OFF? WHAT DID THE PERSON DOING THIS THINK WOULD HAPPEN TO THE TREE WITH THE DAMAGE THAT HE HAD DONE IT? - HOP, SKIP AND PLAY WITH LOOPLA!!!

If you look at the large trees grown by Barcham, you will notice that they are multibranched and ready to plant within this extremely narrow space of 1 metre square - see Quercus robur Fastigiata and other trees suitable for pavements. It might be possible that they would plant them for you as well with their Planting Kit Plus and Tree Hydration bag (if you cannot be bothered to create an irrigation system as I have advised).

Barcham grow their pleached trees in the ground. Then, this tree is containerised in Light Pots for sale 12 months later. The tree can then be planted with 2 layers of weed-proof geotextile next to the kerb 18 inches (45 cm) from the trunk. This allows the trunk to become 38 inches (95 cms) in diameter before it reaches the concrete kerb and the roots will have been stopped from entering the ground, rubble, or foundations under the tarmac of the road. The roots including the lateral roots would still be all the way round the tree stabilising it and feeding it.

Provided my solution for the entire pavement area is followed, then the roots can extend to fill under the top wearing surface. This would be irrigated and fed by the waste food products of restaurants, hotels, supermarkets and weekly markets as well as from the animal waste from chickens, turkeys, cattle, goats and pigs system I suggested. This is topped up with trace minerals etc from seaweed from seaweed farming (if the liquid in it is not saline, then the wet product could be used instead of having to dry it and then dissolving it back into water to irrigate with it). This is further supported by the use of green manure and the irrigation water supplied by stopping the waste from leaking toilets in the hotels and restaurants; and using it for the trees instead. The used bottles from the same establishments and the native population could be turned into cullet and used to repair the holes in the trees and to create part of the mosaic pattern in the top surface of the pavement.

There we are in re-using the waste created by us and out activities in raising animals for our consumption to provide healthy trees, which do not just provide us with oxygen, but clean up after us by filtering the air to strip it of the dust particles from engines as well as the engine gases, it also improves our mental well-being by providing us with some nature to look at instead of man-made materials, like metal, concrete, tarmac and glass. We are also using the rain falling on the road and the water from the driveways of buildings alongside using the Beany Block Kerb and French Drain system, which would alleviate that rainwater flow from flooding the city centre as it stops the road drains in the valleys from accepting any more water. Win, Win and Win and improve people's mental life.

Give trees a proper volume of soil for their roots as shown by Barcham and fertiliser to help them grow as shown by Barcham .
You could also use Barcham pleached trees if you think that airspace is at a premium.
Trees can be kept in containers - the larger soil volume the better, especially the root system of a medium or large growing tree is going to access 30 cubc metres (if the pavement has its 2 inches (5 cm) depth of sharp sand with my mosaic pavement solution, then some of that volume can be available to the pavement trees.).
Barcham has the answer to which trees can be planted safely near buildings.
Barcham shows you which tree is best to combat diesel pollution.
Barcham states which trees can establish within the sight of the sea.
Barcham explains the difference between pleached, topiary and espaliered trees.
Barcham explains the correct planting depth for trees.
Barcham shows how trees hold themselves up.
Barcham explains their white pot and how it improves root growth so that their trees have a longer life in the client's ground than trees grown from scratch in black plastic pots.

Tree 99 from pestana promenade to forum tree in road IMG 6057.JPG also on Page 27 -

Tree 99 from pestana promenade to forum tree in road IMG 6058.JPG

Tree 140 from funchal roundabout to cathedral fuse box for lights IMG 0097.JPG on Page 39 -

mobilane info IMG 0765.JPG on Page 45 -

mobilane info IMG 0766.JPG on Page 45 -

Barenbrug UK have such a passion for grass that they have created a kinder grass mowing machine:-

Why not use their e13 - Coastal Areas Landscaping grass seed to stabilse the areas round your cliffs or in new lawns in your coastal towns and villages. It has excellent drought tolerance so does not mind lack of irrigation during water drought conditions and utilises deep rooted species.

GET BARCHAM TO GROW PLEACHED TREES THAT COULD DISPLAY LIGHTING IN THE MIDDLE HEIGHT SECTION TO REPLACE YOUR PAVEMENT TREES - Tree 99 from pestana promenade to forum tree in road IMG 6057.JPG
This and the next photo show how the trunk extends into the road and that the lateral roots extend more than 18 inches (45 cm) under the tarmac elevating it. The outer 12 inches of this tarmac is run over by the heavier duty tyres of lorries, buses and coaches beating the living daylights out of these roots. The tree has also overgrown the pink pavers and concrete kerb.
The metal box girder/lintel needs to be positioned at least 40 inches (100 cms) from the current kerb and my other solutions carried out if you want to save this tree. When you see the yellow bus in the background and the fact that there are 3 lanes of traffic all in the same direction of travel, then that restriction of 115 cms (46 inches) in the road width can easily be taken care of to keep these trees in this straight section of road to the Forum Shopping Centre.
Of course the cheaper solution is have these trees replaced with pleached trees from Barcham in properly irrigated, nourished and gaseous exchange conditions (perhaps using my Solution to current problem on these mosaic pavements - irrespective of what else is done this remedial work to all the pavements with trees in should be done within the first year to keep these trees or any replacement trees or shrubs with bedding). Perhaps it is best to replace the worst damaged to the least at 10% a year to reduce the shock to the population and the visitors till all the trees in this section of pavements from the Cathedral to The Forum have been replaced. Then, provide a tree replacement system in a 30 year rotation. Get Barcham to provide the annual training courses to the maintenance staff for these trees; including photo/history record-keeping for each tree.

USE BUNGEES INSTEAD OF WIRE OR PLASTIC TWINE TO TIE ELECTRICAL MATERIAL TO TREES - Tree 140 from funchal roundabout to cathedral fuse box for lights IMG 0097.JPG
Instead of using black wire or black plastic twine, use black bungee cord instead. When attaching heavy objects like the LuxStar electric light control box to the tree attach a coarse net of bungee cords over the box. Attach bungee cords to the top metal hooks of that net and lead that over the gap between a forked leader or a good supporting branch junction with the trunk and back down to that coarse net of bungee cords on the top of that box. Attach more bungee cords to the left hand side of the coarse net of bungees and lead round to the other side of the coarse net to attach them to. Being looser it means that the horizontal bungees generally hold the box against the tree but the weight of the box is taken by the top upright bungees. Check each year that the box with its coarse net of bungee cords and bungee cords are not biting into the bark of the trunk, as it would do otherwise with the use of wire or plastic twine and if neccessary change the bungees - bungee cord length 6, 18, 40 inches (15, 45, 100 cms).
The same bungee cord system can be used for the electrical wiring to prevent damage to the tree.

MOBILANE GREEN SCREENS INSTEAD OF FENCES/GARDEN WALLS - mobilane info IMG 0766.JPG
I quote from it:-
"Something that may be of interest to you is the work we are currently involved with in Europe to see what effect the screens have on pollution. They have been shown to absorb 6gms per square metre of sub micron particles per year from the atmosphere. In layman's terms this means that 10 of our screens do the same job in reducing atmospheric pollution as an average size tree."
So if you want to reduce air pollution in cities, why not get your houseowners and house builders to erect these mobilane screens as their front and back garden boundaries, instead of waney fencing or garden walls. Normally, modern gardens are too small for trees (they would tend to damage their houses, see What to do about subsiidence caused by Clay? page), except for trained topfruit - see Top Fruit Plant List Page.
Besides Green Screen for garden boundaries, Mobilane also do

• WallPlanter for green facades to buildings
• Mobiroof for instant roof planting system
• Noistop for Noise Reduction Screens
• Live Panel as Green Wall system for the outdoors as well as one for the indoors
• Livepicture as living picture made up of plants, and
• Livedivider as a green room divider

so that irrespective of whether you have a garden or not, you still live somewhere so you can have nature benefitting you in your home and you can help in reducing the pollution caused by you in the environment.

INSTEAD OF A 2 INCH (5 CM) DEPTH OF SHARP SAND UNDER THE CEDADRIVE AND GEOTEXTILE, HEICOM TREE SAND PROVIDES A BETTER ALTERNATIVE.
Heicom Tree Sand (Amsterdam Tree Sand) is a special blend of washed, semi-rounded silica sand and PAS100 organic matter blended to a formula developed following research by Dutch Universities in the 1980's. Heicom approached us shortly after this to become a licensed supplier of the blend and it has grown ever since.
Bourne Amenity is the sole supplier in the UK with the license to manufacturer Heicom Tree Sand - www.treesand.co.uk:-
Back in 2004 Bourne Amenity were approached by Van Der Berk trees to become a sole distributer of their Heicom Tree sand brand. Recognising our strength in the marketplace they wanted a reliable partner to deliver their tree sand into the growing urban tree planting market. Since then we have developed our own brand of tree sand (alongside Heicom) and supply these across the country.
Bourne Amenity Tree Sand is brand of structural urban tree planting sand for Car Parks, Pavements, SuDS and High Footfall:-
Whilst we are a registered manufacturer of the Heicom trees and brand, we designed our own blend back in 2008 to provide a slightly cheaper alternative to Heicom. This material is for use in tree pit planting where compaction is a consideration (i.e. car parks, pavements etc.). It should be used in conjunction with our washed tree pit subsoil and to the project guidelines.

PROTECTION FOR THE TREE WHICH IS IN THE ROAD FROM THE TRAFFIC
A temporary solution to the problem of trees jutting out into the road and the possibility of the roots being driven over, or the trunk driven into, could be solved with bell traffic bollards like the Bell 150 to protect the trees jutting into the road:-
The Bell traffic bollard is designed to deflect the wheels of heavy traffic. "Introduced to the market in 1986 it is a simple yet effective solution to many highways issues including:

• Pedestrian safety

• Width restriction

• Protection of property

• Traffic calming measures

• Protection of road signs and street furniture

Furnitubes constant development of the Bell bollard has resulted in the Bell being adapted to meet a range of varying specifications.

• Bell100 is the original full-sized Bell bollard.

• Bell340 Three quarter Bell is ideal for the protection of corners and exposed brickwork.

• Bell120 Bell half is suitable for protecting walls or pre-existing structures.

• Bell500X Bell with subframe for locations where underground services make installation difficult.

• Bell600 Kerbline Bell is for installation within the kerbline  - an ideal width restrictor and it stops vehicles parking on the flower bed / pavement behind it

• Bell115 allows the installation of a 115mm diameter bollard or railing post within the same footings as a Bell bollard. It produces the same results but acts as a high visibility post or cost effective vehicular and pedestrian barrier.

• Bell138 has a recess specifically to house a CIT538 City Bollard. 

• Ave100 Avector is a new traffic control bollard which deflects vehicles
wheels. Its sleek modern form is suitable for more contemporary locations."

The smaller ones could also be used every 120 inches (300 cms) behind kerbs to stop vehicles parking on the pavement with its trees/flower beds.

It would be better to use the water for the tree rather than grass.
The following is from my Welcome Page:-
"9. The section below explains why grass has such a detrimental effect on trees/shrubs/ or other plants planted within it:-

This shows the roots of 1 ryegrass plant, which had been removed from the foundation bed of Type I MOT Roadstone in a client's garden. You can see that this plant has tens of yards or metres of root to absorb water.
"Most turf grass roots are concentrated in the first 6-8 inches (15-20 cms) of soil. Try to irrigate only one or two inches of water per week during the turf growing season. You could irrigate the whole amount of water at one time, however most folks have better results splitting the amount into two separate applications.  Please note however in sandy soils where the water percolates more rapidly it may benefit you to split the applications into three separate irrigation cycles.  You do not want to irrigate more than three times a week because you would be applying so little water the outcome would be shallow roots."
"Native Grass Meadow
MARSHALL SILTY CLAY LOAM (HEAVY SUBSOIL PHASE) These plots (18-20) were located in an area that is in native grasses and has never been plowed, but being within a cemetery area has had frequent mowing. It adjoins the Agronomy Farm at Lincoln, Nebraska. T ests on these native grass plots (Table 1) showed that they absorbed over 2 inches of water during the first 1.5 hours with an absorption rate of about 1.4 inches per hour at the end of this time. Following a delay of 10 days during which there was no rain-fall, water was again applied to the test areas with practically the same results as for the previous test. It will be shown later that if the second test is made only 1 day after the first, the rate of intake will be materially reduced. This seems to be due to the settling of soil immediately after wetting. Upon longer standing the soil seems to resume its original condition."

SO IF YOU SUPPLY THE RECOMMENDED 1 INCH (2.5 CM) DEPTH OF TREE IRRIGATION WATER PER WEEK SPLIT INTO 2 IRRIGATION SESSIONS OF 0.5 INCHES (1.25 CM) DEPTH, THEN THE GRASS ABOVE THE TREE ROOTS WILL ABSORB ALL OF THAT.
Remove the grass and replace with green manure for at least 80 inches (200 cms) radius from the tree trunk.