FERN PLANTS GALLERY PAGES
Site Map for pages with photo content (o)

Fern Culture
from Sections 1-10 of Ferns and Fern Culture by J. Birkenhead, F.R.H.S.
Published by John Heywood in Manchester in
May, 1892 with
Rules for Fern Culture
followed by
Sections
1 Modes of Growth
2 Compost
3 Compost for various Genera, growing in pots, pans or baskets
4 Various Habits of Ferns
5 Various Modes of Cultivation
6 Light
7 Temperature
8 Ferns in Dwelling-Houses
9 Propagation (in Use in Brackish Water in Coastal District Page)
10 Selection of Ferns

with

British Ferns and their Allies comprising the Ferns, Club-mosses, Pepperworts and Horsetails by Thomas Moore, F.L.S, F.H.S., Etc. London George Routledge and Sons, Broadway, Ludgate Hill. Hardcover published in 1861 provides details on British Ferns

TYPE OF FERN TO GROW
....Aquatic
....Boston/ Fishbone/
Lace/ Sword
....Cloak/Lip/Hand
....Filmy and Crepe
....Lacy Ground
(o)Lady
....Maidenhair
(o)Miscellaneous
(o)Primitive/ Oddities
....Scrambling/ Umbrella/ Coral/ Pouch
....Selaginellas
(o)Shield/ Buckler/ Holly
....Squirrel/ Rabbit/ Hare's Foot
....Staghorn/ Elkhorn/ Epiphyte
....Tassel, Clubmoss
....The Brakes
....The Polypodies
(o)The Spleenworts
....The Tree Ferns
....Water/ Hard/ Rasp/ Chain

Where to see

UNITED STATES
San Antonio Botanical Garden.
San Diego Botanic Garden.
San Francisco Botanical Garden at Strybing Arboretum.
Sarah P. Duke Gardens.
Tyringham Cobble.
UNC at Charlotte Botanical Gardens.
University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley.
USCS Arboretum.
Whitehall Historic Home and Garden.
Wild Gardens of Acadia.
Zilker Botanical Garden.

WALES
Aberglasney Gardens.
Dewstow Gardens.
Dyffryn Gardens.

USE OF FERN
(o)Cold-hardy
(o)From Lime-hating Soil
(o)From Limestone Soil
(o)Hanging Basket
(o)Indoor Decoration
(o)Outdoor Pot
(o)Terrariums
(o)Wet Soils
(o)Ground Cover
(o)Pendulous Fronds

Where to see

AUSTRALIA
Adelaide Botanic Garden.
Brisbane Botanic Garden.
Mount Lofty Botanic Garden.
Royal Botanic Garden, Melbourne.
Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.

CANADA
Le Jardin Botanique de Montreal.
Les Jardins de Metis.
Van Dusen Botanical Garden.

ENGLAND
Biddulph Grange Garden.
Brodsworth Hall and Gardens.
Cambridge University Botanic Gardens.
Chelsea Physic Garden.
Harlow Carr Botanic Gardens.
RHS Garden Wisley.
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.
Savill Gardens.
Sizergh Castle and Garden.
Southport Botanic Gardens.
Tatton Park.
Tremenheere Sculpture Gardens.
University of Oxford Botanic Garden.

FRANCE
Jardin Botanique de Lyon.
Parc Phoenix-Nice.

GERMANY
Arktisch-Alpiner Garten.
Botanischer Garten und Museum.
Flora und Botanischer Garten Koln.

IRELAND
Caher Bridge Garden.
Kells Bay Gardens.

NETHERLANDS
Hortus Botanicus Leiden.

SPORE COLOUR
Spore

BED PICTURES
Garden
 

Where to see

NEW ZEALAND
Franz Fernery at the Auckland Domain Park.
Pukeiti Rhododendron Trust Garden.
Pukekura Park.

SCOTLAND
Arduaine Garden.
Ascog Hall Gardens and Victorian Fernery.
Attadale Gardens.
Benmore Botanic Garden.
Glasgow Botanic Garden.
Inverewe Garden and Estate.
Linn Botanic Gardens.
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

UNITED STATES
Atlanta Botanical Garden.
Balboa Park.
Barnes Foundation Arboretum.
Bartholomew's Cobble.
Bellevue Botanical Garden.
Berkshire Botanical Garden.
Bloedal Reserve.
Bok Tower Gardens.
Botanical Gardens at Asheville.
Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Cailfornia State Unversity at Sacramento.
Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies.
Chanticleer.
Chicago Botanic Garden.
Coastal Maine Botanical Gardens.
Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden.
Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden.
Denver Botanic Gardens.
Elandan Gardens.
Elisabeth Carey Miller Botanical Garden.
Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden.
Fern Canyon.
Ferndell Canyon in Griffith Park.
Fort Worth Botanic Garden.
Frelinghuysen Arboretum.
Garden in the Woods.
Garvan Woodland Gardens.
Ganna Walska Lotusland.
Georgeson Botanical Garden.
Georgia Perimeter College Botanical Gardens

All Hardy Fern Foundation members have unlimited access to our spore exchange and can choose from a wide variety of ferns. Our resource pages include publications and books about ferns as well as useful websites.

A Natural History of Britain's Ferns by Christopher N. Page. Published by William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd in 1988. ISBN 0 00 219382 5 (limpback edition) provides details of Coastal, Man-made Landscapes, Woodland, Wetland, Grassland and Rock Outcrops, Heath and Moorland, Lower Mountain Habitats, Upper Mountain Habitats and Atlantic Fringe Ferns.
I have provided a brief summary in the Ferns in Coastal District with associated plants and Ferns for Man-Made Landscapes with associated plants pages and provided you with the Chapter number for the others, since the information within this book is so comprehensive, that it would need to be completely copied to be of most use.

Tree Ferns by Mark F. Large & John E. Braggins. Published by Timber Press in 2004. ISBN 978-1-60469-176-4 is a scientifically accurate book dealing with Tree Fern species cultivated in the United States and the Pacific, but little known and rare tree ferns are also included.

The Observer's Book of Ferns, revised by Francis Rose, previous editions compiled by W.J.Stokoe. Published by Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd in 1965 provides a comprehensive guide to 45 British species of Ferns. It provides details of habitat and how to use those ferns.

The Plant Lover's Guide to Ferns by Richard Steffen & Sue Olsen. Published in 2015 by Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-60469-
474-1. It provides details on designing with ferns and details on 140 ferns for the garden in the USA.

Success with Indoor Ferns, edited by Lesley Young. Reprinted 1998. ISBN 1 85391 554 8. It details the care of indoor ferns with their position, choice and fern care.

See
Ferns in Britain and Ireland
or the

British Pteridological Society
for further details and photos.

Mail Order UK Fern Nursery
Shady Plants has ferns for
Vertical Fern Gardens and Companion Plants for growing with Ferns.

Where to see

UNITED STATES
Harry P. Leu Gardens.
Hawaii Tropical Botanical Garden.
Holden Arboretum.
Honolulu Botanical Gardens.
Huntington Botanical Gardens.
Huntsville-Madison County Botanical Garden.
Inniswood Metro Gardens.
Kruckeberg Botanic Garden.
Lakewold Gardens.
Leach Botanical Garden.
Leonard J. Buck Garden.
Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden.
Longwood Gardens.
Lyndhurst Gardens.
Marie Selby Botanical Gardens.
Matthaei Botanical Gardens.
Memphis Botanic Garden.
Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens.
Mercer Arboretum and Botanic Gardens.
Michigan State University.
Missouri Botanical Garden.
Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania.
Mount Pisgah Arboretum.
Mt. Cuba Center.
National Tropical Botanical Garden.
New Jersey State Botanical Garden at Skyland.
New York Botanical Garden.
Norfolk Botanical Garden.
North Carolina Botanical Garden.
Olbrich Botanical Garden.
Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens.
Planting Fields Arboretum State Historic Park.
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden.
Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden.
Rotary Gardens.

 

TYPE OF FERN - Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes) Page 1 of 2
"Fern allies are the whisk ferns (Psilotum), ground pines (Lycopodium), spike mosses (Selaginella), and horsetails (Equisetum). Like ferns, these plants reproduce by dispersing spores, but none has leaves like ferns. Instead, the leaves of the fern allies are small, inconspicuous, and often scale-like with only a single vein. Water clovers (Marsilea), mosquito ferns (Azolla) and water spangles (Salvinia) are ferns but might be mistaken for fern allies because of their unfernlike appearance.

Psilotums or Whisk Ferns - See Miscellaneous Ferns Page for these ferns
A handful of stems from Psilotum plant resembles a small whisk broom, hence the name whisk fern. The green stems seem leafless but actually bear scattered, small, scale-like leaves. The upper branches have rounded, three-lobed spoangia (spore cases). The plants grow on trees, especially in the leaf axils of old palm leaves, or in rock pockets in tropical or subtropical areas. They grow easily in greenhouses with strong light and respond well to bone meal and general feryilizers.

Lycopodiums or Ground Pines -- See Tassel Ferns and Clubmosses (Lycopodium) Page for these ferns
Lycopodiums are terrestrial or eptphytic species with erect, creeping, trailing or drooping stems. They range from a few inches to several feet long. The stems are amply covered with scale-like leaves, some of which have small roundish to bean-shaped spore cases (sporangia) at their base.

Selaginellas or Spike Mosses - See page below for these ferns
Selaginellas are more widely cultivated than lycopodiums. The name spike moss refers to the spike-like cluster of fertile leaves at the branch tips. About 700 species of Selaginella exist worldwide, some of which areadapted to deserts (where they are often nestled between rocks) and others are found on rain-forest floors. Almost all the species are terrestrial.

Equisetums, Horsetails, or Scouring Rushes - See Miscellaneous Ferns Page for these ferns
Horsetails (Equisetum) are reed-like plants with jointed, hollow stems that range from a few centimetres to about 600 cms (20 feet = 240 inches) tall. Because they grow near or in wet areas and their stems contain silica, pioneers used them for scrubbing pots, hence the name scouring rush. They are useful in wet parts of the garden such as pools, or as novelties in pots." from Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran.

TYPE OF FERN - Selaginellas (Clubmosses or Spike Mosses)
"Habitat
Selaginellas grow in a wide diversity of climates, soil types and conditions. The majority of species are terrestrials, but a few interesting ones are epiphytes.

• Selaginellas are mainly found in moist shaded forests usually near water. This is especially true of the group with the creeping growth habit. Those with subterranean stolons and erect, much branched stems are usually prominent in tropical rainforests, e.g. Selaginella flabellata.
• A few interesting species may be climbers in rainforests or moist sites, e.g. Selaginella wildenovii.
• Some hardy Selaginellas grow around the margins of swamps and in acid, podsolic soils or heathland, e.g. Selaginella uliginosa.
• A few occur in sub-alpine conditions.
• A unique group grows in rocky deserts and survives dry periods by drying and curling their fronds in the manner of true resurrection plants. Some of these curl into balls and are sold as novelty resurrection plants, e.g. Selaginella lepidophylla.

Uses
Selaginellas are generally an easy group of plants to grow with the possible exception of some species which are from specialized habitats. These can be difficult to grow. Those creeping species from rainforests and wet, shaded areas adapt very well to cultivation and can be used in pots, terrarums or even hanging baskets. They can also be readily grown under the benches of greenhouses or shadehouses or in shady moist situations in a garden. Some provide an attractive ground cover between ferns or other plants. Many of the tropical species may run rampant in tropical gardens and yet are never a nuisance. Selaginellas blend perfectly into settings using water and rocks. Some species are suitable for indoor decoration.
Their Habitat, Cultivation, Soil Types, Potting Mix, Watering, Fertilizing, Situation, Pests and Propagation details are given in
Chapter 41 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1."

The following ferns come from that chapter:-
 

Fern

Foliage Colour and
Shape/ Division

Height x Spread in inches (cms)
(1 inch =
2.5 cms,
12 inches =
1 foot
12 inches =
30 cms,
24 inches =
2 feet,
3 feet =
1 yard,
40 inches = 100 cms)
 

Type of Fern to Grow

Use of Fern

Comments

Frond

Credit
is usually for Denver Botanic Gardens,
Wikimedia Commons,
Courtesy of Plant Delights Nursery @ Juniper Level Botanic Garden, Dana Kelley Bressette of Nativeplants PNW.com
or
Chris Garnons-Williams

Form

Selaginella australiensis

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Terrarium.

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species

Selaginella australiensis cultivar

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species

Selaginella braunii (Lycopodioides braunii)
布朗卷柏

Anhui, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Malaysia (Peninsular)].

4-18 x
(10-45 x )

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Xerophytic fern.

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species.

Plants terrestrial or epilithic, xerophytic, evergreen or seasonally green, erect, 10-45 cm, with creeping subterranean rhizome and stolons. Rhizophores restricted to creeping rhizomes and stolons, very short.
Selaginella braunii is cultivated outside of China, sometimes escaping in widely scattered localities in various parts of the world (Proctor, Ferns Jamaica, 35. 1985).
In rock crevices, usually on limestone rocks.

Selaginella braunii. Illustration from Flora of China. It may be cited as 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 30 April 2019]' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.

Selaginella canaliculata

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species

Selaginella canaliculata, Fairchild Gardens, Miami. 20 May 2006. By Bastique via Wikimedia Commons.
 

Selaginella emmeliana
Sweat Plant

Tropical America

to 12 x
(30 x )

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C).

Stove Species.
Erect branching.

Selaginella flabellata

Tropica and Subtropics

4-8 x
(10-20 x )

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C).

Stove Species.
 

Selaginella flabellata (L.) Spring, 1843.
English: On the rainforest floor at Emerald Pool, Dominica, W.I.
Français : Selaginella flabellata, une Selaginellacée. Photo prise sur le sol en forêt ombrophile, près d'Emerald Pool, en Dominique. Date: 3 June 2006. By Hans Hillewaert via Wikimedia Commons.

Selaginella helvetica (Lycopodium helveticum Linnaeus; Bernhardia helvetica; Diplostachyum helveticum; Heterophyllium helveticum; Lycopodioides helvetica; L. jiulongensis; L. mariesii; Lycopodium radicans; Selaginella mariesii; Stachy-gynandrum helveticum )
小卷柏

S Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, Russia; Europe].

Plants terrestrial or epilithic, seasonally green, shortly creeping; fertile stems erect, 5-15 cm. Rhizophores at intervals throughout length of creeping stem and branches, borne on ventral side in axils of branches. Main stems branched throughout.

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species.

On wet moss-covered cliffs, in rock crevices, usually on damp shaded banks in mixed forests, among moss; (200-3800) m.

Selaginella helvetica (sensu Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-
187-9; det. M. A. Fischer 2014-03-22).
Location: Blankhaufen, riparian forest near Traismauer, district Tulln, Lower Austria - ca. 190 m a.s.l.
Habitat: dry grassland within riparian forest. Date 22 March 2014. By Stefan.lefnaer, via Wikimedia Commons.

Selaginella helvetica. Date: 22 March 2014. By Stefan.lefnaer, via Wikimedia Commons.

English: Selaginella helvetica
Deutsch: Selaginella helvetica, Schweizer Moosfarn. Date: 11 May 2012. By Hermann Schachner, via Wikimedia Commons.

Selaginella helvetica. Date: 22 March 2014. By Stefan.lefnaer, via Wikimedia Commons.

Selaginella horizontalis

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species

Selaginella involvens (Lycopodium involvens; Lycopodioides involvens;
L. pennula; Lycopodium caulescens;
L. microstachyum; Selaginella caulescens;
S. caulescens var. belulla;
S. caulescens var. brachypoda;
S. caulescens var. gracilis;
S. caulescens var. japonica;
S. caulescens var. subintegerrima; S. microstachya; S. pachystachys; S. pseudo stauntoniana;
S. warburgii )

兖州卷柏

Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].

Plants epilithic or xerophytic, evergreen or seasonally green, erect, 15-35(-65) cm, with creeping subterranean rhizome and stolons; leaves on rhizome and stolons scalelike, pale yellow. Rhizophores restricted to creeping rhizomes and stolons. Main stems branched from middle upward, pinnately branched.

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species.

On rocks in shade or epiphytic on tree trunks in forests; 200-3100 m.

Selaginella involvens. Illustration from Flora of China. It may be cited as 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 30 April 2019]' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.

Selaginella kraussiana (Lycopodium kraussianum; Didiclis kraussiana; Lycopodioides kraussiana)

地柏

Speading Clubmoss

South Africa.
Guangdong, Guizhou [native to S and E Africa; cultivated and escaped in many countries].

Plants terrestrial, evergreen or seasonally green, creeping, 15-45 cm or more. Rhizophores at intervals throughout length of creeping stem and branches, on dorsal side in axils of stem branches. Main stems branched throughout, not very regularly pinnately branched.

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Terrarium.

Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Greenhouse Species.
Creeping or trailing.

Common in botanical gardens, in shade-forming mats in China.

Moist areas, riverbanks, lake margins, lawns; 0--50 m; introduced; Ala., Ga. in North America. Selaginella kraussiana has escaped from cultivation and is naturalized in central Georgia, and probably farther south and west. It has been reported as far north as coastal central California and northern Virginia (D. B. Lellinger 1985). Selaginella kraussiana is frequently cultivated and has several cultivars.

Selaginella kraussiana cultivars

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Greenhouse Species

Selaginella lepidophylla (Lycopodium lepidophyllum )
Rose of Jericho/ Resurrection Plant

鳞叶卷柏

Texas
N.Mex., Tex.; Mexico.

Plants terrestrial or on rock, forming rosettes. Main (central) stem spirally compact, branched, branches 2--3-forked, prostrate, flat when moist, curling inward when dry (ball-like), not articulate, weakly puberulent. Rhizophores borne on upperside of stems, restricted to basal part of rosette, 0.3--0.5 mm diam. Leaves thick and stiff. Lateral leaves yellow to reddish on abaxial surface, green on adaxial surface, overlapping, ascending.

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C).

Stove Species.

Frequently sold as a curiosity.

Dry places on rocky soil or on limestone talus; of conservation concern; 900--2000 m. Selaginella lepidophylla is sold as a commonly grown house plant and is cultivated in greenhouses. When dry, lateral branches of desiccated plants curl inward; upon rehydration, they uncurl and resume normal growth, even after years of being dry. Among the species in the flora, it is allied to S . pilifera.

Selaginella lepidophylla öffnet sich - Unechte_rose_
von_jericho_
animation.gif ‎(800 × 600 pixels, file size: 9.69 MB, MIME type: image/gif, looped, 31 frames, 3.1 s). Date 23 December 2005. By Anna S. via Wikimedia Commons.

de:Unechte Rose of Jericho (Selaginella lepidophylla) im (aufgeblühten) geöffneten, feuchten Zustand (in unfolded condition), photo in december 2004 by Kristian Peters, via Wikimedia Commons.

Selaginella longipinna

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Terrarium.

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species

Selaginella martensii

Mexico

6-12 x
(15-30 x )

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Terrarium.

Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Greenhouse Species

Selaginella martensii. Date: 22 december 2009. By Attila2000 Emilio Nardelli, via Wikimedia Commons.

Selaginella martensii. By Jerzy Opioła, via Wikimedia Commons.

Selaginella martensii cultivars

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Greenhouse Species

Selaginella mollis

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Terrarium.

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species

Selaginella oaxacana

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species

Selaginella pallescens

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species

Selaginella pilifera
(Selaginella pilifera)
Resurrection Plant

毛卷柏

N. Mex., Tex.; n Mexico.

Plants terrestrial or on rock, forming rosettes. Main (central) stem spirally compact, branched, branches 2--3-forked, prostrate, flat when moist, almost flat when dry, not articulate, glabrous. Rhizophores borne on underside of stems, restricted to base of rosette, 4--5 mm diam. Leaves thick and stiff. Lateral leaves overlapping, ascending, green, elliptic to elliptic-ovate.

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species.

Dry rocky soil, rock crevices, limestone rock, and cliff faces; of conservation concern; 1500--2500 m.
The long-bristled leaf apex of Selaginella pilifera is unique among New World xerophytic members of subg. Stachygynandrum series Circinatae Spring.

Selaginella pilifera. Date: 2004. By Sony Mavica, via Wikimedia Commons.

Selaginella pilifera. Date 2004. By Kurt Stüber via Wikimedia Commons

Selaginella plana

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species

Selaginella plumosa

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species

Selaginella serpens

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Terrarium.

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species

Selaginella serpens (Desv. ex Poir.) Spring 1843. Photo from Berlin Botanical Gardens Berlin-Dahlem. Date: November 2005. By User:BotBln, via Wikimedia Commons.

Selaginella umbrosa

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Terrarium.

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Stove species, September to March 55-65F (13-18C), March to September 70-80F (21-27C);
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Stove Species.
Greenhouse Species

Selaginella umbrosa 17 juin 2006 Vieux jardin botanique de Göttingen. By Valérie75, via Wikimedia Commons.
 

Selaginella uncinata (Selaginella caesia)

Blue Selaginella, Rainbow Moss, Peacock Spikemoss

USDA Zones 6a to 10b

China, Japan

6 x
(15 x )

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

Propagation: By cuttings of foliage stems inserted in compost alongside in well-drained pots and plunged in fibre refuse in a temperature of 80F (27C) at any season, or the smaller growers may be spread upon the surface of pans of compost and covered with glass until rooted.

Suitable for

Greenhouse evergreen moss-like plants, allied to ferns. Fronds creeping or erect, branched, green or variegated. First introduced mid-nineteenth century. Culture: Compost,equal parts fibrous peat and chopped shagnum moss. Position, pots, pans or rockeries in shade. Pot or plant, February or March. Water copiously April to September, moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to September. Shade from sun. Temperature,
Greenhouse, September to March 40-50F (5-10C), March to September, 55-65F (13-18C).

Greenhouse Species.
Trailing.

Peacock spikemoss (a prehistoric fern relative) is one of our favorite groundcovers for the woodland garden...we actually say that to all the selaginellas. The low, spreading habit of Selaginella uncinata and the semi-evergreen metallic aquamarine foliage, overlaid on a green background, are sure to make visitors stop to admire this gem. The foliage color is best after the new growth emerges in late spring. Grow in Part Sun to Light Shade.

Selaginella uncinata - Blue spikemoss or Peacock Spikemoss (China). Date: 4 May 2008. By 天問 小窩 , via Wikimedia Commons.
 

If you grow and sell ferns in any country, please tell me so that I can put them on this website and inform others where they can be bought online via mail-order.

If you would provide photos and fern details to be only used by me on this website, they would be gratefully received, since I could assume that the photo was a valid one in regard to its name of fern in its filename to that fern in the photo.

Site design and content copyright ©January 2009.
Page structure amended December 2012.
Gallery structure changed November 2018.
Chris Garnons-Williams.

DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site.  

Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran. Revised and Expanded Edition. Published in 2001 by Timber Press, Inc. Reprinted 2002, 2006. ISBN-13:978-0-88192-495-4.
"This book is mainly written for people seriously interested in growing ferns, knowing their names and what makes them similar or different, and appreciating their diversity. It is not a coffee-table book, nor a chatty type of garden book meant for light reading. Beginning fern amateurs may find more information than they need, but they will also find information useful at their level. Although this book primarily is a reference, it is also for browsing and gleaning bits of information not readily found elsewhere.
The core information in this book will be particularly helpful to plant people who want to grow or identify different ferns and fern allies." from the Preface to the above book.

STAGE 4C CULTIVATION, POSITION, USE GALLERY

Cultivation Requirements of Plant

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15,16,
uses of tree/ shrub

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Poisonous Plant

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STAGE 1
GARDEN STYLE INDEX GALLERY

Fragrant Plants adds the use of another of your 5 senses in your garden:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Leaves
1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Trees and Shrubs with Aromatic Bark
1, 2, 3

Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an
Acid Soil
1, 2, 3, 4

Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil
1, 2, 3, 4

Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil
1, 2, 3

Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3

Herbaceous Plants with Scented Leaves
1, 2, 3

Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves
1, 2

Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit
1, 2, 3

Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2

Night-scented Flowering Plants
1, 2

Scented Aquatic Plants
1

Plants with Scented Fruits
1

Plants with Scented Roots
1, 2

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Wood
1

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Gums
1

Scented Cacti and Succulents
1

Plants bearing Flowers or Leaves of Unpleasant Smell
1, 2
 

STAGE 2
INFILL PLANT INDEX GALLERY 3

Fan-trained Shape

From Rhododendrons, boxwood, azaleas, clematis, novelties, bay trees, hardy plants, evergreens : novelties bulbs, cannas novelties, palms, araucarias, ferns, vines, orchids, flowering shrubs, ornamental grasses and trees book, via Wikimedia Commons

Ramblers Scramblers & Twiners by Michael Jefferson-Brown (ISBN 0 - 7153 - 0942 - 0) describes how to choose, plant and nurture over 500 high-performance climbing plants and wall shrubs, so that more can be made of your garden if you think not just laterally on the ground but use the vertical support structures including the house as well.

The Gardener's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Climbers & Wall Shrubs - A Guide to more than 2000 varieties including Roses, Clematis and Fruit Trees by Brian Davis. (ISBN 0-670-82929-3) provides the lists for 'Choosing the right Shrub or Climber' together with Average Height and Spread after 5 years, 10 years and 20 years.

Use of Fern

Use of Fern