Ivydene Gardens Bulb, Corm, Rhizome and Tuber Gallery:
Bulb Index: C - Page 2 with
Extra Bulb Index: C in the table on the extreme right

Bulb, Corm, Rhizome or Tuber Name -
from
1000 Ground-cover
Plants
are in brown text

Major source of honey in the UK Yes/No
Used by
HoneyBees - HB,
Short-Tongued Bumblebees - ST,
Long-Tongued Bumblebees - LT,
Solitary
Bees - SOL

Flower Colour with
Flower Thumbnail

Flowering
Months
with Link to Flower Colour Comparison Page in that month

Form Thumbnail
and

Mat,
Cushion,
Spreading,
Clump,
Stemless,
Upright
as its form

Height x Width in inches (cms) -

1 inch = 2.5 cms,

12 inches = 1 foot = 30 cms,

36 inches = 3 feet = 1 yard = 90 cms,

40 inches = 100 cms

Seed Head Thumbnail

Soil

Sun Aspect

Soil Moisture

Foliage Colour with Foliage Thumbnail

Bulb Use

Comments

CROCUS - All Crocus and Cyclamen have Stemless Form.

Plant 4 inches (10 cms) deep in average well-drained, moisture-retentive soil and 6 inches (15 cms) apart in September. If planting in clay soil, remove soil to 8 inches (20 cms) deep, work very sharp sand or gravel into the bottom of the area, and mix a little with the clay soil to bring the depth up to 3-4 inches (7.5-10 cms), before placing the bulbs in position and refilling with 50% soil 50% sharp sand.

Plant at the edges of paths, drives and small beds towards the front of borders. They can also be planted 4 inches (10 cms) deep in 10 inch (25 cms) pots with 50% sharp sand and 50% Multipurpose Compost mixture.

Plant under turf on sandy or chalk soil. The grass should be mown short a month before flowers appear and all mowing stopped whilst the crocus are in flower and leaf. The autumn-flowering crocuses will have made their leaf growth and the foliage will have died down by the time in the spring when the grass needs cutting.

The larger-sized corms of particular varieties can be rested in the neck of a crocus vase so that the bottom of the corm is just above the water level, then place on a window-cill in the kitchen to give you the flowers before planting out in the garden when in leaf.

Autumn-flowering Crocus

Crocus banaticus

Lilac to Purple

crocuscflobanaticusrvroger1a

September, October

3-4 x 15
(8-10 x 38)

 

One of the most unusual flowered of all Crocus. It is slow to increase but is definitely worth any effort it takes to grow this one.

 

Crocus asturicus var. atripurpureus

Light and Dark Violet

crocuspforasturicusgarnonswilliams1

September, October, November, December

3-4 x 10
(8-10 x 25)

 

Plant at the edges of paths, drives and small beds towards the front of borders. 7 Green leaves, 3-4 inches long, are produced at flowering time; elongating afterward and then can be cut off in April.

 

Crocus asumaniae

White to Pale Lilac

crocuscfloasumaniaervroger1

October, November

3-4 x 10
(8-10 x 25)

 

Green leaves are produced at flowering time; and then can be cut off in April. A very rare species from Turkey, with goblet shaped white to pale lilac flowers with eye-catching large red stigma.

 

Crocus boryi

Creamy-White

crocuscfloboryirvroger1

September, October, November, December

3-4 x 15
(8-10 x 38)

The thin u-shaped 4 inch Dark Green leaves are produced with the flowers.

crocuscfolboryirvroger

This bulb is from Greece, so this species needs the shelter of a greenhouse, but produces exquisite white flowers flushed with a pale sulphur tint. The stigmata are an eye-catching bright scarlet.

Crocus is a Chaldean name meaning "saffron". In the wild, the plants are found over much of Europe, especially around the Mediterranean, in North Africa, and in Western Asia.

Crocus cambessedesii

White to Deep Lilac,
striped Purple

crocuspflo1cambessedanusgarnonswilliams1

September, October, November, December

3 x 15
(8 x 38)

 

Plant at the edges of paths, drives and small beds towards the front of borders. They can also be planted 4 inches (10 cms) deep in 10 inch (25 cms) pots with 50% sharp sand and 50% Multipurpose Compost mixture.
Plant under turf on sandy or chalk soil.

 

Crocus cancellatus
cancellatus

Pale to Mid Lilac-Blue

crocuscflocancellatuscancellatusrvroger1

September, October, November, December

2 x 15
(5 x 38)

 

Flowering time varies from the end of September to early December without the leaves. The flowering time will vary by as much as 2 or 3 months. Needs to be grown in a cool greenhouse rather than in the garden.

 

Crocus cancellatus
lycius

Creamy-White

crocuscflocancellatuslyciusrvroger1

September, October, November, December

2 x 15
(5 x 38)

 

This bulb produces wonderful creamy white flowers with bright orange stigmata. Again, one for the cool greenhouse as it needs a warm dry period of dormancy in the summer.

 

Crocus cancellatus
pamphylicus

White

crocuscflocancellatuspamphylicusrvroger1

September, October, November, December

2 x 15
(5 x 38)

 

Flowering time varies from the end of September to early December without the leaves. The flowering time will vary by as much as 2 or 3 months. This bulb needs to be grown in a cool greenhouse rather than in the garden. Does need to be allowed to dry out over the summer.

 

Crocus
cartwrightianus

Pale to deep Lilac-Purple or White, darker veins

crocuscflocartwrightianusrvroger1

October, November,
December

2 x 15
(5 x 38)

 

The main attraction of this species is the long, bright red styles and shorter bright yellow stamens. Quite an eye catching flower!! It will grow outdoors in a sunny spot in very well drained soil but is best grown in a pot in a cool greenhouse.

 

Crocus
cartwrightianus 'Albus'

Pure White

crocuscflocartwrightianusalbusrvroger1

October, November,
December

2 x 15
(5 x 38)

The 10-12 inch (25-30 cms) long Green leaves are produced after the flowers

crocuscfolcartwrightianusalbusrvroger

The main attraction of this species is the long, bright red styles and shorter bright yellow stamens. It will grow outdoors in a sunny spot in very well drained soil but is best grown in a pot in a cool greenhouse.

This bulb is a stunning species with pure white flowers.

Crocus goulimyi

Soft Lilac

crocuscflogoulimyirvroger1

October, November

4 x 15
(10 x 38)

The 9-10 inch long Green leaves are produced with the flowers

centaurea montana foliage

Scented blooms with the leaves. Requires well drained soil but otherwise will grow outdoors.

Native to Greece and introduced 1955. This bulb produces a large number of offsets.

Crocus goulimyi 'Albus'

White

crocuscflogoulimyialbusrvroger1

October, November

4 x 15
(10 x 38)

 

This bulb is very pretty with white flowers, opening quite wide. They are scented and have contrasting yellow stamens. The foliage appears at the same time as the flowers. Requires well drained soil but otherwise will grow outdoors.

 

Crocus hadriaticus

White with
Purple markings

crocuscflohadriaticusrvroger1

October

4 x 15
(10 x 38)

 

Plant under turf on sandy or chalk soil. The grass should be mown short a month before flowers appear and all mowing stopped whilst the crocus are in flower and leaf. The foliage will have died down by the time in the spring when the grass needs cutting.

 

Crocus hadriaticus
'Indian Summer'

Fragrant, White

crocuscflohadriaticusindiansummerrvroger1

October, November

3-4 x 15
(10 x 38)

 

Native to Western and Southern Greece. This is a heritage Crocus, collected by E.A. Bowles in the central Peloponnesus and cherished in gardens for much of a century. In a sunny, well-drained spot this crocus can take considerable frost.

 

Crocus kotschyanus kotschyanus

Pale Lilac with Orange band inside

crocuscflokotschyanuskotschyanusgeetee1a

August, September

4 x 4
(10 x 10)

 

Useful information from this Rock Garden enthusiast with flower photos. Native to Lebanon and introduced prior to 1854, this is one of the finest autumn-flowering species. It is one of the most prolific offset producers in the genus, the many small cormlets spreading rapidly. It is an excellent species for naturalizing in open, woodland areas.

 

Crocus kotschyanus kotschyanus 'Albus'

Bone-White

crocuscflokotschyanuskotschyanusalbusrvroger1

August, September

2.5-3 x 15
(7-8 x 38)

 

Flower buds are very pale lilac but open to bone-White in August-September before the leaves.

 

Crocus kotschyanus
'Reliance'

Light Violet-Blue

crocuscflokotschyanusreliancervroger1

September

3-4 x 15
(8-10 x 38)

 

The Dark Green - with a White band in the centre - leaves appear after the flowers; becoming 12 inches (30 cms) long; and persisting throughout the winter. It is an excellent species for naturalizing in open, woodland areas.

 

Crocus laevigatus
'Fontenayi'

Ageratum-Violet

crocuscflolaevigatusfontenayirvroger1

December

3-4 x 15
(8-10 x 38)

The Dark Green - with a White band in the centre - leaves appear before the flowers emerge; becoming 9-10 inches (25 cms) long.

crocuscfollaevigatusfontenayirvroger

Plant at the edges of paths, drives and small beds towards the front of borders.

Blooms in December after the leaves have started growing. These Autumn-flowering crocus do require the well drained spot and should be planted approx. 7.5cm (3”) deep.

Crocus ligusticus

Light Lilac, darker veins

crocuscfloligusticusrvroger1

October, November

2 x 15
(5 x 38)

 

Blooms in October-November before the leaves have started growing.

 

Crocus niveus

White

crocuscfloniveusrvroger1

November

4-6 x 15
(10-15 x 38)

The Dark Green leaves appear with the flowers; becoming 1-10 inches (25 cms) long.

crocuscfolniveusrvroger

This bulb is a variable species with white or lilac flowers with yellow throats and very distinct orange styles. Is best grown in a pot in a greenhouse but will also grow outside if it can be guaranteed a dry summer period.

This is regarded as being the best of the white-flowered crocus.

Crocus nudiflorus

Bright Purple

crocuscflonudiflorusrvroger1

September, October

6-10 x 15
(15-25 x 38)

 

Blooms in September-October before the leaves.Spreads easily so is ideal for naturalising.

 

Crocus ochroleucus

Creamy-White

crocuspfloochroleucusgarnonswilliams1

October, November, December

2 x 15
(5 x 38)

The Dark Green leaves appear with the flowers; becoming 10-12 inches (30 cms) long.

crocuscfolochroleucusrvroger

Another one that increases well and so is ideal for naturalising through grass or under trees.

This bulb is a delightful species with creamy white flowers, all with bright yellow throats.

Crocus oreocreticus

Mid-Lilac to Purple,
darker veins

crocuscflooreocreticusrvroger1

October, November,
December

3 x 15
(8 x 38)

The Dark Green grasslike leaves appear before the flowers.

crocuscfoloreocreticusrvroger

Plant at the edges of paths, drives and small beds towards the front of borders. They can also be planted 4 inches (10 cms) deep in 10 inch (25 cms) pots with 50% sharp sand and 50% Multipurpose Compost mixture. Plant under turf on sandy or chalk soil.

This will tolerate slightly cooler and damper conditions than most other crocus.

Crocus pallasii
ssp. pallasii

Pale Pinkish-Lilac to deep Lilac-Blue

crocuscflopallasiirvroger1

October, November

5 x 15
(13 x 38)

 

An easy to grow species that will do well in the garden, this has pure lilac flowers without the yellow throat seen in most other species in October-November with the leaves.

 

Crocus pulchellus

Pale Lilac

crocuscflopulchelluskevock1

September, October

4 x 4
(10 x 10)

 

Crocus pulchellus is a vigorous autumn crocus which naturalizes easily, producing numerous bulblets all around the parent corm to increase its numbers with surprising speed year by year.

 

Crocus pulchellus 'Albus'

White

crocuscflopulchellusalbusrvroger1a

September, October

4-5 x 3-6
(10-13 x 8-15)

 

The Dark Green thin grass-like leaves appear with the flowers and reach 10 inches in length. Very good for naturalising.

 

Crocus pulchellus
'Inspiration'

Sky-Blue

crocuscflopulchellusinspirationrvroger1

October

4 x 3-6
(10 x 8-15)

 

Plant at the edges of paths, drives and small beds towards the front of borders. They can also be planted 4 inches (10 cms) deep in 10 inch (25 cms) pots with 50% sharp sand and 50% Multipurpose Compost mixture.

 

Crocus pulchellus 'Michael Hoog'

White

crocuscflopulchellusmichaelhoogrvroger1a

October,
November

4 x 3-6
(10 x 8-15)

 

The Dark Green leaves appear after the flowers. Good Companions for the autumn-flowering crocus from The Telegraph.

 

Crocus pulchellus
'Zephyr'

White shaded Grey

crocuscflopulchelluszephyrrvroger1a

September, October,
November

4 x 2
(10 x 5)

 

Native to Greece. Ideal for naturalising. Where bulbs are planted in grass do not cut the lawn until after the leaves have died back. Loved by bees. The narrow Mid-Green leaves appear after the flowers.

 

Crocus sativus

Lilac with Purple veins

crocuscflosativusrvroger1a

October, November

8-12 x 2
(20-30 x 5)

The narrow dark Green 16 inch long leaves appear with the flowers.

crocuscfolsativusrvroger

Rabbits, rats, mice and birds cause damage by digging up the corms, so cover them with a very fine-mesh wire under the soil to deter the predators.

The Saffron Crocus is Native to Italy and east to Turkey.

Crocus serotinus
clusii

Lilac with White throat

crocuscfloserotinusclusiirvroger1a1

October, November

4-5 x 2
(10-13 x 5)

 

Rabbits, rats, mice and birds cause damage by digging up the corms, so cover them with a very fine-mesh wire under the soil to deter the predators.

 

Crocus serotinus
salzmanii

Lilac with White throat

crocuscfloserotinussalzmaniirvroger1a1a

September, October, November, December

6 x 4
(15 x 10)

 

Plant under turf on sandy or chalk soil. The grass should be mown short a month before flowers appear and all mowing stopped whilst the crocus are in flower and leaf.

 

Crocus serotinus salzmanii 'Erectophyllus'

Lilac

crocuspflosalzmaniierectophyllusrvroger1a

October, November,
December

6 x 4
(15 x 10)

 

Moist soil. It prefers a warm dry rest in the summer. Up to 7 narrow dark Green 3-4 inch long leaves appear as the flowers wither and then later they elongate. Grow in pots since it is frost-tender.

 

Crocus speciosus
'Aino'

Lilac-Blue with
darker veining

crocuscflospeciosusainorvroger1

September, October

4-6 x 6-9
(10-15 x 15-23)

 

It stands up well to weather. The speciosus species and its cultivars are regarded as one of the easiest to grow. The species will sow itself and create large plantings

 

Crocus speciosus
'Aitchisonii'

Inside pale Lavender, Outside almost White

crocuscflospeciosusaitchisoniirvroger1

September, October

5 x 2
(13 x 5)

 

Up to 7 narrow dark Green 3-4 inch long leaves appear after the flowers and then later they elongate to 12-18 inches. Grow in pots since it is frost-tender.

 

Crocus speciosus

Purple-Violet

crocuscflospeciosusgeetee1

September, October,
November

4 x 1.3
(10 x 3)

 

Plant with suitable groundcover which supports the stem and stops the flowers from flopping over from Paghat. Rabbits, rats, mice and birds cause damage by digging up the corms, so cover them with a very fine-mesh wire under the soil to deter the predators.

 

Crocus speciosus
'Albus'

White

crocuscflospeciosusalbusrvroger1a

September, October,
November

4 x 4
(10 x 10)

 

Fully hardy, so insert them into a sunny shrub border among deciduous shrubs. Plant with suitable groundcover which supports the stem and stops the flowers from flopping over from Paghat.

 

Crocus speciosus
'Artabir'

Violet-Blue veined
with Purple

crocuscflospeciosusartabirrvroger1a1

September, October

5-6 x 2
(13-15 x 5)

 

Narrow Dark Green 3-4 inch long leaves appear after the flowers and then later they elongate to 12-18 inches. Fully hardy, so insert them into a sunny shrub border among deciduous shrubs.

 

Crocus speciosus
'Cassiope'

Violet-Blue with
Yellow centre

crocuscflospeciosuscassiopervroger1a1

October, November

6 x 2
(15 x 5)

 

Good Companions for the autumn-flowering crocus from The Telegraph.

 

Crocus speciosus
'Conqueror'

Blue

crocuscflospeciosusconquerorrvroger1a1a

October, November

4-6 x 2
(10-15 x 5)

 

The larger-sized corms can be rested in the neck of a crocus vase so that the bottom of the corm is just above the water level, then place on a window-cill in the kitchen to give you the flowers before planting out in the garden when in leaf.

 

Crocus speciosus
'Oxonian'

Violet-Mauve with
Blue stem

crocuscflospeciosusoxonianrvroger1a1

September, October

4 x 2-4
(10 x 5-10)

 

Fully hardy, so insert them into a sunny shrub border among deciduous shrubs. Plant with suitable groundcover which supports the stem and stops the flowers from flopping over from Paghat.

 

Crocus veneris

White flushed Bronze

crocuscflovenerisrvroger1a

November, December,
January

4 x 4
(10 x 10)

 

Sand, Chalk soil. In Cyprus grows on stony and grassy places in maquis or open conifer woods. Not hardy in the UK, so needs to be grown in a greenhouse.

 

Winter-flowering Crocus
'Many species of crocuses like to be permitted to remain dry in summer, but this is not the case with varieties of Crocus sieberi or Crocus chrysanthus, which even during summer dormancy multiply best in well-watered locations.' from Paghat.

Crocus ancyrensis
'Golden Bunch'

Tangerine-Yellow

crocuscfloancyrensisgoldenbunchfoord1a

December, January

3 x 15
(8 x 38)

The 12 inch long Dark Green leaves are produced with the flowers.

crocuscfolancyrensisgoldenbunchfoord

Because 'Golden Bunch' is so extremely early it is more than commonly apt to be ruined by our winter rainstorms.

This one blooms either simultaneously with or fast on the heals of other yellow crocuses in our gardens, Crocus koralkowii 'Kiss of Spring' and Crocus koralkowii 'Mountain's Glory," and immediately before two other crocuses which are in full-colored bud perhaps one week later, these being the Gold Crocus varieties Crocus chrysanthus 'Gypsy Girl' and Crocus chrysanthus var fuscotinctus.

Crocus biflorus
'Miss Vain
'

White with pale
Blue base

crocuscflobiflorusmissvaingeetee1

February, March

4 x 2
(10 x 5)

 

Plant from September to December 5-8cm deep and 5cm apart. Can be planted under trees, under shrubs, in borders and containers. Plant in groups for the best effect.

 

Crocus chrysanthus 'Ard Schenk'

White

crocuscflochrysanthusardschenkkevock1

January, February,
March

4 x 3
(10 x 8)

 

The 4 inch long Dark Green leaves are produced with the flowers.

 

Crocus chrysanthus
'Blue Pearl
'

Light Lobelia-Blue with White margin

crocuscflochrysanthusbluepearlgeetee1

January, February,
March

4 x 3
(10 x 8)

 

If placed near the root crowns of deciduous shrubs, they'll get the sun they need in late winter & early spring when they bloom, then when they are dormant, the roots of the shrubs will soak up the water to keep the corms from steeping in too much moisture, so not at risk of rot.

 

Crocus chrysanthus
'Cream Beauty
'

Creamy-Yellow

crocuscflochrysanthuscreambeautygeetee1a

January, February,
March

3 x 2
(8 x 5)

 

Naturalized they can be used in bold sweeping drifts, especially when mixed with Snowdrops and Winter Aconites.

 

Crocus chrysanthus
'Dorothy'

Bright
Buttercup-Yellowcrocuscflochrysanthusdorothykevock1a1

February, March

2-4 x 2-4
(5-10 x 5-10)

 

The 4 inch long Dark Green leaves are produced with the flowers.

 

Crocus chrysanthus
'E.A. Bowles'

Deep Butter-Yellow with Bronze feathering

crocuscflochrysanthuseabowlesfoord1a

February, March

3-4 x 15
(8-10 x 38)

The 10 inch long Dark Green leaves are produced with the flowers.

crocuscfolchrysanthuseabowlesfoord

Plant at the edges of paths, drives and small beds towards the front of borders. They can also be planted 4 inches (10 cms) deep in 10 inch (25 cms) pots with 50% sharp sand and 50% Multipurpose Compost mixture.

E.A. Bowles of Myddelton House Society is a charitable society set up to further interest in the life and work of plantsman E A Bowles and the conservation of his garden at Myddelton House, Enfield.

Crocus chrysanthus 'Fuscotinctus'

Plum-Purple on
Yellow ground

crocuscflochrysanthusfuscotinctusgeetee1

January, February,
March

4 x 3
(10 x 8)

 

If placed near the root crowns of deciduous shrubs, they'll get the sun they need in late winter & early spring when they bloom, then when they are dormant, the roots of the shrubs will soak up the water to keep the corms from steeping in too much moisture, so not at risk of rot.

 

Crocus chrysanthus
'Goldilocks'

Deep Yellow, shaded Purple-Brown

crocuscflochrysanthusgoldilocksgeetee1a

January, February,
March

3 x 2
(8 x 5)

 

Deer resistant.
'Just a little crocus
Growing in the grass
Can announce the springtime
To the folks that pass.' from Paghat.

 

Crocus chrysanthus 'Prince Claus'

White with
Blue blotch

crocuscflochrysanthusprinsclaausgeetee1

January, February,
March

3 x 2
(8 x 5)

 

Deer resistant. It's a Bunch-Flowering Crocus, so-named because individual bulbs are frequently multiflowering, hence a drift started with 25 bulbs can look very densely planted even for its first year. As it naturalizes & produces offsets, it will be still flowerier in years to come.

 

Crocus chrysanthus
'Princess Beatrix'

Light Blue with
darker feathers

crocuscflochrysanthusprincessbeatrixfoord1

February, March

2.5 x 15
(6 x 38)

 

Many species of crocuses like to remain dry in summer, but this is not the case with varieties of C. sieberi or C. chrysanthus, which even during summer dormancy multiply best in well-watered locations.

 

Crocus chrysanthus
'Romance'

Lemon-Yellowcrocuscflochrysanthusromancegeetee1a

January, February,
March

4 x 4
(10 x 10)

 

'Deer resistant and excellent when planted with early blooming Crocus chrysanthus 'Advance'.

 

Crocus chrysanthus
'Saturnus'

Dark Yellow, with Purple Stripes externally

crocuscfloschrysanthussaturnusfoord1

January, February

3 x 15
(8 x 38)

 

Many species of crocuses like to be permitted to remain dry in summer, but this is not the case with varieties of C. sieberi or C. chrysanthus, which even during summer dormancy multiply best in well-watered locations. The 10 inch long Dark Green leaves are produced with the flowers.

 

Crocus chrysanthus
'Snow Bunting'

White with Lilac feathers externally

crocuscflochrysanthussnowbuntinggeetee1

February, March

3 x 15
(8 x 38)

 

Plant under turf on sandy or chalk soil. The winter-flowering crocuses will have made their leaf growth and the foliage will have died down by the time in the spring when the grass needs cutting.

 

Crocus chrysanthus
'Warley'

Cream and Blue
outside, White and
Yellow inside

crocuscflochrysanthuswarleyfoord1

February, March

3 x 15
(8 x 38)

 

The 10 inch long Dark Green leaves are produced with the flowers. This crocus even during summer dormancy multiplies best in well-watered locations.

 

Crocus chrysanthus 'Zwanenburg Bronze'

Garnet-Brown inside
Yellow

crocuscflochrysanthuszwanenburgbronzegeetee1

January, February,
March

4 x 2
(10 x 5)

 

Fragrant Garnet-Brown with narrow Yellow margin inside Saffron Yellow blooms in January-March with the 3 inch long Mid-Green leaves.

 

Crocus sieberi
atticus 'Firefly'

Amethyst-Violet

crocuscflosieberiatticusfireflygeetee1

January, February,
March

4 x 2
(10 x 5)

 

Others prefer to remain dry in summer, but this is not the case with varieties of C. sieberi or C. chrysanthus, which even during summer dormancy multiply best in well-watered locations.

 

Crocus sieberi atticus
'Violet Queen
'

Amethyst-Violet

crocuscflosieberiatticusvioletqueenkevock1

January, February, March

3.5 x 2
(9 x 5)

 

The 3 inch long Mid-Green leaves are produced with the flowers. Crocus sieberi atticus is native to Greece.

 

Crocus sieberi 'subsp. sublimis Tricolor'

Lilac-Blue, White margin, Yellow centre

crocuscflosieberiatticustricolourgeetee1

January, February,
March

3 x 3
(8 x 8)

 

Blooms in January-March with the leaves. Worth growing in a pot. Companions of Camellia sasanqua 'Plantation Pink', Cyclamen hederifolium, Hamamelis x intermedia 'Arnold Promise' or Lonicera x purpusii 'Winter Beauty'.

 

Crocus
tomma-sinianus

Cobalt-Violet

crocuscflotommasinianusgeetee1

January, February,
March

4 x 1
(10 x 3)

 

Crocus tommasinianus reproduces rapidly by self-seeding and by corm offsets. The cormlets are much too tiny to ever sieve out of the soil, and wherever the tommies spread on their own, that's where they will always remain.

 

Crocus tomma-sinianus 'Barrs Purple'

Amethyst-Violet

crocuscflotommasinianusbarrspurplegeetee1a

January, February,
March

3 x 2
(8 x 5)

 

Good choice for deciduous woodland areas. Plant these in clusters at the front of a border, cram them into pots for the patio, or use them to line the edges of a path.

 

Crocus tomma-sinianus 'Ruby Giant'

Spectrum Violet

crocuscflotommasinianusrubygiantgeetee1

January, February,
March

3 x 2
(8 x 5)

 

Many crocuses have a tendency to flop over due to weak stems, or to at least flop over on overcast days when the blooms remain closed awaiting for a sunnier day. Tommies are a major exception. They're upright & sturdy, even on overcast days with flowers tightly shut, looking like blue candles amidst tea-whisks of their own grass.

 

Crocus tomma-sinianus 'Whitewell Purple

Reddish-Mauve

crocuscflotommasinianuswhitewellpurplegeetee1

January, February,
March

4 x 1
(10 x 3)

 

It will grow in almost all soil types. Good choice for deciduous woodland areas. Plant these in clusters at the front of a border, cram them into pots for the patio, or use them to line the edges of a path. One of the best for naturalising in grass.

 

Winter and Spring-Flowering Crocus

Crocus etruscus

Lilac

crocuscfloetruscuskevock1

March, April

4 x 4
(10 x 10)

 

Wild habitat in Deciduous Woodland and Fields. Blooms before the leaves. Seed capsules emerge towards the end of the growing season as the leaves die away.

 

Crocus flavus ssp. flavus
'Golden Yellow
'

Orange-Yellow

crocuscfloflavusgoldenyellowkevock1a1

February, March,
April

4 x 4
(10 x 10)

 

Crocus flavus ssp. flavus is native to much of Europe and it has been in cultivation for at least 400 years. The foliage is about the same length as the height of the flowers at flowering time, 3-4 inches (7.5-10 cms), but extend greatly later, often being as much as 12 inches in length.

 

Crocus vernus 'Flower Record'

Purple

crocuscflovernusflowerrecordgeetee1a

February,
April

5 x 2
(13 x 5)

Dark Green - with a White band in the centre - leaves appear with the flowers; becoming 4 inches long.
crocuscfolvernusflowerrecordgeetee

Blooms with the leaves. It is also good for the bees. Can be planted under trees, under shrubs, in borders and containers. Plant in groups for the best effect.

This is the Wild Crocus of the Alps and the Pyrenees; introduced by 1765. They certainly have the vigor that ensures the gardener a good display the first year after planting and they will increase in quantity.

Crocus vernus 'Grand Maitre'

Lavender-Violet

crocuscflovernusgrandmaitregeetee1

March,
April

6 x 4
(15 x 10)

 

Flowers with the leaves. It is also good for the bees. Plant at the edges of paths, drives and small beds towards the front of borders.

 

Crocus vernus 'Joan of Arc'

White

crocuscflovernusjoanofarcgeetee1

March,
April

4 x 4
(10 x 10)

Dark Green - with a White band in the centre - leaves appear with the flowers; becoming 4 inches long.
crocuscfolvernusjoanofarcgeetee

Plant in waves in the garden or lawn. If planting in the lawn wait at least 6 weeks after the crocus have flowered to mow the lawn.

Crocus will multiply and come back year after year if left undisturbed.

Crocus vernus 'Pickwick'

Striped White and Lilac

crocuscflovernuspickwickgeetee1

March, April

5 x 2
(13 x 5)

 

Flowers in March-April with the leaves. It is also good for the bees. Plant in waves in the garden or lawn. If planting in the lawn wait at least 6 weeks after the crocus have flowered to mow the lawn. Crocus will multiply and come back year after year if left undisturbed.

 

Crocus vernus 'Yellow Mammoth'

Yellow

crocuscflovernusyellowmammothgeetee1

March, April

6 x 2
(15 x 5)

 

Flowers in March-April with the leaves. It is also good for the bees. Crocus corms have star-like flowers when open; they close at night and remain closed on dark, cloudy days.

 

CYCLAMEN

 

"Dwarf Campanulas" by Graham Nicholls - from The Alpine Garden Society Bookshop.

Corydalis - "Bleeding Hearts, Corydalis, and their Relatives" by Mark C Tebbitt, Magnus Liden & Henrick Zetterlund - from the Alpine Garden Society Bookshop.

See Rock Garden Plant Index C for details on more campanulas, corydalis and cyclamen and
"The Cyclamen Society exists to encourage cultivation and conservation, and to disseminate and extend knowledge of the genus Cyclamen and its species, forms and cultivars. It combines scientific study with all the activities of a society for enthusiasts who cultivate the plants."

Cyclamen
cilicium
(Sowbread, Turkish hardy cyclamen, Cicilian cylamen)

White
or
Pink
cyclamenciliciumflot9

cyclamencflociliciumroger1

August, September,
October, November

cyclamenpforciliciumgarnonswilliams

Spreading.
Fragrant honey scent, 5 petalled

2 x 3
(6 x 8)

Chalk, Peaty, Scree, Sand.
Considering they grow in rocky/gravelly soil, good drainage will make all the difference and they do prefer a dryer spot in general.
Part Shade under trees or shrubs.
Dry.
 

Mid-Green above, Purplish beneath
cyclamenciliciumfolt9a

The plant grows in a mound, 10 cm (3.9 in) tall and broad. The leaves are heart-shaped or oval and green, often patterned with silver

Cyclamen cilicium is hardy down to −5 °C (23 °F), so is best grown in a warm or coastal location. Pot plant in a cold greenhouse. Deciduous woodland.Shade in Rock Garden. Underplant roses. Mix with anemone, ranunculus, chionodoxa, crocus, scilla, galanthus, eranthis, primula, small ferns and hostas.

If not planted - corm should be just breaking surface and 2-3 inches apart - under trees, which provide fallen leaves in the autumn, then mulch with a little sifted leaf mould or peat moss in November. A little bonemeal added to the soil and used as a top dressing each spring will keep them happy.

Cyclamen
coum
(Eastern Sowbread)

White
or
Red

cyclamencoumalbumcflotfoord1

cyclamencflocoumgarnonswilliams

March, April
March, April

cyclamenpfor2coumgarnonswilliams1

Spreading.
5 Petals

2 x 4
(6 x 9)

Chalk, Peat, Sand
Part Shade under trees and shrubs
dry

Deep Green with Silver pattern
cyclamenpfor2coumgarnonswilliams

These are fully hardy and are best planted under trees in well drained soil. Native to mountains and coastal areas. Among rocks and roots in unfertilized woodlands. Grow in pots.

Varying in colour from white through to red, cyclamen coum flower March-April, at the same time that the leaves are produced as a winter groundcover. Houseplant

Cyclamen coum
'Album'
(Sowbread)

White
cyclamencoumalbumcflotfoord

March, April

cyclamencoumalbumfort9

Spreading.
5 Petals
 

2 x 4
(6 x 9)

Chalk, Peat, Sand
Part Shade under trees and shrubs
dry

The green leaves may marked with silver. They are round in shape. It flowers best in poor soils, so do not dig in compost or to add fertiliser as this will provide leaves but few flowers.

These are fully hardy and are best planted under trees in good fertile, well drained soil. Native to mountains and coastal areas. Among rocks and roots in unfertilized woodlands. Grow in pots.

Each white cyclamen coum bloom has a dark red mouth and flowers from late winter through to early spring, at the same time that the leaves are produced as winter groundcover.

Cyclamen hederifolium
(Persian Violet, Syn. Cyclamen neapolitanum)

Pink flowers are produced before the leaves
cyclamencpflo49hederifoliumgarnonswilliams

November, December

cyclamenpfor4hederifoliumgarnonswilliams

Spreading
Scented
5 Petals
 

5 x 6
(12 x 15)
Chalk, Peat, Sand
Part Shade under trees or shrubs
Dry

Ivy-shaped, mottled leaves are variably colored, but usually gray-green with silver and white marbling.
cyclamenpfol1hederifoliumgarnonswilliams
 

Deciduous and coniferous Woodland. Shaded part of Rock Garden. Coastal conditions as well. Almost evergreen ground cover.
Houseplant and Pot plant. Mass in front of shrubs / trees.

Self-seeds freely. Rare native UK plant from the Primrose Family. Same cultivation techniques as for cyclamen cilicium. Very long lived.

 

You can mix climbers with bulbs:-

There are 3 sectors on a house wall or high wall:-

  • 0-3 feet in height - The Base. This gives the most sheltered conditions in the garden, with soil and air temperatures above those of the surrounding area. This area will suffer less buffeting from wind. Soil care will be ensuring a high humus content - to enrich the nutrient value and help to create reservoirs of moisture. Light intensity will depend on the aspect of the wall (North-facing will get very little sunlight) with the surrounding buildings and plants, including trees.
  • 3-10 feet in height - The Prime Site. As the plant moves upwards to about 6 feet, conditions change: plants still benefit from the reflected heat and stored heat of walls warmed by the sun but have more light and air. Many climbers will have established a trunk below and now begin to spread themselves. This middle section is visually important, because it is at eye level and just below that that we should display those items to which we want to draw most attention. Most of the shrubs that are suitable for growing against walls are between 3 and 10 feet in height.
  • Above 10 feet in height - The Higher Reaches. This is only likely to occur on house walls and other tall buildings with climbers and trained trees/shrubs covering all the way up to 3 feet from the guttering at roof level ( to prevent ingress to the internal roof space or blockage of the guttering).

The climbers in this gallery have been placed into one of these 3 heights with the Text Box Boundary in:-

  • Blue for 0-3 feet
  • Green for 3-10 feet
  • Red for above 10 feet.

This Gallery splits the climbers into their following ways of climbing:-

  • Ramblers/Scramblers - These climbers lean on other plants or need artificial supports to climb - Roses, Jasmine, Espalier-trained Fruit Tree/Fruit Ramblers. These are suitable for house or building walls where vine-eye and wire or 1 inch square timber trellis support structures can be erected up to 3 feet below the gutter for the climbers to be tied to with natural twine (not plastic or metal wire - stems grow sideways but plastic and metal contrict this, whereas natural twine will eventually rot or be broken by the expanding stem), or they can be trained on chainlink fences, trellis, pergolas or arbours. Herbaceous Clematis has been added since the top growth dies off completely in the Autumn and Non-Climbing Clematis since it will require being tied to a support structure.
  • Self-Clingers: Aerial Roots - A series of roots are produced along the length of its stems. These attach themselves very strongly to the surfaces they find - Ivy (Hedera).
    Self-Clingers: Sucker Pads - Tendrils are produced along the young growing stems, opposite the leaves. The main tendril stem divides into a number of slender filaments, each of which has a scarcely perceivable pad at its tip.Once the tips have established contact, the tiny pad is much expanded and becomes a significant sucker, which fits so strongly to the surface that if the stem is pulled away the suckers are left behind- Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia).
    Self-Clingers: Twining - Many climbers find support simply by twining their stems around any object they find - Wisteria and Honeysuckle.
    Self-Clingers: Twining Leaf-Stem - Some climbers make do with sensitive leaf stalks which wrap themselves around objects for support - Clematis. Others establish themselves with thorns, hooks, spines and prickles.
    Self-Clingers: Twining Tendrils - A group of climbers climb by producing a series of tendrils. These are touch sensitive and will curl round any small object they come into contact with and thus enable the plant to climb securely on itself or other plants or manmade support structures - Chinese Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus henryana), Sweet Pea and the Pea Family (Leguminosae).
    These Self-Clingers are suitable for garden walls, chainlink fences, trellis, pergolas or fedges.

     

Warning - Just as it is a mistake to try to keep a tiger in a dog's kennel, it can be a disaster to plant a rampant grower in a site that it will very quickly outgrow. Strong climbers, especially self-supporting ones (Ivy, Ampelopsis, Parthenocissus and Vitis), can quickly get to the eaves, where they may sabotage gutters, and if allowed to get onto the roof, distort or even dislodge tiling. Climbing roses must be supported by humans tying them to structures since the roses cannot do it themselves ( keep the top of the structures 3 feet below the eaves so that annual pruning can reduce the risk of the odd stem reaching the guttering!!).

 

 

CLIMBERS GALLERY PAGES


CLIMBER FLOWER COLOUR
(o)Blue

Orange

(o)Other Colours
(o)Pink

(o)Red

(o)White

(o)Yellow

CLIMBER FORM
(o)Climbing

CLIMBER FRUIT COLOUR
(o)Fruit

BED WITH CLIMBER PICTURES
(o)Garden

Climber Height from Text Border

Blue = 0-36 inches (0-90 cms)

Green=36-120 inches (90-300 cms)

Red = 120+ inches (300+ cms)

Climber Soil Moisture from Text Background

Wet Soil

Moist Soil

Dry Soil

Flowering months range abreviates month to its first 3 letters (Apr-Jun is April, May and June).
Click on thumbnail to change page to the Climber Description Page of the Climber named in the Text box below that photo.
The Comments Row of that Climber Description Page details where that climber is available from.

colormonthclimber9a1a1a1a1

CLIMBER FOLIAGE COLOUR
Black
Blue
Brown
(o)Bronze
(o)Green 1
(o)Green 2
Grey
(o)Purple
Red
Silver
(o)Variegated White
(o)Variegated Yellow
White
(o)Yellow
(o)Autumn Colour
(o)4 Season Colour

 

The climbers in this gallery have been placed into one of these 3 heights with the Text Box Boundary in:-

Blue for 0-36 inches (0-90 cms) using The Base Plants

Green for 36-120 inches (90-300 cms) using The Prime Site plants

Red for above 10 feet = 120 inches = 300 cms using The Higher Reaches plants

See further details about
The Base,
The Prime Site and
The Higher Reaches - the 3 planting sectors on a house wall or high wal
l.
 

 

Including these Clematis, which being in pots can provide a good mix for the bulbs in the beds or in pots.

Clematis which can be grown in a Pot:-
Clematis cirrhosa Balearica
Clematis x diversifolia 'Eriostemon'
Clematis Early Large-Flowered 'Asao'
Clematis Early Large-Flowered 'Bees Jubilee'
Clematis Early Large-Flowered 'Elsa Spath'
Clematis Early Large-Flowered 'Nelly Moser'
Clematis Early Large-Flowered 'Niobe'
Clematis Early Large-Flowered 'Piilu'
Clematis florida var sieboldiana
Clematis integrifolia 'Aljonushka'
Clematis integrifolia 'Arabella'
Clematis integrifolia 'Durandii'
Clematis Late Large-Flowered 'Cardinal Wyszynski'
Clematis Late Large-Flowered 'Comtesse de Bouchard'
Clematis Late Large-Flowered 'Eetika'
Clematis Late Large-Flowered 'Ernest Markham'
Clematis macropetala
Clematis viticella AVANT-GARDE 'Evipo033'
Clematis viticella 'Betty Corning'
Clematis viticella 'Etoile Rose'

BULB INDEX link to Bulb Description Page

7 Flower Colours per Month in Colour Wheel below in BULB, CORM, RHIZOME and TUBER GALLERY.

Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month.

colormonthbulb9a1a

Besides the above Bulb Flower Colour Comparison Pages, you also have the following Comparison Pages:-
...Bulb Flower Shape -
7 pages of Number of Petals ...... 5 petals,
23 pages of Flower Shape ......... Stars and
7 pages of Natural Arrangements Drumstick

...Bulb Form
-
7 pages of Bulb Form ...Clump-forming
...Bulb Use
-
33 pages of Bulb Use ...Mass Planting,
Groundcover,
Grow in Patio Pot and
Use in Coastal Conditions
...Bulb Preferred Soil

5 pages of Soil preferred by Bulb ...Chalk
 

BULB INDEX
link to Bulb Description Page or
link to Page in 4000 x 3000 pixel Raw Camera Photo Gallery or
link to Page in 1000 Ground-cover Plants or
link to Page in Infill Galleries
:-


BULB, CORM, RHIZOME AND TUBER GALLERY PAGES

Site Map of pages with content (o)

Introduction

BULB, CORM, RHIZOME AND TUBER INDEX - There are over 700 bulbs in the index on the right. The respective flower thumbnail, months of flowering, height and width are in the relevant index page below:-
(o): A 1, 2, 3
(o): B
(o): C 1, 2
(o): D
(o): E
(o): F
(o): G, Gladiolus
(o): H
(o): I
....: J
....: K
(o): L 1, 2
(o): M
(o): N
(o): O
(o): P
....: Q
....: R
(o): S
(o): T
....: U
(o): V
....: W
(o): XYZ
Type of Form (Mat, Cushion, Spreading, Clump, Stemless, Upright),
Soil Type,
Sun Aspect,
Soil Moisture,
Foliage Colour,
Uses
added, starting in March 2020 with Bulb Allium Anemone Gallery

A

D

G

O

Acis autumnalis
- autumn

Acis autumnalis pulchellum - autumn
Acis autumnale 'September Snow' - autumn
Acis valentinum
- autumn

Aconitum cammarum
Aconitum heterophyllum
Aconitum japonicum
Aconitum lycoctonum
Aconitum napellus
Aconitum variegatum

Group 1(b). Single Dahlias - Singles
Dahlia 'Summertime'
 

Gladiolus in Autumn Bulb Gallery
Gladiolus communis
subsp. byzantinus

Gladiolus papilio
'Butterfly'

Omphalodes
cappadocica

Ophiopogon
planiscapus

Ophiopogon
planiscapus
'Nigrescens'

Oxalis adenophylla
Oxalis chrysantha
Oxalis enneaphylla
Oxalis hirta
'Gothenburg' - tender

Oxalis purpurea
- tender

Oxalis lobata
Oxalis obtusa

Gladiolus Bulb American registered in 2008

'Afterburner'
'Akvarel'
'Alpen Glow'
'Anna Lynn'
'Ant. Peeters'
'Assol'
'Beauty Mark'
'Blushing Blonde'
'Charm School'
'Cherokee Nation'
'Christmas Orchid'
'Cindy B'
'Conuma'
'Cool White'
'Court Jester'
'Dymos'
'Enchanted'
'Fancy Ruffles'
'Fragrant Lady'
'Glad Boy'
'Goluboj Vodopad'
'Harvest Sunset'
'Huron County'
'Island Sunset'
'Jupiter'
'Kiss of Rose'
'Lava Dandy II'
'Leah Carolyn'
'Lemon Blush'
'Lemon Meringue'
'Lemon Tart'
'Light Snow'
'Merriment'
'Neat'
'Nezhnost
(tenderness)'

'Nochnaya Melodiya (night Melody)'
'Nostalgie'
'Okouzlein'
'Opal Splash'
'Orange Dart'
'Osenni Karnaval'
'Passion'
'Peppi (female cat)'
'Perth Silence'
'Pete's Gold'
'Powerful Lady'
'Raspberry Cream'
'Red Deer'
'Red My Mind'
'Reflection'
'Rosy Posy'
'Royalist'
'Rozovaya Fantazia (pink fantasy)'
'Scrumptious'
'Showbound'
'Showman's Delight'
'Slastena
(sweetening)'
'Small Star'
'Snow Owl'
'Superior Champ'
'Terry'
'Vivacious'
'Volunteer'
'Vosmoe Marta
(8th of March)'
'Watermelon Wine'
'Willy Wonka'
'Wondrous'

Allium acuminatum
Allium aflatunense 'Purple Sensation'

Allium altissimum
'Goliath'

Allium ampeloprasum
Allium amplectens
Allium angulosum
Allium azureum
Allium 'Beau Regard'
Allium caeruleum
Allium caesium
Allium carinatum pulchellum 'Album'
Allium callimischon callimischon - autumn
Allium cepa var viviparum
Allium cernuum
Allium christophii
Allium cowanii
Allium crenulatum
Allium cupanii
Allium cyaneum
Allium cyathophorum
var farreri

Allium falcifolium
Allium flavum
Allium flavum nanum
Allium geyeri
Allium giganteum
Allium 'Gladiator'
Allium 'Globemaster'
Allium 'Globus'
Allium hirtifolium
'Album'

Allium 'His Excellency'
Allium x hollandicum
Allium jesdianum
'Akbulak'

Allium jesdianum ssp angustitepalum
Allium jesdianum
'Michael Hoog
'
Allium jesdianum
'Purple King
'
Allium jesdianum
'Shing'

Allium kansuensis
Allium karataviense
Allium karataviense
'Ivory Queen
'
Allium lenkoranicum
Allium 'Lucy Ball'
Allium macleanii
Allium macranthum
Allium 'Mars'
Allium maximowiczii
Allium moly
Allium moly 'Jeannine'
Allium 'Mont Blanc'
Allium multibulbosum
Allium
neapolitanum
Allium nevskianum
Allium nigrum
Allium nutans
Allium obliquum
Alium paradoxum
ssp normale

Allium plummerae
Allium oreophilum
Allium pulchellum
Allium ramosum
Allium rosenbachianum
Allium roseum
Allium 'Round
and Purple
'
Allium saxatile
Allium schoenoprasum
Allium schoenoprasum
albiflorum

Allium schoenoprasum 'Forescate'
Allium schubertii
Allium scorodoprasum
Allium
sphaerocephalum

Allium sphaero-cephalon
Allium stamineum
Allium stipitatum
Allium stipitatum
'Album'

Allium stipitatum
'Mount Everest
'
Allium subvilosum
Allium triquetrum
Allium unifolium
Allium ursinum
Allium vineale 'Hair'
Allium violaceum
Allium wallichii
Allium zebdanense
 

Group 2. Anemone-Flowered Dahlias
Dahlia 'Purpinka'
Dahlia 'Toto'

P

Polyxena odorata
- tender

Polyxena paucifolia
- tender

Group 3(a). Collarette Dahlias - Collarette Singles
Dahlia 'Alstergruss'
 

Q

 

 

R

 

 

 

Group 4(a). Waterlily Dahlias - Medium-flowered
Dahlia 'Glory of
Heemstede
'

Gladiolus Bulb American registered in 2009

'Benjamin'
'Blazing Arrow'
'Bold Heart'
'Catharina'
'Cheers'
'Crowd Pleaser'
'Eye Opener'
'Fiesta Americana'
'Fire Poker'
'Flower Girl'
'Grand Girl'
'Heavenly Gold'
'Holy Moly'
'Lavender Ice'
'Mercy Me'
'Miss Midas'
'Pure Poetry'
'Royal Touch'
'Sassy'
'Secret Lady'
'Smarty Pants'
'Stately Lady'
'Suzanne'
'Tsolum'

S

 

Sanguinaria
canadensis

Sanguinaria canadensis
'Plena'

Scilla siberica
Scilla peruviana
Sparaxis grandiflora acutiloba - tender
Sparaxis metelerkampiae - tender
Sparaxis parviflora
- tender

Sparaxis tricolor
- tender

Symphytum
ibericum

 

 

T

Alstroemeria aurantiaca
Alstroemeria versicolor
Alstroemeria psittacina
Alstroemeria pelegrina
Alstroemeria diazii
Alstroemeria ligtu
Alstroemeria haemantha
Amaryllis
belladonna

Group 4(b). Waterlily Dahlias - Small-flowered
Dahlia 'Gerrie Hoek'
Dahlia 'Twilight Time'
 

Gladiolus Bulb American registered in 2010

'Angelic'
'Best Bet'
'Blue Bay'
'Cool Companion'
'Dream On
'
'Extravagant Eyes'
'Fiesta Frenzy'
'Fragrant Art'
'Frosted Grape'
'Gussy Up'
'Huron Destiny'
'Mary's Dream'
'Nesook'
'Nimpkish'
'Rose Flash'
'Rusty Red'
'Teaser'
'Warm White'
'Wrigley'

Tricyrtis hirta
Tritonia crocata - tender
Tritonia crocata 'Bridal Veil' - tender
Tritonia crocata 'Pink Sensation' - tender
Tritonia crocata 'Serendipity' - tender
Tritonia crocata 'Tangerine' - tender
 

Tulipa Division 1:
Single Early
'Couleur Cardinal' 1M24R

Tulipa Division 4:
Darwin Tulips
'Bleu Aimable' 4M22PU
'Queen of Night' 4L24PU
 

 

Anemone apennina
Anemone
baldensis
Anemone blanda
Anemone blanda 'Blue
Shades
'
Anemone blanda
'Charmer'

Anemone blanda
'Pink Star
'
Anemone blanda
'Radar'

Anemone blanda rosea
Anemone blanda
'Violet Star
'
Anemone blanda 'White Splendour'
Anemone caroliniana
Anemone coronaria
'de Caen'
Anemone coronaria
'St Brigid
'
Anemone demissa
Anemone fischeriana
Anemone hupehensis
Anemone x
lipsiensis 'Pallida'

Anemone
intermedia

Anemone narcissiflora
Anemone nemorosa
Anemone nemorosa
'Alba Plena
'
Anemone nemorosa
'Allenii'

Anemone nemorosa
'Bracteata Pleniflora
'
Anemone nemorosa
'Lychette'

Anemone nemorosa
'Robinsoniana'

Anemone nemorosa
'Vestal'

Anemone ranunculoides
Anemone ranunculoides 'Pleniflora'
Anemone rupicola
Anemone trullifolia
 

Group 5(a) - Decorative Dahlias -
Giant-flowered
Dahlia 'Edinburgh'
Dahlia 'Fleur'
Dahlia 'Kelvin Floodlight'
Dahlia 'White Perfection'
 

Gladiolus Bulb American registered in 2011

'Babsbill'
'Cockadoodle'

'Coral Sea'
'Cypress Creek'
'High Stakes'
'Immaculate Heart
'
'Irish Cream'
'Mother Nature'
'Orange Effect'
'Peppermint Delight'
'Peta Christina'
'Shenanigans'
'Solar Star'
'Velvet Revolution'
'Wowzer'

Tulipa Division 4:
Darwin Hybrid
'Apeldoorn' 4L24R
'Beauty of Apeldoorn' 4L24MC
'Jewel of Spring' 4M20Y

Tulipa Division 6:
Lily-flowered
'White Triumphator' 6L26W

Tulipa Division 7:
Fringed
'Daytona' 7L26W

Tulipa Division 8:
Viridiflora
'Flaming Spring Green' 8L20MC
'Spring Green' 8L20MC
'Virichic' 8L18MC
 

 

Group 5(b) - Decorative Dahlias -
Large-flowered
Dahlia 'Red/White
Fubuki
'

Gladiolus Bulb American registered in 2012

'Aaralyn'
'Bald's Beauty'
'Delightful'
'Destiny'
'Expresident'
'Farmer's Daughter'
'French Rose'
'Gypsy Belle'
'Happy Face'
'Happy Hour'
'Hendrika'
'Juicy Fruit'
'Lauren'
'Libuse'
'Lyle'
'Magic Rose'
'Natural Flame'
'Orange Ensemble'
'Professor Plum'
'Pulchy'
'Quiver'
'Sacia Lynn'
'Scarlet Starlet'
'Spritzer'
'Tabasco Cat'
'The King's Kisses'
'Velvet Mistress'
'William Tell'

Tulipa Division 10:
Parrot
'Black Parrot' 10L20MC
'Blue Parrot' 10M12MC

 

Tulipa Division 11:
Double Late or Peony-flowered
'Angelique' 11L14MC

Tulipa Division 12:
Kaufmanniana
'Stresa' 12M12MC

Anthericum liliago
Anthericum liliastrum
Anthericum ramosum
Antholyza
paniculata

Antholyza
aethiopica

Antholyza spicata
Apios tuberosa
Arisaema ringens
Arisaema dracontium

Tulipa Division 13:
Fosteriana (Emperor)
'Purissima' 13E16W
'Yellow Purissima' 13E16Y


Tulipa Division 15:
Species (Botanical)
batalinii 15M15Y
tarda 15M6MC
turkestanica 15E12W
urumiensis 15M6Y
violacea 15E10MC

 

Arisarum
proboscideum

Arum italicum
Arum italicum
'Marmoratum'

Arum maculatum
Arum orientale
Arum palaestinum
Arum
proboscideum

Aruncus dioicus

Group 5(c) - Decorative Dahlias -
Medium-flowered
Dahlia 'Duet'
Dahlia 'Funny Face'
Dahlia 'Golden Emblem'
Dahlia 'Lilac Time'
Dahlia 'Rosella'
Dahlia 'Smokey'
Dahlia 'Snow Country'
 

H

U

 

Hedysarum
hedysaroides

Helleborus
foetidus

Helleborus
niger

Helleborus
orientalis

Helleborus orientalis
abchasicus
Hyacinthoides hispanica
Hyacinthoides
non-scripta

 

 

B

Group 5(d) - Decorative Dahlias -
Small-flowered
Dahlia 'Abba'
Dahlia 'Arabian Night'
Dahlia 'Arnhem'
Dahlia 'Canary Fubuki'
Dahlia 'Christine'
Dahlia 'Claudette'
Dahlia 'Cobra'
Dahlia 'El Paso'
Dahlia 'Gallery
Vincent
'
Dahlia 'Sisa'
Dahlia 'Wittem'

I

V

 

abiana stricta - tender
Biarum bovei
- autumn

Biarum ochridense
- autumn

Biarum tenuifolium
- autumn

Biarum tenuifolium var. abbreviatum - autumn
 

Impatiens
tinctoria

Iris
foetidissima
Iris laevigata
Iris pseudacorus
Ixia 'Blue Bird' - tender
Ixia 'Castor' - tender
Ixia flexuosa - tender
Ixia 'Giant' - tender
Ixia 'Hogarth' - tender
Ixia 'Holland's Gloire'
- tender

Ixia 'Mabel' - tender
Ixia maculata - tender
Ixia 'Marquette' - tender
Ixia 'Rose Emperor'
- tender

Ixia 'Titia' - tender
Ixia 'Venus' - tender
Ixia 'Vulcan' - tender
Ixia 'Yellow Emperor'
- tender

Veltheimia bracteata
- tender

 

C

Group 5(e) - Decorative Dahlias -
Miniature-flowered
Dahlia 'Gallery
Cezanne
'
Dahlia 'Little Tiger'
 

J

XYZ

 

Campanula
glomerata
Campanula
persicifolia

Centaurea montana
Ceratostigma
plumbagoides
 

Group 6(b) - Ball Dahlias - Miniature Ball
Dahlia 'Orange Nugget'
Dahlia 'Stolze
von Berlin
'
 

 

Zantedeschia elliottiana 'Black-eyed Beauty'

 

Autumn-flowering
Colchicums
Colchicum autumnale
Colchicum autumnale 'Alboplenum'
Colchicum autumnale
'Album'
Colchicum autumnale
'Major'

Colchicum autumnale
'Nancy Lindsay'

Colchicum autumnale 'Pleniflorum'
Colchicum
'Autumn Herald'

Colchicum baytopiorum
Colchicum boissieri
Colchicum byzantinum
Colchicum cilicium
Colchicum cilicium
'Purpureum'
Colchicum cupanii
Colchicum
'Dick Trotter'

Colchicum 'Disraeli'
Colchicum giganteum
Colchicum 'Gracia'
Colchicum graecum
Colchicum 'Harlekijn'
Colchicum 'Jochem Hof'
Colchicum laetum
Colchicum
'Lilac Bedder'
Colchicum
'Lilac Wonder'
Colchicum luteum
Colchicum parlatoris
Colchicum 'Poseidon'
Colchicum
'Rosy Dawn'

Colchicum speciosum
Colchicum speciosum
'Album'
Colchicum speciosum bornmeulleri
Colchicum speciosum
'Ordu'
Colchicum tenorei
Colchicum
'The Giant'

Colchicum
'Violet Queen'
Colchicum
'Water Lily'

Colchicum
'William Dykes'

Group 7 - Pompon
Dahlias
Dahlia 'Golden
Sceptre
'

K

 

 

 

 

Group 8(c) - Cactus Medium-flowered
Dahlia 'Garden
Princess
'
Dahlia 'Nuit d'Ete'
Dahlia 'Orfeo'
 

L

 

Lachenalia aloides -
tender

Lachenalia aloides
aurea -tender

Lachenalia aloides
quadricolor - tender

Lachenalia aloides
pearsonii - tender

Lachenalia aloides
vanzyliae - tender

Lachenalia bulbifera
- tender

Lachenalia contaminata
- tender

Lachenalia elegans
- tender

Lachenalia 'Fransie'
- tender

Lachenalia glaucina var. pallida - tender
Lachenalia juncifolia
- tender

Lachenalia 'Namakwa'
- tender

Lachenalia namaquensis
- tender

Lachenalia 'Nova'
- tender

Lachenalia orthopetala
- tender

Lachenalia pustulata
- tender

Lachenalia 'Robyn'
- tender

Lachenalia 'Rolina'
- tender

Lachenalia 'Romaud'
- tender

Lachenalia 'Romelia'
- tender

Lachenalia 'Ronina'
- tender

Lachenalia 'Rosabeth'
- tender

Lachenalia rosea
- tender

Lachenalia 'Rupert'
- tender

Lachenalia splendida
- tender

Lachenalia unifolia
- tender

Lachenalia viridiflora
- tender

Lachenalia zeyheri
- tender

 

Group 8(d) - Cactus - Small-flowered
Dahlia 'Playa Blanca'
 

 

Group 9(b) - Semi-Cactus Dahlias -
Large-flowered
Dahlia 'Colour Spectacle'

 

Tessellated-flowering Colchicums
Colchicum agrippinum
Colchicum
'Autumn Queen'

Colchicum bivonae
'Apollo'
Colchicum bivonae
'Glory of Heemstede'

Colchicum bivonae
'Vesta'
Colchicum
macrophyllum
Colchicum sfikasianum
Colchicum sibthorpi

Group 9(d) - Semi-Cactus Dahlias -
Small-flowered
Dahlia 'Extase'
Dahlia 'Hayley Jane'
Dahlia 'Ludwig
Helfert
'
 

Leucocoryne 'Andes'
Leucocoryne 'Caravelle'
 

 

 

I Asiatic Hybrid Lilies
Lilium 'Apollo'
Lilium 'Cancun'
Lilium 'Citronella'
Lilium 'Claire'
Lilium Cote 'd'Azur'
Lilium 'Fata Morgana'
Lilium 'Gironde'
Lilium 'Gran Paradiso'
Lilium 'Kingdom'
Lilium 'King Pete'
Lilium 'Lennox'
Lilium 'Lollpop'
Lilium 'Montreux'
Lilium 'Orange County'
Lilium 'Prunotto'
Lilium 'Rosella's Dream'

 

Winter-flowering
Colchicums
Colchicum crocifolium

Colchicum kesselringii
Colchicum hungaricum albiflorum
Colchicum szovitisii
'Tivi'

Colchicum szovitisii
'White Forms'

Group 9(e) - Semi-Cactus Dahlias -
Miniature-flowered
Dahlia 'Autumn Fairy'
Dahlia 'Munchen'

 

 

Winter- and Spring-Flowering Colchicums
Colchicum hungaricum
 

Group 10PE(c) - Miscellaneous Dahlias -
Small-flowered
Dahlia 'Bishop of Llandaff'

I Dwarf Asiatic Hybrid
Lilies
Lilium 'Buff Pixie'
Lilium 'Butter Pixie'
Lilium 'Ceb Crimson'
Lilium 'Inuvik'
Lilium 'Pink Pixie'
Lilium 'Tailor Made'

 

 

Autumn-flowering
Crocus
Crocus banaticus
Crocus asturicus var. atripurpureus
Crocus asumaniae
Crocus boryi
Crocus cambessedesii
Crocus cancellatus
cancellatus
Crocus cancellatus
lycius
Crocus cancellatus
pamphylicus
Crocus
cartwrightianus
Crocus
cartwrightianus 'Albus'
Crocus goulimyi
Crocus goulimyi 'Albus'
Crocus hadriaticus
Crocus hadriaticus
'Indian Summer'

Crocus kotschyanus kotschyanus
Crocus kotschyanus kotschyanus 'Albus'
Crocus kotschyanus
'Reliance'
Crocus laevigatus
'Fontenayi'
Crocus ligusticus
Crocus niveus
Crocus nudiflorus
Crocus ochroleucus
Crocus oreocreticus
Crocus pallasii
ssp. pallasii

Crocus pulchellus
Crocus pulchellus 'Albus'
Crocus pulchellus
'Inspiration'

Crocus pulchellus 'Michael Hoog'
Crocus pulchellus
'Zephyr'

Crocus sativus
Crocus serotinus
clusii

Crocus serotinus
salzmanii

Crocus serotinus salzmanii 'Erectophyllus'
Crocus speciosus
'Aino'

Crocus speciosus
'Aitchisonii'

Crocus speciosus
Crocus speciosus
'Albus'

Crocus speciosus
'Atabir'

Crocus speciosus
'Cassiope'

Crocus speciosus
'Conqueror'

Crocus speciosus
'Oxonian'

Crocus veneris

E

II Martagon Hybrid
Lilies
Lilium x marhan 'Mrs R.O. Backhouse'

 

 

Erythronium
dens-canis
Erythronium
'Pagoda'

Erythronium
tuolumnense

 

V Longiflorum Hybrid
Lilies
Lilium formosanum var. pricei 'Snow Queen'

 

F

VI Trumpet Hybrid
Lilies
Lilium 'African Queen'
Lilium 'Golden
Splendour
'
Lilium 'Pink Perfection'
Lilium 'Regale'
 

 

Ferraria crispa
- tender

VII Oriental Hybrid
Lilies
Lilium 'Acapulco'
Lilium 'Arena'
Lilium 'Barbaresco'
Lilium 'Bergamo'
Lilium 'Black Beauty'
Lilium 'Casa Blanca'
Lilium 'Cobra'
Lilium 'Con Amore'
Lilium 'Garden Party'
Lilium 'La Reve'
Lilium 'Mona Lisa'
Lilium 'Robert Swanson'
Lilium 'Siberia'
Lilium 'Starfighter'
Lilium 'Star Gazer'
Lilium 'Visa Versa'

 

Freesia alba
- tender

Freesia andersoniae
- tender
Freesia corymbosa
- tender

Freesia elimensis
- tender

Freesia speciosa 'Athene'
- tender
Freesia speciosa 'Ballerina'
- tender

Freesia speciosa 'Bloemfontein'
- tender

Freesia speciosa 'Chiron'
- tender

Freesia speciosa 'Clazina'
- tender

Freesia speciosa 'Corona'
- tender

Freesia speciosa 'Diana'
- tender

Freesia speciosa 'Epona'
- tender

Freesia speciosa 'Fantasy'
- tender

Freesia speciosa 'Golden Melody'
- tender

Freesia speciosa 'Jessica'
- tender

Freesia speciosa 'Magdalena'
- tender

Fritillaria imperiallis

Fritillaria imperiallis 'Lutea'
Fritillaria imperiallis
'Rubra Maxima'

VIII Miscellaneous
Lilies
Lilium 'Conca d'Or'
Lilium 'Red Dutch'
Lilium 'Triumphator'
 

 

IX Species Lilies
Lilium auratum
Lilium cernuum
Lilium duchartrei
Lilium formosanum
Lilium formosanum
pricei

Lilium hansonii
Lilium henryi
Lilium leichtilinii
Lilium martagon
Lilium nepalense
Lilium pardalinum
Lilium superbum
Lilium wallichianum

 

Unspecified Lilies
Lilium lancifolium
'Splendens'

Lilium speciosum
'Rubrum'

 

Winter-flowering
Crocus
Crocus ancyrensis
'Golden Bunch'

Crocus biflorus
'Miss Vain
'
Crocus chrysanthus 'Ard Schenk'
Crocus chrysanthus
'Blue Pearl
'
Crocus chrysanthus
'Cream Beauty
'
Crocus chrysanthus
'Dorothy'

Crocus chrysanthus
'E.A. Bowles'

Crocus chrysanthus 'Fusco-tinctus'
Crocus chrysanthus
'Goldilocks'

Crocus chrysanthus 'Prince Claus'
Crocus chrysanthus
'Princess Beatrix'

Crocus chrysanthus
'Romance'

Crocus chrysanthus
'Saturnus'
Crocus chrysanthus
'Snow Bunting'
Crocus chrysanthus
'Warley'
Crocus chrysanthus 'Zwanenburg Bronze'

Crocus sieberi
atticus 'Firefly'

Crocus sieberi atticus
'Violet Queen
'
Crocus sieberi 'subsp. sublimis Tricolor'
Crocus
tommasinianus

Crocus tommasinianus 'Barrs Purple'
Crocus tommasinianus 'Ruby Giant'
Crocus tommasinianus 'Whitewell Purple'

G

M

 

 

Galanthus elwesii
 

Massonia echinata
Melasphaerula ramosa
Mimulus
primuloides
Mitella breweri

 

Gladiolus Bulb European

Gladiolus 'Amsterdam'
Gladiolus 'Atom'
Gladiolus 'Ben Venuto'
Gladiolus callianthus
'Murielae'

Gladiolus carneus
Gladiolus 'Carthago'
Gladiolus 'Charming Beauty'
Gladiolus 'Charming Lady'
Gladiolus 'Cherry Berry'
Gladiolus colvillei
'Albus'

Gladiolus 'Cream
of the Crop
'
Gladiolus 'Deciso'
Gladiolus 'Ed's Conquest'
Gladiolus 'Elvira'
Gladiolus 'Espresso'
Gladiolus 'Eurovision'
Gladiolus 'Evergreen'
Gladiolus 'Flevo Smile'
Gladiolus 'Florence
Nightingale
'
Gladiolus 'Friendship'
Gladiolus 'Golden
Melody
'
Gladiolus 'Goldfield'
Gladiolus 'Grand
Finale
'
Gladiolus 'Her Majesty'
Gladiolus 'Hotline'
Gladiolus 'Huron Fox'
Gladiolus 'Huron Jewel'
Gladiolus 'Impressive'
Gladiolus 'Jayvee'
Gladiolus 'Jessica'
Gladiolus 'Karen 'P' '
Gladiolus 'Lady Elenore'
Gladiolus 'Little Jude'
Gladiolus 'Marj 'S' '
Gladiolus 'Mirella'
Gladiolus 'Mr Chris'
Gladiolus 'Perth Pearl'
Gladiolus 'Pink
Elegance
'
Gladiolus 'Pinnacle'
Gladiolus 'Plaisir'
Gladiolus 'Prins Claus'
Gladiolus 'Raymond
'C' '

Gladiolus 'Rose Elf'
Gladiolus 'Ruth Ann'
Gladiolus 'Slick Chick'
Gladiolus 'Tesoro'
Gladiolus 'Tristis'
Gladiolus 'Whistle
Stop
'
 

N

 

Narcissus - Division 1:
Trumpet Daffodil
Cultivars
'Brabazon' 1Y-Y
'Bravoure' 1W-Y
'Dutch Master' 1Y-Y
'Golden Harvest' 1Y-Y
'Little Beauty' 1W-Y
'Rijnveld's Early
Sensation
' 1Y-Y
'Small Talk' 1Y-Y
'Spellbinder' 1Y-Y
 

 

Narcissus - Division 2:
Large-Cupped Daffodil Cultivars
'Altun Ha' 2YYW-W
'Armada' 2Y-O
'Border Beauty' 2Y-O
'Carlton' 2Y-Y
'Ceylon' 2Y-O
'Glen Clova' 2Y-ORR
'Home Fires'
'Ice Follies' 2W-Y
'Redhill' 2W-OR
'Romance' 2W-PPO
'Rustom Pasha' 2Y-O
'St. Keverne' 2Y-Y
 

 

Winter and Spring-Flowering Crocus
Crocus etruscus
Crocus flavus ssp. flavus 'Golden Yellow'

 

 

Cyclamen
cilicium

Cyclamen
coum
Cyclamen coum
'Album'

Cyclamen hederifolium

Narcissus - Division 3:
Small-Cupped Daffodil Cultivars
'Badbury Rings' 3Y-YYO
'Merlin' 3W-YYR
 

 

 

Narcissus - Division 4:
Double Daffodil
Cultivars
'Abba' 4W-O
'Replete' 4W-P
'Sir Winston
Churchill
' 4W-O

 

Narcissus - Division 5:
Triandrus Daffodil
Cultivars
'Hawera' 5Y-Y
 

 

Discs and Florets Flower Elaborated Shape

 

argyranthemumflocmadeirasantana1Disc - Many daisies are easy to grow and very free-flowering. The typical colour contrast between the disc and the surrounding rays creates a lively effect (Argyranthemum 'Maderia Santana'). Many daisies are excellent cut flowers.

Floret - helianthusfloannuus1Floret is a small or reduced flower, especially 1 of a cluster in a composite flower - such as the florets of a sunflower (The very small flowers in a ring inside the yellow petals of Helianthus annuus). It is also any of the tight, branched clusters of flower buds that together form a head of cauliflower or broccoli.

 

Narcissus - Division 6:
Cyclamineus Daffodil
Cultivars
'Beryl' 6Y-YYO
'February Gold' 6Y-Y
'Garden Princess' 6Y-Y
'Jack Snipe' 6W-Y
'Jetfire' 6Y-O
'Peeping Tom' 6Y-Y
'Spring Dawn' 6Y-Y
 

 

 

Narcissus - Division 7:
Jonquilla and Apodanthus Daffodil Cultivars
'Baby Moon' 7Y-Y Min
'Bell Song' 7W-P
'Golden Dawn' 7Y-O
'Kokopelli' 7Y-Y
'Pipit' 7Y-Y
'Quail' 7Y-Y
 

 

 

Narcissus - Division 8:
Tazetta Daffodil
Cultivars
'Falconet' 8Y-O
'Geranium' 8W-O
'Minnow' 8Y-Y
papyraceus 8W-W
 

 

 

Narcissus - Division 9:
Poeticus Daffodil
Cultivars
 

 

 

Narcissus - Division 10:
Bulbocodium Daffodil
Cultivars
"Golden Bells" 10Y-Y
subsp. obesus 10Y-Y
pseudonarcissus 10W-Y
pseudonarcissus
'Praecox'
10W-Y
 

 

 

 

 

Narcissus - Division 11:
Split-Corona Daffodil Cultivars
a) Collar Daffodils
'Cassata' 11aW-Y

 

 

 

 

Narcissus - Division 12:
Other Daffodil Cultivars
 

 

 

 

 

Narcissus - Division 13:
Daffodils distinguished solely by Botanical Name
asturiensis 13Y-Y
bulbocodium 13Y-Y
cyclamineus 13Y-Y
obvallaris 13Y-Y
poeticus var
physaloides
13W-GYO

 

 

 

 

Ivydene Horticultural Services logo with I design, construct and maintain private gardens. I also advise and teach you in your own garden. 01634 389677

 

Site design and content copyright ©April 2009.
Page structure amended November 2012. Colour Wheel clarified January 2013.
Feet changed to inches (cms) July 2015. Flower Thumbnails with Height/ Width added October 2015.
Foliage Thumbnails, Bulb Use and Comments added March 2016.
Completed change from adding to mapping and index details March 2018

Chris Garnons-Williams.

DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site.  

 

There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-

 

 

 

THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:-


Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos
(of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Choose 1 of these different Plant selection Methods:-

1. Choose a plant from 1 of 53 flower colours in the Colour Wheel Gallery.

2. Choose a plant from 1 of 12 flower colours in each month of the year from 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery.

3. Choose a plant from 1 of 6 flower colours per month for each type of plant:-
Aquatic
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
Deciduous Tree
Evergreen Perennial
Evergreen Shrub
Evergreen Tree
Hedging
Herbaceous Perennial
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron
Rose
Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
Wild Flower

4. Choose a plant from its Flower Shape:-
Shape, Form
Index

Flower Shape

5. Choose a plant from its foliage:-
Bamboo
Conifer
Fern
Grass
Vegetable

6. There are 6 Plant Selection Levels including Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in
Plants Topic.

or

7. When I do not have my own or ones from mail-order nursery photos , then from March 2016, if you want to start from the uppermost design levels through to your choice of cultivated and wildflower plants to change your Plant Selection Process then use the following galleries:-

  • Create and input all plants known by Amateur Gardening inserted into their Sanders' Encyclopaedia from their edition published in 1960 (originally published by them in 1895) into these
    • Stage 1 - Garden Style Index Gallery,
      then
    • Stage 2 - Infill Plants Index Gallery being the only gallery from these 7 with photos (from Wikimedia Commons) ,
      then
    • Stage 3 - All Plants Index Gallery with each plant species in its own Plant Type Page followed by choice from Stage 4a, 4b, 4c and/or 4d REMEMBERING THE CONSTRAINTS ON THE SELECTION FROM THE CHOICES MADE IN STAGES 1 AND 2
    • Stage 4a - 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery,
    • Stage 4b - 12 Foliage Colours per Month Index Gallery with
    • Stage 4c - Cultivation, Position, Use Index Gallery and
    • Stage 4d - Shape, Form Index Gallery
    • Unfortunately, if you want to have 100's of choices on selection of plants from 1000's of 1200 pixels wide by up to 16,300 pixels in length webpages, which you can jump to from almost any of the pages in these 7 galleries above, you have to put up with those links to those choices being on
      • the left topic menu table,
      • the header of the middle data table and on
      • the page/index menu table on the right of every page of those galleries.

 

I like reading and that is shown by the index in my Library, where I provide lists of books to take you between designing, maintaining or building a garden and the hierarchy of books on plants taking you from

 

Colour Wheel of All Flowers

colourwheelclickexported2a1a1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Primary Colours:-
Red.
Yellow.
Blue.

Secondary Colours:-
Orange.
Green.
Violet.

Tertiary Colours:-
Red Orange.
Yellow Orange.
Yellow Green.
Blue Green.
Blue Violet.
Red Violet.

 

Bee-pollinated plants in Colour Wheel of 12 Flower Colours Per Month

bloomsmonth2a1a

Inner circle of Grey is 12 months of Unusual or Multi-Coloured Flower Colour

 

Rock Garden (Alpines) suitable for Small Gardens in 53 Colours

colourwheelexported1a1a1a

FLOWERING IN MONTH
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

 

Functional combinations in the border from the International Flower Bulb Centre in Holland:-

"Here is a list of the perennials shown by research to be the best plants to accompany various flower bulbs. The flower bulbs were tested over a period of years in several perennial borders that had been established for at least three years.

In combination with hyacinths:

In combination with tulips:

In combination with narcissi:

For narcissi, the choice was difficult to make. The list contains only some of the perennials that are very suitable for combining with narcissi. In other words, narcissi can easily compete with perennials.

In combination with specialty bulbs:

 

Topic
Plants detailed in this website by
Botanical Name

A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Bulb
A1
, 2, 3, B, C1, 2,
D, E, F, G, Glad,
H, I, J, K, L1, 2,
M, N, O, P, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ ,
Evergreen Perennial
A
, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Herbaceous Perennial
A1
, 2, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P1, 2, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ,
Diascia Photo Album,
UK Peony Index

Wildflower
Botanical Names,
Common Names ,

will be
compared in:- Flower colour/month
Evergreen Perennial
,
F
lower shape Wildflower Flower Shape and
Plant use
Evergreen Perennial Flower Shape,
Bee plants for hay-fever sufferers

Bee-Pollinated Index
Butterfly
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis, Butterfly Usage
of Plants.
Chalk
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, QR, S, T, UV,
WXYZ
Companion Planting
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R , S, T,
U ,V, W, X, Y, Z,
Pest Control using Plants
Fern Fern
1000 Ground Cover A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, XYZ ,
Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
NO, PQ, R, S, T,
UVWXYZ

Rose Rose Use

These 5 have Page links in rows below
Bulbs from the Infill Galleries (next row), Camera Photos,
Plant Colour Wheel Uses,
Sense of Fragrance, Wild Flower


Case Studies
...Drive Foundations
Ryegrass and turf kills plants within Roadstone and in Topsoil due to it starving and dehydrating them.
CEDAdrive creates stable drive surface and drains rain into your ground, rather than onto the public road.
8 problems caused by building house on clay or with house-wall attached to clay.
Pre-building work on polluted soil.

Companion Planting
to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected plant or deter its pests

Garden
Construction

with ground drains

Garden Design
...How to Use the Colour Wheel Concepts for Selection of Flowers, Foliage and Flower Shape
...RHS Mixed
Borders

......Bedding Plants
......Her Perennials
......Other Plants
......Camera photos of Plant supports
Garden
Maintenance

Glossary with a tomato teaching cauliflowers
Home
Library of over 1000 books
Offbeat Glossary with DuLally Bird in its flower clock.

Plants
...in Chalk
(Alkaline) Soil
......A-F1, A-F2,
......A-F3, G-L, M-R,
......M-R Roses, S-Z
...in Heavy
Clay Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Lime-Free
(Acid) Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Light
Sand Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z.
...Poisonous Plants.
...Extra Plant Pages
with its 6 Plant Selection Levels

Soil
...
Interaction between 2 Quartz Sand Grains to make soil
...
How roots of plants are in control in the soil
...
Without replacing Soil Nutrients, the soil will break up to only clay, sand or silt
...
Subsidence caused by water in Clay
...
Use water ring for trees/shrubs for first 2 years.

Tool Shed with 3 kneeling pads
Useful Data with benefits of Seaweed

Topic -
Plant Photo Galleries
If the plant type below has flowers, then the first gallery will include the flower thumbnail in each month of 1 of 6 colour comparison pages of each plant in its subsidiary galleries, as a low-level Plant Selection Process

Aquatic
Bamboo
Bedding
...by Flower Shape

Bulb
...Allium/ Anemone
...Autumn
...Colchicum/ Crocus
...Dahlia
...Gladiolus with its 40 Flower Colours
......European A-E
......European F-M
......European N-Z
......European Non-classified
......American A,
B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P, Q, R, S,
T, U, V, W, XYZ
......American Non-classified
......Australia - empty
......India
......Lithuania
...Hippeastrum/ Lily
...Late Summer
...Narcissus
...Spring
...Tulip
...Winter
...Each of the above ...Bulb Galleries has its own set of Flower Colour Pages
...Flower Shape
...Bulb Form

...Bulb Use

...Bulb in Soil


Further details on bulbs from the Infill Galleries:-
Hardy Bulbs
...Aconitum
...Allium
...Alstroemeria
...Anemone

...Amaryllis
...Anthericum
...Antholyzas
...Apios
...Arisaema
...Arum
...Asphodeline

...Asphodelus
...Belamcanda
...Bloomeria
...Brodiaea
...Bulbocodium

...Calochorti
...Cyclobothrias
...Camassia
...Colchicum
...Convallaria 
...Forcing Lily of the Valley
...Corydalis
...Crinum
...Crosmia
...Montbretia
...Crocus

...Cyclamen
...Dicentra
...Dierama
...Eranthis
...Eremurus
...Erythrnium
...Eucomis

...Fritillaria
...Funkia
...Galanthus
...Galtonia
...Gladiolus
...Hemerocallis

...Hyacinth
...Hyacinths in Pots
...Scilla
...Puschkinia
...Chionodoxa
...Chionoscilla
...Muscari

...Iris
...Kniphofia
...Lapeyrousia
...Leucojum

...Lilium
...Lilium in Pots
...Malvastrum
...Merendera
...Milla
...Narcissus
...Narcissi in Pots

...Ornithogalum
...Oxalis
...Paeonia
...Ranunculus
...Romulea
...Sanguinaria
...Sternbergia
...Schizostylis
...Tecophilaea
...Trillium

...Tulip
...Zephyranthus

Half-Hardy Bulbs
...Acidanthera
...Albuca
...Alstroemeri
...Andro-stephium
...Bassers
...Boussing-aultias
...Bravoas
...Cypellas
...Dahlias
...Galaxis,
...Geissorhizas
...Hesperanthas

...Gladioli
...Ixias
...Sparaxises
...Babianas
...Morphixias
...Tritonias

...Ixiolirions
...Moraeas
...Ornithogalums
...Oxalises
...Phaedra-nassas
...Pancratiums
...Tigridias
...Zephyranthes
...Cooperias

Uses of Bulbs:-
...for Bedding
...in Windowboxes
...in Border
...naturalized in Grass
...in Bulb Frame
...in Woodland Garden
...in Rock Garden
...in Bowls
...in Alpine House
...Bulbs in Green-house or Stove:-
...Achimenes
...Alocasias
...Amorpho-phalluses
...Arisaemas
...Arums
...Begonias
...Bomareas
...Caladiums

...Clivias
...Colocasias
...Crinums
...Cyclamens
...Cyrtanthuses
...Eucharises
...Urceocharis
...Eurycles

...Freesias
...Gloxinias
...Haemanthus
...Hippeastrums

...Lachenalias
...Nerines
...Lycorises
...Pencratiums
...Hymenocallises
...Richardias
...Sprekelias
...Tuberoses
...Vallotas
...Watsonias
...Zephyranthes

...Plant Bedding in
......Spring

......Summer
...Bulb houseplants flowering during:-
......January
......February
......March
......April
......May
......June
......July
......August
......September
......October
......November
......December
...Bulbs and other types of plant flowering during:-
......Dec-Jan
......Feb-Mar
......Apr-May
......Jun-Aug
......Sep-Oct
......Nov-Dec
...Selection of the smaller and choicer plants for the Smallest of Gardens with plant flowering during the same 6 periods as in the previous selection

Climber in
3 Sector Vertical Plant System
...Clematis
...Climbers
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
...Shrubs - Decid
Deciduous Tree
...Trees - Decid
Evergreen Perennial
...P-Evergreen A-L
...P-Evergreen M-Z
...Flower Shape
Evergreen Shrub
...Shrubs - Evergreen
...Heather Shrub
...Heather Index
......Andromeda
......Bruckenthalia
......Calluna
......Daboecia
......Erica: Carnea
......Erica: Cinerea
......Erica: Others
Evergreen Tree
...Trees - Evergreen
Fern
Grass
Hedging
Herbaceous
Perennial

...P -Herbaceous
...Peony
...Flower Shape
...RHS Wisley
......Mixed Border
......Other Borders
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron

Rose
...RHS Wisley A-F
...RHS Wisley G-R
...RHS Wisley S-Z
...Rose Use - page links in row 6. Rose, RHS Wisley and Other Roses rose indices on each Rose Use page
...Other Roses A-F
...Other Roses G-R
...Other Roses S-Z
Pruning Methods
Photo Index
R 1, 2, 3
Peter Beales Roses
RV Roger
Roses

Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
...Apple

...Cherry
...Pear
Vegetable
Wild Flower and
Butterfly page links are in next row

Topic -
UK Butterfly:-
...Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage
of Plants.
...Plant Usage by
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly.

Both native wildflowers and cultivated plants, with these
...Flower Shape,
...
Uses in USA,
...
Uses in UK and
...
Flo Cols / month are used by Butter-flies native in UK


Wild Flower
with its wildflower flower colour page, space,
data page(s).
...Blue Site Map.
Scented Flower, Foliage, Root.
Story of their Common Names.
Use of Plant with Flowers.
Use for Non-Flowering Plants.
Edible Plant Parts.
Flower Legend.
Flowering plants of
Chalk and
Limestone 1
, 2.
Flowering plants of Acid Soil
1.
...Brown Botanical Names.
Food for
Butterfly/Moth.

...Cream Common Names.
Coastal and Dunes.
Sandy Shores and Dunes.
...Green Broad-leaved Woods.
...Mauve Grassland - Acid, Neutral, Chalk.
...Multi-Cols Heaths and Moors.
...Orange Hedge-rows and Verges.
...Pink A-G Lakes, Canals and Rivers.
...Pink H-Z Marshes, Fens, Bogs.
...Purple Old Buildings and Walls.
...Red Pinewoods.
...White A-D
Saltmarshes.
Shingle Beaches, Rocks and Cliff Tops.
...White E-P Other.
...White Q-Z Number of Petals.
...Yellow A-G
Pollinator.
...Yellow H-Z
Poisonous Parts.
...Shrub/Tree River Banks and other Freshwater Margins. and together with cultivated plants in
Colour Wheel.

You know its
name:-
a-h, i-p, q-z,
Botanical Names, or Common Names,
habitat:-
on
Acid Soil,
on
Calcareous
(Chalk) Soil
,
on
Marine Soil,
on
Neutral Soil,
is a
Fern,
is a
Grass,
is a
Rush,
is a
Sedge, or
is
Poisonous.

Each plant in each WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE will have a link to:-
1) its created Plant Description Page in its Common Name column, then external sites:-
2) to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name column,
3) to see photos in its Flowering Months column and
4) to read habitat details in its Habitat Column.
Adder's Tongue
Amaranth
Arrow-Grass
Arum
Balsam
Bamboo
Barberry
Bedstraw
Beech
Bellflower
Bindweed
Birch
Birds-Nest
Birthwort
Bogbean
Bog Myrtle
Borage
Box
Broomrape
Buckthorn
Buddleia
Bur-reed
Buttercup
Butterwort
Cornel (Dogwood)
Crowberry
Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 1
Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2
Cypress
Daffodil
Daisy
Daisy Cudweeds
Daisy Chamomiles
Daisy Thistle
Daisy Catsears Daisy Hawkweeds
Daisy Hawksbeards
Daphne
Diapensia
Dock Bistorts
Dock Sorrels
Clubmoss
Duckweed
Eel-Grass
Elm
Filmy Fern
Horsetail
Polypody
Quillwort
Royal Fern
Figwort - Mulleins
Figwort - Speedwells
Flax
Flowering-Rush
Frog-bit
Fumitory
Gentian
Geranium
Glassworts
Gooseberry
Goosefoot
Grass 1
Grass 2
Grass 3
Grass Soft
Bromes 1

Grass Soft
Bromes 2

Grass Soft
Bromes 3

Hazel
Heath
Hemp
Herb-Paris
Holly
Honeysuckle
Horned-Pondweed
Hornwort
Iris
Ivy
Jacobs Ladder
Lily
Lily Garlic
Lime
Lobelia
Loosestrife
Mallow
Maple
Mares-tail
Marsh Pennywort
Melon (Gourd/Cucumber)
Mesem-bryanthemum
Mignonette
Milkwort
Mistletoe
Moschatel
Naiad
Nettle
Nightshade
Oleaster
Olive
Orchid 1
Orchid 2
Orchid 3
Orchid 4
Parnassus-Grass
Peaflower
Peaflower
Clover 1

Peaflower
Clover 2

Peaflower
Clover 3

Peaflower Vetches/Peas
Peony
Periwinkle
Pillwort
Pine
Pink 1
Pink 2
Pipewort
Pitcher-Plant
Plantain
Pondweed
Poppy
Primrose
Purslane
Rannock Rush
Reedmace
Rockrose
Rose 1
Rose 2
Rose 3
Rose 4
Rush
Rush Woodrushes
Saint Johns Wort
Saltmarsh Grasses
Sandalwood
Saxifrage
Seaheath
Sea Lavender
Sedge Rush-like
Sedges Carex 1
Sedges Carex 2
Sedges Carex 3
Sedges Carex 4
Spindle-Tree
Spurge
Stonecrop
Sundew
Tamarisk
Tassel Pondweed
Teasel
Thyme 1
Thyme 2
Umbellifer 1
Umbellifer 2
Valerian
Verbena
Violet
Water Fern
Waterlily
Water Milfoil
Water Plantain
Water Starwort
Waterwort
Willow
Willow-Herb
Wintergreen
Wood-Sorrel
Yam
Yew


Topic -
The following is a complete hierarchical Plant Selection Process

dependent on the Garden Style chosen
Garden Style
...Infill Plants
...12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
...12 Foliage Colours per Month Index
...All Plants Index
...Cultivation, Position, Use Index
...Shape, Form
Index


Topic -
Flower/Foliage Colour Wheel Galleries with number of colours as a high-level Plant Selection Process

All Flowers 53 with
...Use of Plant and
Flower Shape
- page links in bottom row

All Foliage 53
instead of redundant
...(All Foliage 212)


All Flowers
per Month 12


Bee instead of wind pollinated plants for hay-fever sufferers
All Bee-Pollinated Flowers
per Month
12
...Index

Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
Rock Plant Flowers 53
INDEX
A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L,
M, NO, PQ, R, S,
T, UVWXYZ
...Rock Plant Photos

Flower Colour Wheel without photos, but with links to photos
12 Bloom Colours
per Month Index

...All Plants Index


Topic -
Use of Plant in your Plant Selection Process

Plant Colour Wheel Uses
with
1. Perfect general use soil is composed of 8.3% lime, 16.6% humus, 25% clay and 50% sand, and
2. Why you are continually losing the SOIL STRUCTURE so your soil - will revert to clay, chalk, sand or silt.
Uses of Plant and Flower Shape:-
...Foliage Only
...Other than Green Foliage
...Trees in Lawn
...Trees in Small Gardens
...Wildflower Garden
...Attract Bird
...Attract Butterfly
1
, 2
...Climber on House Wall
...Climber not on House Wall
...Climber in Tree
...Rabbit-Resistant
...Woodland
...Pollution Barrier
...Part Shade
...Full Shade
...Single Flower provides Pollen for Bees
1
, 2, 3
...Ground-Cover
<60
cm
60-180cm
>180cm
...Hedge
...Wind-swept
...Covering Banks
...Patio Pot
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border
...Poisonous
...Adjacent to Water
...Bog Garden
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Winter-Flowering
...Fragrant
...Not Fragrant
...Exhibition
...Standard Plant is 'Ball on Stick'
...Upright Branches or Sword-shaped leaves
...Plant to Prevent Entry to Human or Animal
...Coastal Conditions
...Tolerant on North-facing Wall
...Cut Flower
...Potted Veg Outdoors
...Potted Veg Indoors
...Thornless
...Raised Bed Outdoors Veg
...Grow in Alkaline Soil A-F, G-L, M-R,
S-Z
...Grow in Acidic Soil
...Grow in Any Soil
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Grow Bulbs Indoors

Uses of Bedding
...Bedding Out
...Filling In
...Screen-ing
...Pots and Troughs
...Window Boxes
...Hanging Baskets
...Spring Bedding
...Summer Bedding
...Winter Bedding
...Foliage instead of Flower
...Coleus Bedding Photos for use in Public Domain 1

Uses of Bulb
...Other than Only Green Foliage
...Bedding or Mass Planting
...Ground-Cover
...Cut-Flower
...Tolerant of Shade
...In Woodland Areas
...Under-plant
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Covering Banks
...In Water
...Beside Stream or Water Garden
...Coastal Conditions
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
...Fragrant Flowers
...Not Fragrant Flowers
...Indoor
House-plant

...Grow in a Patio Pot
...Grow in an Alpine Trough
...Grow in an Alpine House
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Speciman Plant
...Into Native Plant Garden
...Naturalize in Grass
...Grow in Hanging Basket
...Grow in Window-box
...Grow in Green-house
...Grow in Scree
...Naturalized Plant Area
...Grow in Cottage Garden
...Attracts Butterflies
...Attracts Bees
...Resistant to Wildlife
...Bulb in Soil:-
......Chalk
......Clay
......Sand
......Lime-Free (Acid)
......Peat

Uses of Rose
Rose Index

...Bedding 1, 2
...Climber /Pillar
...Cut-Flower 1, 2
...Exhibition, Speciman
...Ground-Cover
...Grow In A Container 1, 2
...Hedge 1, 2
...Climber in Tree
...Woodland
...Edging Borders
...Tolerant of Poor Soil 1, 2
...Tolerant of Shade
...Back of Border
...Adjacent to Water
...Page for rose use as ARCH ROSE, PERGOLA ROSE, COASTAL CONDITIONS ROSE, WALL ROSE, STANDARD ROSE, COVERING BANKS or THORNLESS ROSES.
...FRAGRANT ROSES
...NOT FRAGRANT ROSES


Topic -
Camera Photo Galleries showing all 4000 x 3000 pixels of each photo on your screen that you can then click and drag it to your desktop as part of a Plant Selection Process:-

RHS Garden at Wisley

Plant Supports -
When supporting plants in a bed, it is found that not only do those plants grow upwards, but also they expand their roots and footpad sideways each year. Pages
1
, 2, 3, 8, 11,
12, 13,
Plants 4, 7, 10,
Bedding Plants 5,
Plant Supports for Unknown Plants 5
,
Clematis Climbers 6,
the RHS does not appear to either follow it's own pruning advice or advice from The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by George E. Brown.
ISBN 0-571-11084-3 with the plants in Pages 1-7 of this folder. You can see from looking at both these resources as to whether the pruning carried out on the remainder of the plants in Pages 7-15 was correct.

Narcissus (Daffodil) 9,
Phlox Plant Supports 14, 15

Coleus Bedding Foliage Trial - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, Index

National Trust Garden at Sissinghurst Castle
Plant Supports -
Pages for Gallery 1

with Plant Supports
1, 5, 10
Plants
2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,
11, 12
Recommended Rose Pruning Methods 13
Pages for Gallery 2
with Plant Supports
2
,
Plants 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Dry Garden of
RHS Garden at
Hyde Hall

Plants - Pages
without Plant Supports
Plants 1
, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Nursery of
Peter Beales Roses
Display Garden

Roses Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Nursery of
RV Roger

Roses - Pages
A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,
A6,A7,A8,A9,A10,
A11,A12,A13,A14,
B15,
B16,B17,B18,B19,
B20,
B21,B22,B23,B24,
B25,
B26,B27,B28,B29,
B30,
C31,C32,C33,C34,
C35,
C36,C37,C38,C39,
C40,
C41,CD2,D43,D44,
D45,
D46,D47,D48,D49,
E50,
E51,E52,F53,F54,
F55,
F56,F57,G58,G59,
H60,
H61,I62,K63,L64,
M65,
M66,N67,P68,P69,
P70,
R71,R72,S73,S74,
T75,
V76,Z77, 78,

Damage by Plants in Chilham Village - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4

Pavements of Funchal, Madeira
Damage to Trees - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13
for trees 1-54,
14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
for trees 55-95,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37,
for trees 95-133,
38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
for trees 133-166

Chris Garnons-Williams
Work Done - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Identity of Plants
Label Problems - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11

Ron and Christine Foord - 1036 photos only inserted so far - Garden Flowers - Start Page of each Gallery
AB1 ,AN14,BA27,
CH40,CR52,DR63,
FR74,GE85,HE96,

Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187
A 1, 2, Photos - 43
B 1, Photos - 13
C 1, Photos - 35
D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Photos - 411
with Plants causing damage to buildings in Chilham Village and Damage to Trees in Pavements of Funchal
E 1, Photos - 21
F 1, Photos - 1
G 1, Photos - 5
H 1, Photos - 21
I 1, Photos - 8
J 1, Photos - 1
K 1, Photos - 1
L 1, Photos - 85
with Label Problems
M 1, Photos - 9
N 1, Photos - 12
O 1, Photos - 5
P 1, Photos - 54
Q 1, Photos -
R 1, 2, 3,
Photos - 229
S 1, Photos - 111
T 1, Photos - 13
U 1, Photos - 5
V 1, Photos - 4
W 1, Photos - 100
with Work Done by Chris Garnons-Williams
X 1 Photos -
Y 1, Photos -
Z 1 Photos -
Articles/Items in Ivydene Gardens - 88
Flower Colour, Num of Petals, Shape and
Plant Use of:-
Rock Garden
within linked page

 

Topic -
Fragrant Plants as a Plant Selection Process for your sense of smell:-

Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers
1
, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an Acid Soil
1
, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil
1
, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil
1
, 2, 3
Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers
1
, 2, 3
Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves
1
, 2
Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers
1
, 2, 3, 4, 5
Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit
1
, 2, 3
Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers
1
, 2
Night-scented Flowering Plants
1
, 2


Topic -
Website User Guidelines


My Gas Service Engineer found Flow and Return pipes incorrectly positioned on gas boilers and customers had refused to have positioning corrected in 2020.
 

Cultural Needs of Plants
from Chapter 4 in Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran. Revised and Expanded Edition. Published in 2001 by Timber Press, Inc. Reprinted 2002, 2006. ISBN-13:978-0-
88192-495-4.

"Understanding Fern Needs
Ferns have the same basic growing requirements as other plants and will thrive when these are met. There is nothing mysterious about the requirements - they are not something known only to people with green thumbs - but the best gardeners are those who understand plant requirements and are careful about satisfying them.
What, then, does a fern need?

All plants need water.
Water in the soil prevents roots from drying, and all mineral nutrients taken up by the roots must be dissolved in the soil water. Besides water in the soil, most plants need water in the air. Adequate humidity keeps the plant from drying out. Leaves need water for photosynthesis and to keep from wilting.
All green plants need light to manufacture food (sugars) by photosynthesis. Some plants need more light than others, and some can flourish in sun or shade. Most ferns, however, prefer some amount of shade.
For photosynthesis, plants require carbon dioxide, a gas that is exhaled by animals as waste. Carbon dioxide diffuses into plants through tiny pores, called stomata, that abound on the lower surface of the leaves. In the leaf, carbon dioxide is combined with the hydrogen from water to form carbohydrates, the plant's food. This process takes place only in the presence of light and chlorophyll, a green pigment found in plant cells. To enhance growth, some commercial growers increase the carbon dioxide level in their greenhouses to 600ppm (parts per million), or twice the amount typically found in the air.
Plants need oxygen. The green plants of a plant do not require much oxygen from the air because plants produce more oxygen by photosynthesis than they use. The excess oxygen liberated from the plants is used by all animals, including humans. What do plants do with oxygen? They use it just as we do, to release the energy stored in food. We use energy to move about, to talk, to grow, to think - in fact, for all our life processes. Although plants don't talk or move much, they do grow and metabolize and must carry on all their life processes using oxygen to release the stored energy in their food.
Roots need air all the time. They get it from the air spaces between the soil particles. Overwatering displaces the air between soil particles with water, thereby removing the oxygen needed by the roots. This reduces the root's ability to absorb mineral nutrients and can foster root-rot.
Plants need minerals to grow properly. The minerals are mined from the soil by the plant's root system. If a certain mineral is missing, such as calcium needed for developing cell walls, then the plant will be stunted, discoloured, or deformed.
Some plants tolerate a wide range of temperatures, whereas others are fussy. If the temperature is too high or low, the machinery of the plant will not operate satisfactorily or will cease entirely.

The basic needs of plants are not hard to supply, but growing success depends on attending to these needs with care and exactitude. The remainder of this chapter is devoted to a discussion of these requirements, with the exception of mineral needs, which are discussed in Chapter 5."

 

It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:-

poacherrose1garnonswilliams

Closed Bud

poacherrose2garnonswilliams

Opening Bud

poacherrose3garnonswilliams

Juvenile Flower

poacherrose4garnonswilliams

Older Juvenile Flower

poacherrose5garnonswilliams

Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its
Rose Description Page is
"Buff Yellow, with a very slight pink tint at the edges in May-October."

poacherrose6garnonswilliams

Mature Flower

poacherrose7garnonswilliams

Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower

poacherrose8garnonswilliams

Form of Rose Bush

There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page.

So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!!

 

Starting in February 2023 all the bulbs compared in this gallery of BULB PLANT GALLERY are being copied to the PERENNIAL - EVERGREEN GALLERY comparison pages with Bulb and their use added to the text box below the thumbnail. The PERENNIAL - EVERGREEN GALLERY will eventually compare every plant in this website in its respective colour and month(s) - it has the same heights as in the BULB PLANT GALLERY with this addition Black =
72+ inches
(180+ cms)
.

PERENNIAL - EVERGREEN GALLERY PAGES

FLOWER COLOUR
(o)Blue
Orange
(o)Other Colours
(o)Red
(o)Pink
(o)White
(o)Yellow

FOLIAGE COLOUR
Black
Blue
(o)Brown
(o)Bronze
(o)Green1
(o)Green2
(o)Grey
(o)Purple
(o)Red
(o)Silver
(o)Variegated White
Variegated Yellow
White
Yellow
Autumn Colour
4 Season Colour

FORM
(o)Mat-forming
(o)Prostrate
(o)Mound-forming
(o)Spreading
(o)Clump-forming
Stemless
(o)Upright
Climbing
Arching

FRUIT COLOUR
(o)Fruit

FLOWER BED PICTURES
(o)Garden

EVERGREEN PERENNIAL GALLERY PAGES

Site Map of pages with content (o)

Introduction

 

PLANT USE AND FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY
compares the use and flower shape of plants in this website
- WHICH ARE THOSE PLANTS FROM OTHER GALLERIES BESIDES THE WILDFLOWER SHAPE GALLERY -
combined with those already compared in
Bedding,
Bulb,
Evergreen Perennial,
Herbaceous Perennial and
Roses
pages as linked to in row
Topic - Use of Plant in your Plant Selection Process
in the TOPIC table - on the extreme left - at the end of this page with this Tip Colour background.


7 Flower Colours per Month in Colour Wheel below

  • for Evergreen Perennials only prior to July 2022,
  • from July 2022 it will compare every plant with flowers in this website
    in this EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery.

Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month.

colormonth9a9a1
I have updated the plant type and plant use for the Evergreen Perennials by February 2023,

then in February 2023, I am continuing to insert all the 1000 Groundcover Plants as indicated by
"Ground Cover from PLANTS" from
GROUNDCOVER PLANT DETAIL Plant Selection Level 5 Plant Name - A Index using
'Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places' by John Cushnie
ISBN 1 85626 326 6
into the Colour Wheel comparison pages above of EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery in Brown.

followed by continuing to insert all the plants with flowers from Camera Photo Galleries as indicated by
"
Plant with Photo Index" from
Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens
- 1187 A 1, 2, Index
into the Colour Wheel comparison pages above of EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery in Blue
having started in January 2023.

Next, I will continue to insert all the plants planted in chalk as indicated by
"
from Chalk Garden" from
GARDEN CONSTRUCTION Index (once all those pages have been completed) using
'A Chalk Garden' by F C Stern. Published by Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd in 1960
into the Colour Wheel Comparison Pages above of EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery in black.

then the following plants shall be added from

  • Aquatic,
  • Bamboo,
  • Bedding,
  • Bulb - starting in February 2023,
  • Climber,
  • Conifer,
  • Deciduous Shrub,
  • Deciduous Tree,
  • Evergreen Shrub,
  • Evergreen Tree,
  • Fern,
  • Grass,
  • Hedging,
  • Herbaceous Perennial,
  • Herb,
  • Odds and Sods,
  • Rhododendron,
  • Rose,
  • Soft Fruit,
  • Top Fruit,
  • Vegetable and
  • Wildflower

finally the above plants shall be compared in the Wildflower Shape Gallery -

Both native wildflowers and cultivated plants, with these
...Flower Shape,
...
Uses in USA,

- after the entries have been completed in the Landscaping List Pages.
 

Evergreen Perennials Height from Text Border in this Gallery

Brown =
0-12 inches (0-30 cms)

Blue =
12-24 inches
(30-60 cms)

Green =
24-36 inches
(60-90 cms)

Red =
36-72 inches
(90-180 cms)

Black =
72+ inches
(180+ cms)

Evergreen Perennials Soil Moisture from Text Background in this Gallery

 

Wet Soil

Moist Soil

Dry Soil

The Plant Height Border in this Gallery has changed from :-
Blue = 0-2 feet (0-24 inches), Green = 2-6 feet (24-72 inches), Red = 6+ feet (72+ inches) to

  • Brown = 0-12 inches (0-30 cms)
  • Blue = 12-24 inches (30-60 cms)
  • Green = 24-36 inches (60-90 cms)
  • Red = 36-72 inches (90-180 cms)
  • Black = 72+ inches (180+ cms)

Flowering months range abreviates month to its first 3 letters (Apr-Jun is April, May and June).
Click on thumbnail to change this comparison page to the Plant Description Page of the Evergreen Perennial named in the Text box below that photo.

The Comments Row of that Evergreen Perennial Description Page details where that Evergreen Perennial is available from.

BULB FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES

lessershapemeadowrue2a1a1a1a

alliumcflohaireasytogrowbulbs1a1

berberisdarwiniiflower10h3a14c2a1a

irisflotpseudacorus1a1

aethionemacfloarmenumfoord1a1

anemonecflo1hybridafoord1a1

anemonecflo1blandafoord1a1

Number of Flower Petals

Petal-less

1

2

3

4

5

Above 5

anthericumcfloliliagofoord1a1a

alliumcflo1roseumrvroger1a1

geraniumflocineremuballerina1a1a1a1a1a

paeoniamlokosewitschiiflot1a1a

paeoniaveitchiiwoodwardiiflot1a1

acantholinumcflop99glumaceumfoord1

stachysflotmacrantha1a1a

Flower Shape - Simple

Stars with Single Flowers

Bowls

Cups and Saucers

Globes

Goblets and Chalices

Trumpets

Funnels

 

digitalismertonensiscflorvroger1a1

fuchsiaflotcalicehoffman1a1a

ericacarneacflosspringwoodwhitedeeproot1a1a1

phloxflotsubulatatemiskaming1a1a

 

 

 

Flower Shape - Simple

Bells

Thimbles

Urns

Salverform

 

 

 

 

prunellaflotgrandiflora1a1

aquilegiacfloformosafoord1a1

acanthusspinosuscflocoblands1a1

lathyrusflotvernus1a1

anemonecflo1coronariastbrigidgeetee1a1

echinaceacflo1purpurealustrehybridsgarnonswilliams1a1

centaureacfloatropurpureakavanagh1a1

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated

Tubes, Lips and Straps

Slippers, Spurs and Lockets

Hats, Hoods and Helmets

Stan-dards, Wings and Keels

Discs and Florets

Pin-Cushions

Tufts and Petal-less Cluster

 

androsacecforyargongensiskevock1a1

androsacecflorigidakevock1a1

argyranthemumflotcmadeiracrestedyellow1a1

armeriacflomaritimakevock1a1

anemonecflonemerosaalbaplenarvroger1a1

 

 

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated

Cushion

Umbel

Buttons with Double Flowers

Pompoms

Stars with Semi-Double Flowers

 

 

 

bergeniamorningredcforcoblands1a1a

ajugacfloreptansatropurpurea1a1

lamiumflotorvala2a1a

astilbepurplelancecflokevock1a1a

berberisdarwiniiflower10h3a1433a1a1a1a

berberisdarwiniiflower10h3a1434a1a1a1a

androsacecfor1albanakevock1a1

Natural Arrange-ments

Bunches, Posies and Sprays (Group)

Columns, Spikes and Spires

Whorls, Tiers and Cande-labra

Plumes and Tails

Chains and Tassels

Clouds, Garlands and Cascades

Sphere, Dome (Clusters), Drumstick and Plate

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FURTHER BULB FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES


Bulbs - a complete handbook of bulbs, corms and tubers by Roy Genders. Published in 1973 by Robert Hale & Company.
Contents

History, Culture and Characteristics

  • Early History
  • Botanical Characteristics of Bulbs, Corms and Tubers
  • Propagation
  • Bulbs in the Woodland Garden
  • Bulbs in Short Grass is detailed in Ivydene Gardens Bulb, Corm, Rhizome and Tuber Gallery Site Map
  • Bulbs in the Shrubbery
  • Spring Bedding
  • Summer Bedding
  • A border of bulbs
  • Bulbs for the alpine garden
  • Bulbs for trough garden and window box-
  • Bulbs for alpine house and frame
  • Bulbs in the home
  • Scent in bulbs
  • Diseases and pests of bulbs and corms

Alphabetical Guide - Pages 154-543 provides an Alphabetical Guide to these bulbs, with each genus having a description with details of culture, propagation and details of each of its species and varieties:-
"Cardiocrinum (Liliaceae)
A genus of three species, native of the Himalayas and eastern Asia, which at one time were included in the genus Lilium. They differ in that their bulbs have few scales, while the seed capsules are toothed. They are plants of dense woodlands of Assam and Yunnan, where the rainfall is the highest in the world and they grow best in shade and in a moist humus-laden soil. The basal leaves are cordate, bright-green and glossy; the flowers trumpet-like with reflexed segments. They are borne in umbels of 10 to 20 on stems 10 to 12 ft (120-144 inches, 300 to 360 centimetres) tall. In their native land they are found growing with magnolias and rhododendrons.
Culture
The bulbs are dark green and as large as a hockey ball. Plant 24 (60) apart early in spring, away from a frost pocket, and with the top part exposed. Three bulbs planted together in a spinney or in a woodland clearing will present a magnificent site when in bloom. They require protection from the heat of summer and a cool root run; they are also gross feeders so the soil should be enriched with decayed manure and should contain a large amount of peat or leaf-mould. The bulbs will begin to grow in the warmth of spring, and by early June the flower stems will have attained a height of 96 (240) or more and will be bright green with a few scattered leaves. The basal leaves will measure 10 (25) wide, like those of the arum. The flowers appear in July and last only a few days to be replaced by attractive large seed pods, while the handsome basal leaves remain green until the autumn. The flower stems are hollow.
Propagation
After flowering and the dying back of the leaves, the bulb also dies. Early in November it should be dug up, when it will be seen that three to 5 small bulbs are clustered around it. These are replanted 24 (60) apart with the nose exposed and into soil that has been deeply worked and enriched with leaf mould and decayed manure. They will take two years to bear bloom, but if several are planted each year there will always be some at the flowering stage. To protect them from frost, the newly planted bulbs should be given a deep mulch either of decayed leaves or peat shortly after planting, while additional protection may be given by placing fronds of bracken or hurdles over the mulch.
Plants may be raised from seed sown in a frame in a sandy compost or in boxes in a greenhouse. If the seed is sown in September when harvested, it will germinare in April. In autumn the seedlings will be ready to transplant into a frame or into boxes, spacing them 3 (7.5) apart. They need moisture while growing but very little during winter when dormant. In June they will be ready to move to their flowering quarters such as a clearing in a woodland where the ground has been cleaned of perennial weeds and fortified with humus and plant food. Plant 24 (60) apart and protect the young plants until established with low boards erected around them. They will bloom in about eight years from sowing time.
Species
Cardiocrinum cathayanum. Native of western and central China, it will grow 36-48 (90-120) tall and halfway up the stem produces a cluster of oblong leaves. The funnel-shaped flowers are borne three to five to each stem and appear in an umbel at the top. They are white or cream, shaded with green and spotted with brown and appear early in July. The plant requires similar conditions to Cardiocrinum giganteum and behaves in like manner.
Cardiocrinum cordatum. Native of Japan, it resembles Cardiocrinum giganteum with its heart-shaped basal leaves, which grow from the scales of the greenish-white bulb and which, like those of the paeony (with which it may be planted), first appear bronzey-red before turning green. The flowers are produced horizontally in sixes or eights at the end of a 72 (180) stem and are ivory-white shaded green on the outside, yellow in the throat and spotted with purple. They are deliciously scented.
Cardiocrinum giganteum. Native of Assam and the eastern Himalayas where it was found by Dr Wallich in 1816 in the rain-saturated forests. It was first raised from seed and distributed by the Botanical Gardens of Dublin, and first flowered in the British Isles at Edinburgh in 1852. Under conditions it enjoys, it will send up its hollow green stems (which continue to grow until autumn) to a height of 120-144 (300-360), each with as many as 10 to 20 or more funnel-shaped blooms 6 (15) long. The flowers are white, shaded green on the outside and reddish-purple in the throat. Their scent is such that when the air is calm the plants may be detected from a distance of 100 yards = 3600 inches = 9000 centimetres. Especially is their fragrance most pronounced at night. The flowers droop downwards and are at their best during July and August. The large basal leaves which surround the base of the stem are heart-shaped and short-stalked."

with these Appendices:-
 

A -
Planting Depths (Out-doors)

B -
Bulbs and their Habitat

C -
Planting and Flowering Times for Out-door Cult-ivation

D -
Flowering Times for Indoor Bulbs

E -
Bulbs with Scented Flowers

F -
Common Names of Bulbous plants

G -
From Sowing time to Bloom

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Bulbs in Cultivation
including vital bulb soil preparation from

Bulbs for Small Garden by E.C.M. Haes. Published by Pan Books in 1967:-

Bulbs in the Small Garden with Garden Plan and its different bulb sections

A choice of Outdoor Bulbs

False Bulbs

Bulbs Indoors

Bulb Calendar

Planting Times and Depth

Composts

Bulb Form

Mat-Forming

Prostrate or Trailing

Cushion or Mound-forming

Spreading or Creeping

Clump-forming

Stemless. Sword-shaped Leaves

Erect or Upright

Bulb Use

Other than Only Green Foliage

Bedding or Mass Planting

Ground-Cover

Cut-Flower
1
, 2

Tolerant of Shade

In Woodland Areas

Under-plant

Tolerant of Poor Soil

Covering Banks

In Water

Beside Stream or Water Garden

Coastal Conditions

Edging Borders

Back of Border or Back-ground Plant

Fragrant Flowers

Not Fragrant Flowers

Indoor House-plant

Grow in a Patio Pot
1
, 2

Grow in an Alpine Trough

Grow in an Alpine House

Grow in Rock Garden

Speciman Plant

Into Native Plant Garden

Naturalize in Grass

Grow in Hanging Basket

Grow in Window-box

Grow in Green-house

Grow in Scree

 

 

Natural-ized Plant Area

Grow in Cottage Garden

Attracts Butter-flies

Attracts Bees

Resistant to Wildlife

Bulb in Soil

Chalk 1, 2

Clay

Sand 1, 2

Lime-Free (Acid)

Peat

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bulb Height from Text Border

Brown= 0-12 inches (0-30 cms)

Blue = 12-24 inches (30-60 cms)

Green= 24-36 inches (60-90 cms)

Red = 36+ inches (90+ cms)

Bulb Soil Moisture from Text Background

Wet Soil

Moist Soil

Dry Soil

Flowering months range abreviates month to its first 3 letters (Apr-Jun is April, May and June).

Click on thumbnail to change this comparison page to the Plant Description Page of the Bulb named in the Text box below that photo.
The Comments Row of that Plant Description Page links to where you personally can purchase that bulb via mail-order.

Ivydene Gardens Bulb, Corm, Rhizome and Tuber Gallery:
Extra Bulb Index: C

The Header Row below is the same as the Header Row for the 1000 Ground Cover A, of Plants Topic.

This Index entry in this Gallery will have been copied from that 1000 Ground Cover in Plants, for each plant that is the same type as in this gallery.
Its flower thumbnail - or foliage thumbnail if it does not have flowers - will be compared with the others in this gallery per month.

The same process as above will occur for each relevant plant within each of these galleries:-

Its index entry will be transferred and flower or foliage thumbnail will be compared per month in its relevant gallery:-

Plant Name

Major source of honey in the UK Yes/No
Used by
HoneyBees - HB,
Short-Tongued Bumblebees - ST,
Long-Tongued Bumblebees - LT,
Solitary Bees - SOL

Type

The key ingredients a bird needs from your garden are
Shelter,
Food and
Water,
as expanded in Ground-cover Plant
Name
W Page

Height x Spread in inches (cms)

Spacing distance between plants of same species in inches (cms)

Foliage

Some poisonous deciduous trees are indicated, but there are others in Cultivated Poisonous Plants and
Wildflower Poisonous Plants

Flower Colour in Month(s).

Use Pest Control using Plants to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected bulb or deter its pests

Comments and Use

United States Department of Agriculture
Plant Hardiness Zone Map
-
This map of USA is based on a range of average annual minimum winter temperatures, divided into 13 of 10-degree F zones, that this plant will thrive in USA, Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico.
There are other Hardiness Zone Maps for the rest of the world including the one for Great Britain and Ireland of zones 7a to 10a.
Zone 5-9 indicates that the minimum zone temperature this plant will grow is 5 and top minimum zone temperature is 9 - above this number is too hot or below 5 is too cold for the plant. If your zone in your area of your country is within that range or your zone number is greater, then you can grow it in your garden.

Pruning of
Woody Plants in Groups 1 - 13 and
Herbaceous Perennials in Group 14 with
Ferns in Group 15 and
Evergreen Perennials in Group 16.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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