Ivydene Gardens Photo Damage to Trees in Madeira 4:
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Row 1 has the Pass-Through Camera image of Thumbnail image named in Row 2 Row 2 has same image reduced to fit the image frame of 160 x 120 pixels as a Click on either image and drag to your desktop. Copying the pages and then clicking on the images to drag them may not work. |
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Item is This tree is over half-way up the hill from the centre of Funchal. It has been A minor point - the trees in the grass on the right of the picture have thick |
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Item is The same fate of pollarding has also occured to the next juvenile tree down this hill. It is comforting to know that these trees are outside Quinta Vigia Garden, which is |
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Item is There is no need to worry, the funeral burning rites date has not yet been announced. |
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Item is Now besides the the other forked leaders, watersprouts and watershoots from |
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Item is Thinking about climate change:-
THINK HOW PROUD MADEIRA COULD BE IN REDUCING THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE |
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How Soil Works in the Category Archives: Flowering House Plants of "Nature’s plan is to build up the humus year after year and this can only be done Every flower crop grown reduces the organic content of the ground. Every piece of Using Compost Garden owners proposing to dig their land shallowly in preparation for flower It is when the organic content of the soil has been helped in this way, that Minimum Digging Flower growers must realize that proper soil treatment is the first essential to Liming Lime should be regarded as an essential except in very definite cases where acidity Lime not only prevents soil from being acid but it ‘sweetens’ it, as well as playing Generally speaking it should be applied at about 245 g/m2 (7 oz per sq yd). It |
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The following is the opinion of Chris Garnons-Williams to the above:- If you walk through an old wooded area, which is not intensively managed, you So, do not dig the manure, wool shoddy, vegetable refuse or hop manure or The topsoil is full of organisms, either the waste products from are used by So why do you not use the companion planting cultivation method as further "Spinach is sown in spring in rows 50cm apart over the whole vegetable garden
This could be used in the flower beds as the system between the permanent |
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Since 14 June 2019 I have also started to put my own full-sized 4000 x 3000 digital Camera images into the relevant topics in this website again for use in the Public Domain - since there may
Bedding Gallery has
Topic - Flower/Foliage Colour |
List of Pictures in a Picture Folder:- Damage to Trees in Pavement in Madeira caused by the action of man during January/February 2019. Solution to holes in trees. Solutions to stop creating holes in trees. Solution to current problem on these mosaic pavements:- An additional watering system, which would reduce flooding from the road water in towns:- 166 trees in the pavements in a short section of a road in Funchal, Madeira are being slowly, starved, dehydrated, asphyxiated, poisoned by tarmac and concrete, burnt inside their hollow trunks, roots pounded by 40 ton lorries or shoes of pedestrians, and allowed to rot until killed off during February 2019 (see information in Problems with trees in pavements in Funchal, Madeira in January/February 2018 Page, which appears to have had no effect) as shown by my 433 photos in the following pages:-
Now why does Madeira pollard its trees in the pavement in Funchal? Madeira is famous for its Christmas Lights, which are lit from 1 December to 8 January. They are very festive but it does mean that from about 120 inches (300 cm) to about 240 inches (600 cm) all the trunks/branches need to be devoid of foliage and then it does not matter about too much foliage above that. These lights then become visible for miles and cruise ships can view the spectacle. These trees are then not nourished, watered or allowed for their roots to breathe, and the foliage is the only section which can absorb water from the rain. An extremely dangerous practice has been done in the main high street near the roundabout at the bottom of the steep hill out of Funchal - pollarded trees have had their watershoots pollarded, so that no doubt lights will be attached to the first generation of watershoots (in attaching them the installers could fall off with that watershoot). Madeira appreciates Mosaic Pavements and so they are now laying these marble chips in concrete rather than embedding them in the earth. That means that there is no access for the tree roots to receive water, nourishment or do gaseous exchange. If I can save a very old tree, which 10 years later is continuing to flower and grow, I wonder why in Madeira they cut off branches and allow the resulting stump to rot back into the trunk (which leads to that tree falling down), and then ignore the danger for its visitors? The following comes from Ivydene Gardens Evergreen Trees Gallery:- "Saving the Common Yew at St. Margarets Church, Rainham, Kent (written 31 July 2009 for the congregation). Over the years, damage has occurred to the branches coming from this multi-trunked yew tree. Some of this is where a branch has broken off or broken at the junction with its trunk leaving a jagged edge. When it rains, the water collects in this jagged edge and provides a carrier for rot bacteria to enter and break down the strength of the Heartwood. This has happened down the middle of most of the trunks. Mr Noakes (Churchwarden) and I are excavating and removing as much of this rot as possible before replacing it with Polycell Expanding Foam (which contains Diphenylmethane-4, 4-diisocyanate) and empty bottles. The empty bottles reduce the number of cans of Polycell Expanding Foam used. This Foam is normally used in the construction industry to fill the space between Windows and Walls and thus prevent draughts round the edge of the windows. In this case, it fills all the space occupied by the removed rot and if any beastie tries eating it, it will be killed by the cyanate in it. This also prevents the bacteria from having access to air/rain; thus hopefully stopping any further internal rot. Unfortunately the Foam is attacked by light, becomes brittle and flakes off, so we are painting it twice with Black Masonry Paint to prevent that. The Masonry Paint is a plastic film which is flexible, so if the tree moves the paint will move with it rather than cracking apart." Information about this yew tree on 22 March 2020 from rainhamchurch.co.uk website. |
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Plant Labelling - A suggestion for plant labelling to help visitors A different solution is that each gardening member of the RHS staff at Wisley be provided with Large White Plastic Angled-Head Labels which are 20 inches (50 cms) in height with a 6 x 4 inch (16 x 10 cms) writing surface and a Marker pen with Black ink to provide a good temporary label for the above broken label (in Lost Flowers page) or for missing labels. If you are concerned about these labels going on "Walkabout", then insert another white label behind the plant and make it invisible to the public. |
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Site design and content copyright ©October 2019. |
This section of road from the Lido to almost Pestana Village Hotel contains a series I could continue to go through the remainder of the photos from this page 15 to page 45, and being like Don Quixote I will continue pointing out in excruciating detail the problems, when you the goverment in Funchal who could do something about them are unlikely to even view them and if you do will probably ignore it. If the trees break, then your cheapest solution, hack them down, there problem solved!!. Articles on
"Don Quixote, in the first part of the book, does not see the world for what it is and prefers to imagine that he is living out a knightly story." and so I continue to waste my time with this problem in Madeira and the British Government who are quite happy to keep building houses etc in the country and then get the Southern Water who cannot produce the water (because they have no plans to build more than 1 new reservoir in Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Dorset in the next 15 years) for these houses and schools to use 'management techniques' - in other words, keep putting the price up and the pressure to the household down so that the same volume of water is used by more people from 129 litres per person per day to 110 litres of water per person per day (just reduce the pressure again and again and I am sure that people will be quite happy to survive on 5 litres per day). The new school for Medway is fine except for its access - the combination of 4 new school buses, 4 new bus routes that end at the school, a roundabout outside the drive to the school and 2 zebra crossings is going to increase the traffic pollution by more than it is already - "In 2013 a new estimate of 1050 early deaths as a result of just PM2.5 air pollution across Kent & Medway in 2010 was calculated by the Kent and Medway Air Quality partnership (K&MAQP) Health Sub Group. Figure 4 shows a figure between 11 and 12 of PM2.5 for Medway with 50 early deaths from PM2.5 pollution in 2010 per 100,000 population. It had a population in 2014 of 274,016. Each year if you live in Medway you may die early as 1 out of 2.74 x 50 = (2.74 x 50)/100000 probabability - remember the stupidity of the stiff upper lip of the British as your parent with heart and lung problems, spouse or child kicks the bucket." This will mean that the stationary traffic within 400 yards will be gassing the local inhabitants like me at least twice in a working day leading to those children and parents getting asthma. A small problem, we do not have the General Practioners for these new inhabitants and the local Medway Hospital is overloaded. Great combination - get ill/dehydrated from lack of water and who will treat them unless they go private? Due to the increased building in Medway, the road structure is going to become more and more gridlocked in the whole town over longer and longer periods - there are no road-building plans to alleviate this situation.
Photos of my work on trees using a chainsaw and chipper-shredder are on Gallery 1 Page 13 Tree 133 from mirimar to funchal view next road section IMG 0084.JPG Tree 133 from mirimar to funchal view next road section IMG 0085.JPG Tree 133 from mirimar to funchal Tree 133 from mirimar to funchal Tree 134 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lights on tree Tree 134 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lights on tree Tree 135 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lights on tree view next road section IMG0090.JPG Tree 135 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lights on tree view next road section IMG0091.JPG Tree 136 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lights on tree Tree 137 from funchal roundabout to cathedral shreddings round tree base Tree 138 from funchal roundabout to cathedral new branch growth Tree 139 from funchal roundabout to cathedral Tree 139 from funchal roundabout to cathedral view next road section Tree 140 from funchal roundabout to cathedral fuse box for lights Tree 140 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lights and lighting cables Tree 141 from funchal roundabout to cathedral new beanpole tree Tree 141 from funchal roundabout to cathedral new beanpole tree Tree 141 from funchal roundabout to cathedral new beanpole tree Tree 141 from funchal roundabout to cathedral new beanpole tree Tree 141 from funchal roundabout to cathedral new beanpole tree pollarded Tree 141 from funchal roundabout to cathedral view next road section Tree 142 from funchal roundabout to cathedral larger gridded area Tree 143 from funchal roundabout to cathedral irrigation pipe Tree 144 from funchal roundabout to cathedral gridded base area Tree 145 from funchal roundabout to cathedral damaged branch Tree 146 from funchal roundabout to cathedral crossing branches Tree 147 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lighting cables Tree 147 from funchal roundabout to cathedral lwater manhole Tree 147 from funchal roundabout to cathedral view next road section Tree 147 from funchal roundabout to cathedral water manhole Tree 148 from funchal roundabout to cathedral double trunk Tree 149 from funchal roundabout to cathedral Tree 150 from funchal roundabout to cathedral I MUST STOP WASTING MY TIME ON THIS SINCE IT IS HIGHLY UNLIKELY THAT ANYONE WILL DO ANYTHING ABOUT IT, BUT FUNCHAL HAD A FLOODING PROBLEM FROM EXCESSIVE RAIN AND THE POPULATION PULLED TOGETHER AND WITHIN A FORTNIGHT HAD CLEARED THE MESS UP AND THEN SPENT A FORTUNE ON STRENGTHENING THE DYKES TO STOP IT HAPPENING AGAIN. YOU - THE PEOPLE OF MADEIRA - CAN DO THE SAME THING HERE AND MAKE YOUR CLIMATE CHANGE CONTRIBUTION BOTH FOR THE TREES IN THE PAVEMENTS AS WELL AS YOUR HOME AND WORK BY USING THE RAINWATER TO GROW PLANTS INSTEAD OF FLOODING THE AREAS LOWER DOWN IN THE VALLEYS, AND YOU CAN RE-USE YOUR WASTE TO HELP NATURE RATHER THAN DUMP IT AND CHARGE THE POPULATION FOR DOING IT.
YOU MIGHT FIND MY FIRST PIECE OF WORK AMUSING, SINCE I EXECUTE DESCALING HOT WATER PIPES IN A HOUSE FOR A MAN WHO WORKS FOR A BUILDING FIRM AND WHOSE NEIGHBOUR IS A PLUMBER, BUT PREFERS ME DESCALING HIS PIPES SINCE I AM OF COURSE PROFESSIONALLY QUALIFIED AS ALMOST A COMPLETE PRATT AND THEREFORE ABLE TO CARRY OUT THIS TASK.
Some suggestions:-
Tree 151 from funchal roundabout to cathedral Tree 151 from funchal roundabout to cathedral Tree 152 from funchal roundabout to cathedral proper tree in lawn Tree 153 from funchal roundabout to cathedral Tree 153 from funchal roundabout to cathedral Tree 153 from funchal roundabout to cathedral might be irrigated Tree 153 from funchal roundabout to cathedral view next road section Tree 154 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate Tree 154 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate Tree 154 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate Tree 154 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate Tree 154 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate view down to harbour Tree 154 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate view to cathedral IMG 0130.JPG Tree 154 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate view to cathedral IMG 0131.JPG Tree 155 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate cathedral Tree 155 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate drainage channel IMG 0137.JPG Tree 155 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate drainage channel IMG 0138.JPG Tree 155 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate Tree 155 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate irrigation system IMG 0134.JPG Tree 155 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate view previous road section Tree 155 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate view previous road section Tree 155 from funchal roundabout to cathedral by golden gate view previous road section Tree 156 from golden gate to harbour ferns and palm Tree 156 from golden gate to harbour view up road Tree 157 from golden gate to harbour permeable base Tree 157 from golden gate to harbour permeable base Tree 158 from golden gate to harbour permeable base damaged roots Tree 158 from golden gate to harbour permeable base damaged roots Tree 159 from golden gate to harbour permeable base damaged roots Tree 159 from golden gate to harbour permeable base Tree 159 from golden gate to harbour permeable base with concrete Tree 160 from golden gate to harbour permeable base damaged roots Tree 160 from golden gate to harbour permeable base Tree 160 from golden gate to harbour permeable base Tree 160 from golden gate to harbour permeable base Tree 160 from golden gate to harbour permeable base loose IMG 0156.JPG Tree 161 from golden gate to harbour permeable base view up road Tree 162 from golden gate to harbour permeable base Tree 163 from golden gate to harbour permeable base new tree Tree 164 from golden gate to harbour permeable base Tree 165 from lido to forum Tree 165 from lido to forum Tree 165 from lido to forum Tree 166 from lido to forum Tree 166 from lido to forum Improvements due to trees mobilane info mobilane info
The following is from "The Hidden Life of Trees - What they feel, How they communicate: Discoveries from a Secret World" by Peter Wohlleben. This English translation was published William Collins in 2017.
"When a caterpillar takes a hearty bite out of a leaf, the tissue around the site of the damage changes. In addition, the leaf tissue sends out electrical signals, just as human tissue does when it is hurt. However, the signal is not transmitted in milliseconds, as human signals are; instead, the plant signal travels at the slow speed of a third of an inch per second. Accordingly, it takes an hour or so before defensive compounds reach the leaves to spoil the pest's meal. Trees live their lives in the really slow lane, even when they are in danger."
"Trees can mount their own defense. One of these ways is to warn each other using chemical signals sent through the fungal networks around their root tips, which operate no matter what the weather. Surprisingly, news bulletins are sent via the roots not only by means of chemical compounds but also by means of electrical impulses that travel at the speed of a third of an inch per second. Once the latest news has been broadcast, all the oaks in the area promptly pump tannins through their veins to put off the chewing insects."
Unfortunately as human beings, we no longer care about nature and quite happily say that we are breathing, so what is the problem? and ignore our destruction of the plant kingdom which provides us with oxygen by pouring concrete/tarmac on it." This book is very good in connecting us back to nature, like we were before the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century and the country folk worked with nature.
When a tree is taken out of the nursery ground to be put into a black pot or a white pot, 80% of its roots are cut off and that makes it difficult for the tree in its later life. Barcham with its white pot persuades the remaining roots to travel down the pot instead of circling within it. When the trees from pots where the roots have circled are transplanted, the planters do not re-arrange the roots so that those roots in a circle continue to grow in that circle and not leave it. So, within 10 years the tree runs out of water etc because it has no roots outside that circle to provide water, nutrients or gas exchange. Because the roots go down the pot, then when their trees are transplanted, they can be persuaded not to go under the road by using a geotextile and if the 2 inches (5 cms) of Heicom Tree Sand was there then its roots would go into that medium and be accompanied by fungi etc to grow a healthy tree. |
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Barcham is Europe's largest tree specialist, who are growing over 200,000 instant impact trees near Ely, Cambridgeshire Photo 6055 for Tree 98 on Page 27 - This tree was pollarded once planted. WHY? AND WHY WAS THE OTHER LEADER OF THE FORKED LEADER ON THE RIGHT PULLED OFF? WHAT DID THE PERSON DOING THIS THINK WOULD HAPPEN TO THE TREE WITH THE DAMAGE THAT HE HAD DONE IT? - HOP, SKIP AND PLAY WITH LOOPLA!!! If you look at the large trees grown by Barcham, you will notice that they are multibranched and ready to plant within this extremely narrow space of 1 metre square - see Quercus robur Fastigiata and other trees suitable for pavements. It might be possible that they would plant them for you as well with their Planting Kit Plus and Tree Hydration bag (if you cannot be bothered to create an irrigation system as I have advised). Barcham grow their pleached trees in the ground. Then, this tree is containerised in Light Pots for sale 12 months later. The tree can then be planted with 2 layers of weed-proof geotextile next to the kerb 18 inches (45 cm) from the trunk. This allows the trunk to become 38 inches (95 cms) in diameter before it reaches the concrete kerb and the roots will have been stopped from entering the ground, rubble, or foundations under the tarmac of the road. The roots including the lateral roots would still be all the way round the tree stabilising it and feeding it. Provided my solution for the entire pavement area is followed, then the roots can extend to fill under the top wearing surface. This would be irrigated and fed by the waste food products of restaurants, hotels, supermarkets and weekly markets as well as from the animal waste from chickens, turkeys, cattle, goats and pigs system I suggested. This is topped up with trace minerals etc from seaweed from seaweed farming (if the liquid in it is not saline, then the wet product could be used instead of having to dry it and then dissolving it back into water to irrigate with it). This is further supported by the use of green manure and the irrigation water supplied by stopping the waste from leaking toilets in the hotels and restaurants; and using it for the trees instead. The used bottles from the same establishments and the native population could be turned into cullet and used to repair the holes in the trees and to create part of the mosaic pattern in the top surface of the pavement. There we are in re-using the waste created by us and out activities in raising animals for our consumption to provide healthy trees, which do not just provide us with oxygen, but clean up after us by filtering the air to strip it of the dust particles from engines as well as the engine gases, it also improves our mental well-being by providing us with some nature to look at instead of man-made materials, like metal, concrete, tarmac and glass. We are also using the rain falling on the road and the water from the driveways of buildings alongside using the Beany Block Kerb and French Drain system, which would alleviate that rainwater flow from flooding the city centre as it stops the road drains in the valleys from accepting any more water. Win, Win and Win and improve people's mental life. Give trees a proper volume of soil for their roots as shown by Barcham and fertiliser to help them grow as shown by Barcham .
GET BARCHAM TO GROW PLEACHED TREES THAT COULD DISPLAY LIGHTING IN THE MIDDLE HEIGHT SECTION TO REPLACE YOUR PAVEMENT TREES - Tree 99 from pestana promenade to forum tree in road IMG 6057.JPG on Page 27 This and the next photo show how the trunk extends into the road and that the lateral roots extend more than 18 inches (45 cm) under the tarmac elevating it. The outer 12 inches of this tarmac is run over by the heavier duty tyres of lorries, buses and coaches beating the living daylights out of these roots. The tree has also overgrown the pink pavers and concrete kerb. The metal box girder/lintel needs to be positioned at least 40 inches (100 cms) from the current kerb and my other solutions carried out if you want to save this tree. When you see the yellow bus in the background and the fact that there are 3 lanes of traffic all in the same direction of travel, then that restriction of 115 cms (46 inches) in the road width can easily be taken care of to keep these trees in this straight section of road to the Forum Shopping Centre. Of course the cheaper solution is have these trees replaced with pleached trees from Barcham in properly irrigated, nourished and gaseous exchange conditions (perhaps using my Solution to current problem on these mosaic pavements - irrespective of what else is done this remedial work to all the pavements with trees in should be done within the first year to keep these trees or any replacement trees or shrubs with bedding). Perhaps it is best to replace the worst damaged to the least at 10% a year to reduce the shock to the population and the visitors till all the trees in this section of pavements from the Cathedral to The Forum have been replaced. Then, provide a tree replacement system in a 30 year rotation. Get Barcham to provide the annual training courses to the maintenance staff for these trees; including photo/history record-keeping for each tree.
USE BUNGEES INSTEAD OF WIRE OR PLASTIC TWINE TO TIE ELECTRICAL MATERIAL TO TREES - Tree 140 from funchal roundabout to cathedral fuse box for lights IMG 0097.JPG on Page 39 The same bungee cord system can be used for the electrical wiring to prevent damage to the tree.
MOBILANE GREEN SCREENS INSTEAD OF FENCES/GARDEN WALLS - mobilane info IMG 0766.JPG on Page 45
so that irrespective of whether you have a garden or not, you still live somewhere so you can have nature benefitting you in your home and you can help in reducing the pollution caused by you in the environment.
INSTEAD OF A 2 INCH (5 CM) DEPTH OF SHARP SAND UNDER THE CEDADRIVE AND GEOTEXTILE, HEICOM TREE SAND PROVIDES A BETTER ALTERNATIVE. Heicom Tree Sand (Amsterdam Tree Sand) is a special blend of washed, semi-rounded silica sand and PAS100 organic matter blended to a formula developed following research by Dutch Universities in the 1980's. Heicom approached us shortly after this to become a licensed supplier of the blend and it has grown ever since.
PROTECTION FOR THE TREE WHICH IS IN THE ROAD FROM THE TRAFFIC
Furnitubes constant development of the Bell bollard has resulted in the Bell being adapted to meet a range of varying specifications.
The smaller ones could also be used every 120 inches (300 cms) behind kerbs to stop vehicles parking on the pavement with its trees/flower beds.
It would be better to use the water for the tree rather than grass.
----------------------------------------- "When the experiment is made with the stem and the leaves in the free air, whilst the roots are in a limited atmoshere of oxygen, then they absorb several times their own volume of this gas. This is because the carbonic acid formed and absorbed is carried into the general system of the plant, where it is elaborated by the leaves, if exposed to the same light, or simply exhaled if the plant be kept in the dark. IN OTHER WORDS, IF YOU STOP ROOTS FROM GETTING OXYGEN, THEN THEY WILL DIE AND THE TREE WILL FALL DOWN. |
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The day after I arrived in Funchal in January 2020, I spoke to Rita in Owner Relations and she sent an email. Not knowing about the efficiency of the local or main government, I spoke to the reception staff and they told me that Funchal was a Municipality with its own local government with its offices in Funchal. So I took the bus into town and went round the Municipality Offices until I was escorted to a building where you could ask questions in the A group pay bills in the B group and do something else in the C group. Speaking to an official in the A group, I managed to convince him that I had more details about the tree problems on my website, so as to overcome his response of getting me to send an email. He presented a piece of paper with Eng Francisco Andrade, Est. Marmeiros, No 1, Jardins & Espaces Verdes on it. I handed this to a taxi driver and arrived. I spoke with an english-speaking colleague of his and then he very kindly agreed to talk to me with his english-speaking colleague:-
The population of Funchal is 111,892. No wonder that Cedadrive is expensive for such a small population. So, what can they use that is produced in Madeira, since the transport cost of a container from Portugal is 2000 euros (that figure was given me by an employee of a large builder's merchant, and I saw 2 containers being unloaded at their yard, which were not large ones). So I took a taxi to a builders merchant (might be Ferreirae in the upper regions of Funchal).
So, if the local basalt mine created 10mm x 10mm rocks, these could be used as spacers:-
If you use boron from colemanite (The use of ores like colemanite has declined following concerns over arsenic content) and mix it with the black sand and seawater to fill the bottom section of cavities, it will kill off the rot in the trunk and stop the cavity being filled with waste. The arsenic will also stop ants from eating it. Then mix it with wallpaper paste to fill the top half of the cavity and you have sorted the cavity problem. Painting the cut ends with the boron prevents the end from rotting (Boric acid is more toxic to insects than to mammals, and is routinely used as an insecticide). I had forgotten that I did have the supporting literature about wound dressings (as used in my year at Hadlow College to get a HNC in Horticulture) in this course book:- It is unfortunate that with all the other responsibilities that the Funchal Municipality has that they will find it very difficult to locate the finance, resources or personnel to carry out whatever remedial work to over 3000 trees being monitored since September 2019 that the Tree Expert from Portugal recommends, especially if someone continues to remove the identity discs.
Nearly 1,000,000 tourists visited Madeira last year.
for the whole tree/shrub root area, |