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READING THE TEXT IN RED ON THIS PAGE WILL MAKE IT EASIER FOR YOU TO USE EACH PAGE in my educational website.
THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 17,000:-
Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources)
Problems with electrical re-wire in my home, with the knowledge after the event that the client can do nothing about it, since Napid requires you to re-use the same contractor to fix the problems. Would you after reading these pages? We wrote the concerns about the electrical work on 21.03.21; Questions concerning electrics on 21.03.21 and re-wire narrative on 19.04.2021 which had no effect on the credit card company or Napid. So we commisioned the following report to see if that will make any difference.
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HOME PAGES Welcome - Ivydene Gardens informs you how to design, construct and maintain your private garden using organic methods and companion planting. Sub Menu to each Page of this Topic of the HOME PAGES, with normally a * after Page you are viewing.
Damage to Tree Trunks 1, 2, 3, 4 caused by people, Camera Photo Galleries:- Will visitors to Madeira worry about having branches or trees in public places fall on them? No; according to Engineer Francisco Pedro Freitas Andrade of Est. Marmeleiros, No 1, Jardins & Espaces Verdes who is Chef de Diviso Câmara Municipal do Funchal; Departamento de Ciência e de Recursos Naturais; Divisão de Jardins e Espaços Verdes Urbanos in charge of the trees within the pavements within the area controlled by Funchal Municipality - See Monitoring of Trees in pavements in Funchal, Madeira from September 2019 to February 2010 1, 2 pages by his department. PROBLEMS WITH TREES IN PAVEMENTS IN ST. PETER PORT, GUERNSEY IN SEPTEMBER 2019 |
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LIKE TREE ROOTS IN THE OPEN GROUND IN GARDENS, TREE ROOTS IN PAVEMENTS REQUIRE WATER, AIR, MINERAL AND ORGANIC MATTER WITH A POPULATION OF MICROSCOPIC ANIMALS OR PLANTS. "Water is present as thin films covering the soil particles and is retained most readily by soils containing humus and clay. The moisture that plants can absorb is termed available water; that which the soil holds so that plants cannot absorb it, its termed unavailable water. Clay has a greater proportion than sand of unavailable water. More water is conserved in soils whose surface is loose than in those with compact hard surfaces - i.e those under roads and pavements. In the lowest levels of the soil lies the water-table where the soil is completely saturated with water, because it cannot drain away any further. Few plants grown on land can survive with their roots permanently in water. Soil-air contains a larger composition of carbon dioxide and less oxygen than air above ground. All the underground parts of plants require oxygen. Mineral matter is formed by the breaking up of the various rocks of which the earth is composed. Many of the mineral salts (carbonates, phosphates and sulphates), which roots absorb from the soil, are dissolved by the soil-water from the mineral particles. Organic matter is composed of humus, which is the decaying remains of plants and animals. Where plants are growing in a natural state, their dead aerial remains are constantly being added to the surface of the soil and their dead roots and rhizomes to the soil below the surface. Humus is colloidal, absorbing water readily and swelling on doing so. Soil organisms include moles, mice, earthworms, beetles, larvae, millipedea and centipedes.Earthworms drag down leaves and other plant remains; eat soil/humus and help to mix the soil and render it more fertile. The food of animals consists of complex substances such as carbohydrates and proteins. Plants, although they require the same foods, differ from animals by making these substances for themselves from simpler substances such as water, carbon dioxide and various salts. Many elements are used in the making of a plant's body, and of those one essential element is nitrogen, which is necessary for the manufacture of proteins and other complex nitrogenous products. Although air consists largely of nitrogen, few plants can make use of the free gas as a source of food. It is in the form of soluble nitrates that plants use nitrogen, and it is from the soil that these are obtained. These soluble nitrates are dissolved and washed out of the soil. The nitrates of the soil are chiefly produced by the decomposition of nitrogenous organic matter such as humus and manure. Most plants are quite unable to use organic material directly, but only when it has undergone certain changes. Solution |
Growth of Pollarded Tree in Pestana Mirimar Hotel Garden in 1 year provides a water solution to this destruction. When I went to Madeira in January 2018, I discovered that the very large tree in the front garden at the Pestana Mirimar Hotel had been pollarded, leaving only the large stumps of its main branches with no leaf cover at all. When I returned in January 2019, I noted that water sprouts had appeared not just on the pollarded branches but along those same branches. Many of the new water sprouts were over 2 metres in length with large amounts of foliage as can be seen in the photos below. What was the difference between that tree and others that would be in the main road pavement less than 2 metres away?
Most of the trees in the pavements alongside the main road from Funchal Cathedral to The Forum were neither irrigated, fertilised or had sufficient open ground above their roots for gaseous exchange, root growth or irrigation. As the juvenile tree overgrew its 1 square metre of open ground, it lost all possibility of gaseous exchange or irrigation and thus root regeneration, unless it could get under the pavement and the garden wall to the earth in the garden alongide; if there was one. |
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The cheapest solution is to take the standard paver of 4 x 8 inches (10 x 20 cms) and reduce it by 3mm each side leaving 1 cm length of the original paver unremoved at the left hand side of each side. When these replace the existing pavers, they leave at section of open space of 3mm round most of the paver. Gaseous exchange and irrigation water thus has access to the roots below; through the weed-control geotextile fabric under the new pavers. This area of pavers can either by irrigated by sprinklers as in the CORE TRP SYSTEM below, or by the lavada irrigation system, where the water can be diverted over the area and any excess gets diverted into the road storm drains. New tree roots will then be created to follow these drainage channels between these pavers. Smooth out the ground level using SHARP SAND NOT BUILDERS SAND (sharp sand being jagged locks together, builders sand is spherical and acts like ball bearings) on top of what is currently below the removed pavers, concrete, tarmc etc, before laying the new pavers. Concrete pavers with either the white or black marble blocks embedded in them could be used to recreate the classic white/black design on some pavements - this would still provide the access to the ground of the new concrete pavers detailed above. |
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One of the solutions is to use the CORE TRP SYSTEM after the tarmac, concrete pavers or marble top surface has been removed from the entire pavement, or for a 144 inch radius from the tree trunk circumference for trees in a non-earth surrounding surface like in a drill ground.
Why is Tree Root Protection Needed?
Then, provide a sprinkler system which waters that area at some period between 01:00 and 05:00 when it is likely to have minimal use by people. The time period each night of irrigation and how many nights per 4 weeks can be worked out by trial and error - Above Pestana Mirimar Hotel reception area is a swimming pool. Alongside this pool is a paved area and a 12.5 metre radius grassed area with 3 mature palm trees. This area is irrigated by 5 pop-up sprinklers at times not to inconvenience the guests in the suites round this area on the third floor, when they go for a swim. |
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Photo 1 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden IMG_6440.JPG Raintree tree in the front garden of the Pestana Mirimar Hotel. The branches were cut off leaving stumps, no foliage or small branches were left on the tree at least 12 months ago i.e in January 2018 or earlier. All the foliage you see in the following photos has been generated in the last year. Now if the trees in the pavement had the same access to a large area of open ground, was irrigated and fertilised then they could have the same amount of shade bearing foliage. Not everyone wants to fry on their walk to the English Church in the centre of Funchal on Sunday. There is open ground this side of the Forum and also on the other side - it is intended to build some more hotels on those sites. That would make several kilometres of concrete, where the present inaction on these pavement trees will kill them or make them so dangerous that they will be cut down and leave hotspots, which might be fine for the inhabitants, but could be very uncomfortable for the visitors. |
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Photo 2 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden IMG_0006.JPG Part of the Raintree tree in the front garden of the Pestana Mirimar Hotel This top growth has grown during the last year, through regular watering and application of 3 lots of fertiliser in that year, by growing watersprouts. |
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Photo 3 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden IMG_0007.JPG
Here is the detail of the Raintree shown in the previous photo. The watersprouts in the left branch come from buds in the branch, whereas the watersprouts on the right branch come from water/sugar bearing layer at the edge of the original branch cut. You can see that these adventitious shoots may have grown large and long, but there is inherent weakness in the left hand branch watersprouts because too many are sharing the same spot of attachment to the branch. The watersprouts on the right hand side are only joined to a very small section of the living tissue and outside bark and so have a weak joint. |
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Photo 4 - ee 27 from end of 2 road junction with bleeding cut stumps IMG_6235.JPG You can see where the sap is bleeding from these cut stumps and that is the width of the connection of the watersprout to this cut end if it develops later. The wood inside that ring of sap is the heartwood and completely dead, so there is no way that that heartwood can join to the watersprout and provide the rigidy and strength required at the juncture between a branch and the parent branch or trunk. |
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Photo 5 - tree 32 from end of 2 road junction with watershoot and proper branch IMG_6259.JPG It is a new branch on the left which will become considerably stronger than the watershoot on the right. |
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Photo 6 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden IMG_0172.JPG Photo 7 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden IMG_0173.JPG Photo 8 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden IMG_0174.JPG Photo 9 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden IMG_0175.JPG
The following was written on the Welcome Page in February 2018:- "A tree in the front garden of the Miramar Hotel within 200 cms of the roadside pavement has been very recently pruned using the same cutting procedure as indicated in (4) of Fig. 13. above with each cut end being at least 15 cms in diameter. It left a trunk and bare branch network covering at least 10 metres width. Unfortunately there was a storm and the wind reduction enjoyed by the tree next to the hotel reception swayed to within 5 cms of the concrete balustrade above that reception area, whilst I watched it from my hotel suites lounge. The trunks of the palm trees that were higher than that tree hardly moved and only their topgrowth of leaves thrashed around. There is a swimming pool above the reception and office area and I do hope that those staff are supplied with diving suits and oxygen tanks. I suspect that nobody did a risk assessment on the result of removal of all foliage and topgrowth of that pruned tree which vastly reduced the wing speed before hitting the trunk swaying tree further up the hill. |
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Photo 10 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden IMG_0174.JPG The circular lawn area here is about 12.5 metres in radius and you can see 2 of the 3 palm tree trunks on the right hand side. This area is irrigated with 5 pop-up sprinklers. This entire lawn area is supported by the concrete ceiling of the Pestana Mirimar Hotel Reception area below. Those very healthy-looking palm trees appear as if they were planted fairly soon after this part of the hotel was built and they have been irrigated and fertilised in a very shallow depth of soil ever since. These palm trees have a large ground area to put their roots in. Due to the excess of water on the island the detrimental effect of grass growing over the roots of these palms can be overcome.
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Photo 11 - tree 38 from pestana promenade outside porto mare hotel IMG_6293.JPG This tree outside PortoMare Hotel has grown very well and the following photo indicates that it is in a very narrow bed, but at least you can see the irrigation system and it was also probably fertilised. This flower bed is long with other vegetation in it to prevent the sun and wind from drying the soil. It allows the roots of this tree to go a long way on each side to support itself and to have feeder roots and gaseous exchange. So, it can be done and also done without either pollarding the tree before it was transplanted or later in its life. |
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Photo 12 - tree 38 from pestana promenade outside porto mare hotel IMG_6294.JPG |
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Photo 13 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden tree root by pavement IMG_0188.JPG Lateral root of Raintree tree with irrigation pipe by path entrance to the hotel. |
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Photo 14 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden tree root by pavement IMG_0187.JPG Lateral roots near the soil surface thicken over successive years, eventually becoming the large woody roots of the framework root system of a mature tree - there are usually between 4 and 11 such roots which may become 30cm (12 inches) or more in diameter close to the stem.They taper rapidly until at 200-300 cms (80-120 inches) distance they are usually only 2-5 cm (1-2 inches) in diameter, by which stage they have lost much of their rigidity and physical strength. It is here that they tend to break when root plate failure occurs, e.g in a storm. Beyond the 'zone of rapid taper', lateral roots extend outwards in a broad zone for many metres, without appreciable further decrease in size - typically maintaining a diameter of 1-2 cm (0.5-1 inch). They are sparsley branched, perennial, woody and rope-like in appearance. Although most rope-like roots are only 500-1500 cms (200-600 inches) long, some can be 2500 cms (1000 inches) or more in length. This is one of those lateral roots from the Raintree tree. |
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Photo 15 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden IMG_0169.JPG This is a Raintree tree in the front garden of the Pestana Mirimar Hotel in open ground with other plants. |
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Photo 16 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden IMG_0180.JPG Fallen leaves are left to create a mulch to aid the production of humus. |
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Photo 17 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden irrigation pipe IMG_0168.JPG This garden is irrigated with water only. Fertiliser is applied 3 times a year. |
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Photo 18 - tree 80 from pestana mirimar in mirimar front garden IMG_0164.JPG Many of the plants in the Mirimar Gardens are labelled. |
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This website is being created by Chris Garnons-Williams of Ivydene Horticultural Services from it's start in 2005. I am requesting free colour photographs of any plants grown in or sold in the United Kingdom to add to the plants in the Plant Photographic Galleries and Butterfly photographs for the Butterfly on Plant Photographic Galleries. |
Site design and content copyright ©April 2007. Page structure amended October 2012. Page structure changed February 2019 for pages concerning Trees in pavements alongside roads in Madeira. Chris Garnons-Williams. |
It should be remembered that nothing is sold from this educational site, it simply tries to give you the best advice on what to use and where to get it (About Chris Garnons-Williams page details that no payment or commision to or from any donor of photos or adverts I place on the site in the Useful Data or other sections is made to Chris Garnons-Williams or Ivydene Horticultural Services). This website is a hobby and not for direct commercial gain for Ivydene Horticultural Services. There is no Google Adscenes or Search Facility in this website. The information on this site is usually Verdana 14pt text and all is in tabular form. This can be downloaded and sorted using WORD or other word-processing software into the order that you personally require, especially for soil subsidence, the Companion Planting Tables and the pages in the Plants section. This would be suitable for use in education as well. I put jokes in at various places to give you a smile. |
More Details |
Cultural Needs of Plants "Understanding Fern Needs |
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It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:- |
Closed Bud |
Opening Bud |
Juvenile Flower |
Older Juvenile Flower |
Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its |
Mature Flower |
Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower |
Form of Rose Bush |
There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page. So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!! |
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There are 180 families in the Wildflowers of the UK and they have been split up into 22 Galleries to allow space for up to 100 plants per gallery. Each plant named in each of the Wildflower Family Pages may have a link to:- its Plant Description Page in its Common Name in one of those Wildflower Plant Galleries and it does have links:- to external sites to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name, to see photos in its Flowering Months and to read habitat details in its Habitat Column. |
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Links to external websites like the link to "the Man walking in front of car to warn pedestrians of a horseless vehicle approaching" would be correct when I inserted it after March 2007, but it is possible that those horseless vehicles may now exceed the walking pace of that man and thus that link will currently be br My advice is Google the name on the link and see if you can find the new link. If you sent me an email after clicking Ivydene Horticultural Services text under the Worm Logo on any page, then; as the first after March 2010 you would be the third emailer since 2007, I could then change that link in that 1 of the 15,743 pages. Currently (August 2016). Other websites provide you with cookies - I am sorry but I am too poor to afford them. If I save the pennies from my pension for the next visitor, I am almost certain in March 2023, that I could afford to make that 4th visitor to this website a Never Fail Cake. I would then be able to save for more years for the postage. |