Ivydene Gardens Plants: Ground-Cover Plant Name: B
The process below provides a uniform method for comparing every plant detailed in the following galleries with the ones already compared in the relevant plant gallery from the last list of plant galleries in this cell:-

• These are the galleries that will provide the plants to be added to their own Extra Index Pages
• Bee plants for hay-fever sufferers - Bee-Pollinated Index
• Plants that grow in Chalk - A,
• Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers - A,
• Bulbs from the Infill Galleries see Hardy Bulbs, Half-hardy Bulbs, etc in the second row of Topic Table, usually positioned as the first table on the left.
• The complete Camera Photo is displayed on the screen
• Climber in 3 Sector Vertical Plant System
• Plants with Sense of Fragrance

The following Extra Index of Wildflowers is created in the Borage Wildflower Gallery, to which the Wildflowers found in the above list will have that row entry copied to.
Its wildflower flower thumbnail - or foliage thumbnail if it does not have flowers - will be compared with the others in that gallery per month.
The Header Row for the Extra Indices pages is the same as used in this 1000 Ground Cover A of Plants Topic:-
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, XYZ

Having transferred the Extra Index row entry to the relevant Extra Index row for the same type of plant in a gallery below; then
its flower or foliage thumbnail will be compared per month in that relevant gallery:-

• Aquatic
• Bamboo
• Bedding
• Bulb
• Conifer - Conifers have no flowers and are used for their foliage and cones
• Deciduous Shrub
• Deciduous Tree
• Evergreen Perennial
• Evergreen Shrub
• Evergreen Tree
• Fern - Ferns have no flowers and are used for their foliage
• Grass - Grass is used for its grass inflorescence and foliage
• Hedging
• Herbaceous Perennial
• Herb
• Odds and Sods
• Rhododendron, Azalea and Camellia
• Soft Fruit
• Top Fruit
• Vegetable
• Wild Flower

The plants normally selected by most landscapers and designers are by nature low-growing, rampant, spreading, creep-crawly things and yet the concept of ground cover demands no such thing. The ideal description of a groundcover plant includes:-

• a bold dense mass of leaves completely covering the ground most of the year; evergreens gain gold stars.
• They should require little or no maintenance - if you have to give the plant more than its share of attention, you might as well save your money and spend the time weeding.
• use the plant on ground areas that are difficult to maintain, such as steep banks or boggy patches.
• use the plant to cover areas where not much will grow, such as deep shade or sandy soils.

Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places by John Cushnie (ISBN 1 85626 326 6) provides details of plants that fulfill the above requirements.

Using these groundcover plants in your planting scheme (either between your trees/shrubs in the border or for the whole border) will - with mulching your beds to a 4 inch depth and an irrigation system - provide you with a planted garden with far less time required for border maintenance.

Wildflower Flower Shape and Landscape Uses gallery provides Landscaping List by Use pages which include some of these ground-cover plants. Landscaping with Perennials by Emily Brown. 5th printing 1989 by Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-063-0 provides the planting site pages for perennials, which include most plant types except Annuals and Biennials.

Plants for Dry Gardens by Jane Taylor. Published by Frances Lincoln Limited in 1993. ISBN 0-7112-0772-0. Jane Taylor and her husband grew plants in their garden of 2.5 acres of acidic shale mine waste on ground most of which could not retain water or nutrients and would scarcely sustain even the most tenacious of weeds.
A typical British garden with its flowery borders and green lawns needs the equivalent of 1 (2.5 cms) of rain every 10 days to look its best. By choosing from the plants in the above book, canny gardeners will quickly learn to give their gardens the best chance of looking respectable even through prolonged dry spells.
Start by improving your soil in your garden by studying the diagram showing the interaction between clay, organic matter, silt and sand to make soil and then follow the advice on how to improve your clay, chalk or sandy soil lower down the same page; before reading how you can provide the soil nutrients, including those for clay soil.
Then, choose your plants from:-

• Trees and Shrubs to form the framework,
• Palms and Cycads,
• Conifers,
• Climbers to provide backdrops, shade and cover for vertical surfaces,
• Perennials and Ephemerals for filling the garden with flower and foliage,
• Grasses for vertical outlines as foils and contrasts,
• Bulbs for companion, underplanting and massed display,
• Succulents and Xerophytes; and
• Dry Garden Maintenance - Starting with the Soil, Planting, Windbreaks, Lawns and Lawn Substitutes, and Irrigation Techniques.

Each ground cover plant of this 1000 has further details from her book, if it is in there.

 

Plants for Ground-Cover by Graham Stuart Thomas. Published by J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd in 1970 - reprinted (with further revisions) in 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1. This gives details on many more ground cover plants with inclusion (in the Index) of figures denoting the Hardiness Zones for each species in the United States of America.
 

Plant Name

Major source of honey in the UK Yes/No
Used by
HoneyBees - HB,
Short-Tongued Bumblebees - ST,
Long-Tongued Bumblebees - LT,
Solitary Bees - SOL

Type

The key ingredients a bird needs from your garden are
Shelter,
Food and
Water,
as expanded in Ground-cover Plant
Name W Page

Height x Spread in inches (cms)

Spacing distance between plants of same species in inches (cms)

Foliage

Some poisonous ground cover plants are indicated, but there are others in Cultivated Poisonous Plants and
Wildflower Poisonous Plants

Flower Colour in Month(s).

Use Pest Control using Plants to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected groundcover plant or deter its pests

Comments

United States Department of Agriculture
Plant Hardiness Zone Map -
This map of USA is based on a range of average annual minimum winter temperatures, divided into 13 of 10-degree F zones, that this plant will thrive in USA, Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico.
There are other Hardiness Zone Maps for the rest of the world including the one for Great Britain and Ireland of zones 7a to 10a.
Zone 5-9 indicates that the minimum zone temperature this plant will grow is 5 and top minimum zone temperature is 9 - above this number is too hot or below 5 is too cold for the plant. If your zone in your area of your country is within that range or your zone number is greater, then you can grow it in your garden.

Pruning of
Woody Plants in Groups 1 - 13 and
Herbaceous Perennials in Group 14 with
Ferns in Group 15 and
Evergreen Perennials in Group 16.
 

Baptisia australis

No HB, ST, LT

Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

60 x 24
(150 x 60)

Mid to Deep Green

Dark Blue in
June

These plants have a deep taproot and should be planted when small. It has glaucous leaves and stems as a plinth for the muted blue flowers on 48 (120) high stems. Pruning Group 14.
Full Sun.
Fully Hardy. Zone 3-9
Dry Chalk or Sand.
Spreading / creeping.
Blue false indigo with gray-black seedpods.

A supporting role in the background to delphiniums, roses, cranesbills, Tall Bearded irises, with silver foliaged plants in the foreground.
Baptisia companions - Salvia guaranitica, euphorbia, helictotrichon, rudbeckia. Baptisias are late to emerge in the spring.

Berberis 'Chenaultii'

Birds eat the fruit.

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

60 x 60
(150 x 150)

Dark Green in Spring, Summer and Autumn, Bronze in Winter

Yellow in
May

"Barberry".
Pruning Group 8.
Half Shade
Fully Hardy
Chalk
Spreading / creeping
Rest of Border

All Berberis are Rabbit Resistant - see other Rabbit Resistant Plants. Berberis stems are very thorny

Berberis calliantha

Birds eat the fruit.

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

30 x 36
(75 x 90)

Glossy Dark Green turning bronze in Winter

Pale Yellow in May

Pruning Group 8.
Half Shade
Fully Hardy
Chalk
Mound forming a thicket
Rest of Border

Berberis darwinii

Birds eat the fruit.
No HB, ST, LT, SOL Many other species of Barberry are cultivated as ornamental shrubs and are worked by bees for nectar or pollen

Evergreen Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

144 x 144 (360 x 360)

Spacing 60 (150)

Glossy Dark Green

Orange-Yellow in
April-May

"Darwin Barberry". From Chile and Argentina.
Pruning Group 8.
Half Shade
Zones 7-10, Fully Hardy
Chalk and Clay
Upright
Excellent thorny Hedge with bluish berries in the summer, which are usually taken early by birds. It is valuable for massing on sunny banks.

Berberis darwinii var. prostrata reaches a height of 12-24 (30-60 cms), is worthy of attention for the rock garden.

Associate with bamboos, forsythias, winter jasmine, narcissi and gold variegated hollies or elaeagnus - forsythia x intermedia in front of Berberis darwinii.

Plant evergreen berberis from Mar-Apr or from Oct-Nov, and deciduous ones from Nov-Mar when the weather and soil permit. Thin out shoots when overcrowded after flowering, or in winter after fruiting, and trim to shape. Trimming should be delayed until the leaves fall in the case of shrubs which are grown for the beauty of their autumn foliage.

Berberis julianae

Birds eat the fruit.

Evergreen Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

96 x 120
(240 x 300)

Spacing 72-84
(180-210)

Glossy Deep Green above and pale Green below

Yellow in
May-June

A strong dense grower, the stems heavily spined. The young spiny leaves are coppery at first, whilst some of the older leaves frequently turn reddish in autumn.
Pruning Group 8.
Half Shade
Zones 5-10, Fully Hardy
Chalk
Upright
Hedge and
Thorny Hedge with small black berries in the autumn.
Bark, root and berries are poisonous.

Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea Nana'

Birds eat the fruit.

Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

24 x 30
(60 x 75)

Red-Purple

Red-Tinged, Yellow in
April

"Thunberg Barberry, Japanese Barberry" planted 12 (30) apart will make a dense covering.
Pruning Group 2.
Half Shade
Zones 4-10, Fully Hardy
Chalk, Clay, Sand
Round, neat and bun-shaped
Rest of Border
Bark, root and berries are poisonous.

Associate its purple foliage with dark-leaved Rosa 'Rosemary Rose and Tulipa 'Queen of the Night', which are joined by gently contrasting hybrid bluebells to its soft yellow flowers.

Berberis thunbergii 'Bagatelle'

Deciduous Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height

18 x 18
(45 x 45)

Bronze in Spring, Crimson in Summer and Purple in Autumn

Pale Yellow in
May-June

"Thunberg Barberry, Japanese Barberry". Compact.
Pruning Group 2.
Half Shade
Zones 4-10, Fully Hardy
Chalk
Mound forming
Rock

The low-growing or compact cultivars of berberis thunbergii are excellent ground cover for gentle slopes, along paths and in dry rocky areas. The spiny branches discourage traffic.
Bark, root and berries are poisonous.

Berberis thunbergii
'Helmond Pillar'

Birds eat the fruit.

Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

48 x 30
(120 x 75)

Rich Purple

Yellow in
April

"Thunberg Barberry, Japanese Barberry".
Pruning Group 2.
Half Shade
Zones 4-10, Fully Hardy
Chalk, Clay, Sand
Columnar
Rest of Border
Bark, root and berries are poisonous.

Berberis thunbergii
'Red Chief'

Birds eat the fruit.

Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

72 x 48
(180 x 120)

Deep Red

Yellow in
April

"Thunberg Barberry, Japanese Barberry".
Pruning Group 2.
Half Shade
Zones 4-10, Fully Hardy
Chalk, Clay, Sand
Round
Rest of Border
Bark, root and berries are poisonous.

Berberis wilsoniae

Birds eat the fruit.

Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

36 x 60
(90 x 150)

Spacing 48
(120)

Grey-Green in Spring and Summer, Orange-Red in Autumn

Yellow in
May-June

"Wilson Barberry". Spreads into a broad mass of foliage, touching the ground with pink fruit which persist into winter. Requires ample space. Well worth growing for the volume of berries for birds to eat.
Pruning Group 2.
Half Shade
Zones 5-10, Fully Hardy
Chalk
Mound forming
Rest of Border

Berberis x bristolensis

Birds eat the fruit.

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

60 x 72
(150 x 180)

Dark Green in Spring and Summer, Red in Autumn and Winter

Yellow in
May

Pruning Group 8.
Half Shade
Fully Hardy
Chalk
Mound forming
Rest of Border

Berberis x frikartii
'Amstelveen'

Birds eat the fruit.

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

48 x 48
(120 x 120)

Glossy Green above, Grey-White beneath

Yellow in
April-May

Pruning Group 8. Half Shade. Fully Hardy. Chalk. Mound forming
Rest of Border

Berberis x frikartii 'Telstar'

Birds eat the fruit.

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

48 x 60
(120 x 150)

Glossy Green

Yellow in
April-May

Pruning Group 8.
Half Shade
Fully Hardy
Chalk
Mound forming
Rest of Border
Flat topped when mature

Berberis x interposita
'Wallich's Purple'

Birds eat the fruit.

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

60 x 72
(150 x 180)

Bronzy-Purple in Spring, Glossy Mid-Green in Summer, Autumn and Winter

Yellow in
May

Pruning Group 8.
Half Shade
Fully Hardy
Chalk
Mound forming
Rest of Border

Berberis x ottawensis
'Superba'

Birds eat the fruit.

Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

96 x 96
(240 x 240)

Reddish-Purple in Spring and Summer followed by Crimson in Autumn

Red-tinged, Yellow in
May

Pruning Group 2.
Half Shade
Zones 3-10, Fully Hardy
Chalk
Round
Hedge and
Thorny Hedge. Its red berries appear in autumn.

Berberis x stenophylla

Birds eat the fruit.
No HB, ST, LT, SOL

Evergreen Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

96 x 96
(240 x 240)

Spacing 84-108
(210-270)

Dark Green, small, spiny lanceolate leaves

Golden-Yellow in
April-May

A big garden will be required to give this plant full rein. Grown as a Speciman it will grow wider than it is high, its arching branches literally wreathed with the scented bright orange-yellow flowers, the dark green linear leaves seemingly nowhere in evidence. The black berries are not such an impressive spectacle.
'Hedge Barberry".
Pruning Group 8.
Half Shade
Zones 6-9, Fully Hardy
Chalk, Clay, Sand
Arching
Grow as a Hedge and
Thorny Hedge, which stands clipping well; the first time, with shears immediately after flowering, and 5 or 6 weeks later the strongest growths should be shortened with secateurs or a sharp knife.

Bergenia 'Abendglut'

Bergenia provide a moderate supply of pollen and nectar for bees, bumblebees and other insects.

Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height

9 x 12
(23 x 30)

Red tinted, Mid to Dark Green in Spring, Summer, Autumn, Maroon in Winter

Magenta in
Mar-May

Bergenias have bold, leathery leaves, suited to cooler areas that are too dry for hostas.
Pruning Group 16 but do not remove the dead leaves.
All Bergenia are Rabbit Resistant - see other Rabbit Resistant Plants.
Full Sun and Partial Shade
Fully Hardy Zone 4-8
Dry, Clay or Chalk
Clump-forming
Front of Border, Rest of Border, Back of Shady Border, Container, Woodland and Coastal Conditions.
Ground-cover

Do not plant Bergenia under low trees and shrubs but use for permanent edgings to give flowers in spring.

Bergenia ciliata

Deciduous Rhizome Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height

12 x 18
(30 x 45)

Mid Green, large, rounded, hairy on both sides

Pink or White in
March

Pruning Group 16 but do not remove the dead leaves.
Full Sun and Partial Shade
Fully Hardy Zone 4-8
Dry, Clay or Chalk
Clump-forming
Front of Border, Rest of Border, Back of Shady Border, Container, Woodland and Coastal Conditions.

Ground-cover - I tended to leave the dead leaves by the plants to provide a better groundcover. The garden was in Medway and this plant is only hardy in sheltered gardens in the south and west of England.

Bergenia companions - Omphalodes, brunnera macrophylla, hamaelis, primula, helleborus, ophiopogon, chaerophyllum, large-scale bulbs; good for edges and at their best when mass planted.
Bergenias are commonly used for shady borders, in clumps among smaller-leafed ground covers, around irregular surfaces such as rocks, and by pools and streams. They combine well with ferns, hostas, and tall rhododendrons.

Bergenia cordifolia 'Purpurea'

Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height

20 x 20
(50 x 50)

Spacing 18 (45)

Green, large, rounded, tinged Purple in the winter

Magenta-Purple in
February-March

"Heartleaf Bergenia".
Pruning Group 16 but do not remove the dead leaves.
Full Sun and Partial Shade
Fully Hardy Zone 4
Dry, Clay or Chalk
Clump-forming
Ground-cover
The ideal foil for masonry and paved paths.

Winter-flowering plants such as Cyclamen coum variants, early-flowering crocuses, winter-flowering heaths, snowdrops and winter aconites combine with this plant as well as evergreen heucheras, euonymus and dogwoods with coloured winter stems.

Front of Border, Rest of Border, Back of Shady Border, Container, Woodland and Coastal Conditions.

Bergenia 'Silberlicht'

Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height

12 x 20
(30 x 50)

Mid-Green

White fading to pink in
March-May on large heads

Pruning Group 16 but do not remove the dead leaves.
Full Sun and Partial Shade
Fully Hardy Zone 4-8
Dry, Clay or Chalk
Clump-forming
Front of Border, Rest of Border, Back of Shady Border, Container, Woodland and Coastal Conditions.
Ground-cover
Strong grower.

Bergenias like to expand their clumps, so remove the oldest pieces to keep them neat and not too congested

Betula ermanii

Betula species
No HB

Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

720 x 240 (1800 x 600)

Dull Dark Green

...

"Erman Birch".
Pruning Group 1.
Sensitive to Sea Wind and shallow rooting.
Full Sun and Partial Shade.
Fully Hardy.
Chalk, Sand or Peaty Soil.
Rounded.

Trees for Lawn for large garden, Pollution Barrier and flower arranging.

Betula nana

Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

24 x 48
(60 x 120)

Mid-Green in Spring and Summer, Yellow or Red in Autumn

...

"Arctic Birch, Dwarf Birch". Abundant over large areas above the Arctic Circle. It forms extensive thickets on the tundra, in bogs or on low hills. Further south it is restricted to high, bleak regions. Sensitive to Sea Wind.
Pruning Group 1.
Full Sun and Partial Shade.
Zones 1-7, Fully Hardy.
Chalk, Sand or Peaty Soil.
Spreading / creeping.
Use in damp, boggy areas.

Rest of Border, Pollution Barrier and flower arranging.

Betula papyrifera

Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

720 x 240 (1800 x 600)

Dark Green in Spring and Summer, Yellow in Autumn

...

"Paper Birch, Canoe Birc". Famed for its tough papery, white or cream bark.
Pruning Group 1.
Sensitive to Sea Wind and shallow rooting.
Full Sun and Partial Shade.
Zones 2-9, Fully Hardy.
Chalk, Sand or Peaty Soil.
Rounded.

Trees for Lawn for large garden, Pollution Barrier and flower arranging.

Betula pendula 'Tristis'

Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

720 x 240 (1800 x 600)

Mid Green in Spring and Summer, Yellow in Autumn

Top catkin is female, lower 3 are male catkins

"Silver Birch, White Birch".
Pruning Group 1.
Sensitive to Sea Wind and shallow rooting.
Full Sun and Partial Shade.
Zones 2-9, Fully Hardy.
Clay, Sand or Peaty Soil.
Narrow Weeping with erect trunk.

Trees for Lawn for large garden, Pollution Barrier and flower arranging.

Betula pendula 'Youngii'

Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

300 x 360 (750 x 900)

Light Green

...

"Young's Weeping Birch".
Pruning Group 1.
Sensitive to Sea Wind and shallow rooting.
Full Sun and Partial Shade.
Zones 2-9, Fully Hardy.
Clay, Sand or Peaty Soil.
Dome-shaped weeping tree with thread-like branches reaching the ground. Smooth white bark fissured black.

Trees for Lawn for large garden, Pollution Barrier and flower arranging.

In the foreground of its multi-stem, the bronze-flushed Dryopteris erythrosora tone with the birch's stem, while the creamy-white flowers of Astilbe 'Deutschland' harmonize with the birch's base.

Betula utilis var jacquemontii

Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

480 x 240 (1200 x 600)

Dark Green in Spring and Summer, Gold in Autumn

...

"White-barked Himalayan Birch".
Pruning Group 1.
Shallow rooting. Eye-catching bark during winter. White bark.
Full Sun and Partial Shade.
Zones 7-9, Fully Hardy.
Any Soil.
Oval.

Trees for Lawn for large garden, Pollution Barrier and flower arranging.

Blechnum penna-marina
(Blechnum alpinum,
Lomaria alpina)

Evergreen Fern below 24 inches (60 cms) in height

6 x indefinite (15 x indefinite)

Glossy Dark Green

...

Native to grassland and bogs in both lowland and alpine regions in Australia, New Zealand and Chile.
Pruning Group 15.
Partial and Full Shade.
Fully Hardy. Zone 5
Acid. Lime-Free and Peaty Soil. Needs moist ground.
Mound-Forming spreader.

Back of Shady Border, Rock Garden, Woodland.

Blechnum penna marina subsp alpina.

See further details and photos in Fern Nursery page and Fern Gallery.
The Fern Nursery garden is open on Saturdays from May until September. They have events, talks and ferns photo gallery.

Blechnum spicant

Evergreen Fern below 24 inches (60 cms) in height

12 x 24
(30 x 60)

Dark Green

...

"Hard Fern". Native to damp, acid woodland in Europe (including the British Isles), western Asia, and North America.
Pruning Group 15.
Partial and Full Shade.
Fully Hardy. Zone 5
Acid. Lime-Free and Peaty Soil.
Clump-Forming. Needs moist ground.

Back of Shady Border, Rock Garden, Woodland.

See further details and photos in Fern Nursery page and Fern Gallery.
The Fern Nursery garden is open on Saturdays from May until September. They have events, talks and ferns photo gallery.

Bocconia cordata
(Macleaya cordata)

Deciduous Rhizome Perennial above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

96 x 36
(240 x 90)

Grey to Olive Green

Buff-White in
July-August

"Plume Poppy".
Pruning Group 14.
Full Sun.
Fully Hardy.
Any. Dry Chalk, Lime-Free and Sandy Soil.
Erect. Can be invasive.

Back of Shady Border, Hedge, specimen.

Borago officinalis

Yes HB, ST, LT, SOL

Annual Herb 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

36 x 12
(90 x 30)

Spacing 18-24
(45-60)

Green

Blue in
July-October

"Borage". Self-seeding.
Pruning Group 14.
Full Sun or Partial Shade.
Fully Hardy.
Dry.
Any. Chalk and Sandy Soil.
Mat-forming.
Rock Garden, Raised Bed.
Once established in a garden, it will come up year after year from self-sown seed.

Bee Forage Plants and UK Butterfly with Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants.
Very usefull plant in your front garden bed or instead of your front garden lawn. Low maintenance and provides nectar and pollen for the bees. The leaves are used in place of borage and the flowers for garnishing salads.

Brachyglottis
'Dunedin Hybrids'
(Senecio 'Dunedin Hybrids')

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

60 x 72
(150 x 180)

Mid to Dark Green

Bright Yellow in
July-November

Ideal for coastal gardens, as they will grow in very sandy soils and are tolerant of salt winds. It can be pruned in spring to remain compact, or allowed to bear its cheerful yellow daisies in summer, to be pruned as they fade.
Pruning Group 8.
Full Sun.
Fully Hardy.
Dry.
Chalk and Sandy Soil.
Mound-Forming.
Rest of Border.

Brachyglottis compacta
(Senecio compacta)

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

36 x 72
(90 x 180)

Dull Dark Green

Bright Yellow in
July-August

This has wavy leaf margins showing the white felting of the underside.
Pruning Group 8.
Full Sun.
Frost Hardy.
Dry.
Chalk and Sandy Soil.
Mound-Forming.
Rest of Border.

Brachyglottis monroi
(Senecio monroi)

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

36 x 72
(90 x 180)

Olive-Green above, White beneath

Bright Yellow in
July-September

Compact, dense shrub with grey-green leaves very crimped at the margins and white-felted beneath. It is exceptionally tolerant of coastal winds.
Pruning Group 8.
Full Sun.
Fully Hardy.
Dry.
Chalk and Sandy Soil.
Mound-Forming.
Rest of Border.

Brunnera macrophylla 'Dawson's White'

Deciduous Rhizome below 24 inches (60 cms) in height

18 x 24
(45 x 60)

Green edged Creamy White

Bright Blue in
May-Jun

Partial Shade.
Rabbit Resistant - see other Rabbit Resistant Plants.
Fully Hardy. Zone 3-9
Moist or dry.
Chalk and Sandy Soil.
Stemless.
Ground cover. Grow in Woodland, and middle or Back of Shady Border, since the leaves scorch in full sun. Seeds itself.

Underplant early-flowering yellow roses in a rose garden. Associate with primroses and cowslips, with gold-edged hosta foliage, white or yellow flowering tulips and with Bowles' golden grass.

Brunnera companions - Thalictrum, dicentra, epimedium, trollius, muscari, narcissus, ranunculus ficaria, hyacinthoides, trillium, ophalodes; good under deciduous trees and shrubs (spring sun, summer shade)

Buddleia davidii 'Black Knight'

Buddleja species
No HB, ST, LT, SOL
The Buddleja davidii cultivars are popular with butterflies but are little use to honeybees for nectar as the flower-tubes are too long, although they sometimes collect pollen

Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

180 x 180 (450 x 450)

Grey-Green

Deep Violet in
July-October

"Butterfly Bush". Pruning Group 6.
Buddleia davidii seeds into the crumbling mortar of old walls alongside wallflowers (Cheiranthus) and gold dust (Alyssum), growing into lusty bushes.
All Buddleia can be used for Flower Arranging - see other Flower Arranging Plants.
Full Sun.
Zones 5-10, Fully Hardy. Dry.
Chalk and Sandy Soil.
Arching Form.
Back of Shady Border. Attractive to Butterflies, who feed on the nectar.

See Butterfly Species.
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants.

Buddleia davidii has seeds and leaves that are slightly poisonous.

Buddleia davidii 'Royal Red'

Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

180 x 180 (450 x 450)

Grey-Green

Purple-Red in
July-October

"Butterfly Bush". Pruning Group 6.
Full Sun.
Zones 5-10, Fully Hardy. Dry.
Chalk and Sandy Soil.
Arching Form.
Back of Shady Border. Attractive to Butterflies, who feed on the nectar.

See Butterfly Species.

Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants.

Buddleia davidii 'White Profusion'

Deciduous Shrub above 2 feet in height

180 x 180 (450 x 450)

Grey-Green

Yellow eyed White in
July-October

"Butterfly Bush". Pruning Group 6.
Full Sun.
Zones 5-10, Fully Hardy. Dry.
Chalk and Sandy Soil.
Arching Form.
Back of Shady Border. Attractive to Butterflies, who feed on the nectar.

See Butterfly Species.

Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants.

Buddleia globosa

Butterflies attracted by the flowers.

No HB, ST, LT, SOL
This is well-worked for nectar and is a good honeybee plant

Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

216 x 216 (540 x 540)

Dark Green

Orange-Yellow flowers in spherical clusters in Summer

"Orange Ball Tree". Pruning Group 2.
Full Sun.
Zones 7-10, Fully Hardy. Dry.
Chalk and Sandy Soil.
Rounded Form.
Plant Buddleia globosa in March or October, the others from Nov-Mar.

Buddleia officinalis

Butterflies attracted by the flowers.

Evergreen Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height

96 x 96
(240 x 240)

Dark Green above, Grey beneath

Yellow-eyed, Lilac-Pink in
January-March

Pruning Group 6.
Full Sun.
Fully Hardy. Dry.
Chalk and Sandy Soil.
Upright Form.
Back of Shady Border.

Buphthalmum salicifolium

Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

24 x 18
(60 x 45)

Dark Green, narrow and dense

Deep Yellow daisies in
June-September

"Willow-leaf Oxeye, Yellow Oxeye". Native to central and southern Europe.
Full Sun.
Fully Hardy. Zone 3-7
Dry.
Chalk and Sandy poor Soil.
Clump-forming.
Front of Border, Wild Garden or Grassy Bank. It has a very long flowering period. Ox-eye daisy is long-lasting as a cut flower.

Buphthalmum companions - Ligularia, larger ferns, lysimachia ciliata 'Firecracker', carex elata.
Its yellow flowers combine well with purple-leaved plants, such as heucheras with scarlet flowers, or dwarf purple berberis.

Bupleurum fruticosum

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

72 x 96
(180 x 240)

Blunt-ended, Blue-Green

Rounded umbels of Yellow-green flowers in
July-September

"Shrubby Hare's-ear". It is very tolerant of salt winds.
Pruning Group 9.
Full Sun.
Zones 7-10, Fully Hardy.
Dry.
Chalk or Sand.
Spreading / creeping Form.
Back of Shady Border.

Buxus microphylla

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

30 x 60
(75 x 150)

Dark Green in Spring, Summer and Autumn, Bronze in Winter

Yellow-Green in May

"Small-leaved Box, Japanese Box".
Pruning Group 8; trim edging plants in summer.
Partial Shade, Full Sun
Zones 6-10, Fully Hardy.
Moist.
Chalk Soil.
Rounded Form.
Edging (Low Hedge) and Rock Garden. If grown in full sun, mulch the ground with 4 inches of compost and keep the soil moist, otherwise the foliage can scorch.

Buxus sempervirens 'Elegantissima'

No HB

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

60 x 60
(150 x 150)

Green, White margined

Yellow-Green in May

"Common Box, European Box".
Pruning Group 8; trim hedges in summer.
Partial Shade, Full Sun
Zones 5-10, Fully Hardy.
Moist.
Chalk Soil.
Rounded Form.
A thick formal Hedge with plants spaced 18 inches (45 cm) apart. Also, suitable for topiary as specimen plants in lawns or hedges. If grown in full sun, mulch the ground with 4 inches (10 cms) of compost and keep the soil moist, otherwise the foliage can scorch.

North Carolina State University states for Buxus sempervirens that " it causes only low toxicity if eaten, and, Symptoms - respiratory failure.". Thus it is very poisonous.

Buxus sempervirens 'Suffruticosa'

Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height

36 x 60
(90 x 150)

Bright Green

Yellow-Green in May

Very slow-growing "Common Box". Ideal parterre plant, clipped into bold patterns of crisp compartments
and filled with more informal planting like herbs - common and purple sage and curry plant.
Pruning Group 8; trim hedges in summer.
Partial Shade, Full Sun
Zones 5-10, Fully Hardy.
Moist.
Chalk Soil.
Rounded Form.
An excellent thick formal Hedge with plants spaced 1.5 feet apart. Also, suitable for topiary as specimen plants in lawns or hedges. Rock Garden. If grown in full sun, mulch the ground with 4 inches of compost and keep the soil moist, otherwise the foliage can scorch.

Site design and content copyright ©December 2006. Page structure changed September 2012. Height x Spread in feet changed to Height x Spread in inches (cms) May 2015. Data added to existing pages December 2017. Zone and Companion Data added April 2022. The 1000 Ground Cover plants detailed above will be compared in the Comparison Pages of the Wildflower Shape Gallery and in the flower colour per month comparison pages of Evergreen Perennial Gallery starting in November 2022. Chris Garnons-Williams.

DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site.  

Height in inches (cms):-

25.4mm = 1 inch
304.8mm = 12 inches
12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
914.4mm = 1 yard

I normally round this to
25mm = 1 inch
300mm = 30 cms = 12 inches =1 foot,
900 mm = 3 feet = 1 yard and
1000mm = 100 cms = 1 metre = 40 inches

I have included within these pages on 1000 Ground Cover Plants information from other pages within this PLANTS Topic like

• Poisonous Plants
• Flower Arranging
• Rabbit Resistant
• Bee Forage
• Attracts Bird/Butterfly

and links to Rock Garden Plants Suitable for Small Gardens Index Gallery.

Any of these 1000 Ground Cover Plants may well have further details about them in the remainder of the pages in this PLANTS Topic linked to from the PLANTS PAGE MENU above.
 

The following comes from History of Early American Landscape Design as the History of the Border in America:-

"The use of borders as boundaries and enclosures is closely related to their use along the edges of walks, a common practice throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Lining the edges of walks with borders, which were often three- to four-feet - 36-48 inches (90-120cms) - wide, created an elongated space that could accommodate a greater variety of plant material than could beds, which were often limited in diameter for ease of maintenance. In 1807, Thomas Jefferson described his garden at Monticello in a letter and a sketch, with just such an argument for borders, allowing him “to indulge” in a “variety of flowers”. The 1832 plans for Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts, likewise included ten-foot borders filled with shrubs, perennials, and bulb flowers. George William Johnson, writing in 1847, cautioned against overly narrow borders that would convey a sense of “meanness” to the scene as opposed to the “grandeur” of an ample border."

Many of the descriptions in the Comments of these Ground Cover plants in pages A to Z state borders, which are taken from American literature.
In the UK border and bed seem to be interchangeable. But, if we amalgamated it so that a border became a 18-48 inch (45-120cm) wide bed alongside a lawn, a path, a walk, this might be suitable for both America and UK.
We could say that in the UK that a border is an edge planted with edging plants, which I suppose could be up to 48 inches (120 cms) wide.

Light Sandy Soil is usually fairly infertile, and it also dries out quickly. In such cases, use drought-tolerant plants, such as ones that grow in dry soil conditions (see plants in the Dry section of the Moisture column of the soil type, aspect and moisture list page) and also do the following actions, since any nutrients in the soil are usually washed out very quickly.

Acid soil is most common in places that experience heavy rainfall and have moister environments. Areas in red have acidic soil, areas in yellow are neutral and areas in blue have alkaline soil in the World Map. Find Me Plants has further details on other plants for acidic soils, when you set Soil Type in Part 1: Surveying the planting area to Sandy/Gritty, or Light Sand or Stony/Sub-Soil.

Action to assist in Light Sandy soil maintenance:-

• Mulch the beds with a 4 inch (100mm) deep layer of Spent Mushroom Compost to improve fertility and drainage; preferably in the Autumn in between the existing plants, and top it up each year after that with a Bark Mulch instead (available from garden centres or Gardenscape). This will stop the Light Sandy soil from drying out through the action of sun and wind on its surface, and to provide carbon to aid in soil formation and fertility. Adding clay in water solution as a spray will also greater improve the soil structure.
• If starting a new lawn or bed, add the 4 inch layer of Spent Mushroom Compost mulch and rotovate that in. If you also add an inch deep of clay, before rotovating that in as well, then that will provide part of the glue in creating a better soil from the sand. Heel and rake the ground for a new turf (or to be seeded) lawn, before laying or seeding it. Insert plants in new bed, before installing the irrigation system and then applying a 4 inch layer of this mulch on top of it.
• Spread 5Kg of Dolodust (Dolomitic Lime), with 2Kg of Maxicrop Seaweed Meal over a 25 square yard or 25 square metre lawn area, each April. This will improve the fertility of the lawn by providing calcium and the trace elements (See What is Soil Texture Page and How are chemicals stored and released from soil Page in the Soil Section for further details). Spreading the same amount of Dolomitic Lime and Maxicrop Seaweed Meal on the flower/vegetable beds at the same time would also be beneficial.

Sources of further information:-

• Notcutts Catalogue of 1994 - retail catalogue of their plants for sale. It has Plants for a Purpose pages including one on Light sandy dry soil including trees for gravel workings.
   
• The Royal Horticultural Society Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers. Editor-in-Chief Christopher Brickell. Published by Dorling Kindsley Limited. Reprinted and updated 1990, 2/1990, 3/1990. ISBN 0-86318-386-7. The Planter's Guide suggests lists of plants that are suitable for growing in particular situations, or that have special uses or characteristics including Plants for Sandy Soil.
   

Gardening in Sandy Soil by C.L. Fornari. A very useful book and one you can have on a Kindle in December 2017. A Storey Country Wisdom Bulletin with this Index:-

• The benefits of Sandy Soil
  • Drainage
  • Root Penetration
  • Air Circulation
  • Digging
• The disadvantages of gardening in sand
  • Rapid water loss
  • Nutrient loss
• Strategies for Success: using amendmentss
  • Soil amendments
  • Green amendments
  • Amending new beds
  • Amending established beds
• Fertilizing
• Mulch
  • Mulching materials
  • How much mulch
  • Problems with mulch
• Choosing plants
  • Sandy soils and pH
  • Moisture-loving plants in sandy soil
  • Vegetables in sandy soil
• Plants for sandy soils - I have bought the book and read it, but unfortunately I have not added its recommended plants.
  I would at least recommend that its list is carefully looked at by the Americans; for whom it was written.
  • Ground covers and Grasses
  • Annuals
  • Perennials
  • Shrubs and Trees

Action to assist in other soil types in:-

• Read 'Explaination of how soil works' and 'Negative impacts on the soil food web' for Any and Peat
• Chalk
• Clay
• Acid (Lime-Free)

The following is from "A land of Soil, Milk and Honey" by Bernard Jarman in Star & Furrow Issue 122 January 2015 - Journal of the Biodynamic Association;_

"Soil is created in the first place through the activity of countlesss micro-organisms, earthworms and especially the garden worm (Lumbricus terrestris). This species is noticeably active in the period immediately before and immediately after mid-winter. In December we find it (in the UK) drawing large numbers of autumn leaves down into the soil. Worms consume all kinds of plant material along with sand and mineral substances. In form, they live as a pure digestive tract. The worm casts excreted from their bodies form the basis of a well-structured soil with an increased level of available plant nutrients:-

• 5% more nitrogen,
• 7% more phosphorous and
• 11% more potasium than the surrounding topsoil.

Worms also burrow to great depths and open up the soil for air and water to penetrate, increasing the scope of a fertile soil.

After the earthworm, the most important helper of the biodynamic farmer is undoubetdly

• the cow. A cow's digestive system is designed to make use of roughage such as grass and hay. Cow manure is arguably the most effective and long lasting of all the fertilizing agents at the farmer's disposal and has been found to have a carry over effect of at least 4 years. It is also one of the most balanced and it contains no grass seeds, since they have been completely digested.
• Pig manure is rich in potassium, attractive to earthworms and beneficial on sandy soils.
• Horse manure increases soil activity and stimulates strong healthy growth, but it does contain grass seed and other seeds."
   

Plant Combinations for Sandy Soil

Action to assist in Light Sandy soil maintenance is given in the row above and this is required annually.

Plants

Comments

Sun lovers - You can achieve a design with grey-leaved plants, interspersed with smaller or larger groups of taller perennials and a single shrub. Because the grey-leaved plants predominate they are used as a basis, with suggestions for plants which can be combined with them.

Grey Foliage with white and yellow flowers and plants that combine with these

• Yarrow (Achillea chrysocoma),
• pearl everlasting (Anaphalis),
• mouse ear (Cerastium),
• Raoulia,
• catchfly (Silene uniflora 'Robin Whitebreast') and the
• bunnies' ears (Stachys byzantina 'Silver Carpet')

all have grey leaves and either white, yellow or inconspicuous flowers.

If the above plants are planted together; the effect of different heights and size of leaf will be rather messy and unclear. Plant the above as the background ground cover and the ones in the next column within that background.

• Acaena buchanii and Acaena magellanica being silver-leaved species of the pirri-pirri-bur form pretty vigorous ground cover. Add a few groups of grey-leaved grasses for their contrasting shape to make an interesting picture. The ground-covering Festuca glauca and Koeleria glauca are especially suitable, to which can be added the tall, also grey-leafed blue oat grass Helictotrichon sempervirens, for a striking feature.
• Gypsophila, with its delicate flowers, can best be planted next to a plant which has a strong leaf structure, for example Geranium renardii.
• For a taller feature among the grey-leafed ground cover you can choose one of the beautiful cultivars of the common German flag, Iris germanica. The tall, sword-shaped leaves which are grey-green, stand out very well here.
• The Yucca has a similar structure, forming a stout clump of leaves with tall sprays of white flowers.
• The tall mulleins, especially Verbascum bombyciferum, with splendid rosettes of grey, felty leaves and yellow flowers like huge torches that can easily reach 60 inches (150 cms), a real must.
• Annuals that deserve a place in this predominantly grey planting include Gazania pinnata with yellow flowers and the white Senecio cineraria.

The above comes from Ground Cover. How to use flowering and foliage plants to cover areas of soil by Mineke Kurpershoek. Published by Rebo Productions Ltd in 1997. ISBN 1 901094 41 3

Contents

• Chapter 1 What are ground-cover plants?
• Chapter 2 Plant combinations for normal garden soil
• Chapter 3 Plant combinations for sandy soil
• Chapter 4 Plant combinations for clay soil
• Chapter 5 Woodland, heaths and wet soil
• Chapter 6 Shrubs for slopes and large beds
• Chapter 7 The A to Z of plants for ground cover.
   

Langley Boxwood Nursery produce Buxus (Box), Taxus (Yew), Laurus nobilis (Bay) and other species topiary products. It provides one day topiary courses. They also grow some of the 80 varieties of Box for sale at the nursery or mail order.
 

From Annuals and Biennials chapter in Plants for Ground-cover by Graham Stuart Thomas - Gardens consultant to the National Trust. Published by J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd in 1970, Reprinted (with further revisions) 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1:-

"I think there is a case to be considered for annuals and biennials in ground-cover schemes so long as they will sow themselves freely.
These suggestions may be useful for large areas outside our gardens where a 'show' for a summer or two is needed, while shrubs and perennial ground-covers are being increased for later permanent planting.. They are easy to control if one studies the life-cycle with a view to allowing seed to develop if required or to remove it before it is shed.

Use

Plant

Comments

Lawn and ground-cover under conifer trees

Poa annua

The needles under a cedar tree were weekly swept away and the grass, despite fertilizers, top dressing, re-seading and re-turfing, simply would not grow. The needles were left alone and within 12 months the area became self-sown with a close and permanent sward of Poa nnua. This little grass regenerates itself constantly so that it makes a lawn, though each plant has only a short life.

Oxalis rosea

This is highly successful in the shade of conifers or any other tree

Cyclamen hederifolium

This is a perennial, though sowing itself freely when suited and it is here because plants to grow under cedars and yews, somewhat away from the trunks, are very few.

Temporary ground-cover under trees

Tropaeolum or Eschscholtzia

A sheet of 'Gleam' nasturtiums or eschscholtzia; both are free-flowering and easily pulled up, though like all annuals it may be a year or two later before all dispersed seeds have germinated.

Silene armeria and Iberis amara are equally successful, with Sett Alyssum (Lobularia maritima) creating a dwarf ground-cover carpet in late summer.

Ground-cover under trees with high rainfall

Claytonia sibirica (Montia sibirica)

This grows under trees where the grass is thin at high altitude and high rainfall. It covers the area - interpersed with primroses and Oxalia acetosella - with a mass of pinky-white stars a few inches (cms) above the ground.

Claytonia perfoliata is an annual; it is usually classed as a weed but is excellent cover in cool, acid soil, but far less conspicuous in flower

Streamsides, river banks and fringes of boggy ground

Impatiens glandulifera (Impatiens roylei, Annual Balsam)

It is a rapid colonizer because its seeds are ejected with some force from the ripe pods. It seeds with great abandon and grows to 72 (180) or more; its many pink flowers make a great show.

Full sun and drier soils than by streamsides

Angelica archangelica

It very quickly produces great green heads in spring, ripening quickly, with the result that the ground is thickly covered with seedlings in late summer.

Oenothera biennis (Evening Primrose) will colonize any sunny waste place and produce yellow blooms for weeks in the summer

Lychnis coronaria is a prolific seeder with rosettes of silvery basal leaves.

Erysimum linifolium (Wallflower) produces lilac flowers

Plants that seed about with abandon

• Phytolacca american Poke Weed) has great spikes of shing black seeds
• Geranium pratense, a soft blue flower, 36 (90) high, with a basal clump of divided leaves
• Myrrhis odorata (Sweet Cicely), old garden herb
• Borago laxiflora with pale blue flowers
• on neutral, well-drained soil, Lupinus hartwegii and Lupinus polyphyllus, with Lupinus arboreus (Tree Lupin) are useful
• temporary ground-cover of Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus luteus, which are used agriculturally to enrich the land as a 'green manure'.
• Verbascum nigrum, produces yellow or white 36 (90) high spikes in summer and it makes good basal rosetttes while it sows itself freely.
• Foxgloves (Digitalis) and honesty (Lumaria) seed themselves freely and in a way will act as a ground-cover on account of their large basal leaves.

From Appendix II Lists of plants for special conditions in Plants for Ground-cover by Graham Stuart Thomas - Gardens consultant to the National Trust. Published by J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd in 1970, Reprinted (with further revisions) 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1:-

Plant

Plant

Plant

1. Plants requiring lime-free soils

On limy soils it is wiser not to attempt to grow the genera in this list. They are mainly woodland plants and thrive best in soil in which humus has been mixed.
Species of Ceanothus, Berberis, Chaenomeles, Cytisus, Iris, Lupinus, Pimelia and Myosotideum are not so dependent on humus so long as the soil is acid or neutral.

Arctostaphylos.
Azalea - this is poisonous to bees and its honey to humans.
Berberis thunbergii and varieties.
Blechnum.
Boykinia.
Bruckenthalia.
Calluna.
Camelia.
Carex pendula.
Cassiope.
Chaenomeles.
Claytonia sibirica.
Clethra.
Comptonia.
Cornus canadensis.
Cyathodes.
Cytisus scoparius prostratus (Sarothamnus).
Daboecia.
Dicentra.
Empetrum.
Epigaea.

Erica.
Galax.
Gaultheria.
Gaylussacia.
Houstonia.
Hydrangea macrophylla.
Iris douglasiana.
Iris innominata.
Leiophyllum.
Leucothoe.
Linnaea.
Lithospermum diffusum.
Lupinus.
Luzula.
Meconopsis.
Mitchella.
Myosotideum.
Ourisia.
Pachysandra.
Paxistima.
Pernettya.

Philesia.
Pieris.
Pimelia.
Pyrola.
Rhododendron - this is poisonous to bees and its honey to humans.
Sarothamnus, see Cytisus.
Schizocodon.
Shortia.
Skimmia.
Smilacina.
Soldanella.
Tanakaea.
Vaccinium.
Woodwardia.

2. Plants which will thrive in limy soils

While it may be taken that any genus not mentioned in 1 will tolerate lime, many, such as Rosa, prefer the soil to be neutral. The following will thrive in soil that is actively limy, even over chalk, though they will grow equally well without lime.

Acaena.
Acanthus.
Achillea.
Adiantum.
Ajuga.
Alchemilla.
Alyssum saxatile.
Anaphalis.
Anchusa.
Anemone.
Antennaria.
Arabis.
Armeria.
Asplenium.
Athyrium.
Aubretia.
Aucuba.
Ballota.
Berberis (except Berberis thunbergii and varieties).
Bergenia.
Brunnera macrophylla.
Caltha.
Campanula.
Cardamine.
Ceanothus.
Centaurea.
Cerastium.
Ceratostigma.
Choisya.
Cistus.
Clematis.
Convallaria.
Convolvulus.
Cornus alba.
Cotoneaster.

Cotula.
Crambe.
Crataegus.
Cyclamen.
Daphne.
Dianthus.
Dryas.
Dryopteris.
Epimedium.
Erigeron.
Erodium.
Euonymus fortunei.
Euphorbia.
Festuca.
Forsythia.
Fuchsia.
Genista hispanica.
Geranium.
Gymnocarpium.
Gypsophila.
Halimum.
Hebe.
Hedera.
Helianthemum.
Helleborus.
Hemerocallis.
Houttuynia.
Hydrangea villosa.
Hypericum.
Hyssopus.
Iris foetidissima.
Jasminum.
Juniperus.
Lamium.
Lathyrus.
Lavandula.
Liriope.
Lonicera.
Mahonia.
Nepeta.
Osmanthus.
Othonnopsis.

Paeonia.
Peltiphyllum (Darmera).
Phlomis.
Phlox.
Polygonatum.
Polygonum.
Potentilla.
Primula.
Prunus.
Pulmonaria.
Pulsatilla.
Pyracantha.
Pyrus.
Reynoutria.
Ribes.
Rodgersia.
Rosmarinus.
Rubus.
Salvia.
Sambucus.
Santolina.
Sarcooca.
Scabiosa.
Sedum.
Senecio.
Sorbaria.
Spiraea.
Stachys.
Symphoricarpos.
Symphytum.
Taxus.
Tellima.
Teucrium.
Thymus.
Vancouveria.
Viburnum.
Vinca.
Viola.
Waldsteinia.
Zauschneria.

3. Plants which tolerate clay.

Few plants establish quickly on very heavy soils over clay, though many of the following will luxuiriate in maturity, provided the area is reasonably well-drained.

Acanthus.
Aesculus.
Ajuga.
Alchemilla.
Anemone x hybrida.
Anemone tomentosa.
Aruncus.
Asarum.
Astilboides.
Aucuba.
Berberis.
Bergenia.
Brunnera.
Caltha.
Chaenomeles.
Clematis.
Convallaria.
Cornus alba.
Cornus stolonifera.
Cotoneaster.
Crataegus.
Daphne.
Epimedium.

Euonymus fortunei.
Forsythia.
Geranium.
Hedera.
Helleborus.
Hemerocallis.
Hosta.
Lamium.
Lonicera.
Mahonia.
Malus.
Peltiphyllum.
Petasites.
Phillyrea.
Polygonatum.
Polygonum.
Prunella.
Prunus.
Pyrus.
Reynoutria.
Ribes.

Rodgersia.
Rosa.
Rubus.
Salix.
Sambucus.
Sarcocca.
Sorbaria.
Spiraea.
Symphoricarpus.
Symphytum.
Telekia.
Tellima.
Trachystemon.
Vancouveria.
Viburnum.
Vinca.
Waldsteinia.

4. Plants which will grow satisfactorily in dry, shady places.

Apart from ill-drained clay, this combination of conditions is the most difficult to cope with in the garden.

* indicates those which will not tolerate lime.

Alchemilla conjuncta.
*Arctostaphylos.
Arundinaria.
Asperula.
Asplenium.
Aster macrophyllus.
Aucuba.
*Blechnum spicant.
*Camellia.
*Carex.
*Cornus canadensis.
Cyclamen.
Dryopteris filix-mas.
Duchesnea.
Epimedium.
Euphorbia robbiae.
Fatshedera.

Fragaria.
*Gaultheria shallon.
Geranium nodosum.
Hedera.
Hypericum. androsaemum.
Iris foetidissima.
*Linnaea.
Lonicera nitida.
Lonicera pileata.
Lunaria.
Mahonia.
Myrrhis.
Pachyphragma.
*Pachysandra.
Phyllostachys.
Polypodium.
Prunus laurocerausus varieties.

Reynoutria.
Ribes.
Rubus.
Sarcocca.
Skimmia.
Thalictrum.
Trachystemon.
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea.
Vancouveria.
Vinca minor.
Walsteinia.
Xanthorhiza.

5. Plants which thrive on moist soils.

Genera marked * are suitable for boggy positions.

Ajuga.
Aruncus.
*Astilbe.
Astilboides.
Athyrium.
Blechnum chilense.
*Caltha.
Clethra (no lime).
Cornus alba.

Cornus stolonifera.
Filipendula palmata.
Filipendula purpurea.
Gunnera.
Heracleum.
Houttuynia.
*Ligularia.
*Lysichitum.
Matteuccia.

*Onoclea.
Osmunda.
Peltiphyllum (Darmera).
Petasites japonicus.
*Primula florindae.
Primula various.
Ranunculus.
Rheum.
Rodgersia.
*Trollius

6. Plants which grow well in shady positions.

The bulk of these are woodland plants, growing well under shrubs and trees, but those marked * are not so satisfactory under trees, though thriving in the shade given by buildings. For those requiring lime-free soil, compare with List 1.

Adiantum.
Aegopodium.
Anemone.
*Arabis.
Arundinaria.
Asarum.
Asperula.
Asplenium.
Athyrium.
Aucuba.
*Berberis.
*Bergenia.
Blechnum.
Boykinia.
Brunnera.
Camellia.
Cardamine.

Carex.
Cassiope.
Chiastophyllum.
*Choisya.
Claytonia.
Comptonia.
Convallaria.
Cornus canadensis.
Cortusa.
Corydalis.
*Cotoneaster.
Cyathodes.
Cyclamen.
Cystopteris.
Dicentra.
Dryopteris.
Duchesnia.

Epigaea.
Epimedium.
Euonymus.
Euphorbia robbiae.
Fragaria.
*Fuchsia.
Galax.
Gaultheria.
Gaylussacia.
Geranium, most.
Gymnocarpium.
*Hebe.
Hedera.
Helleborus.

Helxine.
X Heucherella.
Hosta.
Houstonia.
Hydrangea.
Hypericum androsaemum.
Hypericum calycinum.
*Iberis sempervirens.
Iris foetidissima.
Jasminum nudiflorum.
*Jasminum others.
Juniperus x media.
Lamium.
Leucothoe.
Linnaea.
Lomaria.
Lonicera pileata.
Lunaria.
Luzula.
Lysimachia.
Mahonia.
Maianthemum.
Matteuccia.
Meconopsis.
Milium.
Mitchella.
Myrrhis.
Omphalodes.

Onoclea.
Ourisia.
Oxalis.
Pachyphragma.
Pachysandra.
Paxistima.
Patrinia.
Petasites.
Philesia.
Phyllostachys.
Pieris.
Polygonatum.
Polygonum.
Polypodium.
Polystichum.
Prunus laurocerasus.
Pseudosasa.
Pulmonaria.
Pyrola.
Rhododendron, larger-leaved kinds, it is toxic to bees and the honey from it is toxic to humans.
Ribes.
Rubus.
Sarcocca.
Saxifraga.
Schizocodon.
Selaginella.
 

Shortia.
Skimmia.
Smilacina.
*Soldanella.
Symphytum.
Tanakea.
Tellima.
Thalictrum minus.
Tiarella.
Tolmeia.
Trachystemon.
Vaccinium macrocarpum.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea.
Vancouveria.
*Viburnum davidii.
Vinca.
Viola.
Waldsteinia.
Woodwardia.

7. Plants which will thrive in hot, sunny places on dry soils.

Those marked * require lime-free soil.

Acaena.
Acantholimon.
Acanthus.
Achillea.
Alyssum.
Ampelopsis.
Antennaria.
Anthemis.
Arabis.
*Arctostaphylos.
Armeria.
Artemisia.
Aubretia.
Ballota.
Bolax.
Bupleurum.
Calamintha.
Campanula alliariifolia.
Campsis.
Ceanothus.
Centaurea.
Cerastium.
Ceratostigma.
*Chaenomeles.
Choisya.
Cissus.
Cistus.
Clematis flammula.
Clematis x jouiniana.
Convolvulus.
Coronilla.
Cotula.
Crambe.
*Cytisus.
Dianthus

Dimorphotheca.
Elaeagnus.
Elymus.
Ephedra.
Erigeron glaucus.
Erodium.
Erysimum.
Eschscholtzia.
Fascicularia.
Festuca.
Filipendula hexapetala.
Genista.
Geranium x magnificum.
Geranium renardii.
Gypsophila.
Halimocistus.
Halimium.
Hebe.
Helianthemum.
Hypericum calycinum.
Hypericum rhodopeum.
Hyssopus.
Iberis amara.
Iberis sempervirens.
Iris graminea.
*Iris innominata.
Iris japonica.
Iris ruthenica.
Jasminum parkeri.
Juniperus.
Lathyrus.
Lavandula.
Leptospermum.
Limonium.
Lupinus arboreus.

Lychnis coronaria.
Moltkia.
Muehlenbeckia.
Nepeta.
Oenothera biennis.
Ophiopogon.
Osteospermum, (see Dimporphotheca).
Othonnopsis.
Oxalis rubra.
Paronychia.
Parthenocissus.
Pennisetum.
Pterocephalus.
Ptilotrichum.
Raoulia.
Reynoutria.
Romneya.
Rosmarinus.
Ruta.
Salvia'
Santolina.
Saponaria.
Satureia.
Scabiosa graminifolia.
Sedum.
Senecio.
Silene.
Stachys olympica.
Teucrium.
Thymus.
Trachystemon.
*Vaccinium oxycoccus.
Viola labradorica.
Zauschneria.

8. Plants which thrive in maritime districts.

Many of the following will stand wind and salt-spray, particularly those marked *.

Those marked ** will provide shelter for others and shelter is highly important in seaside gardening.

For genera requiring, lime-free soil, compare with List 1.

Acaena.
Acantholimon.
Achillea.
Alchemilla.
Alyssum.
Antennaria.
Anthemis.
Arabis.
*Arctostaphylos.
*Armeria.
*Artemisia.
Arundinaria.
Asperula.
Asplenium.
Athyrium.
 

Aubretia.
*Aucuba.
*Berberis.
Bergenia.
Beschorneria.
Betula.
Blechnum.
Bolax.
Bruckenthalia.
**Bupleurum.
Calamintha.
*Calluna.
Camellia.
Campanula.
Campsis.

Ceanothus.
Centaurea.
*Cerastium.
Ceratostigma.
Choisya.
**Cistus.
Clematis.
Convolvulus.
Coprosma.
Cornus alba.
Cornus stolonifera.
Coronilla.
**Cotoneaster.
*Crambe.
**Crataegus.
*Cytisus.
*Daboecia.
*Dianthus.
*Dimorphotheca.
Dryas.
Dryopteris.
*Elaeagnus.
*Elymus.
Ephedra.
*Erica.
*Erigeron glaucus.
*Eriogonum.
*Eryngium.
Erysimum.
**Escallonia.
*Euonymus.
Euphorbia.
Fascicularia.
Festuca.
Filipendula hexapetala.
Forsythia.
*Fuchsia.
Garrya.

*Genista.
Geranium.
*Gypsophila.
Halimiocistus.
*Halimium.
**Hebe.
Hedera.
Helianthemum.
Hemerocallis.
Heuchera.
*Hydrangea.
Hypericum.
Hyssopus.
Iberis.
Ilex.
Iris.
Jasminum.
*Juniperus.
Lathyrus.
Lavandula.
*Leptospermum.
*Limonium.
Liriope.
**Lonicera.
*Lupinus arboreus.
Mahonia.
Myosotideum.
Osteospermum, (see Dimorphotheca).
*Othonnopsis.
Oxalis.
Penstemon.
Petasites fragrans.
Phlox.
Phyllostachys.
Polygonum.
Polypodium.
Polystichum.
*Potentilla.

Pulsatilla.
Pyrus.
Reynoutria.
*Romneya.
*Rosa.
*Rosmarinus.
Rubus.
Ruta.
**Salix.
Salvia.
Santolina.
Satureia.
Saxifraga.

*Sedum.
**Senecio.
Silene.
Skimmia.
Sorbaria.
Spiraea.
Stachys.
Symphoricarpus.
Teucrium.
Thymus.
Vaccinium.
Vinca.
Waldsteinia.

9. Plants which create barriers.

The following by their dense or prickly character will deter small animals and human beings as well as weeds.

Arundinaria anceps.
Berberis.
Chaenomeles.
Clematis montana.
Clethra.
Cornus alba.
Cornus stolonifera.
Cotoneaster conspicuus.
Cotoneaster conspicuus 'Decorus'.
Crataegus.
Forsythia suspensa sieboldii.
Gaultheria shallon.
Juniperus x media.
Lonicera nitida.

Mahonia japonica.
Pernettya.
Pyrus.
Rosa 'Macrantha'.
Rosa 'Max Graf'.
Rosa x paulii.
Rosa x polliniana.
Rosa 'Raubritter'.
Rosa rugosa.
Rosa virginiana.
Rosa woodsii fendleri.
Spiraea douglasii.
Spiraea menziesii.

10. Plants for town gardens.

Genera marked * prefer acid soil;

those marked £ will thrive in impoverished soils. Soil in towns is usually deficient in humus.

£Acanthus.
£Alchemilla.
Anemone.
£Asperula odorata.
£Aucuba.
£Bergenia.
Campanula.
Clematis montana.
Corydalis.
*Dicentra.
£Epimedium.

Euonymus.
£Fatshedera.
£Ferns.
£Geranium.
£Hebe.
£Hedera.
*Hosta.
Nepeta.
Parthenocissus.
Polygonatum.
£Potentilla.

Ribes.
Salix.
Saxifraga, Robertsonia section.
Spiraea.
Tellima.
£Vancouveria.
£Vinca.
Waldsteinia.

EXPLAINATION OF WHY SOIL IN UK TOWNS IS USUALLY DEFICIENT IN HUMUS.
That is because when a flower bed is weeded, then the weeds are thrown away. This means that the minerals that weed used up from the soil are also thrown away, and the soil has not received any replacement.

Humus is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays.
When plants drop leaves, twigs, and other material to the ground, it piles up. This material is called leaf litter. When animals die, their remains add to the litter. Over time, all this litter decomposes. This means it decays, or breaks down, into its most basic chemical elements. Many of these chemicals are important nutrients for the soil and organisms that depend on soil for life, such as plants. The thick brown or black substance that remains after most of the organic litter has decomposed is called humus. Earthworms often help mix humus with minerals in the soil. Humus contains many useful nutrients for healthy soil. One of the most important is nitrogen. Nitrogen is a key nutrient for most plants. Agriculture depends on nitrogen and other nutrients found in humus.When humus is in soil, the soil will crumble. Air and water move easily through the loose soil, and oxygen can reach the roots of plants. Humus can be produced naturally or through a process called composting. When people compost, they collect decaying organic material, such as food and garden scraps, that will be turned into soil.

The humus provides the organic polymers to interact with the clay domains and bacterium to stick the 2 grains of sand together. This soil molecule of 2 grains of sand, organic polymers, clay domains and bacterium will disintegrate by the action of the bacterium or fungal enymatic catalysis on the organic polymers. So if a continuous supply of humus is not present, then the soil molecules will break up into sand and clay.
Because the idiots in the UK do not know about this, this is why they weed a bed, throw away the weed, not provide anything in return and expect the soil to take care of itself.
When you go to view gardens open to the public how many times can you see bare earth between plants in a flower bed? There needs to be either a green manure or an organic mulch between the plants, so that leaf litter etc can decompose and become humus to provide the minerals and humus for the plants. That is what you see when you visit a forest where the fallen leaves, branches, animals and birds are left to their own devices, except when a newly qualified university student came to look after a local authority controlled wooded park, when she got the local population to help her and her staff to remove all the undergrowth, leaving bare earth!

Cultural Needs of Plants
from Chapter 4 in Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran. Revised and Expanded Edition. Published in 2001 by Timber Press, Inc. Reprinted 2002, 2006. ISBN-13:978-0-88192-495-4.

"Understanding Fern Needs
Ferns have the same basic growing requirements as other plants and will thrive when these are met. There is nothing mysterious about the requirements - they are not something known only to people with green thumbs - but the best gardeners are those who understand plant requirements and are careful about satisfying them.
What, then, does a fern need?
 

1. Water - All plants need water. Water in the soil prevents roots from drying, and all mineral nutrients taken up by the roots must be dissolved in the soil water. Besides water in the soil, most plants need water in the air. Adequate humidity keeps the plant from drying out. Leaves need water for photosynthesis and to keep from wilting.
2. Light - All green plants need light to manufacture food (sugars) by photosynthesis. Some plants need more light than others, and some can flourish in sun or shade. Most ferns, however, prefer some amount of shade.
3. Photosynthesis - For photosynthesis, plants require carbon dioxide, a gas that is exhaled by animals as waste. Carbon dioxide diffuses into plants through tiny pores, called stomata, that abound on the lower surface of the leaves. In the leaf, carbon dioxide is combined with the hydrogen from water to form carbohydrates, the plant's food. This process takes place only in the presence of light and chlorophyll, a green pigment found in plant cells. To enhance growth, some commercial growers increase the carbon dioxide level in their greenhouses to 600ppm (parts per million), or twice the amount typically found in the air.
4. Oxygen - Plants need oxygen. The green plants of a plant do not require much oxygen from the air because plants produce more oxygen by photosynthesis than they use. The excess oxygen liberated from the plants is used by all animals, including humans. What do plants do with oxygen? They use it just as we do, to release the energy stored in food. We use energy to move about, to talk, to grow, to think - in fact, for all our life processes. Although plants don't talk or move much, they do grow and metabolize and must carry on all their life processes using oxygen to release the stored energy in their food.
5. Air with roots - Roots need air all the time. They get it from the air spaces between the soil particles. Overwatering displaces the air between soil particles with water, thereby removing the oxygen needed by the roots. This reduces the root's ability to absorb mineral nutrients and can foster root-rot. These gases need free access to the roots:-
   • Nitrogen Cycle -
     Nitrogen is the most commonly limiting nutrient in plants. Legumes use nitrogen fixing bacteria, specifically symbiotic rhizobia bacteria, within their root nodules to counter the limitation. Rhizobia bacteria fix nitrogen which is then converted to ammonia. Ammonia is then assimilated into nucleotides, Amino Acids, vitamins and flavones which are essential to the growth of the plant. The plant root cells convert sugar into organic acids which then supply to the rhizobia in exchange, hence a symbiotic relationship between rhizobia and the legumes.
   • Oxygen Cycle -
     No nutrient absorption occurs at the root zone unless oxygen is present.
   • Carbon Dioxide -
     Plant roots uptake carbon dioxide to provide carbon for parts of the foliage.
6. Minerals - Plants need minerals to grow properly. The minerals are mined from the soil by the plant's root system. If a certain mineral is missing, such as calcium needed for developing cell walls, then the plant will be stunted, discoloured, or deformed.
7. Temperature - Some plants tolerate a wide range of temperatures, whereas others are fussy. If the temperature is too high or low, the machinery of the plant will not operate satisfactorily or will cease entirely.
   
   The basic needs of plants are not hard to supply, but growing success depends on attending to these needs with care and exactitude. The remainder of this chapter is devoted to a discussion of these requirements, with the exception of mineral needs, which are discussed in Chapter 5."

Only Earthworms provide the tunnels which transport water, gas and nutrients to and from roots.

When the roots of the plant requires the mineral nutrients dissolved in soil water, oxygen and nitrogen intake and waste gases output, it gets it through the action of the earthworm continously making tunnels to provide the transport system.
6000 species of Earthworm have no special respiratory organs. Gases are exchanged through the moist skin and capillaries, where the oxygen is picked up by the hemoglobin dissolved in the blood plasma and carbon dioxide is released. Water, as well as salts, can also be moved through the skin by active transport.
When the earthworms are denied access to the air above ground as in the case of pavements, driveways and patios; then they die and the system round them dies as well. Since the roots are not getting their requirements; then they also die off, and you are left with insufficient live root to support the tree or other plants.

11. Plants suitable for covering rose-beds.

The following are all small plants that will not be strong-growing for the purpose, and will help to make the beds more attractive during the 7 months when Hybrid Teas and Floribundas are not in flower. Small spring-flowering bulbs can be grown through them. The more vigorous shrub roses will tolerate many others among the shorter growing plants in this 1000 ground cover table.

Acaena.
Alyssum saxatile.
Arabis.
Aubretia.
Campanula carpatica.
Campanula portenschlagiana.

Cardamine trifolia.
Corydalis lutea.
Corydalis ochroleuca.
Dianthus.
Lysimachia nummularia.
Phlox subulata.

Primula auricula.
Primula vulgaris sibthorpii.
Pulsatilla.
Saponaria ocymoides.
Saxifraga.
Viola.

There are 180 families in the Wildflowers of the UK and they have been split up into 22 Galleries to allow space for up to 100 plants per gallery.

Each plant named in each of the Wildflower Family Pages may have a link to:-

its Plant Description Page in its Common Name in one of those Wildflower Plant Galleries and will have links

to external sites to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name,

to see photos in its Flowering Months and

to read habitat details in its Habitat Column.

It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:-

Closed Bud

Opening Bud

Juvenile Flower

Older Juvenile Flower

Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its
Rose Description Page is
"Buff Yellow, with a very slight pink tint at the edges in May-October."

Mature Flower

Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower

Form of Rose Bush

There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page.

So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!!

Plant Selection by Flower Colour

Blue Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Wild Flower.
 

Orange Flowers

Bedding.
Wild Flower.

Other Colour Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Wild Flower.

Red Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Decid Shrub.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Herbac Per.
Rose.
Wild Flower.

White Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Decid Shrub.
Decid Tree.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Herbac Per.
Rose.
Wild Flower.
 

Yellow Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Decid Shrub.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Herbac Per.
Rose.
Wild Flower.
 

Fragrant Plants adds the use of another of your 5 senses in your garden:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers.

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Leaves.

Trees and Shrubs with Aromatic Bark.

Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an
Acid Soil.

Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil.

Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil.

Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers.

Herbaceous Plants with Scented Leaves.

Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves.

Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers.

Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit.

Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers.

Night-scented Flowering Plants.

Scented Aquatic Plants.

Plants with Scented Fruits.

Plants with Scented Roots.

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Wood.

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Gums.

Scented Cacti and Succulents.

Plants bearing Flowers or Leaves of Unpleasant Smell.
 

Flower Perfume Group:-

Indoloid Group.

Aminoid Group with scent - Hawthorn.

Heavy Group with scents -
Jonquil and
Lily.

Aromatic Group with scents - Almond,
Aniseed, Balsamic,
Carnation, Cinnamon, Clove,
Spicy and
Vanilla.

Violet Group.

Rose Group.

Lemon Group with scent -
Verbena.

Fruit-scented Group with scents -
Apricot,
Fruity,
Green Apple,
Orange, Pineapple,
Ripe Apple , Ripe Banana and
Ripe Plum.

Animal-scented Group with scents -
Cat,
Dog,
Ferret,
Fox,
Goat,
Human Perspiration,
Musk,
Ripe Apple and
Tom Cat.

Honey Group.

Unpleasant Smell Group with scents -
Animal,
Fetid,
Fishy,
Foxy,
Fur-like,
Garlic,
Hemlock,
Manure,
Nauseating,
Perspiration,
Petrol,
Putrid,
Rancid,
Sickly,
Skunk,
Stale Lint,
Sulphur and
Urinous.

Miscellaneous Group with scents -
Balm,
Brandy,
Cedar,
Cloying,
Cowslip,
Cucumber,
Damask Rose, Daphne,
Exotic,
Freesia,
Fur-like,
Gardenia,
Hay-like,
Heliotrope, Honeysuckle,
Hops,
Hyacinth,
Incense-like, Jasmine,
Laburnham,
Lilac,
Lily of the Valley, Meadowsweet, Mignonette,
Mint,
Mossy,
Muscat,
Muscatel,
Myrtle-like,
Newly Mown Hay, Nutmeg,
Piercing,
Primrose,
Pungent,
Resinous, Sandalwood, Sassafras,
Seductive,
Slight,
Soft,
Stephanotis,
Sulphur,
Starch,
Sweet,
Sweet-briar,
Tea-rose,
Treacle and
Very Sweet.