GRASS part 1 of 3

Ivydene Gardens Grass Wild Flower Family Gallery: Grass Family Page 1 of 3 Click on Underlined Text in:- Common Name to view that Plant Description Page Botanical Name to link to Plant or Seed Supplier Flowering Months to view photos Habitat to view further Natural Habitat details and Botanical Society of the British Isles Distribution Map
Grass Family:- Grasses" differ from Sedges in having their usually round and never 3-angled stems almost always hollow, except at the swollen leaf-junctions, and their flowers arranged in opposite rows in spikelets, each flower with 2 small bracts. Their leaves are alternate in two rows, usually long, narrow, untoothed, keeled or flat, with parellel veins and sheathing the stem, the lower sheaths usually split on the side opposite the leaf. At the leaf-junction is very often a tiny colour-less flap- or strap-like ligule, a useful diagnostic character best seen by pulling the leaf away from the stem. The actual flowers are minute, usually with 3 stamens and 2 feathery styles, but not petals or sepals; each flower is enclosed within 2 scale-like bracts (pales) arranged one or more together in a spikelet, at the base of which are 2 more scale-like bracts (glumes). The spikelets (stalked or not) often bear bristles (awns) and are arranged in terminal flower-heads, which vary from small dense cylinders to widely branched sprays. The branched heads may look very different when their branches are spreading in flower, and when they are closed and cylindrical in bud or in fruit. The fruits, not important for identification, are small dry nutlets. " from Collins Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers by David McClintock and R.S.R. Fitter assisted by Francis Rose - ISBN 0 00 219363 9 - Eleventh Impression 1978 Grass Family plant table with its Common Name - Botanical Name. Flowering Months Range. Habitat with link to that Wild Flower Habitat Gallery:-
Common Name	Botanical Name	Flowering Months	Habitat
Alpine Meadow-Grass (Alpenrispengras, Alpine bluegrass)	Poa alpina (Poa alpina L. ssp. vivipara, Poa vivipara)	June-August	A perennial herb of damp mountain rock faces, open ledges and rocky slopes on calcareous substrates, often with P. glauca. Most populations are wholly or partially proliferous. From 580 m at High Cup Nick (Westmorland) to 1190 m on Aonach Beag (Westerness).

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Annual Meadow-Grass (Annual Bluegrass, Chirua, Einjahriges Rispengras, Espiguilla, Hierba de Punta, Paturin Annuel)	Poa annua	Throughout the year	An annual growing in a wide range of disturbed and man-made habitats, including overgrazed and trampled grasslands, lawns, arable fields, waste ground, paths, waysides and wall-tops. Perennial variants occur in montane and coastal grassland. P. annua is also a common wool and bird-seed alien, and a familiar garden weed throughout the British Isles. 0-1210 m (Ben Lawers, Mid Perth). One of the world's most widespread weeds.

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Barren Brome (Ridged Brome Grass, Sterile Brome, Taube Trespe, Poverty Brome)	Bromus sterilis (Anisantha sterilis)	May-July	An annual of roadsides, railway banks, open grassland, gardens and waste ground. It can be a serious weed in fields where winter cereals are grown repeatedly using minimum cultivation techniques, especially in S. Britain (Grime et al., 1988). A. sterilis has frequently been introduced with wool shoddy. Generally lowland, but reaching 365 m in Derbyshire.

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Bearded Fescue (Same as Purple Fescue on Page 3)	Vulpia ciliata	May-July	This annual occurs in disturbed sandy places. The native subsp. ambigua is found on tracks and paths through coastal dunes, and inland on sandy heaths, along roadsides and in patches of open grassland. The introduced subsp. ciliata is a rare casual from grain and wool shoddy. Lowland.

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Blue Fescue (Hard Fescue)	Festuca caesia (Festuca longifolia, Festuca brevipila)	June-July	A densely tufted perennial herb occurring on dry, rabbit-grazed heaths, sandy roadside banks and, in S. Devon and the Channel Islands, on maritime cliff-tops and ledges. Lowland.

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Blue Moor-Grass	Sesleria caerulea	April-May	A tufted, rhizomatous perennial of well-drained, mainly open habitats on limestone, including grassland and heath, screes and cliffs, and the grikes and clint-hollows of limestone pavement. It extends locally into open woodland in Ireland and N. England, and is found on sandy loams over micaceous schists in Perthshire. 0-1005 m (Ben Lawers, Mid Perth).

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Bluish Mountain Meadow-Grass (Syn. Glaucous Meadow-grass, Blaugrunes Rispengras, Glaucantha Bluegrass, Glaucous Bluegrass, Grass Blue Hills, Upland Bluegrass, White Bluegrass)	Poa glauca (Poa balfourii, Poa caesia, Poa glauca var. glaucanthos, Poa glaucanthos)	July-August	A tufted perennial herb of damp mountain rock faces, open ledges, screes and rocky slopes on calcareous substrates, often with Poa alpina. It is also known as a casual by a disused railway in Cardiganshire. From 305 m on Trotternish, Skye (N. Ebudes) to 1110 m on Lochnagar (S. Aberdeen).

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Broad-leaved Meadow-Grass (Wald-Rispengras, Broadleaf Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass)	Poa chaixii (Poa sudetica)	May-July	A stout, densely tufted perennial herb naturalised in copses and open woodland. It is occasionally found growing with Festuca heterophylla, another ornamental species admired by Victorian gardeners. Generally lowland, but reaching 395 m (The Quiraing, N. Ebudes).

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Bulbous Meadow-Grass (Bulbous Bluegrass, Grama Cebellera, Knolliges Rispengras, Paturin Bulbeux)	Poa bulbosa (Poa bulbosa var. vivipara)	March-April	A tufted bulbous-based perennial herb of open grassland and barish sandy or rocky places near the sea; mainly on sand dunes and stabilised shingle, but also on bare chalk and limestone. Some populations are wholly or partially proliferous. Lowland.

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Cocksfoot (Wiesen-Knauelgras)	Dactylis glomerata	May onwards	A tufted perennial herb of woods, meadows and pastures, downland and hill-slopes, maritime cliff grasslands, fixed dunes, field margins, roadsides and waste ground on a wide range of fertile, neutral and basic soils. 0-685 (Breadalbanes, Mid Perth) and exceptionally at 845 m on Great Dun Fell (Westmorland).

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Common Reed (Bamboo Reed, Carrizo, Lu gen, Schilfgras, Thatching Reed) (Same as Reed on Page 3)	Phragmites australis (Arundo phragmites, Arundo vulgaris, Phragmites communis, Phragmites communis var. longi, Phragmites longivalvis, Phragmites vulgaris, Phragmites vulgaris var. longi)	August-October	A rhizomatous and stoloniferous herb of swamps and fens, forming large stands in shallow water in ditches, rivers, lakes and ponds; also in brackish swamps and lagoons, and in freshwater seepages on sheltered sea-cliffs. It is frequently planted beside artificial water bodies. Generally lowland, but reaching 470 m on Brown Clee Hill (Salop).

Seedheads from Isle of Wight. Photo by BritishFlora

Form from Northants. Photo by BritishFlora
Compact Brome (Madrid Brome, Spanish Brome, Wall Brome)	Bromus madritensis (Anisantha madritensis, Bromus villosus)	May-July	An annual of waste land, cultivated ground, roadside banks, walls and ruins; also around docks and on tips, on sand dunes and in other sandy or rocky places near the sea. A. madritensis is long-established (and considered by some to be possibly native) at a few sites in S.W. Britain and the Channel Islands. Otherwise, it is widespread as a casual, especially from wool shoddy. Lowland.

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Crested Dogstail (Weide-Kammgras)	Cynosurus cristatus	June-August	A short-lived perennial herb growing in a wide variety of grasslands, particularly short and heavily grazed swards. It grows in a range of neutral to base-rich, fairly well-drained or damp soils, avoiding only the extremes of base-status, waterlogging, drought and disturbance. Generally lowland, but to 660 m on Burnhope Seat (Cumberland) and exceptionally at 845 m on Great Dun Fell (Westmorland).

Flower from Husthwaite in Yorkshire	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Darnel Grass	Lolium temulentum	July onwards	An annual, formerly often a persistent weed of arable land. It is now a rare casual of waste places, originating from grain, bird-seed and wool shoddy. Lowland.

Flower	Flowers from Strood in Kent on 6 July	Foliage	Form
Darnel Fescue (Sea Fern-grass)	Catapodium marinum (Catapodium loliaceum, Festuca marina, Poa loliacea, Desmazeria marina)	May-July	An annual of dry bare places by the sea, rock crevices, grassy banks, cliff-tops, sand dunes and stabilised shingle; also in artificial habitats such as walls and pavements, and increasingly inland by salt-treated roads. Lowland.

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Dune Fescue	Vulpia membranacea (Vulpia fasciculata, Vulpia longiseta, Stipa membranacea)	May-July	An annual of sand dunes, particularly open, disturbed parts of fixed dunes, and sandy shingle, frequently associated with other winter-annuals. Lowland.

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Early Meadow Grass	Poa infirma	March-May	An annual growing near the sea in open, trampled grassland, on cliff-top paths, tracksides, picnic sites, lawns and car parks, and in stabilised dunes and other sandy places. Lowland.

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form
Fern Grass (Hard Grass, Hard Meadow Grass, Steifgras)	Catapodium rigidum (Desmazeria rigida, Festuca rigida, Glyceria rigida, Poa rigida, Scleropoa rigida, Synaphe rigida)	May-September	An annual of dry, barish places on sandy banks, stabilised shingle and around rock outcrops, usually preferring calcareous substrates; also in artificial habitats such as quarries, walls, pavements and railway ballast. 0-355 m (Llangollen, Denbs.).

Flower	Flowers	Foliage	Form from Rochester in Kent
Flattened Meadow-Grass (Canada Bluegrass, Canada Reubens, Flaches Rispengras, Platthalmsripe)	Poa compressa	June-August	A rhizomatous perennial herb of rough or stony ground, cinders, dry grassy banks, waysides and walls. Some populations on rubbish tips and waste ground are probably introductions from wool shoddy and other sources. Generally lowland, but reaching 365 m at Mallerstang (Westmorland). Noxious Weed in USA. Often seeded for soil stabilisation in America.

Flower	Flowers from Kidwelly on 13 July	Foliage from Kidwelly on 13 July	Form from Kidwelly on 13 July
Bluestem Nursery provides the Comparison Chart for Ornamental Grasses with its botanical name, common name, height, bloom height, bloom period, foliage colour/blade width, ideal growing conditions, season, water requirement, roots and Zone. "This info is derived from growing the grasses in their Zone 4/5 nursery in the USA. They have sandy-loam soil, with summers being hot and dry, and then they irrigate to mimic the ideal growing conditions."	THE NORTHERN NATIVE GRASS SEED INDUSTRY - SPRING 1992 The use of native plants is often suggested as a potential answer to problems associated with revegetation in boreal, alpine and arctic regions. However, to date there has minimal use of native selections of grasses and legumes in reclamation of disturbed sites in western Canada. A major factor in the lack of utilization of native selections has been the shortage of available seed. This deficiency has been recognized and in 1986 the first steps were taken to establish a native northern and alpine grass and legume seed industry in Whitehorse, Yukon. This industry has now progressed to the point where seed of some northern grasses will be available for purchase in the fall of 1992. After seven (1985) and ten (1988) growing seasons the most successful entries were tickle grass (Agrostis scabra Willd.), hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa [L.] Beauv.), sheep fescue (Festuca ovina L.), alpine bluegrass (Poa alpina L.) and glaucous bluegrass (Poa glauca M. Vahl). These five entries were nearly solid rows by 1985 and remained so through the 1988 evaluation. By 1988, survival of the other entries ranged from 23% to total failure. In all, eleven of the twenty-one selections seeded in 1979 had been eliminated from the site by 1985 and five others were close to 100% mortality by 1988. The entries eliminated by 1985 included seven northern selections and all four of the agronomic cultivars.
Biodiversity Action Reporting System - Select a habitat or species to view the targets that have been set for it at UK and local level, and to see the latest estimates of progress towards the targets. LBAP partnerships have set targets for a range of locally important habitats and species, but UK targets only exist for UK Habitat and Species action plans.

Topic
Plants detailed in this website by
Botanical Name
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Bulb
A1, 2, 3, B, C1, 2,
D, E, F, G, Glad,
H, I, J, K, L1, 2,
M, N, O, P, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ ,
Evergreen Perennial
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Herbaceous Perennial
A1, 2, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P1, 2, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ,
Diascia Photo Album,
UK Peony Index
Wildflower
Botanical Names,
Common Names ,
will be compared in:- Flower colour/month
Evergreen Perennial,
Flower shape Wildflower Flower Shape and
Plant use
Evergreen Perennial Flower Shape,
Bee plants for hay-fever sufferers
Bee-Pollinated Index
Butterfly
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis, Butterfly Usage of Plants.
Chalk
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, QR, S, T, UV,
WXYZ
Companion Planting
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R , S, T,
U ,V, W, X, Y, Z,
Pest Control using Plants
Fern Fern
1000 Ground Cover A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, XYZ ,
Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
NO, PQ, R, S, T,
UVWXYZ
Rose Rose Use
These 5 have Page links in rows below
Bulbs from the Infill Galleries (next row), Camera Photos,
Plant Colour Wheel Uses,
Sense of Fragrance, Wild Flower

Case Studies
...Drive Foundations
Ryegrass and turf kills plants within Roadstone and in Topsoil due to it starving and dehydrating them.
CEDAdrive creates stable drive surface and drains rain into your ground, rather than onto the public road.
8 problems caused by building house on clay or with house-wall attached to clay.
Pre-building work on polluted soil.

Companion Planting
to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected plant or deter its pests

Garden
Construction
with ground drains

Garden Design
...How to Use the Colour Wheel Concepts for Selection of Flowers, Foliage and Flower Shape
...RHS Mixed
Borders
......Bedding Plants
......Her Perennials
......Other Plants
......Camera photos of Plant supports
Garden
Maintenance
Glossary with a tomato teaching cauliflowers
Home
Library of over 1000 books
Offbeat Glossary with DuLally Bird in its flower clock.

Plants
...in Chalk
(Alkaline) Soil
......A-F1, A-F2,
......A-F3, G-L, M-R,
......M-R Roses, S-Z
...in Heavy
Clay Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Lime-Free
(Acid) Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Light
Sand Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z.
...Poisonous Plants.
...Extra Plant Pages
with its 6 Plant Selection Levels

Soil
...Interaction between 2 Quartz Sand Grains to make soil
...How roots of plants are in control in the soil
...Without replacing Soil Nutrients, the soil will break up to only clay, sand or silt
...Subsidence caused by water in Clay
...Use water ring for trees/shrubs for first 2 years.

Tool Shed with 3 kneeling pads
Useful Data with benefits of Seaweed

Topic -
Plant Photo Galleries
If the plant type below has flowers, then the first gallery will include the flower thumbnail in each month of 1 of 6 colour comparison pages of each plant in its subsidiary galleries, as a low-level Plant Selection Process
Aquatic
Bamboo
Bedding
...by Flower Shape

Bulb
...Allium/ Anemone
...Autumn
...Colchicum/ Crocus
...Dahlia
...Gladiolus with its 40 Flower Colours
......European A-E
......European F-M
......European N-Z
......European Non-classified
......American A,
B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P, Q, R, S,
T, U, V, W, XYZ
......American Non-classified
......Australia - empty
......India
......Lithuania
...Hippeastrum/ Lily
...Late Summer
...Narcissus
...Spring
...Tulip
...Winter
...Each of the above ...Bulb Galleries has its own set of Flower Colour Pages
...Flower Shape
...Bulb Form
...Bulb Use
...Bulb in Soil

Further details on bulbs from the Infill Galleries:-
Hardy Bulbs
...Aconitum
...Allium
...Alstroemeria
...Anemone
...Amaryllis
...Anthericum
...Antholyzas
...Apios
...Arisaema
...Arum
...Asphodeline
...Asphodelus
...Belamcanda
...Bloomeria
...Brodiaea
...Bulbocodium
...Calochorti
...Cyclobothrias
...Camassia
...Colchicum
...Convallaria  ...Forcing Lily of the Valley
...Corydalis
...Crinum
...Crosmia
...Montbretia
...Crocus
...Cyclamen
...Dicentra
...Dierama
...Eranthis
...Eremurus
...Erythrnium
...Eucomis
...Fritillaria
...Funkia
...Galanthus
...Galtonia
...Gladiolus
...Hemerocallis
...Hyacinth
...Hyacinths in Pots
...Scilla
...Puschkinia
...Chionodoxa
...Chionoscilla
...Muscari
...Iris
...Kniphofia
...Lapeyrousia
...Leucojum
...Lilium
...Lilium in Pots
...Malvastrum
...Merendera
...Milla
...Narcissus
...Narcissi in Pots
...Ornithogalum
...Oxalis
...Paeonia
...Ranunculus
...Romulea
...Sanguinaria
...Sternbergia
...Schizostylis
...Tecophilaea
...Trillium
...Tulip
...Zephyranthus
Half-Hardy Bulbs
...Acidanthera
...Albuca
...Alstroemeri
...Andro-stephium
...Bassers
...Boussing-aultias
...Bravoas
...Cypellas
...Dahlias
...Galaxis,
...Geissorhizas
...Hesperanthas
...Gladioli
...Ixias
...Sparaxises
...Babianas
...Morphixias
...Tritonias
...Ixiolirions
...Moraeas
...Ornithogalums
...Oxalises
...Phaedra-nassas
...Pancratiums
...Tigridias
...Zephyranthes
...Cooperias
Uses of Bulbs:-
...for Bedding
...in Windowboxes
...in Border
...naturalized in Grass
...in Bulb Frame
...in Woodland Garden
...in Rock Garden
...in Bowls
...in Alpine House
...Bulbs in Green-house or Stove:-
...Achimenes
...Alocasias
...Amorpho-phalluses
...Arisaemas
...Arums
...Begonias
...Bomareas
...Caladiums
...Clivias
...Colocasias
...Crinums
...Cyclamens
...Cyrtanthuses
...Eucharises
...Urceocharis
...Eurycles
...Freesias
...Gloxinias
...Haemanthus
...Hippeastrums
...Lachenalias
...Nerines
...Lycorises
...Pencratiums
...Hymenocallises
...Richardias
...Sprekelias
...Tuberoses
...Vallotas
...Watsonias
...Zephyranthes
...Plant Bedding in
......Spring
......Summer
...Bulb houseplants flowering during:-
......January
......February
......March
......April
......May
......June
......July
......August
......September
......October
......November
......December
...Bulbs and other types of plant flowering during:-
......Dec-Jan
......Feb-Mar
......Apr-May
......Jun-Aug
......Sep-Oct
......Nov-Dec
...Selection of the smaller and choicer plants for the Smallest of Gardens with plant flowering during the same 6 periods as in the previous selection

Climber in
3 Sector Vertical Plant System
...Clematis
...Climbers
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
...Shrubs - Decid
Deciduous Tree
...Trees - Decid
Evergreen Perennial
...P-Evergreen A-L
...P-Evergreen M-Z
...Flower Shape
Evergreen Shrub
...Shrubs - Evergreen
...Heather Shrub
...Heather Index
......Andromeda
......Bruckenthalia
......Calluna
......Daboecia
......Erica: Carnea
......Erica: Cinerea
......Erica: Others
Evergreen Tree
...Trees - Evergreen
Fern
Grass
Hedging
Herbaceous
Perennial
...P -Herbaceous
...Peony
...Flower Shape
...RHS Wisley
......Mixed Border
......Other Borders
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron

Rose
...RHS Wisley A-F
...RHS Wisley G-R
...RHS Wisley S-Z
...Rose Use - page links in row 6. Rose, RHS Wisley and Other Roses rose indices on each Rose Use page
...Other Roses A-F
...Other Roses G-R
...Other Roses S-Z
Pruning Methods
Photo Index R 1, 2, 3
Peter Beales Roses
RV Roger Roses

Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
...Apple
...Cherry
...Pear
Vegetable
Wild Flower and
Butterfly page links are in next row

Topic -
The following is a complete hierarchical Plant Selection Process
dependent on the Garden Style chosen
Garden Style
...Infill Plants
...12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
...12 Foliage Colours per Month Index
...All Plants Index
...Cultivation, Position, Use Index
...Shape, Form
Index

Topic -
Flower/Foliage Colour Wheel Galleries with number of colours as a high-level Plant Selection Process

All Flowers 53 with
...Use of Plant and
Flower Shape - page links in bottom row

All Foliage 53
instead of redundant
...(All Foliage 212)

All Flowers
per Month 12

Bee instead of wind pollinated plants for hay-fever sufferers
All Bee-Pollinated Flowers
per Month 12
...Index

Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
Rock Plant Flowers 53 INDEX
A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L,
M, NO, PQ, R, S,
T, UVWXYZ
...Rock Plant Photos

Flower Colour Wheel without photos, but with links to photos
12 Bloom Colours
per Month Index
...All Plants Index

Topic -
Use of Plant in your Plant Selection Process

Plant Colour Wheel Uses
with
1. Perfect general use soil is composed of 8.3% lime, 16.6% humus, 25% clay and 50% sand, and
2. Why you are continually losing the SOIL STRUCTURE so your soil - will revert to clay, chalk, sand or silt.
Uses of Plant and Flower Shape:-
...Foliage Only
...Other than Green Foliage
...Trees in Lawn
...Trees in Small Gardens
...Wildflower Garden
...Attract Bird
...Attract Butterfly
1, 2
...Climber on House Wall
...Climber not on House Wall
...Climber in Tree
...Rabbit-Resistant
...Woodland
...Pollution Barrier
...Part Shade
...Full Shade
...Single Flower provides Pollen for Bees
1, 2, 3
...Ground-Cover
<60cm
60-180cm
>180cm
...Hedge
...Wind-swept
...Covering Banks
...Patio Pot
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border
...Poisonous
...Adjacent to Water
...Bog Garden
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Winter-Flowering
...Fragrant
...Not Fragrant
...Exhibition
...Standard Plant is 'Ball on Stick'
...Upright Branches or Sword-shaped leaves
...Plant to Prevent Entry to Human or Animal
...Coastal Conditions
...Tolerant on North-facing Wall
...Cut Flower
...Potted Veg Outdoors
...Potted Veg Indoors
...Thornless
...Raised Bed Outdoors Veg
...Grow in Alkaline Soil A-F, G-L, M-R,
S-Z
...Grow in Acidic Soil
...Grow in Any Soil
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Grow Bulbs Indoors

Uses of Bedding
...Bedding Out
...Filling In
...Screen-ing
...Pots and Troughs
...Window Boxes
...Hanging Baskets
...Spring Bedding
...Summer Bedding
...Winter Bedding
...Foliage instead of Flower
...Coleus Bedding Photos for use in Public Domain 1

Uses of Bulb
...Other than Only Green Foliage
...Bedding or Mass Planting
...Ground-Cover
...Cut-Flower
...Tolerant of Shade
...In Woodland Areas
...Under-plant
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Covering Banks
...In Water
...Beside Stream or Water Garden
...Coastal Conditions
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
...Fragrant Flowers
...Not Fragrant Flowers
...Indoor
House-plant
...Grow in a Patio Pot
...Grow in an Alpine Trough
...Grow in an Alpine House
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Speciman Plant
...Into Native Plant Garden
...Naturalize in Grass
...Grow in Hanging Basket
...Grow in Window-box
...Grow in Green-house
...Grow in Scree
...Naturalized Plant Area
...Grow in Cottage Garden
...Attracts Butterflies
...Attracts Bees
...Resistant to Wildlife
...Bulb in Soil:-
......Chalk
......Clay
......Sand
......Lime-Free (Acid)
......Peat

Uses of Rose
Rose Index
...Bedding 1, 2
...Climber /Pillar
...Cut-Flower 1, 2
...Exhibition, Speciman
...Ground-Cover
...Grow In A Container 1, 2
...Hedge 1, 2
...Climber in Tree
...Woodland
...Edging Borders
...Tolerant of Poor Soil 1, 2
...Tolerant of Shade
...Back of Border
...Adjacent to Water
...Page for rose use as ARCH ROSE, PERGOLA ROSE, COASTAL CONDITIONS ROSE, WALL ROSE, STANDARD ROSE, COVERING BANKS or THORNLESS ROSES.
...FRAGRANT ROSES
...NOT FRAGRANT ROSES

Topic -
Camera Photo Galleries showing all 4000 x 3000 pixels of each photo on your screen that you can then click and drag it to your desktop as part of a Plant Selection Process:-

RHS Garden at Wisley
Plant Supports -
When supporting plants in a bed, it is found that not only do those plants grow upwards, but also they expand their roots and footpad sideways each year. Pages
1, 2, 3, 8, 11,
12, 13,
Plants 4, 7, 10,
Bedding Plants 5,
Plant Supports for Unknown Plants 5,
Clematis Climbers 6,
the RHS does not appear to either follow it's own pruning advice or advice from The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by George E. Brown.
ISBN 0-571-11084-3 with the plants in Pages 1-7 of this folder. You can see from looking at both these resources as to whether the pruning carried out on the remainder of the plants in Pages 7-15 was correct.
Narcissus (Daffodil) 9,
Phlox Plant Supports 14, 15

Coleus Bedding Foliage Trial - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, Index

National Trust Garden at Sissinghurst Castle
Plant Supports -
Pages for Gallery 1
with Plant Supports
1, 5, 10
Plants
2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,
11, 12
Recommended Rose Pruning Methods 13
Pages for Gallery 2
with Plant Supports
2,
Plants 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Dry Garden of
RHS Garden at
Hyde Hall
Plants - Pages
without Plant Supports
Plants 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Nursery of
Peter Beales Roses
Display Garden
Roses Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Nursery of
RV Roger
Roses - Pages
A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,
A6,A7,A8,A9,A10,
A11,A12,A13,A14,
B15,
B16,B17,B18,B19,
B20,
B21,B22,B23,B24,
B25,
B26,B27,B28,B29,
B30,
C31,C32,C33,C34,
C35,
C36,C37,C38,C39,
C40,
C41,CD2,D43,D44,
D45,
D46,D47,D48,D49,
E50,
E51,E52,F53,F54,
F55,
F56,F57,G58,G59,
H60,
H61,I62,K63,L64,
M65,
M66,N67,P68,P69,
P70,
R71,R72,S73,S74,
T75,
V76,Z77, 78,

Damage by Plants in Chilham Village - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4

Pavements of Funchal, Madeira
Damage to Trees - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13
for trees 1-54,
14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
for trees 55-95,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37,
for trees 95-133,
38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
for trees 133-166

Chris Garnons-Williams
Work Done - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Identity of Plants
Label Problems - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11

Ron and Christine Foord - 1036 photos only inserted so far - Garden Flowers - Start Page of each Gallery
AB1 ,AN14,BA27,
CH40,CR52,DR63,
FR74,GE85,HE96,

Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187
A 1, 2, Photos - 43
B 1, Photos - 13
C 1, Photos - 35
D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Photos - 411
with Plants causing damage to buildings in Chilham Village and Damage to Trees in Pavements of Funchal
E 1, Photos - 21
F 1, Photos - 1
G 1, Photos - 5
H 1, Photos - 21
I 1, Photos - 8
J 1, Photos - 1
K 1, Photos - 1
L 1, Photos - 85
with Label Problems
M 1, Photos - 9
N 1, Photos - 12
O 1, Photos - 5
P 1, Photos - 54
Q 1, Photos -
R 1, 2, 3,
Photos - 229
S 1, Photos - 111
T 1, Photos - 13
U 1, Photos - 5
V 1, Photos - 4
W 1, Photos - 100
with Work Done by Chris Garnons-Williams
X 1 Photos -
Y 1, Photos -
Z 1 Photos -
Articles/Items in Ivydene Gardens - 88
Flower Colour, Num of Petals, Shape and
Plant Use of:-
Rock Garden
within linked page

Topic -
Fragrant Plants as a Plant Selection Process for your sense of smell:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an Acid Soil
1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil
1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil
1, 2, 3
Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3
Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves
1, 2
Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit
1, 2, 3
Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2
Night-scented Flowering Plants
1, 2

Topic -
Website User Guidelines

My Gas Service Engineer found Flow and Return pipes incorrectly positioned on gas boilers and customers had refused to have positioning corrected in 2020.

UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given. Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly.
Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in A Butterfly Book for the Pocket by Edmund Sandars. Published by Oxford University Press London: Humphrey Milford in 1939.
Plant Name	Butterfly Name	Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly	Plant Usage	Plant Usage Months
Alder Buckthorn	Brimstone	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves. ---	10 days in May-June 28 days. 12 days.
Aspen	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem.	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May 9 days in June.
Black Medic	Common Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats buds and flowers. Base of food plant.	- - Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March. 2 weeks
Common Birdsfoot Trefoil	Chalk-Hill Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg at base of plant. Eats leaves. ---	Late August-April April-June 1 Month
Common Birdsfoot Trefoil	Common Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats buds and flowers. Base of food plant.	- - Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March. 2 weeks
Common Birdsfoot Trefoil	Wood White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. Eats leaves. ---	7 days in June. 32 days in June-July. July-May.
Bitter Vetch	Wood White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. Eats leaves. ---	7 days in June. 32 days in June-July. July-May.
Borage	Queen of Spain Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. Eats leaves, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies. ---	7 days in August. 23 days in August-September. 3 weeks in September
Bramble	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Buckthorn	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Buckthorn - Alder Buckthorn and Common Buckthorn	Brimstone	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves. ---	10 days in May-June. 28 days. 12 days.
Burdocks	Painted Lady	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. ---	2 weeks 7-11days 7-11 days
Cabbages - Large White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed	Large White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf. Eats leaves. ---	May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days. 30-32 days 14 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till April
Cabbages	Small White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of leaf. Eats leaves. ---	May-June and August. 7 days. 28 days 21 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till March
Cabbages:- Charlock, Cuckoo Flower (Lady's Smock), Hedge-Mustard, Garlic-Mustard, Yellow Rocket (Common Winter-Cress), Watercress	Green-veined White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of leaf. Eats leaves. ---	July or August; hatches in 3 days. 16 days. 14 days in July or for caterpillars of August, they overwinter till May.
Cabbages:- Charlock, Creeping Yellow-cress, Cuckoo Flower (Lady's Smock), Dame's Violet, Hedge-Mustard, Horseradish, Garlic-Mustard, Lady's Smock, Large Bittercress, Rock-cress (Common Winter-Cress), Yellow Rocket (Common Winter-Cress), Watercress , Wild Turnip	Orange Tip	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. Eats leaves, buds, flowers and especially the seed pods. ---	May-June 7 days. June-July 24 days. August-May
Cherry with Wild Cherry, Morello Cherry and Bird Cherry	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem.	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May. 9 days in June.
Clovers 1, 2, 3	Common Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats buds and flowers. Base of food plant.	- - Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March. 2 weeks.
Clovers 1, 2, 3	Pale Clouded Yellow	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves.	10 days in May-June. July-August. 17 days in August-September.
Clovers 1, 2, 3	Clouded Yellow	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves.	6 days in May-June. 30 days. 18 days in July-August.
Cocksfoot is a grass	Large Skipper	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves. ---	11 Months 3 weeks from May
Cow-wheat (Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat)	Heath Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until end of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until June. ---	Hatches after 16 days in June. June-April 25 days in June.
Currants (Red Currant, Black Currant and Gooseberry)	Comma	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats leaves. ---
Devilsbit Scabious	Marsh Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May. ---	Hatches after 20 days in July. July-May. 15 days in May.
Dog Violet with Common Dog Violet, Heath Dog Violet and Wood Dog Violet	Silver-washed Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk Hibernates in a crevice in the bark of the tree trunk. Moves out of tree to eat Dog Violet leaves. On rock or twig.	15 days in July. August-March. March-May. Late June-July
Dog Violet with Common Dog Violet, Heath Dog Violet and Wood Dog Violet	Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf or stem. Feeds on leaves until July. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until May. ---	Hatches after 15 days in May-June. July-May. 9 days in June.
Dog Violet with Common Dog Violet, Heath Dog Violet and Wood Dog Violet	Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf or stem. Feeds on leaves until July. Hibernates in dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until April. ---	Hatches after 10 days in May-June. June-April April-June.
Dogwood	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Elm and Wych Elm	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem.	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May. 9 days in June.
False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome)	Large Skipper	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves. ---	... 11 Months 3 weeks from May
Foxglove	Marsh Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May. ---	Hatches after 20 days in July. July-May 15 days in May.
Fyfield Pea	Wood White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. Eats leaves. ---	7 days in June. 32 days in June-July. July-May.
Garden Pansy	Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf or stem. Feeds on leaves until July. Hibernates in dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until April. ---	Hatches after 10 days in May-June. June-April April-June.
Gorse	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Heartsease	Queen of Spain Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. Eats leaves, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies. ---	7 days in August. 23 days in August-September. 3 weeks in September
Hogs's Fennel	Swallowtail	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. Eats leaves, and moves to stems of sedges or other fen plants before pupating. ---	14 days in July-August. August-September. September-May.
Holly	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Honesty (Lunaria biennis)	Orange Tip	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. Eats leaves, buds, flowers and especially the seed pods. ---	May-June 7 days. June-July 24 days. August-May
Honeysuckle	Marsh Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May. ---	Hatches after 20 days in July. July-May. 15 days in May.
Hop	Comma	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats leaves. ---
Horseshoe vetch	Adonis Blue Chalk-Hill Blue Berger's Clouded Yellow	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves. --- 1 egg at base of plant. Eats leaves. --- 1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. ---	1 then June-March or September to July 3 weeks. Late August-April. April-June 1 Month 8-10 days in Late May-June or Middle August-September June-July or September to October 8-15 days
Ivy	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Kidney Vetch	Chalk-Hill Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis Butterfly	1 egg at base of plant. Eats leaves. --- Eats nectar.	Late August-April. April-June 1 Month 20 days
Lucerne	Pale Clouded Yellow Clouded Yellow	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. 1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. ---	10 days in May-June. July-August. 17 days in August-September. 6 days in May-June. 30 days. 18 days in July-August.
Mallows	Painted Lady	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. ---	2 weeks 7-11days 7-11 days
Melilot	Clouded Yellow	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves.	6 days in May-June. 30 days. 18 days in July-August.
Mignonettes	Small White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of leaf. Eats leaves. ---	May-June and August. 7 days. 28 days 21 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till March
Milk Parsley	Swallowtail	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. Eats leaves, and moves to stems of sedges or other fen plants before pupating. ---	14 days in July-August. August-September September-May
Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain)	Heath Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until end of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until June. ---	Hatches after 16 days in June. June-April. 25 days in June.
Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain)	Glanville Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until middle of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until April-May. ---	Hatches after 16 days in June. June-April. 25 days in April-May.
Nasturtium from Gardens	Small White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of leaf. Eats leaves. ---	May-June and August. 7 days. 28 days. 21 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till March
Oak Tree	Silver-washed Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on tree trunk Hibernates in a crevice in the bark of the tree trunk. Moves out of tree to eat Dog Violet leaves. On rock or twig.	15 days in July. August-March. March-May. Late June-July
Mountain pansy, Seaside Pansy, Field Pansy and Cultivated Pansy.	Queen of Spain Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. Eats leaves of borage, sainfoin and heartsease, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies. ---	7 days in August. 23 days in August-September 3 weeks in September
Pine Tree	Silver-washed Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on tree trunk. Hibernates in a crevice in the bark of the tree trunk. Moves out of tree to eat Dog Violet leaves. On rock or twig.	15 days in July. August-March. March-May. Late June-July
Plantains	Marsh Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May. ---	Hatches after 20 days in July. July-May 15 days in May.
Poplar	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem.	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May. 9 days in June.
Restharrow	Common Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats buds and flowers. Base of food plant.	- - Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March. 2 weeks
Rock-rose	Brown Argus	Egg, Caterpillar	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves.
Sainfoin	Queen of Spain Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. Eats leaves, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies. ---	7 days in August. 23 days in August-September 3 weeks in September
Common Sallow (Willows, Osiers)	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May. 9 days in June.
Sea Plantain	Glanville Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until middle of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until April-May. ---	Hatches after 16 days in June. June-April 25 days in April-May.
Snowberry	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Spindle-tree	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Stinging Nettle	Comma Painted Lady Peacock	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis Egg Caterpillar Chrysalis Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats leaves. --- 1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. --- Dense mass of 450-500 eggs on the under side of leaves over a 2 hour period. Eats leaves, and moves to another plant before pupating. ---	2 weeks in June. 7-11 days. 7-11 days. 14 days in April-May. 28 days. 13days.
Storksbill	Brown Argus	Egg, Caterpillar	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves.
Thistles	Painted Lady	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. ---	2 weeks 7-11days 7-11 days
Trefoils 1, 2, 3	Clouded Yellow	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves.	6 days in May-June. 30 days. 18 days in July-August.
Vetches	Common Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats buds and flowers. Base of food plant.	- - Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March. 2 weeks
Vetches	Wood White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. Eats leaves. ---	7 days in June. 32 days in June-July. July-May.
Violets:- Common Dog Violet, Hairy Violet, Heath Dog-violet Pale Dog violet Sweet Violet	Dark Green Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk. Hibernates where it hatches. Eats leaves. Base of food plant.	July-August for 17 days. Spends winter on plant until end of March. Eats leaves until end of May. 4 weeks.
Violets:- Common Dog Violet, Hairy Violet, Heath Dog-violet Pale Dog violet Sweet Violet	High Brown Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base. Feed on young leaves, stalks and stems ---	July to hatch in 8 months in March. 9 weeks ending in May. 4 weeks
Vipers Bugloss	Painted Lady	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. ---	2 weeks. 7-11days. 7-11 days
Whitebeam (White Beam)	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem.	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May. 9 days in June.
Wild Angelica	Swallowtail	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. Eats leaves, and moves to stems of sedges or other fen plants before pupating. ---	14 days in July-August. August-September. September-May
Willow (Bay Willow)	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem.	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May. 9 days in June.
Wood-Sage	Marsh Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May. ---	Hatches after 20 days in July. July-May. 15 days in May.
Plants used by the Butterflies
Plant Name	Butterfly Name	Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly	Plant Usage	Plant Usage Months
Asters in gardens	Comma	Butterfly	Eats nectar.
Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens	Large White Small White	Butterfly	Eats nectar	April-June or July-September. March-May or June-September
Aubretia in gardens	Clouded Yellow	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November
Birch	Holly Blue	Butterfly	Eats sap exuding from trunk.	April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation.
Common Birdsfoot Trefoil	Chalk-Hill Blue Wood White Marsh Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	20 days. May-June. 30 days in May-June.
Bitter Vetch	Wood White	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June
Bluebell	Holly Blue Pearl-bordered Fritillary Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. June. June-August.
Bramble	Comma Silver-washed Fritillary High Brown Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	July-October. 7 weeks in July-August. June-August
Buddleias in gardens	Comma Peacock	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	July-October. July-May
Bugle	Wood White Pearl-bordered Fritillary Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary Heath Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June. June. June-August. June-July.
Cabbage and cabbages in fields	Large White Small White Green-veined White Orange Tip	Butterfly	Eats nectar	April-June or July-September. March-May or June-September. A Month during May-June or second flight in late July-August. May-June for 18 days.
Charlock	Painted Lady	Butterfly	Eats nectar	July-October
Clovers 1, 2, 3	Adonis Blue Chalk-Hill Blue Painted Lady Peacock Large White Small White	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September 20 days in August. July-October. July-May. April-June or July-September. March-May or June-September
Clovers 1, 2, 3	Pale Clouded Yellow Clouded Yellow Berger's Clouded Yellow Queen of Spain Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November. 1 Month in May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November. May-September.
Cow-wheat (Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat)	Heath Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	June-July
Cuckoo Flower (Lady's Smock)	Wood White	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June
Dandelion	Holly Blue Marsh Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. 30 days in May-June.
Fleabanes	Common Blue	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	3 weeks between May and September
Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell)	Heath Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	June-July
Greater Knapweed	Comma Peacock Clouded Yellow Brimstone	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	July-October. July-May. May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November. 12 months
Hawkbit	Marsh Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	30 days in May-June.
Heartsease	Queen of Spain Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-September
Hedge Parsley	Orange Tip	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	May-June for 18 days.
Hemp agrimony	Comma	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	July-October
Horseshoe vetch	Adonis Blue Chalk-Hill Blue	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	1 Month. 20 days
Ivy	Painted Lady Brimstone	Butterfly	Eats nectar. Hibernates during winter months in its foliage.	July-October. October-July
Lucerne	Painted Lady Large White Small White Pale Clouded Yellow Clouded Yellow Berger's Clouded Yellow	Butterfly	Eats nectar	July-October. April-June or July-September. March-May or June-September May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November. May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November. 1 Month in May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November
Marigolds in gardens	Clouded Yellow	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November
Marjoram	Adonis Blue Chalk-Hill Blue Common Blue Clouded Yellow	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September. 20 days in August. 3 weeks in May-September. May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November
Michaelmas Daisies in gardens	Comma	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	July-October
Mignonettes	Large White Small White	Butterfly	Eats nectar	April-June or July-September. March-May or June-September
Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain)	Heath Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	June-July
Nasturtiums in gardens	Large White Small White	Butterfly	Eats nectar	April-June or July-September March-May or June-September
Oak Tree	Holly Blue	Butterfly	Eats sap exuding from trunk.	April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation.
Primroses	Pearl-bordered Fritillary Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	June. June-August.
Ragged Robin	Wood White Heath Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June. June-July.
Scabious	Painted Lady Peacock	Butterfly	Eats nectar	July-October. July-May
Sedum	Peacock	Butterfly	Eats nectar	July-May
Teasels	Silver-washed Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	7 weeks in July-August.
Thistles - Creeping Thistle, Dwarf Thistle, Marsh Thistle, Meadow Thistle, Melancholy Thistle, Milk Thistle, Musk Thistle, Seaside Thistle, Scotch Thistle, Spear Thistle, Tuberous Thistle, Welted Thistle, Woolly Thistle	Comma Painted Lady Peacock Swallowtail Clouded Yellow Brimstone Silver-washed Fritillary High Brown Fritillary Dark Green Fritillary Queen of Spain Fritillary Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	July-October. July-October. July-May. May-July. May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November. 12 months. 7 weeks in July-August June-August. July-August for 6 weeks. May-September. June-August.
Thymes	Common Blue	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	3 weeks between May and September
Trefoils 1, 2, 3	Adonis Blue Chalk-Hill Blue Glanville Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September 20 days in August. June-July
Vetches	Chalk-Hill Blue Glanville Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	20 days in August. June-July.
Violets	Pearl-bordered Fritillary Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	June. June-August.
Wood-Sage	Heath Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	June-July
Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring	Peacock	Butterfly	Eats Nectar	April-May
Rotten Fruit	Peacock	Butterfly	Drinks juice	July-September
Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar	Large Tortoiseshell	Butterfly	Hibernates inside hollow trees or outhouses until March. Eats sap or fruit juice until April.	10 months in June-April
Wild Flowers	Large Skipper Brimstone Silver-washed Fritillary. Queen of Spain Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats Nectar	June-August 12 months. 7 weeks in July-August. May-September
Links to the other Butterflies:- Black Hairstreak Brown Hairstreak Camberwell Beauty Chequered Skipper Dingy Skipper Duke of Burgundy Essex Skipper Gatekeeper Grayling Green Hairstreak Grizzled Skipper Hedge Brown Large Blue Large Heath Long-tailed Blue Lulworth Skipper Marbled White Mazarine Blue Meadow Brown Monarch Northern Brown Argus Purple Emperor Purple Hairstreak Red Admiral Ringlet Scotch Argus Short-tailed Blue Silver-spotted Skipper Silver-studded Blue Small Copper Small Heath Small Mountain Ringlet Small Skipper Small Tortoiseshell Speckled Wood Wall Brown White Admiral White-letter Hairstreak			Topic - Wildlife on Plant Photo Gallery. Some UK native butterflies eat material from UK Native Wildflowers and live on them as eggs, caterpillars (Large Skipper eats False Brome grass - Brachypodium sylvaticum - for 11 months from July to May as a Caterpillar before becoming a Chrysalis within 3 weeks in May) chrysalis or butterflies ALL YEAR ROUND. Please leave a small area in your garden for wildflowers to grow without disturbance throughout the year for the benefit of butterflies, moths and other wildlife who are dependant on them. Butterfly Usage of Plants by Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly	Wild Flower Family Page (the families within "The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers" by David McClintock & R.S.R. Fitter, Published in 1956 They are not in Common Name alphabetical order and neither are the common names of the plants detailed within each family. These families within that book will have their details described in alphabetical order for both the family name and its plants. The information in the above book is back-referenced to the respective page in "Flora of the British Isles" by A.R. Clapham of University of Sheffield, T.G. Tutin of University College, Leicester and E.F. Warburg of University of Oxford. Printed by Cambridge at the University Press in 1952 for each plant in all the families)
My Comments about the proposed destruction of the wildlife habitats at Cobtree Manor Park in the summer of 2010 Cobtree Manor Park is where I and my friend used to take her dog for a 2 hour walk every week. See Map Cobtree Manor Park and Cobtree Manor 18 hole Public Golf Course (1golf.eu picture shows the golf course with its fairways to the left of the point 2/3rds across the picture from the left, with 2 grassed areas dotted with trees behind a hedge of trees above that golf course - that area is where people walk their dogs) occupy 50 acres of parkland displaying a diverse and maturing collection of trees and shrubs. I would be surprised if Cobtree Manor Park grassed area occupied more than 6 of those 50 acres. The Park Ranger and Maidstone Borough Council have decided that every dog will be put on a lead at this public place with no method of allowing that dog any exercise unless the owners can run with the dog under their byelaws of 1998. Cobtree Manor Park To reduce dating in the woods of Cobtree Manor Park (seen as the top right section of the 1golf.eu picture below the Industrial Estates) and to improve the amenities, The Cobtree Officer of Maidstone Borough Council, King Street, Maidstone, Kent. ME15 6JQ has produced a Draft Master Plan and is requesting comments to be forwarded to that Cobtree Officer by noon on Friday 16 April 2010. A copy of the plan is available at Cobtree Manor Cafe for inspection and from this link. As of 9 April the local dog walking area has been moved to the furthest point away from the car park at the end of the woods and notices have been put up showing dogs on leads instead of roaming free. "The Master Plan sets out a number of improvements which should increase the number of visitors to the park whilst maintaining its heritage and many of its delightful rural features. Cobtree Manor Park was bequeethed to the people of Maidstone by the late Sir Garrard Tyrewhitt-Drake. Maidstone Borough Council maintains the park as public open space and may, with the consent of the Cobtree Charity and Kent County Council, provide additional facilities for the benefit of the people of Maidstone and other members of the general public. The master plan proposes a number of new facilities and the council would like to hear your views on each, as well as your views on the overall scheme. Please complete the table overleaf and return it as indicated by noon on Friday 16 April 2010. Your comments and contributions will be considered carefully by the council, and will help us develop the park in a way which reflects your wishes." from the Cobtree Manor Park - Questionnaire. Written comments on paper should be sent to the Cobtree Officer Brian Latimer or emailed to him at brianlatimer@maidstone.gov.uk and must be in by Friday 16th April 2010. My Comments It is noted that notices in the park have been requesting members of the untrained public to assist in pruning and clearing in the park. This they have done under the supervision of the staff; to the extent that most of the undergrowth under the trees has been cleared allowing the wind to blow straight through and the loud noise of the motorway to reach the other end of the park. We can now see the Industrial Estate of Aylesford, which we could not before. In doing this clearing, we did point out to the staff a large area of Tuberous Comfrey which was in a thicket by the Old Iron Gates leading to the hill with the Elephant House on it. The thicket has now been pruned, the Tuberous Comfrey been trampled on and is no longer visible. From Derby City Council Flora of Derbyshire "Tuberous Comfrey is a very rare casual perennial of waysides and rough ground. In recent times, only four locations have been reported, all in lowland, southern and eastern parts of the county (Allen Wood SK3175; Scarcliffe SK4968; Brook Farm SK3027, near Caldwell SK2618). While certainly indigenous to northern Britain, an older record from Crich (SK35) for 1913 has been taken to suggest the plant was once also native to Derbyshire (Clapham 1969)." The proposed rerouting of the Bridle Path to behind the existing pond at the top of the hill with the Elephant House on it would destroy another area of Tuberous Comfrey and trample over a small cemetery of little animals. "It grows wild in European woodlands in damp, dappled shade, & along riverbanks. In the garden it requires persistent moisture & falls flat on a hot dry day, though it won't be as sickly as it momentarily appears & a good ground-soaking perks it right up. So long as it does not experience drought, it will adapt to a wide range of soil conditions from loamy to sandy to clayey, with pH ranging from a bit acidic to a bit alkaline." from paghat.com. Drought will now occur where it was by the Old Iron Gates since the thicket has been "pruned". We would be sorry to lose the butterflies on the bluebells, bramble and ivy that would be restricted to only the very small area of proposed Wildlife Meadow by the Woods at the bottom of a hill with water springs on it. The wildlife is now being excluded from all the other areas by the "pruning", so that the nettles, brambles etc which had for instance the butterfly life cycle included; are now being ruthlessly removed to create a garden, not a park, with neat little areas. Hopefully the remaining rabbits might be housetrained to mow the grass in rows! The proposed rerouting of the Bridle Path would also disturb the declining numbers of Great Crested Newts who use that pond. The proposed Local Dog Walking Area has been placed furthest from the Park Car Park on a 45 degree sloped part of the wood where either badgers or foxes have had their set or lair, with a muddy horizontal path through it, and trampling on the orchids if one strays from that 30 yard length path to use the full area of slope. This Local Dog Walking Area is located in the 3rd Thick line of trees from the right hand side of the bottom of the 1golf.eu picture and you may have the added benefit of being hit by straying golf balls. Since 80% of the people who walk in the area from those Iron Gates up to the Pond and through the grassed areas are walking their dogs, it is assumed that implementing the proposed Master Plan will involve having to either carry their dogs to the Local Dog Walking Area or have them on short leads to that area. At 61 and my friend being 27 years older than me, we would not be strong enough to carry the dog, and we would be sorry to lose the facility to have the bitch unleashed as we can at the moment in all of the Cobtree Manor Park. As of April 9th this Local Dog walking Area has been moved to the furthest point away from the Golf Club house but still within range of stray golf balls. Lizzie is a P.A.T. Dog (Pets as Therapy Dog), who looks forward to the exercise in the Park on the days either side of when she visits and comforts the sick in Rochester. "Pets As Therapy is a national charity founded in 1983. It is unique in that it provides therapeutic visits to hospitals, hospices, nursing and care homes, special needs schools and a variety of other venues by volunteers with their own friendly, temperament tested and vaccinated dogs and cats. Since its beginning over 23,000 P.A.T. dogs have been registered into the Pets As Therapy scheme. Every year some of these retire and new dogs, having first been examined and passed on health, temperament, suitability and stability grounds, join Pets As Therapy." It would be a shame to stop this beneficial exercise for a working 14 year old Border Collie. It is interesting that a lake is proposed that close to the Cafe, with the likelihood of flies pestering the eaters. Presumably the water in it would come from the public mains supply. Why not have used the water from the springs on the hill with the Elephant House on it and the water draining past the old Iron Gates into the ditch beyond? Line the end of the ditch with a pond liner and have the water being used by the rapidly disappearing rabbits and squirrels. The Island beds of Trees and Shrubs with nettles and brambles used to provide shelter from the dogs and people, but these are now being "pruned" to leave no shelter, but it does make it easier to use a tractor mower near them. This lake would be the other side of the Car Park, thus distracting the flies from crossing to the Cafe or Exhibition Areas. The staff did point out to us on the 9th of April an improvement for the wildlife by weaving the cut down branches through the 2 rails and post fence between the park and the golf course with the intention of allowing the bramble to grow through it. I am grateful for the superior knowledge of these staff who consider that rotting timber will not rot the rails of a wooden fence and nor will the bramble - entwined in those rotting branches stopping the wind from going through the space between those rails - not cause those rails to be broken, but we must be grateful for the short time within the life cycle of the butterfly that they will be able to use this facility before the cycle is ended in the autumn/winter clearout and them being shredded. The Raised Cycle Path in the bottom woods does not seem to have a large enough width to allow ambulances to come and take away the cyclists who have fallen off it. This Cycle Path is at the other end of the woods, so how are you going to stop the cyclists from cycling in the wood, round all the proposed new pathways or on the grass between the car park and the woods, which they have done during the week from the 9th to the 16th April? Shame about the wild flora that might be growing there with its wildlife isn't it? Is Mote Park in Maidstone not big enough for the cyclists? The new paths up the hill to the rest of the grassed areas may exceed the maximum gradient required for wheelchairs, perhaps those people could be catered for? One of the walkers we met did say that "Kent County Council now has a policy of banning dogs from public places" and that this might be the policy here? Since a majority of Cobtree Manor Park has been allocated to the Golf Course in the 1960's, could we not still have a larger area than 30 yards of muddy track to walk the dog who is assisting us? Leave the area beyond the old Iron Gates to the walkers and people in wheelchairs to have restful walks, and put the children in the remaining area with its woods below it instead of them being allowed to cycle round the entire park. Fence that area off to prevent 4x4s from driving in circles on the grass for their fun, which they did last year, from the Old Iron Gates to the Road by the Entrance, and up from the gates through the cleared woods to stop the access there with metal security fencing or concrete anti-tank bollards. Lock those gates, so that only the staff can get through in vehicles to mow the grass, collect the litter or maintain the trees/shrubbery. Kent Wildlife Trust is across the road from the Golf Course and could assist in plants/wildflower meadows/ponds to create a more friendly place for wildlife and for us to study it with their information about the flora and wildlife - badgers, squirrels, butterflies, great crested newt, tuberous comfrey in the Llama Barn. The current policy of "pruning" everything kills off any overwintering wildlife (caterpillars etc) when put through the shredder - if only 1/3 of the area was tackled each year by getting rid of dead, damaged or diseased material, and then the crossing branches, the wildlife like the badgers might survive by migrating to another part of the park every 2 years. The pruned branches could be put in heaps by the boundary shrubbery to provide material for wildlife like Staghorn beetles. This would also leave the undergowth alone for 2 years, which would reduce the noise from the motorway, the wind howling through and provide shelter for the wildlife from the humans passing by or through that area. The flora could be noted and notices put up to show it to the public, rather than them trampling all over it in the woods, boundary shrubbery or island beds for at least half of the remaining part of the Cobtree Manor Park, when you consider how much has been given of the estate to the few who play golf. Since there have only been 2 visitors to this site who have emailed me in the last 2 years, the above comments may be a waste of time, since written comments on paper to the Cobtree Officer Brian Latimer or emailed to him at brianlatimer@maidstone.gov.uk must be in by Friday 16th April 2010 and not emailed to me. --------- The following is an excerpt from my Comments about the proposed destruction of the wildlife habitats at Cobtree Manor Park in the summer of 2010 from the bottom part of my Mission Statement page and repeated above:- "We would be sorry to lose the butterflies on the bluebells, bramble and ivy that would be restricted to only the very small area of proposed Wildlife Meadow by the Woods at the bottom of a hill with water springs on it. The wildlife is now being excluded from all the other areas by the "pruning", so that the nettles, brambles etc which had for instance the butterfly life cycle included; are now being ruthlessly removed to create a garden, not a park, with neat little areas." The life and death of a flailed cornish hedge was repeated at Cobtree Manor Park, by removing all ground weed and scrub to make it look pretty, instead of using a flail to create the damage; to deprive the wildlife of anywhere to live or to eat. This process is being repeated in every public space in the UK, and people wonder why you do not see any birds or butterflies. It is because of ignorance and greed of the UK Government and UK Local Government, who are steadily killing all wildlife partly by depriving it of its habitat, or if that does work, then the UK pours million of tons of chemical, raw sewage and other pollutants into its rivers to kill the river wildlife, infect the farmed animals who drink it and thence to the sea surrounding it to kill the marine life there. In the not distant future, they might wonder why they cannot breathe anymore. The ocean provides roughly half of the oxygen production on Earth, that we breathe and burn up using cars, lorries, buses, ships and aeroplanes as well as by humans. If we continue to kill those organisms making that oxygen, then we will find it hard to breathe in non-existent oxygen. Visitors to the UK will add to this pollution and so the UK population will die in a reduced time period. Minor point - Since neither the UK government, UK Local government or the Commerce involved have actuall done anything but say and write words, then as long as they can con the UK population into continuing paying them, then they can continue this inaction and there is nothing that the UK population can do about it as shown in the Welcome Page. When you look at the life history graphs of each of the 68 butterflies of Britain, you will see that they use plants throughout all 12 months - the information of what plant is used by the egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly is also given in the above first column. With this proposed removal of all plants required for butterflies etc to live in and pro-create; at least once a year by the autumn or spring clearing up, you destroy the wildlife in this park as is done in every managed park in the world. Please leave something for the wildlife to live in without disturbance; rather than destroy everything so children can ride their bicycles anywhere they want when the park is open during the day and they are not at school. --------- THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE - This details that life and death from July 1972 to 2019, with the following result:- "Of the original 186 flowering species (including sub-species), the 5 colour forms and the 8 unconfirmed species, (193 flowering species in total) only 55 have persisted throughout the 35 years of flailing since 1972. Of these 55 species:- 3 species are unchanged. 11 species have disastrously increased. 41 species are seriously reduced in number, most by over 90%. Of these, 18 are now increasing under the somewhat lighter flailing regime. 13 are still decreasing, and 35 have only a few specimens (from 1-12 plants) left. Of the rest of the original species:- 37 species and 3 colour forms have disappeared, then reappeared after varying lengths of time. Of these, 20 have fewer than 6 plants, most of them only 1 or 2, and are liable to disappear again. Only 6 of the recovered species look capable of surviving in the longer term. 23 species have reappeared, then disappeared again due to being flailed before they could set seed or to being overcome by rank weeds. Only 3 species have reappeared for a second time, and one of these has since disappeared for the third time. 68 species and 2 colour forms disappeared and have never reappeared to date (2008). Of the 83 flowering species (excluding 11 rampant species) and 3 colour forms now present in the survey mile, around 50 are unlikely to survive there in the long term, certainly not in viable numbers, if flailing continues. Unless the degradation of habitat, high fertility and spread of ivy and other rampant weeds can be reversed, it appears highly unlikely that more than a dozen or so of the lost floral species can ever safely return or be re-introduced. The only birds sighted more than once so far this year along the mile have been magpie, rook, crow and buzzard, and a swallow (probably the same one each time) hunting between the hedges now and then at the sheltered eastern end of the mile. One wren heard June 21st, one blackbird seen June 27th (these also at the eastern end) and one greenfinch today July 31st. On this hot sunny high-summer day counted only 7 hedge brown butterflies (6 of them males), one red admiral and one large white. Half a dozen small bumblebees, two carder bees, half a dozen hoverflies of two common Eristalis species, one flesh fly, one scorpion fly and one dragonfly, Cordulegaster boltonii, not hunting, zooming straight down the road and disappearing into the distance. Only 8 butterfly species so far this year, and only one specimen each of five of them (red admiral, speckled wood, large white, ringlet and large skipper, the latter seen only once since 1976). Only small white, hedge brown and speckled wood have managed to appear every year since the flail arrived. For some years I have been noticing very small specimens particularly of hedge brown and speckled wood. This year nearly all the hedge browns seen in the mile ('all' being a dozen or so in total) are of this stunted size, some of the males appearing really tiny. I am wondering if this might be a response to general environmental stress, or due to inbreeding as flail-reduced numbers are so low. The hedge brown does not fly far from its hatching place so mating opportunity is now extremely limited. With the few species of insects now seen in the hedges there seems to be a high proportion of males to females, at least five to one. So far this year only a single moth has come to the house lights. It was a Drinker, and it killed itself against the bulb before it could be saved. September 21st. Most of the survey mile closely flailed today along both sides of the road. End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure. Times and attitudes have changed since the days when the flail first appeared on the scene. The plight of our once-so-diverse wildlife is officially recognised as a priority; agricultural grants may embrace conservation measures, and perhaps economic strictures will tend more to a live-and-let-live policy in future with less of the expensive, pointless and desecrating "tidying-up". We now have an enthusiastic generation keen to help nature recover its diversity, but often unsure as to how this is best achieved. [Please see CHL "Restoring Biodiversity in Cornish Hedges"] 21st September 2007. There is still widespread ignorance of the effects of such destructive machinery as the flail-mower and other rotary trimmers and strimmers. Few people but the elderly now remember or understand the life that ought to be abundant in the everyday hedges, verges, field margins and waste places. The simple remedy of returning to the clean-cutting finger-bar scythe used in late winter, trimming alternate sides of the hedge in different years, not trimming green herbaceous growth and leaving the cut material (mainly dead stems and twigs) on or near the hedge, is largely unrealised. This wildlife-friendly type of trimmer is still available from some suppliers. Cornwall County Council has changed from being (in this instance) the chief offender to employing said-to-be environmentally-aware officers concerned with reconciling conservation and development. In recent years the council has issued instructional leaflets about hedges and their wildlife, including one entitled Cornish Roadside Hedge Management (since altered, perhaps not entirely for the better). This leaflet largely embodied the principles that our petition of 1985 asked for. Ironically, it is no longer the council's employees who are carrying out the work. Although this advice is now available, it does not necessarily reach the farmers and contractors out on the job. The flails are still in destructive action at any time from June onwards, though on the whole the work does seem to be being done later rather than sooner. Some farmers are now correctly leaving it until January and early February, a good time to allot to road work while other farm jobs may have to wait for drier weather. Most farmers, despite the bad publicity they tend to suffer, truly wish to do the best they can for their wildlife. Sadly for all, the flail is still the universally-available tool. Those ignorant of the flail's real effects may imagine that 'sensitive' use of it is all right, as some common plant and insect species return temporarily and a few others increase when the work is switched to the less damaging time of year and done lightly. In the longer term, this is delusive; even in winter an unacceptable number of individuals are killed at every flailing and the habitat still inexorably degrades. No matter how or when or how seldom the flail is used, species continue to die out. Until naturalists and environmentalists understand the catastrophic and cumulative effects of the flail they will continue to say they don't know why, despite all well-intentioned efforts, the numbers and diversity of wild flowers, songbirds, bats, butterflies, moths and bumblebees are still falling. Nature lovers have to stop thinking mainly in terms of schemes to benefit a handful of charismatic species at special sites, and start looking at what the flail and other rotary mowers have done to thousands upon thousands of acres of the British countryside and billions upon billions of its most essential, ordinary inhabitants. It has struck at the major heart of the core existence of our native species, slaughtering them wholesale in that very sanctuary of the hedges and verges. These species had already mostly gone from the rest of the local area; the hedges where they had all taken refuge were their last resort. The remnants of species and their precarious survivors are still being wiped out, smashed to death every time the flail is used. It is the utterly wrong tool for the job and it has to be scrapped. A brand-new flail-mower operating in February 2008. Right time of year for trimming, wrong kind of trimmer. As long as it is manufactured and turned out into the roads and fields the flail will decimate wild flowers, massacre the small creatures remaining in the hedges and verges, destroy their habitat and ruin the ancient structure of Cornwall's hedges. Since the last yellowhammer flew across the road in 1980, I have never seen another while walking the survey mile. Since the last grasshopper in July 1981, I have never seen or heard another in these hedges. Since all the other species this diary recorded absent disappeared, they have not been seen again except in the few instances stated in the text. Most of the remaining species are declining. Fewer than half of them are likely to survive in the longer term if present trends continue. The long-vanished flowering species are likely never to return, as repeated flailing before seeding has exhausted their dormant seed stocks. The survey mile is typically representative of a majority of Cornish roadside hedges. The photographs - in the pdf in their website - illustrating many of the flowering species lost were not taken in the survey hedge,for the obvious reason that they were no longer there. Most were taken in the house's wild garden adjoining, while those that did not grow there were obtained only with extreme difficulty, by searching all over West Penwith in a roughly thirty-mile radius for un-flailed pockets of survival. Along the roadside hedges, in this whole distance I found just one or two plants or patches of only a few of the species sought - common toadflax, field scabious, tufted vetch, scentless mayweed, red clover, self-heal - species that before the flail were so commonly seen along the whole length of hundreds of hedges in West Cornwall, now growing only where for some unusual reason of situation the flail had missed. Some of the photographs of invertebrate species killed out by the flail in the survey mile were taken in the garden adjoining, where, despite nurturing since pre-flail days, the majority have now disappeared due to over-predation. In the survey mile this year, for the first time since 1992, the hedges remained un-flailed throughout the summer, giving a few common invertebrates the chance to reappear. No adult moth is illustrated because only half a dozen individuals were seen during the whole summer season of 2007, unfortunately at moments when the camera was not in my hand or they were fluttering out of reach. The drinker caterpillar alone was found posing beautifully and goes down to posterity as the only visible surviving moth larva noted in the survey mile this year, illustrating the millions of his kind killed by the flail. Along this one typical mile of Cornish lane alone my records show that the flail has been the outright death or caused the persisting non-appearance of 90 flowering herbaceous species, 5 shrub species, 20 grass species, 60 moss species, 40 bird species, 23 butterfly species, 250 larger moth species, many scores of other invertebrate species, and untold thousands of individuals. It has condemned the hedge itself to a long-term, silent, living death, wrecked its antique stone construction and destroyed its great beauty. Along the whole of the estimated 30,000 miles of Cornish hedges the deaths of individual plants and creatures from flail-battering and the loss of their generations represent truly astronomical figures. The degradation of habitat resulting from flailing prevents revival in most species even where a few individuals manage to escape the physical impact of the flails. Although the effect in Cornwall with its solid hedge-banks and their more complex ecology may be worse than with the English hedgerow, the flail-induced wildlife crisis is nation-wide - and still almost universally unrecognised or unacknowledged. There is no hope of recovery for our countryside wildlife until the flail type of machine is consigned to the black museum of history. To achieve this it will probably have to be banned by law. The finger-bar scythe has to be reinstated and any trimming (except where needed for road-junction or access visibility) must be carried out in winter, the later the better between November 1st and February 28th. Trimming must take away the woody scrub growth on the sides of the hedge, leaving the herbaceous growth on the sides and the bushes on the top untouched. Only then can the flail-ruined hedges and verges begin to see a real return to some kind of healthy and abundant life." CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:- "This check-list is a simple guide to the herbaceous plants typically indicating different habitat types found in the Cornish hedge. The short lists are of typical plants, not complete species lists for the habitat. Many of the plants in the Typical Hedge list also appear in the other types of hedge. Areas of intermediate population where location or physical conditions begin to change and habitats overlap are not included. Hedge Type:- Typical Cornish Hedge (woodland-edge/ heathland mixture) Coastal Hedge Moorland/ Heathland Hedges Woodland Hedge Wet Hedge (marsh or ditch) Stone Hedge (Earth capping but with stone core) Typical garden escapes in Cornish Hedges Typical species rampant in flail-damaged hedges Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:- Advice for Working on Roadside Hedges Building Hedges in Cornwall Building Turf Hedges Building and Repairing Cornish Stone Stiles Butterflies, Moths and Other Insects in Cornish Hedges Check-list for Inspecting New or Restored Hedges in Cornwall Check-list of Types of Cornish Hedge Flora Code of Good Practice for Cornish Hedges Comments on the © Defra Hedgerow Survey Handbook (1st Edition) Comments on the © Defra Hedgerow Survey Handbook (2nd Edition) Cornish Hedges in Gardens Cornish Hedges on Development and Housing Sites Gates and Gateways in Cornish hedges Geology and Hedges in Cornwall Glossary of some Cornish Words used in the Countryside Hedges in the Cornish Landscape How to Look After a Cornish Hedge How Old is That Cornish Hedge? Literature Sources Mediaeval Hedges in Cornwall (450AD - 1550) Modern Hedges in Cornwall (1840 - present day) Mosses, Lichens, Fungi and Ferns in Cornish Hedges Pipe-laying and Other Cross-country Works Involving Hedges Post-Mediaeval Hedges in Cornwall (1550 - 1840) Prehistoric Hedges in Cornwall (5,000BC - 450AD) Repairing Cornish Hedges and Stone Hedges Repairing Turf Hedges Risk Assessment Guidance for working on Cornish Hedges Roadside Hedges and Verges in Cornwall The Curse of Rabbits in Cornish Hedges The Life and Death of a Flailed Cornish Hedge Trees on Hedges in Cornwall Unusual Old Features in Cornish Hedges Who Owns that Cornish Hedge? Wildlife and the Cornish Hedge THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges."

GRASS WILD FLOWER GALLERY
PAGE MENU

Site Map of pages with content (o)

Introduction

Global Biodiversity Information Facility Data Portal with access to 203,173,596 data records. GBIF is an international organisation that is working to make the world's biodiversity data accessible everywhere in the world. GBIF and its many partners work to mobilise the data, and to improve search mechanisms, data and metadata standards, web services, and the other components of an Internet-based information infrastructure for biodiversity.

GBIF makes available data that are shared by hundreds of data publishers from around the world. These data are shared according to the GBIF Data Use Agreement, which includes the provision that users of any data accessed through or retrieved via the GBIF Portal will always give credit to the original data publishers.

What is the Global Biodiversity Information Facility?

GBIF enables free and open access to biodiversity data online. We’re an international government-initiated and funded initiative focused on making biodiversity data available to all and anyone, for scientific research, conservation and sustainable development.

GBIF provides three core services and products:

1. An information infrastructure – an Internet-based index of a globally distributed network of interoperable databases that contain primary biodiversity data – information on museum specimens, field observations of plants and animals in nature, and results from experiments – so that data holders across the world can access and share them
2. Community-developed tools, standards and protocols – the tools data providers need to format and share their data
3. Capacity-building – the training, access to international experts and mentoring programs that national and regional institutions need to become part of a decentralised network of biodiversity information facilities.

WILD FLOWER GALLERY
PAGE MENU
Site Map of pages with content (o)
Introduction

INDEX LINK TO WILDFLOWER PLANT DESCRIPTION PAGE
a-h
i-p
q-z

Wildflower Poisonous Plants

Wildflower Garden Use page from Evergreen Perrennial Shape Gallery.

FLOWER COLOUR
(o)Blue
(o)Brown
(o)Cream
(o)Green
(o)Mauve
(o)Multi-Coloured
Orange
(o)Pink 1
(o)Pink 2
(o)Purple
(o)Red
(o)White1
(o)White2
(o)White3
(o)Yelow1
(o)Yelow2
(o)Shrub or Small Tree

SEED COLOUR
(o)Seed 1
(o)Seed 2

BED PICTURES
(o)Bed

HABITAT TABLES
Flowers in
Acid Soil
Flowers in
Chalk Soil
Flowers in
Marine Soil
Flowers in
Neutral Soil
Ferns
Grasses
Rushes
Sedges

See Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines to aid your use of this website.

WILD FLOWER FAMILY
PAGE MENU 1

(o)Adder's Tongue
Amaranth
(o)Arrow-Grass
(o)Arum
(o)Balsam
Bamboo
(o)Barberry
(o)Bedstraw
(o)Beech
(o)Bellflower
(o)Bindweed
(o)Birch
(o)Birds-Nest
(o)Birthwort
(o)Bogbean
(o)Bog Myrtle
(o)Borage
(o)Box
(o)Broomrape
(o)Buckthorn
(o)Buddleia
(o)Bur-reed
(o)Buttercup
(o)Butterwort
(o)Cornel (Dogwood)
(o)Crowberry
(o)Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 1
(o)Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2
Cypress
(o)Daffodil
(o)Daisy
(o)Daisy Cudweeds
(o)Daisy Chamomiles
(o)Daisy Thistle
(o)Daisy Catsears (o)Daisy Hawkweeds
(o)Daisy Hawksbeards
(o)Daphne
(o)Diapensia
(o)Dock Bistorts
(o)Dock Sorrels

WILD FLOWER FAMILY
PAGE MENU 2

(o)Clubmoss
(o)Duckweed
(o)Eel-Grass
(o)Elm
(o)Filmy Fern
(o)Horsetail
(o)Polypody
Quillwort
(o)Royal Fern
(o)Figwort - Mulleins
(o)Figwort - Speedwells
Family
(o)Flax
(o)Flowering-Rush
(o)Frog-bit
(o)Fumitory
(o)Gentian
(o)Geranium
(o)Glassworts
(o)Gooseberry
(o)Goosefoot
(o)Grass 1
(o)Grass 2
(o)Grass 3
(o)Grass Soft Bromes 1
(o)Grass Soft Bromes 2
(o)Grass Soft Bromes 3
(o)Hazel
(o)Heath
(o)Hemp
(o)Herb-Paris
(o)Holly
(o)Honeysuckle
(o)Horned-Pondweed
(o)Hornwort
(o)Iris
(o)Ivy
(o)Jacobs Ladder
(o)Lily
(o)Lily Garlic
(o)Lime
(o)Lobelia
(o)Loosestrife
(o)Mallow
(o)Maple
(o)Mares-tail
(o)Marsh Pennywort
(o)Melon (Gourd/Cucumber)

WILD FLOWER FAMILY
PAGE MENU 3

(o)Mesem-
bryanthemum
(o)Mignonette
(o)Milkwort
(o)Mistletoe
(o)Moschatel
Naiad
(o)Nettle
(o)Nightshade
(o)Oleaster
(o)Olive
(o)Orchid 1
(o)Orchid 2
(o)Orchid 3
(o)Orchid 4
(o)Parnassus-
Grass
(o)Peaflower
(o)Peaflower
Clover 1
(o)Peaflower
Clover 2
(o)Peaflower
Clover 3
(o)Peaflower
Vetches/Peas
Peony
(o)Periwinkle
Pillwort
Pine
(o)Pink 1
(o)Pink 2
Pipewort
(o)Pitcher-Plant
(o)Plantain
(o)Pondweed
(o)Poppy
(o)Primrose
(o)Purslane
Rannock Rush
(o)Reedmace
(o)Rockrose
(o)Rose 1
(o)Rose 2
(o)Rose 3
(o)Rose 4
(o)Rush
(o)Rush Woodrushes
(o)Saint Johns Wort
Saltmarsh Grasses
(o)Sandalwood
(o)Saxifrage

WILD FLOWER FAMILY
PAGE MENU 4

Seaheath
(o)Sea Lavender
(o)Sedge Rush-like
(o)Sedges Carex 1
(o)Sedges Carex 2
(o)Sedges Carex 3
(o)Sedges Carex 4
(o)Spindle-Tree
(o)Spurge
(o)Stonecrop
(o)Sundew
(o)Tamarisk
Tassel Pondweed
(o)Teasel
(o)Thyme 1
(o)Thyme 2
(o)Umbellifer 1
(o)Umbellifer 2
(o)Valerian
(o)Verbena
(o)Violet
(o)Water Fern
(o)Waterlily
(o)Water Milfoil
(o)Water Plantain
(o)Water Starwort
Waterwort
(o)Willow
(o)Willow-Herb
(o)Wintergreen
(o)Wood-Sorrel
(o)Yam
(o)Yew

The North American Rock Garden Society
NARGS is for gardening enthusiasts interested in alpine, saxatile, and low-growing perennials. It encourages the study and cultivation of wildflowers that grow well among rocks, whether such plants originate above treeline or at lower elevations. Through its publications, meetings, and garden visits, NARGS provides extensive opportunities for both beginners and experts to expand their knowledge of plant cultivation and propagation, and of construction, maintenance, and design of special interest gardens. Woodland gardens, bog gardens, raised beds, planted walls, container gardens, and alpine berms are all addressed.
NARGS, organized in 1934, currently has approximately 2,650 members in the US, Canada, and thirty other nations.

Wild About Britain is home to hundreds of thousands of pages about British wildlife, the Environment and the Great Outdoors; from birds, butterflies, fungi and trees to climate change, marine life, astronomy and the weather. We're also a huge online community with 35,000 members and more than 3 million unique visitors a year.

World Atlas of Seagrasses by Edmund P. Green and Frederick T. Short - "a group of about sixty species of underwater marine flowering plants, grow in the shallow marine and estuary environments of all the world's continents except Antarctica. The primary food of animals such as manatees, dugongs, and green sea turtles, and critical habitat for thousands of other animal and plant species, seagrasses are also considered one of the most important shallow-marine ecosystems for humans, since they play an important role in fishery production. Though they are highly valuable ecologically and economically, many seagrass habitats around the world have been completely destroyed or are now in rapid decline. The World Atlas of Seagrasses is the first authoritative and comprehensive global synthesis of the distribution and status of this critical marine habitat. "

Over 300 accounts of the Flora of the British Isles have been published in
Journal of Ecology.

Bookreview of A.R. Clapham, T.G. Tutin et E.F. Warburg Flora of the British Isles. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.
Collins Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers by David McClintock and R.S.R. Fitter assisted by Francis Rose - ISBN 0 00 219363 9 - Eleventh Impression 1978 refers to the above book for further details about each plant and I have used the plants in Collins Pocket Guide as the basis of all the native UK plants in these Wildflower Galleries. I have put the families and plants in alphabetical order by common name to make it easier to find the plant.

Ferns in Britain and Ireland - A guide to ferns, horsetails, clubmosses
and quillworts by Roger Golding:-
"Welcome to the Fern Site. This is a work in progress, so please be aware that I am continually adding to it and updating it. The current version contains images of most species of British and Irish ferns, including established alien species; also some subspecies and varieties. It does not yet cover hybrids - I hope to be able to include those soon."
The above online superb site shows a plant so that you can identify it using photos and text. Click on each of his thumbnails to have a larger image added to the screen.
Killarney Fern,
Scottish Filmy Fern,
(Wilson's Filmy Fern) and
Tunbridge Filmy Fern
are detailed in the
Filmy Fern Family, but not in the Common Name or Botanical Name Galleries

Selected References from KingdomPlantae.net

National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Niering and Olmstead

Peterson Field Guides Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants, Steven Foster and James A. Duke

Peterson Field Guides Edible Wild Plants, Lee Allen Peterson

Stalking the Healthful Herbs, Euell Gibbons

Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Medicinal Plants, Steve Brill

The Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America, Francois Couplan, Ph.D.

Tom Brown's Guide to Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants, Tom Brown, Jr.

A Modern Herbal, Volume II, Mrs. M. Grieve

Weeds, Alexander C Martin

Database of Insects and their Food Plants from the Biological Records Centre:-

This database is primarily a collation of published interactions between Great Britain 's invertebrate herbivores (insects and mites) and their host plants. There are also some interactions for the invertebrates closely associated with herbivores, such as predators, parasitoids, cleptoparasites and mutualists. DBIF contains about 47,000 interactions for roughly 9,300 invertebrate taxa (species, sub-species and forms) and 5,700 plant taxa (species, genera and broader groupings).

Helping Earth's Sustainable Management with a Plant
"Alternatives to the burning of fossil fuels, nuclear waste, deforestation and nitrate chemical fertilizers need to be developed. Hemp could have a vital role to play in the development of friendly alternatives.
Energy production  A report published by the FCDA of Europe outlines the Cannabis Biomass Energy Equation (CBEE), outlining a convincing case that hemp plants can be used to produce fuel energy CHEAPER per BtU than fossil fuels and uranium - WITHOUT PRODUCING GREENHOUSE GASES! Hemp plants have the highest known quantities of cellulose for annuals - with at least 4x (some suggest even 50-100x) the biomass potential of its closest rivals (cornstalks, sugarcane, kernaf and trees) (Omni, 1983). Biomass production still produces greenhouse gases, although the idea is that the excess of carbon dioxide will be used up by growing hemp plants - they are effective absorbers and thrive at high levels - Unlike fossil fuel energy which produces energy from plants which died millions of years ago.
On reading the report of the FCDA, Hon. Jonathon Porrit (ex-director of Friends of the Earth, currently on the Board of Forum for the Future) commented 'I DID enjoy reading it - the report should contribute much'. Three years later - authorities are still not taking the potential of this plant seriously. MAFF are currently engaging in supporting research into the biomass potential of poplar trees which they claim has the most scientific support for biomass energy production. H-E-M-P recommend use of the hemp plant if biomass energy production is to have any real impact in reducing carbon dioxide levels.

IT'S SO PRODUCTIVE!
1 acre of hemp = 1,000 gallons of methanol.

In fact, Henry Ford's first car ran on hemp-methanol! - and at just a fraction of the cost of petroleum alternatives. Alternatives to coal, fuel oil, acetone, ethyl, tar pitch and creosote can be derived - from this one single plant!
As regards depletion of the ozone layer - hemp actually withstands UV radiation. It absorbs UV light, whilst resisting damage to itself and providing protection for everything else.
Risk-free, pollution-free energy. No acid rain, and a reduction in airborne pollution of up to 80% ... There's further potential for the same in industry. "

Superceeded Wildflower Indices
Botanical Name
Common Name
by
Botanical Names in BROWN WILD FLOWER GALLERY PAGE MENUS
and
Common Names in CREAM WILD FLOWER GALLERY PAGE MENUS
detailed above in this table.

Plant description, culture, propagation and photos/illustrations will be provided for every wildflower plant (February 2021) in the above 2 galleries.

After clicking on the WILD FLOWER Common Name INDEX link to Wildflower Family Page;

locate that Common name on that Wildflower Family Page,
then
Click on Underlined Text in:-

Common Name to view that Plant Description Page

Botanical Name to link to Plant or Seed Supplier

Flowering Months to view photos

Habitat to view further Natural Habitat details and Botanical Society of the British Isles Distribution Map

The process below provides a uniform method for
comparing every plant detailed in the following galleries with
the ones already compared in the relevant plant gallery
from the last list of plant galleries in this cell:-

These are the galleries that will provide the plants to be added to their own Extra Index Pages
Bee plants for hay-fever sufferers - Bee-Pollinated Index
Plants that grow in Chalk - A,
Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers - A,
Bulbs from the Infill Galleries see Hardy Bulbs, Half-hardy Bulbs, etc in the second row of Topic Table, usually positioned as the first table on the left.
The complete Camera Photo is displayed on the screen
Climber in 3 Sector Vertical Plant System
Plants with Sense of Fragrance

The following Extra Index of Wildflowers is created in the Borage Wildflower Gallery, to which the Wildflowers found in the above list will have that row entry copied to.
Its wildflower flower thumbnail - or foliage thumbnail if it does not have flowers - will be compared with the others in this gallery per month.
The Header Row for the Extra Indices pages is the same as used in the 1000 Ground Cover A of Plants Topic:-
A, B, C, D, E,
F, G, H, I, J,
K, L, M, N, O,
P, Q, R, S, T,
U, V, W, XYZ

Having transferred the Extra Index row entry to the relevant Extra Index row for the same type of plant in a gallery below; then
its flower or foliage thumbnail will be compared per month in that relevant gallery:-

Aquatic
Bamboo
Bedding
Bulb
Conifer - Conifers have no flowers and are used for their foliage and cones
Deciduous Shrub
Deciduous Tree
Evergreen Perennial
Evergreen Shrub
Evergreen Tree
Fern - Ferns have no flowers and are used for their foliage
Grass - Grass is used for its grass inflorescence and foliage
Hedging
Herbaceous Perennial
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron, Azalea and Camellia
Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
Vegetable
Wild Flower

The English Flower Garden Design, Arrangement, and Plans
followed by
A description of all the best plants for it and their culture and the positions fitted for them by W. Robinson
(Author of the "Wild Garden").
Fourth Edition. Published by John Murray in London in 1895 is a useful source of culture and positions for them,

as is

The Gardener' Golden Treasury
incorporating
Sanders Encyclopedia of Gardening.
Revised by A.G.L. Hellyer
and published in 1960 by W.H. & L. Collingridge Limited.

KPR - Gardeners Club Slovakia :-

"KPR was officially established in 2000 in Slovakia in Europe; however, we supply seeds and plants from all over the world since 1998.

Our main object is focused on joining gardeners around the world from all fields of interests to create a big database of seeds and plants (Seeds and Plants Bank of KPR) from around the world.

At present, we have 6 main branches (Slovakia, Czechia, Australia, India, Thailand, South Africa and Tanzania) and over 200 co-operators and seeds collectors all over the world.

Nowadays we are able to collect and supply over 10 000 species of plants from all over the world.

If you are looking for anything, you are at the right place! Although we do not have every plant in our collection yet, but we are expanding daily, step-by-step, seed-by-seed, plant by plant. We believe that soon we will be able to supply (almost) anything!

For sale over 10 000 seeds and plants from all over the world - palms, cycads, exotic and frost tolerant shrubs and trees, succulents, carnivorous, annuals, perennials, ornamental grasses, vegetable, etc."

Flora of Europe:-

"At present, we can collect seeds and plants on request (as well as parts of plants - for example bulbs, cuttings, meristematic tissues, pollen, etc.) from more than 4000 species of plants from 19 European countries.

Now we collect in the following countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Czechia, Germany, Spain, Finland, Great Britain, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Russia, Slovenia, Slovakia.

We prepare to collect in the following countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Estonia, France, Switzerland, Italy, Kosovo, Norway, Sweden, Ukraine.

We are able to collect all species in this area on your request. However, we do not collect protected species and species from the orchids (Orchidaceae).

Since 2002, we supply a wide range of European plants annually to both domestic and foreign small gardeners as well as big gardeners' societies, pharmaceutical companies and for scientific research.

The Vegetation season in Europe is from March to October. Seeds are usually harvested from August to September, and some species earlier. We provide a guarantee of 2 years for germination seeds. Seeds of some species are available throughout the year, but most of the species are collected on request. If you are searching for anything from Europe, you are at the right place! Contact us and inform yourself about stock availability, prices and terms of supplying.

We are able to supply all plant parts as well - seeds, bulbs, cuttings, meristematic issues, pollen etc. We also grow many species in cultivation and supply these as seedlings or young plants for wholesale. If you require seedlings, your order should be placed before April, seeing that the seeds are sown in April."

Colin's virtual Herbarium - "I am Colin Ladyka, and I live in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Native plants are my hobby.
This web site contains pictures I have taken of 280 species of flowering plants (excluding grasses) found on the Canadian Prairies, with particular emphasis on those found in Saskatchewan."

Toxicity of Common Comfrey :-
Another problem with comfrey is that it contains at least eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). While the level of PAs in fresh plant may not be very high, ready-to-use preparation often have high levels (e.g., 270-2900 mg/kg). PAs are hepatoxins and can cause irreversible liver damage. One of the problems is that the effects of the alkaloids can be cumulative. Therefore, damage to the liver may not be associated to the alkaloids in comfrey. Sometimes toxicity signs will not be present until an animal is stressed by something that requires greater liver function (e.g., lactation). Also, the leaves and roots of comfrey have been shown to be carcinogenic. PAs from comfrey given to rats caused mortality. Liver pathology was characteristic of PA toxicosis. When rats were fed dietary levels of 0.5% roots and 8% leaves, they formed hepatomas.

Useful websites

The Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland – Founded in 1836 as the Botanical Society of London and welcomes both professional and amateur botanists. The society focuses on the study of botany in the British Isles.

The British Bryological Society – For the study and conservation of mosses and liverworts worldwide.

The British Lichen Society – The first society in the world entirely devoted to the study of lichens.

The Natural History Society of Northumbria – Everything you might want to know about NHSN including details of their field meetings, lectures, and nature reserve.

Common by Nature – James Common regularly writes about his botanical finds across Newcastle and Northumberland on his personal blog.

Help Identifying Plants Online

BSBI Plant Crib – Sections from BSBI’s ground-breaking publication make the identification of complex plant families much easier.

NatureSpot – Perfect for beginners, this online resource hosts species accounts for many plants also found in the North East.

Arable Plant Crib – A series of helpful crib sheets for the UK’s arable plants from the Colour in the Margins project (now ceased).

Common’s Cribs – A new series of beginner-friendly crib sheets exploring the identification of various plant families and group.

EXTRA PAGES OF PLANTS
MENU
Introduction
Site Map

PLANT USE
Plant Selection
Level 1
Bee Forage Plants
Attracts Bird/Butterfly
Photos - Butterfly

Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in
Bee Pollinated Calendar and Index Galleries
0-24 inches
(0-60 cms)
24-72 inches
(60-180 cms)
Above 72 inches
(180 cms)
Photos - Bee Pollinated Plant Bloom per Month
Blooms Nov-Feb
Blooms Mar-May
Blooms Jun-Aug 1, 2
Blooms Sep-Oct

Poisonous Cultivated and UK Wildflower Plants with Photos
or
Cultivated Poisonous Plants
or
Wildflower Poisonous Plants

Rabbit-Resistant Plant
Flower Arranging
Wildflower
Photos - Wildflowers

PLANTS FOR SOIL
Plant Selection
Level 2
Info - Any Soil
Any Soil A-F
Any Soil G-L
Any Soil M-R
Any Soil S-Z

Info - Chalky Soil
Chalky Soil A-F 1
Chalky Soil A-F 2
Chalky Soil A-F 3
Chalky Soil G-L
Chalky Soil M-R
Chalky Soil Roses
Chalky Soil S-Z
Chalky Soil Other

Info - Clay Soil
Clay Soil A-F
Clay Soil G-L
Clay Soil M-R
Clay Soil S-Z
Clay Soil Other

Info - Lime-Free (Acid) Soil
Lime-Free (Acid)
A-F 1
Lime-Free (Acid)
A-F 2
Lime-Free (Acid)
A-F 3
Lime-Free (Acid) G-L
Lime-Free (Acid) M-R
Lime-Free (Acid) S-Z

Info - Sandy Soil
Sandy Soil A-F 1
Sandy Soil A-F 2
Sandy Soil A-F 3
Sandy Soil G-L
Sandy Soil M-R
Sandy Soil S-Z

Info - Peaty Soils
Peaty Soil A-F
Peaty Soil G-L
Peaty Soil M-R
Peaty Soil S-Z

Following parts of Level 2a,
Level 2b,
Level 2c and
Level 2d are included in separate columns
together with
Acid Soil,
Alkaline Soil,
Any Soil,
Height and Spread,
Flowering Months and
Flower Colour in their Columns,
and also
Companion Plants to aid this plant Page,
Alpine Plant for
Rock Garden Index Page
Native to UK WildFlower Plant in its Family Page in this website
and/or
Level 2cc
in the Comment Column
within each
of the Soil Type Pages of
Level 2

Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources)

PLANTS PAGE MENU

Plant Selection by Plant Requirements
Level 2a
Sun aspect, Moisture

Plant Selection by Form
Level 2b
Tree Growth Shape
Columnar
Oval
Rounded / Spherical
Flattened Spherical
Narrow Conical
Broad Pyramidal
Ovoid / Egg
Broad Ovoid
Narrow Vase
Fan
Broad Fan
Narrow Weeping
Broad Weeping
Single-stem Palm
Multi-stem Palm
Shrub/Perennial Growth Habit
Mat
Prostrate / Trailing
Cushion / Mound
Spreading / Creeping
Clump
Stemless
Erect or Upright
Climbing
Arching

Plant Selection by Garden Use
Level 2c
Bedding
Photos - Bedding
Bog Garden
Coastal Conditions
Containers in Garden
Front of Border
Edibles in Containers
Hanging Basket
Hedge
Photos - Hedging
Pollution Barrier 1, 2
Rest of Border
Rock Garden
Photos - Rock Garden
Thorny Hedge
Windbreak
Woodland

Plant Selection by Garden Use
Level 2cc Others
Aquatic
Back of Shady Border
Crevice Garden
Desert Garden
Raised Bed
Scree Bed
Specimen Plant
Trees for Lawns
Trees for Small Garden
Wildflower
Photos - Wildflowers

Plant Selection by Plant Type
Level 2d
Alpine
Photos - Evergr Per
Photos - Herbac Per
Photos - RHS Herbac
Photos - Rock Garden
Annual
Bamboo
Photos - Bamboo
Biennial
Bulb
Photos - Bulb
Climber
Photos - Climber
Conifer
Deciduous Rhizome
Deciduous Shrub
Photos - Decid Shrub
Evergreen Perennial
Photos - Evergr Per

Evergreen Shrub
0-24 inches 1, 2, 3
24-72 inches 1, 2, 3
Above 72 inches 1, 2

Semi-Evergreen Shrub
Photos - Evergr Shrub
Fern
Photos - Fern
Fruit Plant
Grass
Herb
Herbaceous Perennial
Photos - Herbac Per
Remaining Top Fruit
Soft Fruit
Sub-Shrub
Top Fruit
Tuber
Vegetable
Photos - Vegetable

Photos - with its link; provides a link to its respective Plant Photo Gallery in this website to provide comparison photos.
Click on required comparison page and then centre of selected plant thumbnail. Further details on that plant will be shown in a separate Plant Description webpage.
Usually the Available from Mail Order Plant Nursery link will link you to the relevant page on that website.
I started this website in 2005 - it is possible that those particular links no longer connect, so you may need to search for that plant instead.

When I started, a click on the centre of the thumbnail ADDED the Plant Description Page, now I CHANGE the page instead. Mobile phones do not allow ADDING a page, whereas stand alone computers do. The User Guidelines Page shows which Plant Photo Galleries have been modified to CHANGE rather than ADD.

------------

Ground-cover Height
Ground Cover. How to use flowering and foliage plants to cover areas of soil by Mineke Kurpershoek.
ISBN 1 901094 41 3
Plant combinations for normal garden soil,
Plant combinations for sandy soil,
Plant combinations for clay soil,
Woodland, heaths and wet soil and
Shrubs for slopes and large beds chapters are useful
Groundcover Height
0-24 inches
(0-60 cms) 1, 2, 3
24-72 inches
(60-180 cms) 4, 5, 6
Above 72 inches
(180 cms) 7

PLANTS PAGE MENU

REFINING SELECTION
Plant Selection by
Flower Colour
Level 3a
Blue Flowers
Photos -
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Evergr Per
Evergr Shrub
Wild Flower

Orange Flowers
Photos -
Bedding
Wild Flower

Other Colour Flowers
Photos -
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Evergr Per
Evergr Shrub
Wild Flower

Red Flowers
Photos -
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Decid Shrub
Evergr Per
Evergr Shrub
Herbac Per
Rose
Wild Flower

White Flowers
Photos -
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Decid Shrub
Decid Tree
Evergr Per
Evergr Shrub
Herbac Per
Rose
Wild Flower

Yellow Flowers
Photos -
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Decid Shrub
Evergr Per
Evergr Shrub
Herbac Per
Rose
Wild Flower

Photos - 53 Colours in its Colour Wheel Gallery
Photos - 12 Flower Colours per Month in its Bloom Colour Wheel Gallery

Plant Selection by Flower Shape
Level 3b
Photos -
Bedding
Evergr Per
Herbac Per

Plant Selection by Foliage Colour
Level 3c
Aromatic Foliage
Finely Cut Leaves
Large Leaves
Other
Non-Green
Foliage 1
Non-Green
Foliage 2
Sword-shaped Leaves

PRUNING
Plant Selection by Pruning Requirements
Level 4
Pruning Plants

GROUNDCOVER PLANT DETAIL
Plant Selection Level 5
Plant Name - A from Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places by John Cushnie
ISBN 1 85626 326 6
Plant Name - B
Plant Name - C
Plant Name - D with Ground Cover. How to use flowering and foliage plants to cover areas of soil by Mineke Kurpershoek.
ISBN 1 901094 41 3
Plant combinations for normal garden soil.
Plant combinations for sandy soil.
Plant combinations for clay soil.
Woodland, heaths and wet soil.
Shrubs for slopes and large beds.
Plant Name - E
Plant Name - F
Plant Name - G
Plant Name - H
Plant Name - I with How about using staging in your unheated greenhouse and stock it with bulbs and ferns for looking at from the house from autumn to spring, before using it for salads during the spring/summer from The Culture of Bulbs, Bulbous Plants and Tubers Made Plain by Sir J. L. Cotter.
Plant Name - J
Plant Name - K
Plant Name - L If you have no garden but only a concrete or tarmac area why not use 1 of the 8 Garden on a Roll garden borders and then maintain your garden using their Maintaining your border instructions.
Plant Name - M Importance of providing a mulch with the ground cover
Plant Name - N
Plant Name - O
Plant Name - P
Plant Name - Q
Plant Name - R
Plant Name - S
Plant Name - T
Plant Name - U
Plant Name - V
Plant Name - W
Plant Name - XYZ with Ground cover plants for 14 Special Situations:-
1 Dry Shade
2 Damp Shade
3 Full Sun
4 Banks and Terraces
5 Woodland
6 Alkaline Sites
7 Acid Sites
8 Heavy Clay Soil
9 Dry Sandy Soil
10 Exposed Sites
11 Under Hedges
12 Patios and Paths
13 Formal Gardens
14 Swimming Pools and Tennis Courts
Why grass/lawn should never be used as a groundcover
and
Why seaweed is a necessary ingredient for gardens
The 1000 Ground Cover plants detailed above will be compared in the Comparison Pages of this Wildflower Shape Gallery and in the flower colour per month comparison pages of Evergreen Perennial Gallery starting in November 2022

Then, finally use
COMPANION PLANTING to
aid your plant selected or to
deter Pests
Plant Selection Level 6

Remember the following from Row 2 of the TOPIC TABLE
Topic -
Plant Photo Galleries
with Plant Botanical Index
...A, B, C, D, E,
...F, G, H, I, J, K,
...L, M, N, O, P, Q,
...R, S, T, U, V, W,
...X, Y, Z
for all plants detailed in this website.

Bulb Galleries has its own set of Flower Colour Pages
...Flower Shape
...Bulb Form
...Bulb Use
...Bulb in Soil

Bulb houseplants flowering inside House during:-
......January
......February
......March
......April
......May
......June
......July
......August
......September
......October
......November
......December

Climber in
3 Sector Vertical Plant System
...Clematis
...Climbers

Remember the following from Row 2 of the TOPIC TABLE
Topic -
Fern
...Cold-hardy
...From Lime-hating Soil
...From Limestone Soil
...Hanging Basket
...Indoor Decoration
...Outdoor Pot
...Terrariums
...Wet Soils
...Ground Cover
...Pendulous Fronds

Remember the following from Row 4 of the TOPIC TABLE
Topic -
The following is a complete hierarchical Plant Selection Process
dependent on the Garden Style chosen.
Cultivation Requirements of Plant:-
Outdoor /Garden Cultivation,

Indoor / House Cultivation,

Cool Greenhouse Cultivation with artificial heating in the Winter,

Conservatory Cultivation with heating throughout the year, and

Stovehouse Cultivation with heating throughout the year for Tropical Plants

Remember the following from Row 5 of the TOPIC TABLE
Topic -
Flower/Foliage Colour Wheel Galleries with number of colours as a high-level Plant Selection Process
Bee instead of wind pollinated plants for hay-fever sufferers
All Bee-Pollinated Flowers
per Month 12
...Index
......Single Flowers provide honeybees with pollen

Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
Rock Plant Flowers 53 INDEX
A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L,
M, NO, PQ, R, S,
T, UVWXYZ
...Rock Plant Photos

Remember the following from Row 6 of the TOPIC TABLE
Topic -
Use of Plant in your Plant Selection Process
Plant Colour Wheel Uses

Uses of Bedding
...Bedding Out

Uses of Bulb
...Other than Only Green Foliage

Uses of Rose
Rose Index

Remember the following from Row 7 of the TOPIC TABLE
Topic -
Camera Photo Galleries showing all 4000 x 3000 pixels of each photo on your screen that you can then click and drag it to your desktop as part of a Plant Selection Process:-
with
Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187
A 1, 2, Photos - 43

and

Coleus Bedding Foliage Trial Gallery, which also contains:-
Tables of Annuals:-
2, Blue to Purple Flowers
31, To Cover Fences
Annuals from the Infill Galleries:-
...Cut Flowers 1, 2
...Bee Pollinated
...as Houseplants
with
Bedding Gallery
and
Bedding from the Infill Galleries:-
...for Spring
...for Summer
......Coloured Fol

Remember the following from Row 8 of the TOPIC TABLE
Topic -
Fragrant Plants as a Plant Selection Process for your sense of smell:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

When you have chosen a plant, remember to use
Companion Planting
A ,B ,C ,D ,E ,
F ,G ,H ,I ,J ,K ,
L ,M ,N ,O ,P ,Q ,
R ,S ,T ,U ,V ,W ,
X, Y, Z to aid it or prevent problems for it

Remember especially not to replace a plant from the following
Rose 1
Rose 2
Rose 3
Rose 4

immediately with the same specie or another from the same family, because of Specific Replant Disease. See article in Recommended Rose Pruning Methods.

To be on the safe side, do not replant the same specie in the same place, which is why we have a 4-year Vegetable rotation pattern.

Handbook of alien species in Europe
Biological invasions by alien (non-native) species are widely recognized as a significant component of human-caused global environmental change and the second most important cause of biodiversity decline. Alien species threaten many European ecosystems and have serious environmental, economic and health impacts. The DAISIE (Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe) project has now brought together all available information on alien species in Europe (terrestrial, aquatic and marine) and from all taxa (fungi, plants, animals). Thus for the first time, an overview and assessment of biological invasions in the Pan-European region is finally possible. The Handbook of Alien Species in Europe summarises the major findings of this groundbreaking research and addresses the invasion trends, pathways, and both economic as well as ecological impact for eight major taxonomic groups. Approximately 11.000 alien species recorded in Europe are listed, and fact sheets for 100 of the most invasive alien species are included, each with a distribution map and colour illustration.The book is complemented by a regularly updated internet database providing free additional information. With its highly interdisciplinary approach, DAISIE and its Handbook will be the basis for future scientific investigations as well as management and control of alien invasive species in Europe.

Herbaria@home, a ground-breaking new approach to digitising and documenting the archives of the UK's herbaria. This site provides a web-based method for documenting herbarium sheets. We welcome participation in the project, so please read more about the project and if you would like to help then get involved!
Current progress
82560 herbarium specimens have been documented so far.
We are currently concentrating efforts on sheets from the South London Botanical Institute and Gloucester Museum.
8 May 2011

Ukwildflowers has lists of English Common Names with their Latin botanical name.

APHOTOFLORA
An Educational Photographic Resource and Botanical Stock Image Library dedicated to the Flora, Wildflowers, Trees, Shrubs and Habitats of South-West  England, including the Devon and Cornwall Peninsula by David Fenwick.

Since 1972 I (Leif Stridvall) have almost exclusively been working with Nikon 35 mm system cameras as photographic equipment. They have proved to be very reliable and have never let me down. I started with Nikkormat, later exchanging it for Nikon FA (had matrix metering) and ended up with Nikon 801 (had autofocus) adding Nikon F70 as a reserve camera. In 2001 I began shooting digitally, first with Nikon Coolpix 990 and a couple of years later Minolta Dimage 7Hi, both excellent cameras for close-up photography. However when Nikon last year released its digital system camera D70 at a very affordable price, giving me opportunity to use all my old lenses with their new camera model, I gave up 35 mm photography for good. Since many years I use as macro lens the very sharp Nikon 60/2,8 AF (many old photos are taken with Mikro-Nikkor 3,5/55, also an excellent lens for macro work but only with manual focusing).

All my 35 mm photos are taken with slide film, before 1972 Agfacolor, from 1972 till 1991 Kodachrome 25 (very few with Kodachrome 64) and from 1992 onwards with my favourite film, Fuji Velvia, very sharp and contrasty. Slides have been scanned by a HP PhotoSmart S20 Photo Scanner at a fairly moderate resolution of 1200 dpi. Most photos have been slightly edited either in Ulead PhotoImpact or in Adobe Photoshop.

Photos with filenames starting with 4 letters are shot with a digital camera (AAAAxxxx or BBBBxxxx indicate Nikon CoolPix 990, MINAxxx Minolta Dimage 7Hi and NIKAxxxx Nikon D70).

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation grew out of the Convention on Biological Diversity and is being fed into government policy around the world.
The GSPC highlights the importance of plants and the ecosystem services they provide for all life on earth, and aims to ensure their conservation.
The GSPC consists of 16 outcome-oriented targets for conservation with a deadline of 2010.

Biopix is a collection of biological photos, primarily from Scandinavia. Biopix is used online by a wide range of students, teachers, researchers, photographers etc. The photos are used professionally in a large range of publications; the sale helps to cover the expenses.
Photographers are primarily:

Antje Neumann (plant ecologist and nature guide) Home page
Ib Nord Nielsen (Forester)
Jens Christian Schou (botanist, teacher, scientific illustrator, writer)
Jens Kristian Overgaard (teacher)
Kirsten Andersen (teacher)
Niels Sloth (biologist PhD) Home page
Technique
The photos were mainly taken with digital cameras: Nikon CP8700, Olympus E330, Nikon D80, Nikon D300 but many photos were also scanned from 24x36 negatives.

The New Zealand Electronic Text Centre has under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 New Zealand Licence produced the following information from Chapter IX - Ferns for the Open Garden from The Cultivation of New Zealand Plants by L.Cockayne published by Whitcombe and Tombs Limited, 1923, Auckland:-
"No descriptions are given. The leaves of ferns are too complex in form to allow of a useful brief description. However, photographs of all the species are to be seen in H. B. Dobbie's, "New Zealand Ferns," and to this book readers are referred.

Class 1.—Ferns requiring no shade in dry districts.
Blechnum (Lomaria) penna marina, (vh.); Cheilanthes Sieberi, (vh.), alpine-garden, dry ground; Doodia media, (hh.); Histiopteris (Pteris) incisa, (vh.); Hypolepis millefolium, (vh.); Lindsaya linearis, (vh.), grows in bogs; Notochlaena distans, (vh.); Paesia (Pteris) scaberula, (vh.), will grow in full sunshine in Christchurch.

Class 2.—Ferns requiring only the minimum amount of shade.
Asplenium bulbiferum, (vh.), there are many forms differing somewhat in their shade-requirements; A. flabellifolium, (vh.); A. flaccidum, (vh.), there are many forms; A. Hookerianum, (vh.); A. lucidum, (vh.), A. oblusatum and its allies, (vh.); Blechnum (Lomaria) Banksii, (vh.); B. capense (vh.) grows under many conditions. and changes its form greatly according to habitat; B. (L.) durum, (vh.); Cyathea dealbata (ponga, silver tree-fern, vh.); C. medullaris (mamaku, black tree-fern. h.); Cyclophorus (Polypodium) serpens (vh.) comes of its own accord in the wetter districts on rough-barked, exotic trees, e.g., Cupressus macrocarpa and elderberry (Sambucus niger); Dicksonia fibrosa, (vh); D. squarrosa wheki, vh.); Dryopteris (Polypodium) punctata, (vh.); Gleichenia circinata. (vh.); G. dicarpa, (vh.), these last two difficult to establish from wild plants; Hypolepis distans, (h.); H. tenuifolia, (vh.); Loxsoma Cunninghamii, (hh.); Pellaea falcata, (vh.); P. rotundifolia, (vh.); Polypodium diversifolium (Billardieri of all New Zealand books on ferns), (vh.); Polystichum (Aspidium) Richardi, (vh.); P. vestitum (A. aculeatum var. vestitum), (vh.); Todaea barbara, (hh.).

Class 3.—Ferns requiring a moderate amount of shade.
Adiantum aethiopicum, (h.); A. affine, (vh.); A. fulvum, (h.); A. hispidulum, (hh.); Alsophila Colensoi (vh.) has its trunk mostly underground; Blechnum (Lomaria) discolor, (vh.); B. (L.) filiforme, (hh.); B. (L.) Fraseri, (hh.); B. (L.) lanceolatum, (vh.); B. (L.) vulcanicum, (vh.); Dicksonia lanata, (h.); Dryopteris (Nephrodium) glabella, (vh.); D. (N.) hispida, (vh.) D. (N.) velutina, (h.); Gleichenia Cunninghamii (umbrella-fern, vh.), difficult to establish; Hemitelia Smithii, (vh.); Leptolepia (Davallia) novae-zelandiae, (vh.); Lindsaya cuneata (trichomanoides), (vh.); Polypodium dictyopteris (Cunninghamii), (hh.); P. novae-zelandiae, (vh.); P. pustulatum, (h.); Polystichum adiantiforme (capense), (vh.); Pteris macilenta, (hh.); P. tremula, (hh.).

Class 4.—Ferns requiring a considerable amount of shade.
Adiantum formosum, (hh.); Asplenium Colensoi, (vh.); A. Richardi, (vh.); A. umbrosum, (hh.); Blechnum (Lomaria) fluviatile, (vh.); B. (L.) Pattersoni, (vh.), grows in drip of water or extremely wet ground; Cystopteris novae-zealandiae (fragilis of New Zealand authors—vh.); Dryopteris (Nephrodium) decomposita (h.); D. (Polypodium) pennigera, (vh.); Gleichenia flabellata, (hh.), difficult to establish: Leptopteris (Todaea) hymenophylloides, (vh.); Lindsaya viridis, (h.); Lygodium articulatum, (hh.); Marattia fraxinea (para, king-fern, hh.)."

GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora:-
"W.D. Clayton, M.S. Vorontsova, K.T. Harman & H. Williamson.

What is GrassBase?
GrassBase will ultimately provide an integrated, online view of the World Grass Species databases which have historically been held in two separate downloadable databases. The first step towards this integration has been the generation of nearly 11,000 species descriptons from the DELTA format that they're encoded in. In addition to this the synonymy/nomenclature database now contains links to these species descriptions integrated with searches for the accepted name and synonyms for just over 60,000 grass names."
To view a description just click on the name of the species you want from the GrassBase Descriptions List.

A Vegetative Key to Grasses by Ellen McDouall from the Bristol Regional Environmental Records Centre.

Landscaping with Perennials in USA Name Index using these books:- Landscaping with Perennials by Emily Brown. 5th printing 1989 by Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-063-0 for planting sites in the USA for perennials, which include most plant types except Annuals and Biennials. Perennials The Gardener's Reference by Susan Carter, Carrie Becker and Bob Lilly. Published by Timber Press in 2007 for plants for Special Gardens in the USA. It also gives details of species and cultivars for each genus. Perennials & Ephemerals chapter of Plants for Dry Gardens by Jane Taylor. Published by Frances Lincoln Limited in 1993. ISBN 0-7112-0772-0 for plants that are drought tolerant.
Landscaping with Perennials in USA Name Index	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
Landscaping with Perennials in USA Name Index	H	I	J	K	L	M	N
Landscaping with Perennials in USA Name Index	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U
Landscaping with Perennials in USA Name Index	V	W	X	Y	Z	Per in USA with no flowers are compared in --->	January Unusual Colour Flower Page
Companion Planting Companion planting is the name given to the system of using one plant to help another. It happens in various ways:- 1. Plants may help each other directly. 2. Plants may help each other indirectly by improving the soil. 3. Plants may compete with and/or directly harm others. 4. Some plants help others if they are present in a small proportion, but hinder or harm them as the ratio increases. 5. Plants may repel harmful insects or attract them away from other plants. 6. Plants may support insect populations which are beneficial to other plants. 7. Plants may repel other and larger pests. 8. Plants may attract birds and other creatures which prey on pests and/or are generally beneficial. 9. Plants may reduce the incidence of fungal or other diseases in nearby plants. 10. And, finally, plants may be attractive and/or beneficial to animals and people. Further details in Companion Planting page of Garden Design. Pest Control using Plants to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected plant or deter its pests.
The following plants shall be added to the Flower Shape pages of this gallery from Aquatic (Aquatic Index with Aquatic plant use), Bamboo (Bamboo Index with bamboo use), Bedding (Bedding Plant Index with their flower shape and bedding uses, RHS Mixed Border Bedding Plant Index , RHS Mixed Border Un-labelled Bedding Plant Index, a different RHS Mixed Border Bedding Plant Index, Bedding Use page links in row 6 of the Topic Menu Table on the left, and second row down), Bulb (Bulb Index is above. Bulb use page links in row 6 of the Topic Menu Table on the left), Butterfly (UK Butterfly - Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants. Plant Usage by Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly.), Climber (see next row), Conifer (Conifer Tree Index with Conifer Use), Deciduous Shrub (Deciduous Shrub with Deciduous Shrub Use), Deciduous Tree (Deciduous Tree with Deciduous Tree Use), Evergreen Perennial (Evergreen Perennial Index is above), Evergreen Shrub (Evergreen Shrub Index with Evergreen Shrub Use), Evergreen Tree (Evergreen Tree Index with Evergreen Tree Use), Fern (Fern Index with Fern Use), Grass (Grass Index with Lawn Grass), Hedging (Hedging Index and Hedge Uses), Herbaceous Perennial (Herbaceous Perennial Index is above), Herb (Herb Index), Odds and Sods (Alpine, Cut Flowers and Succulent Plants Index), Rhododendron (Azalea, Camellia and Rhododendron Index), Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers (Rock Plant Flowers 53 INDEX A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, NO, PQ, R, S, T, UVWXYZ Rock Plant Photos ), Rose (Rose Use, Rose Use page links in row 6 of the Topic Menu Table on the left. Rose, RHS Wisley and Other Roses rose indices on each Rose Use page, Photo Index R 1, 2, 3), Soft Fruit (Soft Fruit Index with what each trained form is used for, and extra details in Soft Fruit Plant List), Top Fruit (Apple Index, Cherry Index, Pear Index with what each trained form is used for, and extra details in Top Fruit Plant List), Vegetable (Vegetable Index) and Wildflower (Wildflower Botanical Name Index and Wildflower Common Name Index are above and Wildflower Garden Use).
Climbers:- 3 Sector Vertical Plant System from Infill3 Gallery Ramblers Scramblers & Twiners by Michael Jefferson-Brown (ISBN 0 - 7153 - 0942 - 0) describes how to choose, plant and nurture over 500 high-performance climbing plants and wall shrubs, so that more can be made of your garden if you think not just laterally on the ground but use the vertical support structures including the house as well. Warning - Just as it is a mistake to try to keep a tiger in a dog's kennel, it can be a disaster to plant a rampant grower in a site that it will very quickly outgrow. Strong climbers, especially self-supporting ones (Ivy, Ampelopsis, Parthenocissus and Vitis), can quickly get to the eaves, where they may sabotage gutters, and if allowed to get onto the roof, distort or even dislodge tiling. Climbing roses must be supported by humans tying them to structures since the roses cannot do it themselves (keep the top of the structures 3 feet below the eaves so that annual pruning can reduce the risk of the odd stem reaching the guttering!!). There are 3 sectors on a house wall or high wall:- 0-36 inches (0-90 cms) in height - The Base. This gives the most sheltered conditions in the garden, with soil and air temperatures above those of the surrounding area. This area will suffer less buffeting from wind. Soil care will be ensuring a high humus content - to enrich the nutrient value and help to create reservoirs of moisture. Light intensity will depend on the aspect of the wall (North-facing will get very little sunlight) with the surrounding buildings and plants, including trees. The following pages in InFill3 gallery cover The Base: 1a Base of Wall Plants 1b Annuals 1c Herbs and Vegetables 1d Cut Flowers, Cut Foliage 1e Scented Flower or Foliage 1f Foliage Use only. 36-120 inches (90-300 cms) in height - The Prime Site. As the plant moves upwards to about 6 feet, conditions change: plants still benefit from the reflected heat and stored heat of walls warmed by the sun but have more light and air. Many climbers will have established a trunk below and now begin to spread themselves. This middle section is visually important, because it is at eye level and just below that that we should display those items to which we want to draw most attention. Most of the shrubs that are suitable for growing against walls are between 3 and 10 feet in height. The following pages in Infill3 gallery cover The Prime Site: 2a Wall Shrubs 1, 2, 3, 4 2b Fruit Trees Plants for Wildlife-use as well Raised Bed for Wheelchair Users Above 120 inches (300+ cms) in height - The Higher Reaches. This is only likely to occur on house walls and other tall buildings with climbers and trained trees/shrubs covering all the way up to 36 inches from the guttering at roof level ( to prevent ingress to the internal roof space or blockage of the guttering). The following pages in Infill3 gallery cover The Higher Reaches: 3a House-Wall Ramblers 3b Non-House-Wall Climbing Twiners 1, 2 3c Non-House-Wall Self-Clinging Climbers The climbers in the Climber Plant Gallery have been placed into one of these 3 heights with the Text Box Boundary in:- Blue for 0-36 inches (0-90 cms) Green for 36-120 inches (90-300 cms) Red for above 10 feet. The Climber Plant Gallery splits the climbers into their following ways of climbing:- Ramblers/Scramblers - These climbers lean on other plants or need artificial supports to climb - Roses, Jasmine, Espalier-trained Fruit Tree/Fruit Ramblers. These are suitable for house or building walls where vine-eye and wire or 1 inch square timber trellis support structures can be erected up to 3 feet below the gutter for the climbers to be tied to with natural twine (not plastic or metal wire - stems grow sideways but plastic and metal contrict this, whereas natural twine will eventually rot or be broken by the expanding stem), or they can be trained on chainlink fences, trellis, pergolas or arbours. Herbaceous Clematis has been added since the top growth dies off completely in the Autumn and Non-Climbing Clematis since it will require being tied to a support structure. In theInfill3 Plants Index Gallery, these climbers go into the 3a House-Wall Ramblers Self-Clingers: Aerial Roots - A series of roots are produced along the length of its stems. These attach themselves very strongly to the surfaces they find - Ivy (Hedera). Self-Clingers: Sucker Pads - Tendrils are produced along the young growing stems, opposite the leaves. The main tendril stem divides into a number of slender filaments, each of which has a scarcely perceivable pad at its tip.Once the tips have established contact, the tiny pad is much expanded and becomes a significant sucker, which fits so strongly to the surface that if the stem is pulled away the suckers are left behind- Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia). Self-Clingers: Twining - Many climbers find support simply by twining their stems around any object they find - Wisteria and Honeysuckle. Self-Clingers: Twining Leaf-Stem - Some climbers make do with sensitive leaf stalks which wrap themselves around objects for support - Clematis. Others establish themselves with thorns, hooks, spines and prickles. Self-Clingers: Twining Tendrils - A group of climbers climb by producing a series of tendrils. These are touch sensitive and will curl round any small object they come into contact with and thus enable the plant to climb securely on itself or other plants or manmade support structures - Chinese Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus henryana), Sweet Pea and the Pea Family (Leguminosae). All these Self-Clingers are suitable for garden walls, chainlink fences, trellis, pergolas or fedges, but not for House-Walls. In the Infill3 Plants Index Gallery, these climbers go into the 3b The Higher Reaches - Non-House-Wall Climbing Twiners 1, 2 Page or 3c The Higher Reaches - Non-House-Wall Self-Clinging Climbers Page. Climber 3 Sector Vertical Plant System Use Pages:- Fastest Covering Least Protruding Growth when fan-trained Evergreen 1, 2 In Exposed Position Produces Ornamental Fruit 1, 2 Scented Flowers Autumn Foliage Colour 1, 2 Winter Bark Winter and Early Spring Flowers Edible Fruit Needs Conservatory or Greenhouse Large Pots and Containers Cut Flowers Attractive to Bees Use as Hedge Use as Groundcover Has Flowers during:- January February March April May 1, 2 June July August September October November December Simple Flower Shape:- Stars Bowls, Cups and Saucers Globes, Goblets and Chalices Trumpets and Funnels Salverform Bells, Thimbles and Urns Elaborated Flower Shape:- Tubes, Lips and Straps Slippers, Spurs and Lockets Hats, Hoods and Helmets Standards, Wings and Keels Disks and Florets Pin-cushions, Tufts, Petal-less and Cushions Umbels, Buttons and Pompoms The Gardener's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Climbers & Wall Shrubs - A guide to more than 2000 varieties including Roses, Clematis and Fruit Trees by Brian Davis. Published by Penguin Books Ltd. in 1990. ISBN 0-670-82929-3 is providing more climbers to add to the ones from Ramblers Scramblers & Twiners by Michael Jefferson-Brown (ISBN 0 - 7153 - 0942 - 0). Further details of each are available in Climber Plant Gallery:- Climber Ramblers and Scramblers for House Wall and other supports like garden walls, pergolas, tripods, shrubs, trees, Climber Wall Shrub Index for House Wall and other areas of the garden, Climber Annuals Index for all support areas except House Walls, Climber Base of Wall Plants for all support areas except House Walls, Climber Self-Clinging Index for all support areas except House Walls, Climber Tender Plants Index for all support areas except House Walls, or Climber Twiners Index for all support areas except House Walls
Bedding:- The following details about BEDDING comes from Wikipedia:- "Bedding, in horticulture, refers to the temporary planting of fast-growing plants into flower beds to create colourful, temporary, seasonal displays, during spring, summer or winter. Plants used for bedding are generally annuals, biennials or tender perennials; succulents are gaining in popularity. Some bedding plants are also referred to as "patio plants" because they are widely used in pots and other containers positioned on patios, terraces, decking and other areas around houses. Larger tender "conservatory plants" may also be moved out from greenhouses or conservatories and planted out in borders (or stood in their pots in sheltered positions) for the warmer months, then returned to shelter for the winter. The modern bedding plant industry breeds and produces plants with a neat, dwarf habit, which flower uniformly and reliably. They are bred primarily for use in large-scale bedding schemes where uniformity and predictability is of paramount importance, but this is often achieved by losing the plants' individual character, and has been criticised by such notable plantsmen as the late Christopher Lloyd, who championed an informal style of bedding. Bedding plants There exists a huge range of plants specifically grown to produce a period of flower colour throughout the spring and summer, and (usually) discarded after flowering. They may conveniently be divided into four groups:- Hardy annuals sown directly into the ground early in the season (poppy, stock, sunflower, clarkia, godetia, eschscholzia, nigella, dianthus) Tender annual or perennial plants treated as half-hardy annuals - sown under glass in late winter in heat, or purchased as young plants, and hardened-off outdoors when all danger of frost has passed (begonia, lobelia, petunia, argyranthemum, chrysanthemum, pelargonium, nicotiana, cosmos, fuchsia) Hardy biennial plants, or perennials treated as biennial, sown in one year to flower the next, and discarded after flowering (antirrhinum, polyanthus, wallflower, daisy, foxglove, some dianthus, some poppies, campanula, delphinium, aubrieta, aquilegia, cornflower, pansies) Corms, rhizomes, bulbs and tubers, planted each year and lifted after the plant has died down and stored in winter, or discarded (tulip, narcissus, hyacinth, gladiolus, dahlia, canna) Types of bedding Formal bedding, as seen in parks and large gardens, where whole flower beds are replanted two or three times a year, is a costly and labour-intensive process. Towns and cities are encouraged to produce impressive displays by campaigns such as "Britain in Bloom". Spring Bedding Plants used for spring bedding are often biennials (sown one year to flower the next), or hardy, but short-lived, perennials. Spring-flowering bulbs such as tulips are often used, typically with forget-me-nots, wallflowers, winter pansies and polyanthus. Summer Bedding Plants used for summer bedding are generally annuals or tender perennials. They become available (often as what are referred to as "plug plants") in nurseries and garden centres during spring, to be gradually "hardened off" (acclimatised to outdoor conditions) by the purchaser and finally planted out around the time that the last frosts are expected. Experienced gardeners keep an eye on the weather forecasts at that time of year and are on standby to protect their bedding displays overnight with horticultural fleece (or the older alternatives of net curtains or newspaper) if frost threatens. some annuals for bedding:- Annuals with Blue to Purple Flowers Annuals with Red to Pink Flowers Annuals with Green Flowers Annuals with Black or Brown Flowers Annuals with Yellow, and Orange Flowers Annuals with White Flowers Low-Growing Annuals Medium-Growing Annuals Tall-Growing Annuals Heat-Tolerant Annuals Annuals for Moist Soil Annuals for Shade Annuals for Indoors Annuals for Cutting Annuals that Naturalize Annuals with Decorative Foliage Annuals for Edging Annuals for Fragrance Annuals for Hanging Baskets Vining Annuals Annuals for Coastal Gardens Annuals with Clump-Forming Habit Annuals with Compact/Bushy Habit Annuals with Erect Habit Annuals with Mounded Habit Annuals with Spreading or Sprawling Habit Annuals with Wildflower Meadows Annuals To Cover Fences Annuals of Odds and Sods 1, 2 Carpet bedding Carpet bedding employs two or more contrasting plant cultivars with a neat, dwarf habit and distinct colouring (of flower or foliage) to create geometric displays. It is often used to form such things as lettering, logos or trademarks, coats of arms, or floral clocks. Suitable plants are rosette-forming succulents such as Echeveria or fairly slow-growing or mat-forming foliage plants, such as coloured-leaved Alternanthera cultivars, which are tolerant of clipping; such plants may also be used in three-dimensional sculptural forms or pseudo-topiary. Coleus Bedding Trial Index . These Solenostemon are used as bedding for their multi-coloured foliage. Winter Bedding Planted in autumn to give a display until early spring, the plants used for winter bedding are mainly hardy perennials. As it has to be planted at the same time of year as spring bedding does, winter bedding tends to be less commonly seen, except in containers such as windowboxes. Some are short-lived and will be discarded after their first display; others may be used as a source of cuttings for the next year. Winter-hardy ornamental vegetables such as cultivars of kale and cabbage with coloured or variegated foliage are increasingly common. Primula cultivars (polyanthus and primroses) are commonly used, as are winter-flowering heathers and Viola × wittrockiana, winter pansies. Variegated evergreens such as cultivars of Vinca minor (lesser periwinkle), Euonymus fortunei and Hedera helix (ivies) are also popular." Other Bedding Plant Uses in Pear Gallery (Bedding):- Bedding Out Filling In Screening Pots and Troughs Window Boxes and Hanging Baskets

How www.discoverlife.org Works
"We have tools to study natural history and track the impact of climate change, invasive species, and other large-scale ecological factors. We are building a network of study sites across North America. It's exciting to participate in our research projects and help us collect high quality data. We hope you will join us.

About
Our web tools can benefit you and your projects. Teachers can design hands-on ecological research projects for the schoolyard or local park without killing specimens. Park managers can track migrations of invasive species. Scientists can map large collections and present information about species. Amateur naturalists can upload images and make a life list of species they find. Environmental educators can build online field guides so simple they can be used even by the youngest beginner.

Everyone can benefit in some way from a partnership with Discover Life. With our powerful integrated web tools, you can:

• Keep a life list - store your photographic (or video/audio) records of natural history. It's your own electronic nature journal - this is a service somewhat like Flickr or Picasa web albums, but linked to species information, map data and more. You can keep thousands of photographs and other data on our site for free, and store associated information as well. To see examples of stored photographs, click here.

• Map species you find - every time you enter locality data to one of your photo records, it will instantly map as a point on the Global Mapper. This works similarly to Google Earth, but our mapper is capable of mapping many more points, each of them attached to an individual record of species occurrence.

• Monitor species locations - You can enter a species name on the Global Mapper and it will show all the points where we and our partners have records for that species - each of the points on a species map is a live link to species occurrence, with photo or other record.

• Learn about species - Discover Life is an online encyclopedia of life, with over a million species pages, many with photos, information, and links to more info on other sites. You can access this information via the search box on the home page, via "All Living Things" or if you are unsure of the identification, using the IDnature Guides.

• Identify species - use our IDnature Guides to identify bees, ants, caterpillars, slime molds, birds, invasive species, among many other groups - many of our online guides are under construction but some are quite complete.

• Create your own field guide - use our technology to create a field guide to your local schoolyard, national park, even your own back yard. With our guide-building tools you can build simple guides to plants, insects, fungi, whatever group you are interested in.

• For scientists, we provide further services. We can create labels with unique identifiers for your specimens. Using our electronic journal, Proceedings of Life, we can translate cumbersome printed literature such as catalogs into efficient, integrated electronic databases. With the same technology teachers have used to build simple guides to schoolyard plants, you can build very sophisticated guides to any group. You can store and map your photos, videos, audio, locality data, species relationships such as host/parasite information, and other notes on each species record. Discover Life provides the tools to monitor large amounts of natural history data, over large areas, over any period of time. Imagine the possibilities, develop the questions.

We are dedicated to improving education about the natural world, and therefore make our tools available for everyone, for free. You keep copyrights of your photographs and other information, you control how much or how little information you provide. We work constantly to improve our technology to make it easier to use."

BackyardGardener.com:-
"Since 1996, Backyard Gardener in the USA has provided gardening tips, information, season-by-season, how to grow for almost every gardening type you can imagine. Whether you're interested in flowers, plants, trees, organic gardening, vegetable gardening, composting, rocks... we have it all, and more.

This is no superficial overview. We have everything you need to learn, explore, and improve your gardening. We also provide every product imaginable to assist you in creating your beautiful home garden surroundings.

Backyard Gardener has provided gardening information since 1996. We are a one stop informational site to help people understand their gardening needs. Backyard Gardener provides gardening plans and plant lists to enhance your gardening knowledge.

We assist in providing the best gardening reference sites on the web with our own 'hands on' gardening information."

Monty Don. The Observer, Sunday 22 April 2001

"Weeds are the unwanted visitors which spoil our garden parties. But before you chuck them out, they can teach us a thing or two. There are other ways to deal with weeds:-

1 Hoe. There are lots of hoes available, but there are only two basic principles: you either push or you pull. I find I use a Dutch hoe most of the time, which, if kept sharp, slices through the roots of any weeds just below the surface of the soil. The secret of hoeing - like all weeding - is to do it little and often. If you have a very weed-infested bit of ground you want to cultivate (and remember, weed-infestation implies good healthy soil) and they have not yet gone to seed, then hoe the weeds off with a mattock or large draw or field hoe, let the weeds wilt for a day in the sun and then dig the whole thing over, weeds and all. This will not get rid of the perennial weeds but will increase the fertility and allow you to grow a crop of fast-growing, weed-suppressing vegetables such as potatoes, beans or squashes.

2 Mulch. Cover every piece of bare soil with a light-excluding but moisture-permeable layer. I use mushroom and garden compost and cocoa shells. Well-rotted horse or cattle manure is good, but cattle manure can include a lot of weed seeds if it is not very well-rotted. But anything will do, including straw, hay, shredded bark, permeable plastic, old carpet, or rolls of white paper mulch. If you are using an organic mulch (ie, one that will rot down into the soil), place it at least 2in thick - 4in is better. This will not stop existing perennial weeds growing through but will make them much easier to pull up.

3 Hand-weed. First the bad news: hand-weeding means getting down on your knees and removing every scrap of weed. Now the good news: it is one of the most enjoyable aspects of gardening. You get to know your soil, your plants, the seedlings and herbaceous perennials coming through.

4 Timing. You must remove weeds before they seed. The old adage 'one year's seeding means seven years' weeding' is pretty much accurate.

My weeds: Monty's list of garden horrors, most of which are detailed in this website - look by common name or botanical in the Cream and Brown Wild Flower Gallery Page menus above:-

Annuals
Never let these seed:
shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris);
bittercress (Cardamine);
fat hen (Chenopodium album);
caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyrus);
petty spurge (Euphorbia peplus);
goosegrass (Galium aparine);
herb Robert (Geranium robertianum);
Himalaya balsam (Impatiens glandifulifera);
knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare);
shepherd's needle (Scandix pectenveneris);
groundsel (Senecio vulgaris);
charlock (Sinapsis arvensis) ;
prickly sow thistle (Sonchus asper);
chickweed (Stellaria media)
Perennials
Very difficult (will take long-term strategy or inspired acceptance):
Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum);
horsetail (Equisetum)
Take very seriously (dig up every scrap of root and burn): ground elder (Aegopodium podagraria);
bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis, Calystegia sepium); creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens);
couch grass (Agropyron repens);
lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria)
Work at (dig up as and when you can):
broad- leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius);
nettles (Urtica dioica);
spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare);
creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense);
burdock (Arctium lappa)
Handsome (but intrusive):
daisy (Bellis perennis);
greater celandine (Chelidonium majus);
teasel (Dipsacus fullonum);
rosebay willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium);
hogweed (Heracleum spondylium);
dead-nettle (Lamium);
alkanet (Pentaglottis sempervirens);
mallow (Malva sylvestris);
plantain (Plantago major);
silverweed (Potentilla anserina);
selfheal (Prunella vulgaris);
comfrey (Symphytum);
feverfew (Tanacetum);
dandelion (Taraxacum)."

Everyone can benefit in some way from a partnership with Discover Life. With our powerful integrated web tools, you can:

What is The Threatened Plants Database
"At its heart, the TPDB is a database about the 400-or- so rarest species in Britain, and was set up to enable the Joint Nature Conservation Committee to fulfil its statutory duties in protecting these plants and advising the UK government on conservation issues. It was originally compiled for the production of the third edition of the Red Data Book, which went on sale this month (April 1999), and it is now being run by the BSBI under a three-year contract to the JNCC and the country agencies.
As such, it is a very restricted set of biological records. On the other hand, in order to compile it, one needs to have an enormous amount of information available. For example, how would anyone know which plants were rare and which were common if they didn’t keep information on the common ones? So, in the long term, it is not sufficient to simply keep rare plant records. Instead we need to have access to a full set of information on all the British flora in order to be able to extract the particular data that we want. And, of course, that is precisely what the BSBI has been building up for over 150 years.
We have a strategy, therefore, to use the TPDB project to reach into every corner of the BSBI’s work and create an integrated network of information sources which can all send and receive biological records accurately and to uniform high standards. This sounds ambitious, but again it is just an extension of what we’ve all been doing for years. When someone gives a record to a vice county recorder, and the recorder goes out to check it, and then sends a pink card to the BRC, that is a typical example of data management. The only difference is that this process is now being done using computers and the internet.
While all this is happening, there are considerable benefits and spin-offs. It is becoming increasingly possible for ordinary people, with no special training or access to expensive equipment, to produce complex reports and analyses of botanical data. For example, a county checklist can take just minutes to produce. Distribution maps are available at the touch of a button. And there are many other things one can do with the data once you know how to use the software. We have an opportunity to develop this initiative over the next few years, and the plan is to do just that.
Of course not everyone in the BSBI will notice a great change to their everyday activities. This is not an imposed change on the way people work – it is an opportunity for those who wish to take advantage of it. In this newsletter some of those opportunities are explored, and examples are given of people who are involved in this work already. "

From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:-

Wildflowers - Clay and rich loam soil mix

There are two main things I want from my wildflower meadow –

to look beautiful for months not weeks, with flowers coming out and going over in succession
AND
to grow pollen-rich, insect friendly plants from EARLY in the year to LATE. I want my patch to be a regular and reliable food source for the birds and the bees.

That’s what you’ll get with this beautiful selection of my favourite easy and reliable perennial wild flowers.

To cover an area of 3m2

General Height: 60cm.
Sow: April- June

Spring into Summer Flowering

• Cowslip March – May

• Common Birdsfoot Trefoil May – July

• Lady’s Bedstraw Late May – August

• Rough Hawksbit May – July

• Red Clover May – October

• Oxeye Daisy May – July

• Yellow Rattle May – July

• Meadow Buttercup May – July

Summer into Autumn Flowering

• Self Heal June – September

• Sorrel June – September

• Tufted Vetch June – September

• Common Knapweed June – September

• Common Toadflax July – October

• Musk Mallow July – October

• Ragged Robin July – September

From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:-

Wildflowers - Chalk and sand, freely-drained soil mix

A wonderfully varied self-sowing wild flower mix for thin, poor, chalky or sandy soils to give your garden or field flowers right through the year and food for the birds and bees.

To cover an area of 3m2

General Height: 60cm.
Sow: April- June

Spring into Summer Flowering
- • Cowslip March – May
- • Crosswort April - June
- • Common Birdsfoot Trefoil May – July
- • Kidney Vetch May – July
- • Lady’s Bedstraw Late May – August
- • Red Clover May – October
- • Yellow Rattle May – July
- • Meadow Buttercup May – July
- • Wild Mignonette May – August
Summer into Autumn Flowering
- • Field Scabious June – September
- • Hedge Bedstraw June – August
- • Viper’s Bugloss June – September
- • Meadow Cranesbill June – September
- • Greater Knapweed June – August
- • Salad Burnet June – September
- • Common Knapweed June – September
- • Wild Carrot June – September
- • Wild Marjoram July – September

Ivydene Horticultural Services logo with I design, construct and maintain private gardens. I also advise and teach you in your own garden. 01634 389677

Ivydene
Horticultural
Services

Site design and content copyright ©May 2008.
Page structure amended October 2012.
Feet changed to inches (cms) July 2015.
Menus and Master changed January 2016.
New Common Names and Botanical Names added February 2021.
Wildflower Index added in November 2023.
Chris Garnons-Williams.

DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site.

"We have a choice - to use up the world's resources, or to save humanity" from i The Essential Daily Briefing from The Independent on 26 May 2011:-

It is coming from the people of Ecuador, led by their President Rafael Correa, and it would begin to deal with 2 converging crises.

In the 4 billion years since life on earth began, there have been 5 times when there was a sudden mass extinction of life-forms. The last time was 65 million years ago, when the dinosaurs were killed, probably by a meteor. But now the world's scientists agree that the 6th mass extinction is at hand. Humans have accelerated the rate of species extinction by a factor of at least 100 and the Harvard biologist EO Wilson warns it could reach a factor of 10,000 within the next 20 years.. We are doing this largely by stripping species of their habitat.

At the same time, we are dramatically warming the atmosphere. The joint-hottest year ever recorded was 2010, according to Nasa. The best scientific prediction is that we are now on course for a 3 feet rise in global sea levels this century. Goodbye London, Cairo, Bangkok, Venice and Shanghai.

So where does Ecuador come in? At the tip of this South American country, there lies 4,000 square miles of rainforest where the Amazon basin, the Andes mountains and the equator come together. It is the most diverse place on earth. When scientists studied a single hectare of it, they found it had more different species of trees that the whole of North America put together. It holds the world records for different species of amphibeans, reptiles and bats. And - more importantly - this rainforest is a crucial part of the planets lungs, inhaling huge amounts of heat-trapping gases and keeping them out of the atmosphere.

Yet almost all the pressure from the outside world today is to cut it down. Why? Because underneath that rainforest, there is almost a billion barrels of untapped oil, containing 400 million tons of planet-cooking gases.

The oil beneath the rainforest is worth about 7 billion dollars. Ecuador's democratic government says that, if the rest of the world offers just half of what the oil is worth - 3.5 billion dollars - they will keep the rainforest standing and alive and working for us all. In a country where 38% live in poverty and 13% are on the brink of starvation, it's an incredibly generous offer and one that is popular in the rainforest itself.

No country with oil has ever done anything like this before. Not a single one has ever considered leaving it in the ground because the consequences of digging it up are too disastrous.

They first made this offer in 2006. Chile has offered $100,000. Spain has offered $1.4million. Germany initially offered $50million, then pulled out. Now Mr Carrea is warning they can't wait forever in a country where 13% are close to starving. If they do not have $100million in the pot by the end of this year, he says, they will have no choice but to pursue Plan B - the digging and destruction of the rainforest."

What the idiots in power in the world do not realise is that a 25 feet by 25 feet grass lawn will provide enough oxygen for a person per year. A car travelling 60 miles consumes the same volume of oxygen as a mature beech tree produces in a year. Every person in the UK travels by car, bus or public transport and they therefore consume more oxygen per year than the property they own or the country they live in can create. We get our oxygen from outside the United Kingdom.

We owe over 900 billion pounds and now we are lending more than 3.5 billion dollars to Greece, Ireland and Portugal. We are spending £800,000 on dropping 1 missile on Libya and last month we were involved in 3 wars costing more that £3.5 billion a year. UNFORTUNATELY THE GOVERNMENT IS NOT INTERESTED IN THE FACT THAT WE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO BREATHE FAIRLY SOON.

Since no government will do it, perhaps you as the individual reading this could send £1 a month by standing order to the Ecuador Embassy in your country, so that President Carrea can carry out Plan A rather than Plan B.

Ivydene Gardens Water Fern to Yew Wild Flower Families Gallery:
Wildflower 17 Flower Colours per Month

Only Wildflowers detailed in the following Wildflower Colour Pages
are compared in all the relevant month(s) of when that Wildflower flowers -
in the Wildflower Flower Colour
of that row

CREAM WILD FLOWER GALLERY PAGE MENUS

Common Name with Botanical Name, Wild Flower Family, Flower Colour and Form Index of each of all the Wildflowers of the UK in 1965:- AC,AL,AS,BE,
BL,BO,BR,CA,
CL,CO,CO,CO,
CR,DA,DO,EA,
FE,FI,FR,GO,
GR,GU,HA,HO,
IR,KN,LE,LE,
LO,MA,ME,MO,
NA,NO,PE,PO,
PY,RE,RO,SA,
SE,SE,SK,SM,
SO,SP,ST,SW,
TO,TW,WA,WE,
WI,WO,WO,YE

Extra Common Names have been added within a row for a different plant. Each Extra Common Name Plant will link to an Extras Page where it will be detailed in its own row.

EXTRAS 57,58,
59,60,

BROWN WILD FLOWER GALLERY PAGE MENUS

Botanical Name with Common Name, Wild Flower Family, Flower Colour and Form Index of each of all the Wildflowers of the UK in 1965:- AC, AG,AL,AL,AN,
AR,AR,AS,BA,
BR,BR,CA,CA,
CA,CA,CA,CA,
CA,CE,CE,CH,
CI,CO,CR,DA,
DE,DR,EP,EP,
ER,EU,FE,FO,
GA,GA,GE,GL,
HE,HI,HI,HY,
IM,JU,KI,LA,
LE,LI,LL,LU,LY, ME,ME,MI,MY,
NA,OE,OR,OR,
PA,PH,PL,PO,
PO,PO,PO,PU,
RA,RH,RO,RO,
RU,SA,SA,SA,
SC,SC,SE,SI,
SI,SO,SP,ST,
TA,TH,TR,TR,
UR,VE,VE,VI

Extra Botanical Names have been added within a row for a different plant. Each Extra Botanical Name Plant will link to an Extras Page where it will be detailed in its own row.

EXTRAS 91,

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov