Ivydene Gardens Photo Damage to Trees in Madeira 3:
Page 26 has photos of Damage to Trees in the Pavement of Funchal in Madeira from the
Madeira 12601 Folder
taken in January 2019 in Funchal of Madeira.

Photos taken by Chris Garnons-Williams using a digital camera in the original size and as a thumbnail.
These can used in the Public Domain for educational purposes in schools, or at home.

Row 1 has the Pass-Through Camera image of Thumbnail image named in Row 2
and is usually 4000 x 3000 pixels.

Row 2 has same image reduced to fit the image frame of 160 x 120 pixels as a
Passthrough Thumbnail to show all of the Camera Image. This image has been
reduced to 72 pixels per inch by Freeway before I stored it as a Passthrough image
for use both here (from August 2019) and as the image in
Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens A 1 Gallery.

Click on either image and drag to your desktop.
Then you can crop the Pass-Through Camera image to obtain the particular detail
that you require from that image, before using that cropped result in your endeavour.

Copying the pages and then clicking on the images to drag them may not work.

Item is
Tree 95 from pestana promenade to forum hollow trunk IMG 6041.JPG
taken in January/February 2019 in Funchal, Madeira by Chris Garnons-Williams
This tree has unpainted branch stump wounds. It has crossing branches of juvenile
valid branches, watersprouts, a climber and another plant growing on the tree
probably in a junction between trunks. With its constraints down below, it cannot
support these extraneous watersprouts, the climber or that extra plant.

Item is
Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum roots between pavers IMG 6043.JPG
taken in January/February 2019 in Funchal, Madeira by Chris Garnons-Williams
This tree is growing over its surrounding pink pavers. You can see that the trunk
is wider towards the road than it is by the wall side. These pavers are probably
laid on the earth below and they do have small gaps between them. This allows
the rain to filter down and wet this ground more than on the area between this
tree and the wall. The whole pavement is on a slope so that tends to drain excess
water. That is also why the roots on the road side have reached over pavers to
get access to this liquid.

Item is
Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum roots between pavers IMG 6044.JPG
taken in January/February 2019 in Funchal, Madeira by Chris Garnons-Williams
This branch stump wound has rotted well into the trunk of this tree severely
weakening it. It would not surprise me that the section of wood that can be seen
in the middle of this hole did not have the Collar Bone central nervous system
bundle of fibres within it, which are the last to rot away - that system controls
the activity of every valid (not waterprouts or watershoots) branch in the tree.
It can tell from how much it flexes as to where in the tree it needs to grow it
thicker to support the branch material beyond that point. That is why securing
a tree at a high point in the trunk when transplanted is not beneficial to that
tree's growth. It probably aligns the strands to be across the normal wind
direction to provide the maximum elasticity.
This cavity was probably not from a branch stump, but graphiti carving, which
killed the enclosed bark and then the exposed heartwood simply rotted behind
it for years.
Madeira can

• lay millions of tons of concrete, tarmac etc
• create public flower beds with irrigation and organic mulch along the
  new bicycle / marathon track used by the locals and visitors to water
  and provide nutrients to shrubs and bedding, but not for the trees in
  the pavements that have there for many years
• put trees into public ground areas and surround them with grass to
  deprive them of water and nutrients, instead of green manure to feed
  them
• pollard those trees in public areas rather than pruning them, so you
  end up with watershoots at the top of the trees which have inherently
  a very weak joint with the trunk it comes from
• tie plastic round the trunk to hold electrical lighting systems, which cut
  into the bark and kill that section off
• put geotextile over exposed roots, cover that with loose sharp stones
  and cover that with a resin-coated peashingle round the base of trees
  in the centre of Funchal. Pedestrians walk over this and stand on it
  causing the gaps between the loose stones to allow those stones to
  move in a grinding motion over the tree roots and the peashingle
  above it to break up and then the pedestrians continue to walk on the
  now exposed roots/stones.
• and then not bother doing basic maintenance to these trees in public
  pavements, so allowing them to get damaged and then rot away. Were
  they concerned about the 13 people killed in 2017 by a falling oak tree
  at a religious festival? I keep on pointing out that these trees could fall
  down to the Pestana Promenade Hotel, The Pestana Mirimar Hotel, to
  the goverment in the centre of Madeira in starting to point out the
  problems with the trees outside her own window before she had to rush
  away to a meeting, to the honorary consular of the UK whose inbox
  could not take a text message and to you on the Internet. Would
  Madeira miss its population being increased by 5 times if the visitors
  of each year decided that they did not want to play Russian Roulette
  by walking or driving down these roads?

Item is
Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum roots between pavers IMG 6045.JPG
taken in January/February 2019 in Funchal, Madeira by Chris Garnons-Williams
A deep hole of rot within the trunk.
A juvenile branch above this shows a good Branch Collar, so that you can see the
wider section of it at the bottom than at the top and the young branch is thicker
by an inch or 2 (2.5-5 cm) from withered bark on the trunk to indicate where the
outside of this new growth is over the inside of the branch collar from the trunk.
Thus you can see that the juncture of the new branch with the old trunk is a good
strong one.

Item is
Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum roots between pavers IMG 6046.JPG
taken in January/February 2019 in Funchal, Madeira by Chris Garnons-Williams
As we progress along the trunk we find a thin rotten section within the trunk,
just below the first forked leader. We find at least 3 areas of trunk rotting in the
next forked leader.
I wonder if the 3 holes in the second forked leader are now connected?
Also that those holes are not connected to the narrow rotting section below
and thence to the hole by the ground? Let us hope that the next high wind
does not pull the trigger on this Russian Roulette.

Item is
Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum roots between pavers IMG 6048.JPG
taken in January/February 2019 in Funchal, Madeira by Chris Garnons-Williams
This is not Tree 96 but a completely different Tree 97.
1 of the lateral roots has been impeded by the concrete kerb and is now girdling
the trunk. 2 more are going under the pavers with the elevated ones replaced
with concrete directly on top of them to "tidy up" the look of the pavement.
The lateral root opposite the road is walked on You can see the gaps between
the pavers and this has aided these roots with getting access to rain, dead leaves
and gaseous exchange in a very limited way. Some more of them were raised
and so replaced with pink or grey concrete made to look like pavers. The bark
on the trunk has been damaged by an object being dragged across it.

Item is
Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum roots between pavers IMG 6049.JPG
taken in January/February 2019 in Funchal, Madeira by Chris Garnons-Williams
This is not Tree 96 but a completely different Tree 97.
The branch stump wound is drying out and cracking apart. It was cut flush with
the trunk and so the branch collar was cut through and the resulting callus is
insufficient to cover the wound. This callus is now rotting at the bottom and the
cracked heartwood is starting to rot. This goes to show why the stump should
have been sprayed with Boron and painted with sealant as soon as it was cut.

Item is
Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum view next road section IMG 6050.JPG
taken in January/February 2019 in Funchal, Madeira by Chris Garnons-Williams
This is not Tree 96 but a completely different Tree 97.
This looks like a very thin trunk for the age of this tree, but where does its nutrients,
water and gaseous exchange come from for it to grow? At least nobody has
pollarded this tree. The tree would be grateful to have the watersprouts and crossing
branches removed.

Item is
Tree 97 from pestana promenade to forum roots under pavers IMG 6047.JPG
taken in January/February 2019 in Funchal, Madeira by Chris Garnons-Williams
The other side of the tree to Photo 6048 showing 2 lateral roots girdling the trunk
between the trunk and the concrete kerb. You can see that heavy traffic tyres
come close to the trunk and that the lateral roots under the road are cracking
the tarmac as well as breaking pavers on this side.
Cigarette butt in the ground area for this tree - 200 harmful chemicals in cigarettes,
how many of those are also harmful to trees?

My solutions are required including either the 6 inch square (15 cm) girder or
lintel with its bottom being the same level as the current top of the tarmac or
precast concrete lintels under the tarmac to protect the roots.

Item is
Tree 97 from pestana promenade to forum roots under pavers IMG 6052.JPG
taken in January/February 2019 in Funchal, Madeira by Chris Garnons-Williams
This is not Tree 97 but Tree 97A.
The lateral roots have elevated the pavers and concrete boundary edging. Either
traffic or pedestrians have worn the earth down between the trunk and the
concrete kerb. The heavier traffic has compressed the tarmac up to the concrete
kerb with its tyres.

Item is
Tree 98 from pestana promenade to forum new tree IMG 6054.JPG
taken in January/February 2019 in Funchal, Madeira by Chris Garnons-Williams
Exposed tree root which is trod on by pedestrians. The loose grey stones are also
then trodden onto the tree roots. It could be the only tree that I have seen in
pavements of Funchal with the concrete surround at the same ground level as the
pavement, the kerb and just above the road. It has a deression, so rainwater can
collect from the road and pavement and soak this ground for the tree.

My solutions would stop the roots from being exposed and pedestrians grating the
roots by stepping on loose stones as well as supplying nutrients, water and gaseous
exchange over a larger area.

I have copied the archived post below, because what is stated there is extremely
important, since 99.99% of gardeners in the UK totally ignore the fact that plants
require humus and think that double-digging is beneficial every year. That is why
they are killing their soil and their plants do not grow well.

How Soil Works in the Category Archives: Flowering House Plants of
Houseplantsguru. com:-

"Nature’s plan is to build up the humus year after year and this can only be done
by organic matter. There is need to replace and return that which has been taken out.
The Chinese, who are the best gardeners, collect, ‘use’, and return to the soil, every
possible kind of waste, vegetable, animal and human. In over 4000 years of intensive
cultivation they still support more human beings per hectare than any other
country in the world! On the other hand in areas like the Middle West of the U.S.A.
and the Regina Plain of Canada, where the Wheel of Life has not been recognized,
tens of thousands of hectares which once grew heavy crops are now useless, or
practically so.

Every flower crop grown reduces the organic content of the ground. Every piece of
work done helps to break down the humus. The value of the soil in your garden,
therefore, is not the mica particles or grains of sand. It lies in the humus that the
soil contains. Humus makes all the difference to successful gardening. Have plenty
of humus present and the soil is in good tilth. Humus is the organic colloid of the
soil. It can store water, it can store plant foods, it can help to keep the soil open.
It can help to ensure the right aeration. It will give ideal insulation against heat and
cold.

Using Compost

Garden owners proposing to dig their land shallowly in preparation for flower
growing, should realize the importance of adding ample quantities of organic
matter before they start. Composted farmyard manure, fine wool shoddy,
properly composted vegetable refuse, or hop manure should be added at the rate
of one good barrow-load to 10 m2 (12 sq yds) and in addition into the top 25 or
50 mm (1 or 2 in) of soil finely divided sedge peat, non-acid in character should
be raked in at about half a bucketful (9 litres) per square metre (2 gallons per
sq yd). This organic matter in the top few millimetres of soil gives the little roots
a good start and so sends them on to find the organic matter below.

It is when the organic content of the soil has been helped in this way, that
the gardener dares to add plant foods of an organic origin. These are usually
applied on the surface of the ground and raked in. Fertilizers with an organic base
are particularly useful. Fish Manure may be applied at 105 to 140 g/m2
(3 oz to 4 oz per sq yd), or a meat and bone meal or even hoof and horn meal
mixed with equal quantities of wood ashes may be used at a similar rate. These
plant foods can be supplied not only when the flower garden is first made
but every season very early in the spring. A good dried poultry manure to which
a little potash has been added is another fertilizer that is very useful when applied
at this time.

Minimum Digging

Flower growers must realize that proper soil treatment is the first essential to
success. The millions and millions of soil bacteria that live in the ground to help
the gardener, much appreciate little or no digging. It enables them to work better,
for they need conditions which are natural. So do give them what they need.

Liming

Lime should be regarded as an essential except in very definite cases where acidity
is demanded, e.g. the heaths and heathers, rhododendrons and azaleas.

Lime not only prevents soil from being acid but it ‘sweetens’ it, as well as playing
its part as a plant food. It improves the texture and workability of heavy soils. It
helps to release other plant foods, and it decomposes organic compounds in the
soil so that they can be used as plant food also.

Generally speaking it should be applied at about 245 g/m2 (7 oz per sq yd). It
should not be dug in, as it washes down into the soil very quickly. It should be
sprinkled on the surface of the ground after the digging and manuring has been
done. Do not mix lime with organic fertilizers. There are three main types of lime:
Quicklime, sometimes sold as Buxton Lime or Lump Lime, which has to be
slaked down on the soil; Chalk or Limestone, often sold as Ground Limestone,
only half as valuable as quicklime; and Hydrated Lime, which is perhaps the most
convenient to handle and is therefore most usually used by gardeners.The quantity
of lime mentioned previously i.e. 245 g/m2 (7 oz per sq yd), refers to hydrated
lime."
 

The following is the opinion of Chris Garnons-Williams to the above:-

If you walk through an old wooded area, which is not intensively managed, you
will see dead leaves on the ground, together with fallen branches, brambles,
nettles, other weeds and juvenile plants. There will be waste material from birds
and animals and this has not been cleared up and disposed of. This mulch then
provides the organic material to be recycled via the ground with its different
organisms to the roots of those same trees for them to continue to grow.
Nobody digs up the ground to push this material in a few inches or to the depth
of the topsoil, nature does it with earthworms and other organisms at the rate
required by the organisms down below to then use it. The trees in this wood then
grow fairly uniformly using the available resources.

So, do not dig the manure, wool shoddy, vegetable refuse or hop manure or
anything else in. Leave it on top as a mulch and that includes the organic
fertilizers and the lime. Instead of adding finely divided sedge peat, add spent
mushroom compost which contains peat which has already been used; and so
you are using their waste product for recycling, instead of destroying more peat
bogs which have taken 1000's of years to be created. You could use bracken
instead of peat.

The topsoil is full of organisms, either the waste products from are used by
another or they are. If you turn them up from the bottom of the topsoil to the top,
then those new top ones will starve to death and the ones who were at the top
are now at the bottom and they will as well since it is only waste down there which is
not their normal fare. They do have a bus transport system to get them back to
their original levels, since water is the only transport system down there, which
unfortunately normally goes downwards.

So why do you not use the companion planting cultivation method as further
detailed in Companion Planting?
You may follow this with the following which is normally used for the vegetable
garden:-

"Spinach is sown in spring in rows 50cm apart over the whole vegetable garden
area for the following purposes:

• these rows divide the vegetable garden up for the whole year,
• the spinach roots prevent erosion, so the usual paths between beds
  are omitted,
• young spinach plants provide protection and shade for the vegetable crops
  to be grown between them,
• spinach provides ideal material for sheet surface composting, which
  becomes an intermediate space, a footpath, and
• it is in between these lines of spinach that the other vegetable varieties
  are arranged."

This could be used in the flower beds as the system between the permanent
plants of trees, shrubs and perennials, which is where you may put bedding.
This will also provide you with access to the bedding and the permanent plants
together with the nitrogen fertilizer for the other plants from the legumes of
spinach.
You plant your bedding, bulbs or vegetables through the mulch between the
lines of spinach. The damage you do to where you plant is fairly quickly repaired
by the organisms in the surrounding soil, who each come into the level below the
ground level where they normally reside, until they meet their relatives on the
other side of the planting hole. The ecosystem is then restored. The ecosystem is
like a fast-food restaurant where much of the menu are the others in the soil, but
each organism eating has a particular range of organism that he/she eats -
unfortunately it is usually only the other organisms that live at the same level in
the soil as they do and so if the soil is totally mixed up, then they are likely to
starve and die out.
There are 31 species of earthworm known to occur in natural environments within
the British Isles, each of which has a different job, so that if you transfer 1 from
its environment to a different environment of a different earthworm it may
well die out. Further details from The Earthworm Society of Britain.
 

Since 14 June 2019 I have also started to put my own full-sized 4000 x 3000 digital Camera images into the relevant topics in this website again for use in the Public Domain - since there may
be 9 or more to a page the resulting 43Mb website page may take some time to load. Since I have more than 26,522 photos using 111,460Mb of my disk space, then the extra upfront cost per annum before creating more folders like Photo coleus is just over 3.16 pence per photo has been paid for the total number in that entire photo collection before any are sent to the website.
It is hoped that you may find them of interest.

Coleus Bedding Foliage Trial Folder
from Plant Trials Field in RHS Garden
at Wisley taken on
2 October 2013
1, plus Tables of Annuals with/for:-
2, Blue to Purple Flowers
3, Red to Pink Flowers 1, 2
4, Green Flowers
5, Black or Brown Flowers
6, Yellow, and Orange Flowers
7, White Flowers
8,
9, Low-Growing
10,
11, Medium-Growing
12, Tall-Growing
13, Heat-Tolerant
14, Moist Soil
15, Shade
16, Indoors
17, Cutting
18, Naturalize
19, Decorative Foliage
20, Edging
21, Fragrance
22, Hanging Baskets
23, Vining
24, Wildflower Meadows
25, Coastal Gardens
26, Mounded Habit
27, Erect Habit
28, Clump-Forming Habit
29, Compact/Bushy Habit
30, Spreading/Sprawling Habit
31, To Cover Fences
32, Odds and Sods 1, 2
Coleus Bedding Trial Index
Range, Culture and Description Details of each of the above are within
Essential Annuals The 100 best for Design and Cultivation.
Text by Elizabeth Murray. Photography by Derek Fell.
Published by Crescent Books in 1989. ISBN 0-517-66177-2

Bedding Gallery has
other bedding plants, in their
flower colour,
flower shape and
bedding plant use
pages.

Topic - Flower/Foliage Colour
Colour Wheel Galleries
Following your choice using Garden Style then that changes your Plant Selection Process
Garden Style
...Infill Plants
...12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
...12 Foliage Colours per Month Index
...All Plants Index
...Cultivation, Position, Use Index
...Shape, Form
Index
Further details on Bedding from the Infill Plants Galleries of the above topic:-
...for Spring
...for Summer
...for Autumn
...for Winter
...for Sandy Soil
...for Acid Soil
...for Chalky Soil
...for Clay Soil
...Flower Colour:-
......Black
......Blue
......Orange
......Pink
......Purple
......Red
......White
......Yellow
......Multi-coloured
...Use of Bedding:-
......Aromatic Fol
......Scented Flo
......Long Flo
......Coloured Fol
......for Bees, etc
......Cut Flos
......Hanging Pot
......Pots/ Troughs
......Screening
......Window Box
......Bedding Out
......Filling in
Further details on Annuals from the Infill Galleries:-
Uses of Annuals
...Exposed Sites
...Sheltered Sites
...in Greenhouse
...Extra Poor Soil
...Very Rich Soil
...Gap Filling
...Patio Pots
...Cut Flowers 1, 2
...Everlasting Flos
...Attract Insects
...with Fragrance
...Bee Pollinated
...Annual Pairing
...Low-Growing
...Med-Growing
...Tall Growing
...Flower Colour:-
......Black/Brown
......Blue-Purple
......Green
......Red-Pink
......White
......Yellow/Orange
...for its Foliage
...in Moist Soil
...in Shade
...as Houseplants
...Edging Beds
...Hanging Basket
...Vining Annuals

List of Pictures in a Picture Folder:-

Damage to Trees in Pavement in Madeira caused by the action of man during January/February 2019.

Solution to holes in trees.
Remove mesh covers and rot within the hole. Then blast the remaining rot with a high pressure water hose to try and clear more of the rot. Spray with Boron (a water based preservative kills only wood boring insects - not spiders, birds or bats) as a treatment for insect, wet and dry rot attack. While it is still wet, apply a layer of Expanding Foam to the bottom of the hole. Immediately place bottles on this 
and allow to set for 5 minutes. Apply another layer of expanding foam and another layer of bottles. The aim of the bottles is to occupy space, they are not there as a deterrent. That is why the foam has to be in contact with the inside of the tree not the glass bottle. The poisons in the foam will kill anything eating it and the foam does stick better when wet with water. Keep up this operation until the hole is covered. 
Leave to set and then paint the foam surface twice with a recommended water-based, but not oil-based, sealant.

Solutions to stop creating holes in trees.
When a branch is cut off, remember to cut it off on the other side of the Branch Collar. (See Figure 1 - Optimum position of the final pruning cut in "Guide to Tree Pruning" by the Arboricultural Association which shows the branch collar within and outside the tree. My Comments: I disagree with their recommendation not to apply wound paint as you can see the result if you do not paint trees which are dehydrated, starved and gassed as these trees in the pavements of Madeira are.) 
Once that is done, then immediately apply Boron and 2 coats of protective sealant as used for holes in trees above.

Solution to current problem on these mosaic pavements:-
Carefully remove the existing marble mosaic, concrete, tarmac, or paver and 
the concrete/metal enclosures round the trees. If any further solid material like gravel, bricks, stones etc can be removed as well, then do so. Level the ground with sharp sand (Sharp sand is like pyramids which lock together, builder's sand is like ball bearings which displaces itself elsewhere if it can when downward pressure is applied to it). 
The time to execute the above and complete the refilling with sharp sand must 
be completed within 20 minutes, otherwise the exposed roots will dry up and die. 
It is useful to now water it to settle the sand and keep the roots wet. Put the roll 
of continuous geotextile over the top before laying down the CEDAdrive slabs on 
top. Fill the slabs with the required colours of marble pea-shingle and leave a 
3 inch (7.5 cm) gap between the trunk and the CEDAdrive section (Besides black 
and white marble, you can get many other colours). Spead Green Manure seed in 
the gap and cover to the same level as the top of the CEDAdrive with its pea-shingle; 
with sharp sand. The Green manure will provide a little nourishment for the tree 
and protection for the expanding trunk, together with protection from cigarettes. 
Further protection can be carried out by providing seating round the trunk, so that 
old fogeys like me can rest.
Pop-up irrigation water pipes can be supplied from these water manholes currently in the pavements and they can be set to irrigate each section in rotation from 
Midnight to 06:00 in the morning. A dissolved mixture of seaweed, fully composted animal waste and fully worm composted human food waste from restaurants/hotels can be applied over a pavement an hour before that section is irrigated 3 times a year to provide the same fertilizer regime as practised by the gardeners at the Pestana Mirimar for that hotel's garden. The drained solids from the above fertilizer solution can be applied over the sand between the tree and the CEDAdrive.
An alternative to using marble pea-shingle is Topmix Permeable Concrete within the CEDAdrive slabs. This would perform the same function as the marble pea-shingle, but it may be cheaper and quicker to use in other pavements. The depth of the Cedadrive slabs might have to be increased if traffic is allowed to cross or park on this type of pavement surface.

An additional watering system, which would reduce flooding from the road water in towns:-
Since the land is being used up, then one could install my solution for mosaic pavements with Beany Block Kerb drainage solution as the concrete kerb of the road alongside. The drained water from the road and the front garden drives could be channeled into a 45 degree branch by Marley. The straight through section continues to the next Beany Block section. The 45 degree branch points at 45 degrees across the pavement and goes into a P trap gully with the outlet from that entering a French Drain to cross the pavement from the roadside to the the other side. This French Drain continues back across the pavement in a curve to another 45 degree branch to rejoin the water draining down the Beany Block drainage. If this French Drain gets blocked, then rodding can occur from the inspection chamber after the P trap gully to the 45 degree branch further down the hill. This system could be used for each tree that is in the pavement. This would considerabley reduce the volume of water going down storm drains, irrigate the trees and provide us with oxygen. Perhaps a ratio of 5 evergreen to 3 deciduous trees would provide year round interest from the foliage in new pavements and at least the evergreen trees could take up the water in the autumn and winter as well. This system could considerably reduce the rain flooding towns and villages by being absorbed in situ rather than traveling down to cause problems elsewhere. If you are short of tree space, then use hedge beds the width of supplied evergreen hedging like privet of between 6-12 inches in beds of 2 metres (80 inches) in length and keep the hedge pruned to about 12 inches (30 cms) wide and shoulder height for ease of pruning. This hedge will also take that water.
If you are short of tree space, then use hedge beds the width of supplied evergreen hedging like privet of between 6-12 inches in beds of 2 metres (80 inches) in length and keep the hedge pruned to about 12 inches (30 cms) wide and shoulder height for ease of pruning. This hedge will also take that water. You can get a hedge panel that you simply attach to a post at each end and that means an instant hedge, see Hedging.

166 trees in the pavements in a short section of a road in Funchal, Madeira are being slowly, starved, dehydrated, asphyxiated, poisoned by tarmac and concrete, burnt inside their hollow trunks, roots pounded by 40 ton lorries or shoes of pedestrians, and allowed to rot until killed off during February 2019 (see information in Problems with trees in pavements in Funchal, Madeira in January/February 2018 Page, which appears to have had no effect) as shown by my 433 photos in the following pages:-

• Death of tree roots and
• Death of tree trunks/branches caused by people.
• Solution to problems for trees caused by people using irrigation -
  Growth of Pollarded Tree in Hotel Garden in 1 year provides a water solution to this destruction.
• Damage to Tree Trunks 1, 2, 3, 4 caused by people,
• Damage to Tree Roots caused by people,
• Area of Open Ground round trees,
• New Trees in pavements 1, 2,
• Irrigation of current trees,
• Watersprouts and Watershoots on trees,
• Crossing Branches in trees,
• Utility Equipment with tree Foliage,
• Lights on trees,
• Bycycle Lane in Pavement,
• Public Gardens alongside pavements,
• Hotel/Private Gardens alongside pavements,
• Current Permeable Pavement Surface round trees and
• Irrigation and Fertilising of trees.

If man maintained these trees, then every tree could be saved and grow healthily. Tree 32 from end of 2 road junction with watersprout and proper branch IMG 6259.JPG is on Page 8 . You can see that the proper branch has attachment to the main branch all the way round (see Branch Collar for detailed explaination in 'Lifting', 'Crown Thinning' and Crown Reduction in Photo Damage to Trees in Madeira 4 Gallery and in Tree 165 from lido to forum
IMG 0192.JPG. The black central portion could be part of the branch collar of Tree 15 forum end of 2 road junction IMG 6184.JPG in Gallery 1 Page 4. You can see half the branch collar from a branch in tree 26 from end of 2 road junction IMG 6230 in Gallery 1 Page 7 and be able to note how much more of the branch collar is attached to its mother branch than a watershoot), whereas the watershoot is only attached to the proper branch in less than half its circumference. This means that the watershoot is inherently very weak in the side where it is not attached. If a pulling force is applied to the opposite side which is not attached, then the watershoot will break away. Madeira appears to pollard it's trees and then rely on the watershoots which grow from the stumps - a dangerous procedure.

Now why does Madeira pollard its trees in the pavement in Funchal? Madeira is famous for its Christmas Lights, which are lit from 1 December to 8 January. They are very festive but it does mean that from about 120 inches (300 cm) to about 240 inches (600 cm) all the trunks/branches need to be devoid of foliage and then it does not matter about too much foliage above that. These lights then become visible for miles and cruise ships can view the spectacle. These trees are then not nourished, watered or allowed for their roots to breathe, and the foliage is the only section which can absorb water from the rain. An extremely dangerous practice has been done in the main high street near the roundabout at the bottom of the steep hill out of Funchal - pollarded trees have had their watershoots pollarded, so that no doubt lights will be attached to the first generation of watershoots (in attaching them the installers could fall off with that watershoot).

Madeira appreciates Mosaic Pavements and so they are now laying these marble chips in concrete rather than embedding them in the earth. That means that there is no access for the tree roots to receive water, nourishment or do gaseous exchange.

If I can save a very old tree, which 10 years later is continuing to flower and grow, I wonder why in Madeira they cut off branches and allow the resulting stump to rot back into the trunk (which leads to that tree falling down), and then ignore the danger for its visitors?

The following comes from Ivydene Gardens Evergreen Trees Gallery:-

"Saving the Common Yew at St. Margarets Church, Rainham, Kent (written 31 July 2009 for the congregation).

Over the years, damage has occurred to the branches coming from this multi-trunked yew tree. Some of this is where a branch has broken off or broken at the junction with its trunk leaving a jagged edge. When it rains, the water collects in this jagged edge and provides a carrier for rot bacteria to enter and break down the strength of the Heartwood. This has happened down the middle of most of the trunks. Mr Noakes (Churchwarden) and I are excavating and removing as much of this rot as possible before replacing it with Polycell Expanding Foam (which contains Diphenylmethane-4, 4-diisocyanate) and empty bottles. The empty bottles reduce the number of cans of Polycell Expanding Foam used. This Foam is normally used in the construction industry to fill the space between Windows and Walls and thus prevent draughts round the edge of the windows. In this case, it fills all the space occupied by the removed rot and if any beastie tries eating it, it will be killed by the cyanate in it. This also prevents the bacteria from having access to air/rain; thus hopefully stopping any further internal rot. Unfortunately the Foam is attacked by light, becomes brittle and flakes off, so we are painting it twice with Black Masonry Paint to prevent that. The Masonry Paint is a plastic film which is flexible, so if the tree moves the paint will move with it rather than cracking apart."

Information about this yew tree on 22 March 2020 from rainhamchurch.co.uk website.

Plant Labelling - A suggestion for plant labelling to help visitors

A different solution is that each gardening member of the RHS staff at Wisley be provided with Large White Plastic Angled-Head Labels which are 20 inches (50 cms) in height with a 6 x 4 inch (16 x 10 cms) writing surface and a Marker pen with Black ink to provide a good temporary label for the above broken label (in Lost Flowers page) or for missing labels.
Then, the black background permanent label could be ordered at the end of that working day to replace this temporary label, which has been inserted into the ground in front of the relevant plant section.

If you are concerned about these labels going on "Walkabout", then insert another white label behind the plant and make it invisible to the public.

Site design and content copyright ©October 2019.
Chris Garnons-Williams.

DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a
courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are
not responsible for the content and/or quality of external
web sites linked from this site.  

This section of road from the Lido to almost Pestana Village Hotel contains a series
of these trees on one side of the road. Many of them have their roots in the road
and some their trunks as well. Not only are the tree roots being starved, dehydrated
and gassed from the lack of oxygen and the excess of carbon dioxide, but the rot
in the trunks is ignored and the damage done by the traffic is also ignored. At some
point, these trees are going to give up the ghost and fall down. You may say so what,
but I like looking at these trees as I walk to church from the Hotel Promenade or
Hotel Mirimar and when we go shopping in the Forum or Funchal. It makes the street an avenue and different from just a row of hotels, restaurants and shops like in any other city in the world. You do not realise the importance of these trees to your time share visitors and clients of the cruise ships, since you complain that they could fall down and the only way you like them is if they bring in revenue from those
visitors when they have hundreds of light bulbs on them and make a grand display so that those same visitors visit the shops/restaurants.
NOW PLEASE STOP IGNORING THIS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS SITUATION AND
USE MY SOLUTIONS TO SAVE THESE TREES BEFORE THE DECISION IS COMPLETELY
TAKEN OUT OF YOUR HANDS BY THE TREES THEMSELVES.

I could continue to go through the remainder of the photos from this page 15 to page 45, and being like Don Quixote I will continue pointing out in excruciating detail the problems, when you the goverment in Funchal who could do something about them are unlikely to even view them and if you do will probably ignore it. If the trees break, then your cheapest solution, hack them down, there problem solved!! or keep on dehydrating and asphixiating them to kill them off - A plant root absorbs oxygen to the total of its own root volume per day, which it cannot do if the access to the air is covered in concrete or tarmac for 99.9% of its roots. This is the case when trees are planted in pavements, with concrete pavers or tarmac on their roots.

Articles on

• Branch Collar and the importance of leaving all of it while cutting off that branch; as shown above in Solutions to stop creating holes in trees.
• My repair to a 1300 year old yew tree in my church at the bottom of pages 1-12
• Some of my work on trees using a chainsaw and chipper-shredder on page 13
• Protective Dressing, Cavities and 'do not use plastic twine or wire to tie a plant' are at the bottom of pages 14-25 with Forked Leaders, also Terminal Bud and Dormant Branch Growth Bud. Details on Boron woodworm, wet and dry wood rot treatment on Page 16.
• Ways to install trees at the bottom of pages 26-37 includes the following on watering - "Throughout the warm, summer weather, the tree will need the equivalent of 1 inch (2.5 cm) of rain per week and this water needs to be applied about twice each week (My Comments - since this is over the entire root area of this tree - which is at least the radius from the trunk of the height of the tree - then if the CEDAdrive slabs are used, apply 0.5 inchs (1.25 cms) of irrigation twice a week to that entire area).  Approximately 5-10 gallons (20 – 40 liters) of water is sufficient to moisten a 20-inch (50 cm) diameter root ball.  A 40-inch (100 cm) diameter root ball has more than twice the volume and would require 35-45 gallons (130 – 170 liters). 
  Another way to measure water need is with the following formula:   The tree needs 5 gallons minimum and 5 additional gallons per inch of diameter (DBH); hence a 3 inch DBH tree needs 20 gallons of water per week to equal 1 inch of rainfall, in other words, 5 gallons minimum + (3 X 5) 15 gallons = 20 gallons."
• The Pruning and Maintenance of Mature Trees:
  • 'Lifting' or the removal of the lower branch systems,
  • Crown Thinning and
  • Crown Reduction
  • at the bottom of
    pages 38-45
• Explaination of watersprouts and watershoots in the Watersprouts on Trees in Pavements in Funchal, Madeira Page. These should be removed from the trees since they are weakly joind to the branch/trunk from which they originated and are dangerous to use as supports for electricians or tree surgeons; as well as likely to fall down in a storm.

"Don Quixote, in the first part of the book, does not see the world for what it is and prefers to imagine that he is living out a knightly story." and so I continue to waste my time with this problem in Madeira and the British Government who are quite happy to keep building houses etc in the country and then get the Southern Water who cannot produce the water (because they have no plans to build more than 1 new reservoir in Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Dorset in the next 15 years) for these houses and schools to use 'management techniques' - in other words, keep putting the price up and the pressure to the household down so that the same volume of water is used by more people from 129 litres per person per day to 110 litres of water per person per day (just reduce the pressure again and again and I am sure that people will be quite happy to survive on 5 litres per day). The new school for Medway is fine except for its access - the combination of 4 new school buses, 4 new bus routes that end at the school, a roundabout outside the drive to the school and 2 zebra crossings is going to increase the traffic pollution by more than it is already -"In 2013 a new estimate of 1050 early deaths as a result of just PM2.5 air pollution across Kent & Medway in 2010 was calculated by the Kent and Medway Air Quality partnership (K&MAQP) Health Sub Group. Figure 4 shows a figure between 11 and 12 of PM2.5 for Medway with 50 early deaths from PM2.5 pollution in 2010 per 100,000 population. It had a population in 2014 of 274,016. Each year if you live in Medway you may die early as 1 out of 2.74 x 50 = (2.74 x 50)/100000 probabability - remember the stupidity of the stiff upper lip of the British as your parent with heart and lung problems, spouse or child kicks the bucket.". This will mean that the stationary traffic within 400 yards will be gassing the local inhabitants like me at least twice in a working day leading to those children and parents getting asthma. A small problem, we do not have the General Practioners for these new inhabitants and the local Medway Hospital is overloaded. Great combination - get ill/dehydrated from lack of water and who will treat them unless they go private? Due to the increased building in Medway, the road structure is going to become more and more gridlocked in the whole town over longer and longer periods - there are no road-building plans to alleviate this situation.

Photos of my work on trees using a chainsaw and chipper-shredder are on Gallery 1 Page 13

Gallery 3 Page 26

Tree 95 from pestana promenade to forum hollow trunk IMG 6041.JPG
This and the following problems are detailed in Plant with Photo Index Gallery.

Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum roots between pavers IMG 6043.JPG

Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum roots between pavers IMG 6044.JPG

Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum roots between pavers IMG 6045.JPG

Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum roots between pavers IMG 6046.JPG

Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum roots between pavers IMG 6048.JPG

Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum roots between pavers IMG 6049.JPG

Tree 96 from pestana promenade to forum view next road section IMG 6050.JPG

Tree 97 from pestana promenade to forum roots under pavers IMG 6047.JPG

Tree 97 from pestana promenade to forum roots under pavers IMG 6052.JPG

Tree 98 from pestana promenade to forum new tree IMG 6054.JPG

Gallery 3 Page 27

Tree 98 from pestana promenade to forum new tree IMG 6056.JPG

Tree 98 from pestana promenade to forum new tree recently pollarded
IMG 6055.JPG

Tree 99 from pestana promenade to forum tree in road IMG 6057.JPG

Tree 99 from pestana promenade to forum tree in road IMG 6058.JPG

Tree 99 from pestana promenade to forum tree in road IMG 6059.JPG

Tree 100 from pestana promenade to forum tree with roots above ground
IMG 6060.JPG

Tree 100 from pestana promenade to forum tree with roots above ground
IMG 6061.JPG

Tree 101 from pestana promenade to forum tree hollow trunk
IMG 6063.JPG

Tree 101 from pestana promenade to forum tree hollow trunk
IMG 6064.JPG

Tree 101 from pestana promenade to forum tree hollow trunk
IMG 6065.JPG

Tree 101 from pestana promenade to forum tree hollow trunk
IMG 6066.JPG

Gallery 3 Page 28

Tree 101 from pestana promenade to forum tree hollow trunk
IMG 6067.JPG

Tree 101 from pestana promenade to forum tree hollow trunk
IMG 6068.JPG

Tree 101 from pestana promenade to forum tree
IMG 6062.JPG

Tree 103 from funchal to top of hill
IMG 6077.JPG

Tree 104 from funchal to top of hill
IMG 6078.JPG

Tree 104 from funchal to top of hill
IMG 6079.JPG

Tree 105 from funchal to top of hill
IMG 6080.JPG

Tree 105 from funchal to top of hill with wires through foliage IMG 6082.JPG

Tree 105 from funchal to top of hill with wires through foliage IMG 6083.JPG

Tree 105 from funchal to top of hill with wires through foliage IMG 6084.JPG

Tree 106 from funchal to top of hill new tree with root at ground level IMG 6085.JPG

Gallery 3 Page 29

Tree 107 from funchal to top of hill new tree
IMG 6086.JPG

Tree 108 from funchal to top of hill concreted pavement
IMG 6092.JPG

Tree 108 from funchal to top of hill
IMG 6087.JPG

Tree 108 from funchal to top of hill
IMG 6088.JPG

Tree 108 from funchal to top of hill
IMG 6089.JPG

Tree 108 from funchal to top of hill
IMG 6090.JPG

Tree 108 from funchal to top of hill
IMG 6091.JPG

Tree 109 from funchal to top of hill concrete pavement
IMG 6094.JPG

Tree 109 from funchal to top of hill new tree
IMG 6093.JPG

Tree 110 from funchal to top of hill tree stump
IMG 6095.JPG

Tree 111 from funchal to top of hill ripped off branch
IMG 6097.JPG

Gallery 3 Page 30

Tree 21 forum end of 2 road junction with hole through trunk opposite enotel
IMG 0206.JPG

Tree 21 forum end of 2 road junction with hole through trunk opposite enotel
IMG 0207.JPG

Tree 21 forum end of 2 road junction with hole through trunk opposite enotel
IMG 0208.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0001.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0002.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0003.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0004.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0005.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0006.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0007.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0009.JPG

Gallery 3 Page 31

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0011.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0166.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0167.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0169.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0172.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0174.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0175.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0177.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0181.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden
IMG 0183.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden irrigation pipe
IMG 0168.JPG

Gallery 3 Page 32

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden tree root by pavement
IMG 0187.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden tree root by pavement
IMG 0188.JPG

Tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden tree root by pavement
IMG 0189.JPG

Tree 102 from lido to forum tree hollow trunk and roots
IMG 0197.JPG

Tree 102 from lido to forum tree hollow trunk and roots
IMG 0195.JPG

Tree 102 from lido to forum tree hollow trunk and roots
IMG 0198.JPG

Tree 102 from lido to forum tree hollow trunk and roots
IMG 0199.JPG

Tree 102 from lido to forum tree hollow trunk and roots
IMG 0200.JPG

Tree 102 from lido to forum tree hollow trunk and roots
IMG 0201.JPG

Tree 102 from lido to forum tree hollow trunk and roots
IMG 0202.JPG

Tree 111 from funchal to top of hill ripped off branch
IMG 0012.JPG

Gallery 3 Page 33

Tree 113 from mirimar to funchal pavement rose bed
IMG 0019.JPG

Tree 113 from mirimar to funchal pavement rose bed
IMG 0020.JPG

Tree 113 from mirimar to funchal pavement rose bed
IMG 0021.JPG

Tree 114 from mirimar to funchal pavement lawn
IMG 0024.JPG

Tree 114 from mirimar to funchal pavement lawn
IMG 0025.JPG

Tree 114 from mirimar to funchal pavement lawn
IMG 0026.JPG

Tree 114 from mirimar to funchal pavement lawn irrigation spray
IMG 0029.JPG

Tree 114 from mirimar to funchal pavement lawn pollarded tree
IMG 0027.JPG

Tree 114 from mirimar to funchal pavement lawn pollarded tree
IMG 0028.JPG

Tree 115 from mirimar to funchal tree growth
IMG 0031.JPG

Tree 116 from mirimar to funchal with pollarded tree by information officeI
MG 0034.JPG

Gallery 3 Page 34

Tree 116 from mirimar to funchal with pollarded tree
IMG 0032.JPG

Tree 116 from mirimar to funchal with pollarded tree
IMG 0033.JPG

Tree 117 from mirimar to funchal another water manhole IMG 0036.JPG

Tree 117 from mirimar to funchal pollarded tree by new savoy
IMG 0035.JPG

Tree 117 from mirimar to funchal view road section after savoy
IMG 0039.JPG

Tree 117 from mirimar to funchal water manholes in pavement
IMG 0038.JPG

Tree 118 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0040.JPG

Tree 118 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0041.JPG

Tree 118 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0042.JPG

Tree 118 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0043.JPG

Tree 119 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0045.JPG

Gallery 3 Page 35

Tree 120 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0046.JPG

Tree 121 from mirimar to funchal next road section
IMG 0049.JPG

Tree 121 from mirimar to funchal with watersprouts
IMG 0047.JPG

Tree 122 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0050.JPG

Tree 122 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0051.JPG

Tree 122 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0052.JPG

Tree 123 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0054.JPG

Tree 123 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0055.JPG

Tree 123 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0056.JPG

Tree 123 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0057.JPG

Tree 123 from mirimar to funchal view previous road section
IMG 0059.JPG

Gallery 3 Page 36

Tree 124 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0060.JPG

Tree 124 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0062.JPG

Tree 124 from mirimar to funchal pollarded tree
IMG 0061.JPG

Tree 125 from mirimar to funchal branch ripped off this trunk
IMG 0064.JPG

Tree 125 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0063.JPG

Tree 126 from mirimar to funchal new tree pollarded
IMG 0065.JPG

Tree 126 from mirimar to funchal new tree pollarded
IMG 0066.JPG

Tree 127 from mirimar to funchal new tree pollarded
IMG 0067.JPG

Tree 128 from mirimar to funchal new tree pollarded
IMG 0068.JPG

Tree 128 from mirimar to funchal view next road section down hill to funchal
IMG 0069.JPG

Tree 129 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0070.JPG

Gallery 3 Page 37

Tree 129 from mirimar to funchal
IMG 0071.JPG

Tree 130 from mirimar to funchal new beanpole tree
IIMG 0073.JPG

Tree 130 from mirimar to funchal new beanpole tree
IIMG 0074.JPG

Tree 130 from mirimar to funchal new beanpole tree
IIMG 0072.JPG

Tree 130 from mirimar to funchal new beanpole tree
IIMG 0075.JPG

Tree 130 from mirimar to funchal new beanpole tree
IIMG 0076.JPG

Tree 130 from mirimar to funchal new beanpole tree
IIMG 0077.JPG

Tree 131 from mirimar to funchal new tree
IMG 0078.JPG

Tree 131 from mirimar to funchal new tree pollarded
IMG 0079.JPG

Tree 132 from mirimar to funchal double trunk
IMG 0080.JPG

Tree 133 from funchal to roundabout view previous road section
IMG 0086.JPG

The following is from "The Hidden Life of Trees - What they feel, How they communicate: Discoveries from a Secret World" by Peter Wohlleben. This English translation was published William Collins in 2017.
ISBN 978-0-00-821843-0 -
"Friendship - look up into the forest canopy. The average tree grows its branches out until it encounters the branch tips of a neighbouring tree of the same height. It doesn't grow any wider because the air and better light in this space are already taken, However, it heavily reinforces the branches it has extended, so you get the impression that there's quite a shoving match going on up there. But a pair of true friends is careful right from the outset not to grow overly thick branches in each other's direction. The trees don't want to take anything away from each other, and so they develop sturdy branches only at the outer edges of their crowns, that is to say, only in the direction of "non-friends". Such partners are often so tightly connected at the roots that sometimes they even die together."

My comment "The canopy that he is writing about is in a natural forest. Unfortunately in Madeira and elsewhere, trees are incorrectly pruned and this leads to watershoots and watersprouts. Unfortunately both of these are not directly connected with the central nervous system of the remainder of the tree and thus they grow in an uncontrolled way interfering with that tree's own canopy as well as any other neighbour with the growth from the watershoots. If the tree is not pollarded but correctly pruned so that a juvenile branch no matter how small can take over the tip leader position, then the central nervous system can continue to function for the entire tree."

"When a caterpillar takes a hearty bite out of a leaf, the tissue around the site of the damage changes. In addition, the leaf tissue sends out electrical signals, just as human tissue does when it is hurt. However, the signal is not transmitted in milliseconds, as human signals are; instead, the plant signal travels at the slow speed of a third of an inch per second. Accordingly, it takes an hour or so before defensive compounds reach the leaves to spoil the pest's meal. Trees live their lives in the really slow lane, even when they are in danger."

My comment "Due to those watershoots and watersprouts not being connected to this nervous system, only the nervous system within the watershoot or watersprout can try to deal with the problem, which is unlikely."

"Trees can mount their own defense. One of these ways is to warn each other using chemical signals sent through the fungal networks around their root tips, which operate no matter what the weather. Surprisingly, news bulletins are sent via the roots not only by means of chemical compounds but also by means of electrical impulses that travel at the speed of a third of an inch per second. Once the latest news has been broadcast, all the oaks in the area promptly pump tannins through their veins to put off the chewing insects."

My Comment" If my solution for the mosaic pavements was used not just on the pavements but also the drives alongside of the domestic dwellings, drives on commercial properties and pavements in public gardens, then the fungal network could be linked everywhere and trees suffering from one problem in one area could warn the others, who could try out their solution, until the pest can be obliterated or scared off. As it stands at the moment every tree in a pavement is a loner and due to being starved, dehydrated and gassing its own roots with carbon dioxide and nitrogen compounds, it has nothing to help it.

Unfortunately as human beings, we no longer care about nature and quite happily say that we are breathing, so what is the problem? and ignore our destruction of the plant kingdom which provides us with oxygen by pouring concrete/tarmac on it."

This book is very good in connecting us back to nature, like we were before the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century and the country folk worked with nature.

When a tree is taken out of the nursery ground to be put into a black pot or a white pot, 80% of its roots are cut off and that makes it difficult for the tree in its later life. Barcham with its white pot persuades the remaining roots to travel down the pot instead of circling within it. When the trees from pots where the roots have circled are transplanted, the planters do not re-arrange the roots so that those roots in a circle continue to grow in that circle and not leave it. So, within 10 years the tree runs out of water etc because it has no roots outside that circle to provide water, nutrients or gas exchange. Because the roots go down the pot, then when their trees are transplanted, they can be persuaded not to go under the road by using a geotextile and if the 2 inches (5 cms) of Heicom Tree Sand was there then its roots would go into that medium and be accompanied by fungi etc to grow a healthy tree.
Barcham explains their white pot and how it improves root growth so that their trees have a longer life in the client's ground than trees grown from scratch in black plastic pots.

Barcham is Europe's largest tree specialist, who are growing over 200,000 instant impact trees near Ely, Cambridgeshire

Photo 6055 for Tree 98 on Page 27 -
PERHAPS REPLACEMENT OF ALL THE TREES IN THESE PAVEMENTS USING TREES GROWN BY BARCHAM USING THEIR LIGHT POT SYSTEM WOULD BE SAFER FOR THE VISITING AND NATIVE POPULATION. IF SOME ARE REQUIRED TO HAVE LIGHTING DISPLAYS, THEN BARCHAM CAN GROW THOSE TREES APPROPRIATELY (when you see the growth of the pollarded Tree 80 in the front garden of Pestana Mirimar Hotel within 12 months, then it is possible that the trees grown by Barcham for lighting displays could display lights within 18 months of planting in the pavement, providing the recommendations from Barcham on how to attach the lighting system to those trees is followed).

This tree was pollarded once planted. WHY? AND WHY WAS THE OTHER LEADER OF THE FORKED LEADER ON THE RIGHT PULLED OFF? WHAT DID THE PERSON DOING THIS THINK WOULD HAPPEN TO THE TREE WITH THE DAMAGE THAT HE HAD DONE IT? - HOP, SKIP AND PLAY WITH LOOPLA!!!

If you look at the large trees grown by Barcham, you will notice that they are multibranched and ready to plant within this extremely narrow space of 1 metre square - see Quercus robur Fastigiata and other trees suitable for pavements. It might be possible that they would plant them for you as well with their Planting Kit Plus and Tree Hydration bag (if you cannot be bothered to create an irrigation system as I have advised).

Barcham grow their pleached trees in the ground. Then, this tree is containerised in Light Pots for sale 12 months later. The tree can then be planted with 2 layers of weed-proof geotextile next to the kerb 18 inches (45 cm) from the trunk. This allows the trunk to become 38 inches (95 cms) in diameter before it reaches the concrete kerb and the roots will have been stopped from entering the ground, rubble, or foundations under the tarmac of the road. The roots including the lateral roots would still be all the way round the tree stabilising it and feeding it.

Provided my solution for the entire pavement area is followed, then the roots can extend to fill under the top wearing surface. This would be irrigated and fed by the waste food products of restaurants, hotels, supermarkets and weekly markets as well as from the animal waste from chickens, turkeys, cattle, goats and pigs system I suggested. This is topped up with trace minerals etc from seaweed from seaweed farming (if the liquid in it is not saline, then the wet product could be used instead of having to dry it and then dissolving it back into water to irrigate with it). This is further supported by the use of green manure and the irrigation water supplied by stopping the waste from leaking toilets in the hotels and restaurants; and using it for the trees instead. The used bottles from the same establishments and the native population could be turned into cullet and used to repair the holes in the trees and to create part of the mosaic pattern in the top surface of the pavement.

There we are in re-using the waste created by us and out activities in raising animals for our consumption to provide healthy trees, which do not just provide us with oxygen, but clean up after us by filtering the air to strip it of the dust particles from engines as well as the engine gases, it also improves our mental well-being by providing us with some nature to look at instead of man-made materials, like metal, concrete, tarmac and glass. We are also using the rain falling on the road and the water from the driveways of buildings alongside using the Beany Block Kerb and French Drain system, which would alleviate that rainwater flow from flooding the city centre as it stops the road drains in the valleys from accepting any more water. Win, Win and Win and improve people's mental life.

Give trees a proper volume of soil for their roots as shown by Barcham and fertiliser to help them grow as shown by Barcham .
You could also use Barcham pleached trees if you think that airspace is at a premium.
Trees can be kept in containers - the larger soil volume the better, especially the root system of a medium or large growing tree is going to access 30 cubc metres (if the pavement has its 2 inches (5 cm) depth of sharp sand with my mosaic pavement solution, then some of that volume can be available to the pavement trees.).
Barcham has the answer to which trees can be planted safely near buildings.
Barcham shows you which tree is best to combat diesel pollution.
Barcham states which trees can establish within the sight of the sea.
Barcham explains the difference between pleached, topiary and espaliered trees.
Barcham explains the correct planting depth for trees.
Barcham shows how trees hold themselves up.
Barcham explains their white pot and how it improves root growth so that their trees have a longer life in the client's ground than trees grown from scratch in black plastic pots.

GET BARCHAM TO GROW PLEACHED TREES THAT COULD DISPLAY LIGHTING IN THE MIDDLE HEIGHT SECTION TO REPLACE YOUR PAVEMENT TREES - Tree 99 from pestana promenade to forum tree in road IMG 6057.JPG on Page 27

This and the next photo show how the trunk extends into the road and that the lateral roots extend more than 18 inches (45 cm) under the tarmac elevating it. The outer 12 inches of this tarmac is run over by the heavier duty tyres of lorries, buses and coaches beating the living daylights out of these roots. The tree has also overgrown the pink pavers and concrete kerb.

The metal box girder/lintel needs to be positioned at least 40 inches (100 cms) from the current kerb and my other solutions carried out if you want to save this tree. When you see the yellow bus in the background and the fact that there are 3 lanes of traffic all in the same direction of travel, then that restriction of 115 cms (46 inches) in the road width can easily be taken care of to keep these trees in this straight section of road to the Forum Shopping Centre.

Of course the cheaper solution is have these trees replaced with pleached trees from Barcham in properly irrigated, nourished and gaseous exchange conditions (perhaps using my Solution to current problem on these mosaic pavements - irrespective of what else is done this remedial work to all the pavements with trees in should be done within the first year to keep these trees or any replacement trees or shrubs with bedding). Perhaps it is best to replace the worst damaged to the least at 10% a year to reduce the shock to the population and the visitors till all the trees in this section of pavements from the Cathedral to The Forum have been replaced. Then, provide a tree replacement system in a 30 year rotation. Get Barcham to provide the annual training courses to the maintenance staff for these trees; including photo/history record-keeping for each tree.

USE BUNGEES INSTEAD OF WIRE OR PLASTIC TWINE TO TIE ELECTRICAL MATERIAL TO TREES - Tree 140 from funchal roundabout to cathedral fuse box for lights IMG 0097.JPG on Page 39
Instead of using black wire or black plastic twine, use black bungee cord instead. When attaching heavy objects like the LuxStar electric light control box to the tree attach a coarse net of bungee cords over the box. Attach bungee cords to the top metal hooks of that net and lead that over the gap between a forked leader or a good supporting branch junction with the trunk and back down to that coarse net of bungee cords on the top of that box. Attach more bungee cords to the left hand side of the coarse net of bungees and lead round to the other side of the coarse net to attach them to. Being looser it means that the horizontal bungees generally hold the box against the tree but the weight of the box is taken by the top upright bungees. Check each year that the box with its coarse net of bungee cords and bungee cords are not biting into the bark of the trunk, as it would do otherwise with the use of wire or plastic twine and if neccessary change the bungees - bungee cord length 6, 18, 40 inches (15, 45, 100 cms).

The same bungee cord system can be used for the electrical wiring to prevent damage to the tree.

MOBILANE GREEN SCREENS INSTEAD OF FENCES/GARDEN WALLS - mobilane info IMG 0766.JPG on Page 45
I quote from it:-
"Something that may be of interest to you is the work we are currently involved with in Europe to see what effect the screens have on pollution. They have been shown to absorb 6gms per square metre of sub micron particles per year from the atmosphere. In layman's terms this means that 10 of our screens do the same job in reducing atmospheric pollution as an average size tree."
So if you want to reduce air pollution in cities, why not get your houseowners and house builders to erect these mobilane screens as their front and back garden boundaries, instead of waney fencing or garden walls. Normally, modern gardens are too small for trees (they would tend to damage their houses, see What to do about subsiidence caused by Clay? page), except for trained topfruit - see Top Fruit Plant List Page.
Besides Green Screen for garden boundaries, Mobilane also do

• WallPlanter for green facades to buildings
• Mobiroof for instant roof planting system
• Noistop for Noise Reduction Screens
• Live Panel as Green Wall system for the outdoors as well as one for the indoors
• Livepicture as living picture made up of plants, and
• Livedivider as a green room divider

so that irrespective of whether you have a garden or not, you still live somewhere so you can have nature benefitting you in your home and you can help in reducing the pollution caused by you in the environment.

INSTEAD OF A 2 INCH (5 CM) DEPTH OF SHARP SAND UNDER THE CEDADRIVE AND GEOTEXTILE, HEICOM TREE SAND PROVIDES A BETTER ALTERNATIVE.

Heicom Tree Sand (Amsterdam Tree Sand) is a special blend of washed, semi-rounded silica sand and PAS100 organic matter blended to a formula developed following research by Dutch Universities in the 1980's. Heicom approached us shortly after this to become a licensed supplier of the blend and it has grown ever since.
Bourne Amenity is the sole supplier in the UK with the license to manufacturer Heicom Tree Sand - www.treesand.co.uk:-
Back in 2004 Bourne Amenity were approached by Van Der Berk trees to become a sole distributer of their Heicom Tree sand brand. Recognising our strength in the marketplace they wanted a reliable partner to deliver their tree sand into the growing urban tree planting market. Since then we have developed our own brand of tree sand (alongside Heicom) and supply these across the country.
Bourne Amenity Tree Sand is brand of structural urban tree planting sand for Car Parks, Pavements, SuDS and High Footfall:-
Whilst we are a registered manufacturer of the Heicom trees and brand, we designed our own blend back in 2008 to provide a slightly cheaper alternative to Heicom. This material is for use in tree pit planting where compaction is a consideration (i.e. car parks, pavements etc.). It should be used in conjunction with our washed tree pit subsoil and to the project guidelines.

PROTECTION FOR THE TREE WHICH IS IN THE ROAD FROM THE TRAFFIC
A temporary solution to the problem of trees jutting out into the road and the possibility of the roots being driven over, or the trunk driven into, could be solved with bell traffic bollards like the Bell 150 to protect the trees jutting into the road:-
The Bell traffic bollard is designed to deflect the wheels of heavy traffic. "Introduced to the market in 1986 it is a simple yet effective solution to many highways issues including:

• Pedestrian safety

• Width restriction

• Protection of property

• Traffic calming measures

• Protection of road signs and street furniture

Furnitubes constant development of the Bell bollard has resulted in the Bell being adapted to meet a range of varying specifications.

• Bell100 is the original full-sized Bell bollard.

• Bell340 Three quarter Bell is ideal for the protection of corners and exposed brickwork.

• Bell120 Bell half is suitable for protecting walls or pre-existing structures.

• Bell500X Bell with subframe for locations where underground services make installation difficult.

• Bell600 Kerbline Bell is for installation within the kerbline  - an ideal width restrictor and it stops vehicles parking on the flower bed / pavement behind it

• Bell115 allows the installation of a 115mm diameter bollard or railing post within the same footings as a Bell bollard. It produces the same results but acts as a high visibility post or cost effective vehicular and pedestrian barrier.

• Bell138 has a recess specifically to house a CIT538 City Bollard. 

• Ave100 Avector is a new traffic control bollard which deflects vehicles
wheels. Its sleek modern form is suitable for more contemporary locations."

The smaller ones could also be used every 120 inches (300 cms) behind kerbs to stop vehicles parking on the pavement with its trees/flower beds.

It would be better to use the water for the tree rather than grass.
The following is from my Welcome Page:-
"9. The section below explains why grass has such a detrimental effect on trees/shrubs/ or other plants planted within it.
"Most turf grass roots are concentrated in the first 6-8 inches (15-20 cms) of soil. Try to irrigate only one or two inches of water per week during the turf growing season."
SO IF YOU SUPPLY THE RECOMMENDED 1 INCH (2.5 CM) DEPTH OF TREE IRRIGATION WATER PER WEEK SPLIT INTO 2 IRRIGATION SESSIONS OF 0.5 INCHES (1.25 CM) DEPTH, THEN THE GRASS ABOVE THE TREE ROOTS WILL ABSORB ALL OF THAT.
Remove the grass and replace with green manure for at least 80 inches (200 cms) radius from the tree trunk.

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"When the experiment is made with the stem and the leaves in the free air, whilst the roots are in a limited atmoshere of oxygen, then they absorb several times their own volume of this gas. This is because the carbonic acid formed and absorbed is carried into the general system of the plant, where it is elaborated by the leaves, if exposed to the same light, or simply exhaled if the plant be kept in the dark.
The presence of oxygen in the air which has access to the roots is not merely favourable; it is absolutely indispensable to the exercise of their functions. A plant, the stem and leaves of which are in the air, soon dies if its roots are in contact with pure carbonic acid, with hydrogen gas or azote. The use of oxygen in the growth of the subterraneous parts of plants, explains wherefore our annual plants, which have largely developed roots, require a friable and loose soil for their advantageous cultivation. This also enables us to understand wherefore trees die, when their roots are submerged in stagant water, and wherefore the effect of submersion in general is less injurious when the water is running, such water always containing more air in solution than that which is stagnant. " from Rural Economy, in its relations with chemistry, phsics, and meterology; or.

IN OTHER WORDS, IF YOU STOP ROOTS FROM GETTING OXYGEN, THEN THEY WILL DIE AND THE TREE WILL FALL DOWN.