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READING THE TEXT IN RED ON THIS PAGE WILL MAKE IT EASIER FOR YOU TO USE EACH PAGE in my educational website.
THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 17,000:-
Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources) |
HOME PAGES Welcome - Ivydene Gardens informs you how to design, construct and maintain your private garden using organic methods and companion planting. Sub Menu to each Page of this Topic of the HOME PAGES, with normally a * after Page you are viewing.
Damage to Tree Trunks 1, 2, 3, 4 caused by people, Camera Photo Galleries:- Will visitors to Madeira worry about having branches or trees in public places fall on them? No; according to Engineer Francisco Pedro Freitas Andrade of Est. Marmeleiros, No 1, Jardins & Espaces Verdes who is Chef de Diviso Câmara Municipal do Funchal; Departamento de Ciência e de Recursos Naturais; Divisão de Jardins e Espaços Verdes Urbanos in charge of the trees within the pavements within the area controlled by Funchal Municipality - See Monitoring of Trees in pavements in Funchal, Madeira from September 2019 to February 2010 1, 2 pages by his department. PROBLEMS WITH TREES IN PAVEMENTS IN ST. PETER PORT, GUERNSEY IN SEPTEMBER 2019 |
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Photo 1 - flower bed from low road by promenade IMG_6115.JPG Public Flower Bed behind Bus Stop for Pestana Promenade Hotel with tall pavement trees up in the pavement of the other section of this main road behind. Photo 2 - flower bed from low road by promenade IMG_6116.JPG View towards the Forum from the same position as the above photo was taken. Photo 3 - flower bed from low road by promenade IMG_6123.JPG One of the pop-up sprinklers that irrigate this bed. Photo 4 - flower bed from low road by promenade IMG_6124.JPG The pop-up sprinkler in the above photo is used to sprinkle this part of the flower bed. Photo 5 - flower bed from low road by promenade IMG_6125.JPG. View down the road of this flower bed from the Forum end. Photo 6 - flower bed from low road by promenade IMG_6121.JPG Fair variety of plants irrigated in this bed including a tree. |
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Photo 8 - tree 38 from pestana promenade drive mature unpollarded tree in pavement IMG_6287.JPG This tree is also shown in Photo 9 of Hotel/Private Gardens alongside pavements in Funchal, Madeira Page. I suspect that this tree is irrigated by the hotel nearby. It is good that the walled enclosure is plant free except for some weeds and that the enclosing walls dissuade pedestrians from walking on the ground contained within. This means that most of the irrigation water will get to the roots of this tree. Perhaps a GREEN MANURE would also be useful. A good unpollarded tree. Photo 9 - tree 37 from pestana promenade drive mature unpollarded tree in pavement IMG_6286.JPG Is this tree irrigated or has it matured here when it was not surrounded by concrete? It also appears to have not been pruned or pollarded, but does appear to have tree forks. It still provides shade and its walled enclosure stops pedestrians from walking on the earth and therefore its feeder roots. This sort of enclosure would appear to be repeated down both sides of this road to the benefit of the trees in these pavements. |
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Photo 10 - tree 113 from mirimar to funchal pavement flower bed IMG_0017.JPG This sloping public bed is on side of the roundabout by the Pestana Mirimar Hotel. This is an interesting collection of succulent plants, bedding plants and shrubs. It is unfortunate that some ryegrass seeds seem to have sprouted between the succulents, and due to the fragility of the succculents it is very difficult to weed out this ryegrass from the mixed bed. |
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Photo 11 - tree 113 from mirimar to funchal pavement flower bed IMG_0015.JPG Shrub Photo 12 - tree 113 from mirimar to funchal pavement flower bed IMG_0018.JPG Succulent. Photo 13 - tree 113 from mirimar to funchal pavement flower bed IMG_0022.JPG Succulent. Photo 14 - tree 113 from mirimar to funchal pavement rose bed IMG_0019.JPG This rose garden is on the other side of the pavement from the flower bed by the roundabout above. Photo 15 - tree 113 from mirimar to funchal pavement rose bed IMG_0020.JPG Photo 16 - tree 113 from mirimar to funchal pavement rose bed IMG_0021.JPG |
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Photo 17- tree 113 from mirimar to funchal pavement rose bed IMG_0021.JPG It is unfortunate that this rose has consistently been cut down leaving stumps close to the ground. Even the juvenile new growth has been pruned down. The rose has responded in the same fashion as happens with the Maderian Way of pollarding trees. It has produced a plethora of shoots from around the stumps, while leaving dead branches unremoved. The main branch on the left now interferes with the top of the main branch on the right. Due to the soil containing plenty of minerals and irrigation grows just about anything (you can get 4 crops of potatoes in the same year), this rose will grow and produce a congested mess. I suggest that these roses are grubbed up and burnt. The soil is replaced to a depth of 45 cms (18 inches) with soil that has not grown roses for at least 7 years and replanted with juvenile roses. When it is time to prune them down, then prune down to an open framework of between 8 and 16 inches (20-45 cms) in height leaving new growth facing out from the centre. Each year after that reduce one-third of the main branches to the rootstock. This means that every 3 years the topgrowth will be totally replaced with 1, 2 and 3 year old branches. Cut out crossing branches and juvenile shoots that are going to cause problems as they grow with what is in front of their tips. Apply green manure in the spring, dig that in in the autumn and that will with the dead leaves from the roses and the prunings from the hedge alongside will provide the organic matter for the soil organisms to use in the soil to feed these roses. A mulch of seaweed over the bed once the green manure has been dug in can be dug in in the spring before sowing next Spring/Summer green manure. The seaweed besides anything else contains the same proportion of trace elements as in human bodies and in plants - the rose growths are normally removed and the minerals that they used are replaced by the seaweed. Tonks rose formula may be used instead or what this individual states in his article on Feeding Roses for Garden Display. |
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Photo 18 - tree 114 from mirimar to funchal pavement lawn IMG_0025.JPG
Photo 19 - tree 114 from mirimar to funchal pavement lawn IMG_0024.JPG
Photo 20 - tree 114 from mirimar to funchal pavement lawn IMG_0024.JPG This tree within this lawn area is growing well despite the grass above its roots. At least there is a little area round the tree that has been cleared of grass and you can see that it is growing a large amount of foliage. By the way, the roots of this tree most likely cover the whole area under this island of grass, since tree roots can extend up to 3 times their height in their search for soil water, soil air, organic matter, minerals and soil organisms in order to grow.
Photo 143 - tree 114 from mirimar to funchal pavement lawn IMG_0026.JPG Also shown on Damage to tree trunks in Madeira caused by People Page 4. Photo 21 - tree 114 from mirimar to funchal pavement lawn irrigation spray IMG_0030.JPG Irrigation sprayer in the lawn, which keeps this tree growing as well as the lawn to produce another example of this tree's foliage. Photo 22 - tree 114 from mirimar to funchal pavement lawn pollarded tree IMG_0027.JPG |
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Photo 23 - tree 152 from funchal roundabout to cathedral proper tree in lawn IMG_0120.JPG This tree is right in the middle of the commercial area in Funchal. I am grateful to see that no one has pollarded it yet. What a beuatiful sight even though it is dormant. |
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Photo 24 - tree 156 from golden gate to harbour ferns and palm IMG_0143.JPG Tree ferns and palm appear to survive well even though they are surrounded by grass and less than 100 metres from the sea in the harbour. |
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This website is being created by Chris Garnons-Williams of Ivydene Horticultural Services from it's start in 2005. I am requesting free colour photographs of any plants grown in or sold in the United Kingdom to add to the plants in the Plant Photographic Galleries and Butterfly photographs for the Butterfly on Plant Photographic Galleries. |
Site design and content copyright ©April 2007. Page structure amended October 2012. Page structure changed February 2019 for pages concerning Trees in pavements alongside roads in Madeira. Chris Garnons-Williams. |
It should be remembered that nothing is sold from this educational site, it simply tries to give you the best advice on what to use and where to get it (About Chris Garnons-Williams page details that no payment or commision to or from any donor of photos or adverts I place on the site in the Useful Data or other sections is made to Chris Garnons-Williams or Ivydene Horticultural Services). This website is a hobby and not for direct commercial gain for Ivydene Horticultural Services. There is no Google Adscenes or Search Facility in this website. The information on this site is usually Verdana 14pt text (from December 2023, this is being changed from 14pt to 10pt) and all is in tabular form. This can be downloaded and sorted using WORD or other word-processing software into the order that you personally require, especially for soil subsidence, the Companion Planting Tables and the pages in the Plants section. This would be suitable for use in education as well. I put jokes in at various places to give you a smile. |
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The following is from "Some time around 600 million years ago, green algae began to move out of shallow fresh waters and onto the land. They were the ancestors of all land plants... Today, plants make up to 80% of the mass of all life on Earth and are the base of the food chains that support nearly all terrestrial organisms.... But the algal ancestors of land plants had no roots, no way to store or transport water, and no experience in extracting nutrients from solid ground. How did they manage the fraught passage onto dry land? ... It was only by striking up new relationships with fungi that algae were able to make it onto land. These early alliances evolved into what we now call mycorrhizal relationships. Today, more than 90% of all plant species depend on mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal associations are the rule not the exception: a more fundamental part of planthood than fruit, flowers, leaves, wood or even roots.... For the relationship to thrive, both plant and fungus must make a good metabolic match. In photosynthesis, plants harvest carbon from the atmosphere and forge the energy-rich carbon compounds - sugars and lipids - on which much of the rest of life depends. By growing within plant roots, mycorrhizal fungi acquire privileged access to these sources of energy: they get fed. However, photosynthesis is not enough to support life. Plants and fungi need more than a source of energy. Water and minerals must be scavenged from the ground - full of textures and micropores, electrically charged cavities and labyrinthine rot-scapes. Fungi are deft rangers in this wilderness and can forage in a way that plants can not. By hosting fungi within their roots, plants gain hugely improved access to these sources of nutrients. They, too, get fed. By partnering, plants gain a prosthetic fungus, and fungi gain a prosthetic plant. Both use the other to extend their reach.... By the time the first roots evolved, the mycorrhizal association was already some 50 million years old. Mycorrhizal fungi are the roots of all subsequent life on land. Today, hundreds of millions of years later, plants have evolved, faster-growing, opportunistic roots that behave more like fungi. But even these roots cannot out-manoeuvre fungi when it comes to exploring the soil. Mycorrhizal hyphae are 50 times finer than the finest roots and can exceeed the length of a plant's roots by as much as a 100 times. Their mycelium makes up between a third and a half of the living mass of soils. The numbers are astronomical. Globally, the total length of mycorrhizal hyphae in the top 10 centimetres (4 inches) of soil is around half the width of our galaxy (4.5 x 10 to the power 17 kilometres versus 9.5 x 10 to the power 17 kilometres). If these hyphae were ironed into a flat sheet, their combined surface area would cover every inch of dry land on Earth 2.5 times over.... In their relationship, plants and mycorrhizal fungi enact a polarity: plant shoots engage with the light and air, while the fungi and plant roots engage with the solid ground. Plants pack up light and carbon dioxide into sugars and lipids. Mycorrhizal fungi unpack nutrients bound up in rock and decomposing material. These are fungi with a dual niche: part of their life happens within the plant, part in the soil. They are stationed at the entry point of carbon into terrestrial life cycles and stitch the atmosphere into relation with the ground. To this day, mycorrhizal fungi help plants cope with drought, heat and many other stresses life on land has presented from the very beginning, as do the symbiotic fungi that crowd into plant leaves and stems. What we call 'plants' are in fact fungi that have evolved to farm algae, and algae that have evolved to farm fungi.... Mycorrhizal fungi can provide up to 80% of a plant's nitrogen, and as much as 100% of its phosphorus. Fungi supply other crucial nutrients to plants, such as zinc and copper. They also supply plants with water, and help them to survive drought as they have done since the earliest days of life on land. In return, plants allocate up to 30% of the carbon they harvest to their mycorrhizal partners.... And yet mycorrhizal fungi do more than feed plants. Some describe them as keystone organisms; others prefer the term 'ecosystem engineers'. Mycorrhizal mycelium is a sticky living seam that holds soil together; remove the fungi, and the ground washes away. Mycorrhizal fungi increase the volume of water that the soil can absorb, reducing the quantity of nutrients leached out of the soil by rainfall by as much as 50%. Of the carbon that is found in soils - which, remarkably, amounts to twice the amount of carbon found in plants and the atmosphere combined - a substantial proportion is bound up in tough organic compounds produced by mycorrhizal fungi. The carbon that floods into the soil through mycorrhizal channels supports intricate food webs. Besides the hundreds or thousands of metres of fungal mycelium in a teaspoon of healthy soil, there are more bacteria, protists, insects and arthropods than the number of humans who have ever lived on Earth. Mycorrhizal fungi can increase the quality of a harvest. They can also increase the ability of crops to compete with weeds and enhance their resistance to diseases by priming plant's immune systems. They can make crops less susceptible to drought and heat, and more resistant to salinity and heavy metals. They even boost the ability of plants to fight off attacks from insect pests by stimulating the production of defensive chemicals... But over the course of the twentieth century, our neglect has led us into trouble. In viewing soils as more or less lifeless places, industrial agricultural practices have ravaged the undergound communities that sustain the life we eat.... A large study published in 2018 suggested that the 'alarming deterioration' of the health of trees across Europe was caused by a disruption of their mycorrhizal relationships, brought about by nitrogen pollution." from Before Roots chapter by Merlin Sheldrake.
"We do know, that this fragile, generative world has been damaged by intensive farming, pollution, deforestation and global heating. A third of the planet's land has been severely degraded and 24 billion tons of fertile soil are destroyed every year through intensive farming, according to the Global Land Outlook. Topsoil is where 95% of the planet's food is grown and is very delicate. It takes more than 100 years to build 5mm of soil, and it can be destroyed shockingly easily. This destruction and degradation of the soil is created by intensive farming practices such as heavy mechanised soil tilling, which loosens and rips away any plant cover, leaving the soil bare. It is also caused by the overgrazing of animals, as well as forest fires and heavy construction work. These factors disturb the soil and leave it exposed to erosion from wind and water, damaging the complicated systems underneath its top layer... We are losing good soil at an estimated 100 times faster rate than we can remake and heal it. The world's soils are thought to store approximately 15 thousand million tonnes of carbon - 3 times as much as all of our planet's terrestrial vegetation combined. Soils hold twice as much carbon as the atmosphere, and when soil disintegrates, the carbon is released. In the last 40 years the soil in the UK's croplands lost 10% of the carbon it could store. In a time of climate crisis, soil's quiet potency, its ability to store carbon safely, is utterly essential to our future survival.... We know that soils are being destroyed, and that with that comes a higher risk of floods, and a more unpredictable and unreliable food and water system. An Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecostem Services report in 2018 told us clearly that land degradationis already putting the welfare of two-fifths of humanity at risk, and that urgent action is needed to avoid further danger. There are many things we can do to protect soils, and the organisms, plants and connections that thrive within them. Actions that can support and heal soil structure include
Such regimes allow soil structure to remain intact, and protect the soil by allowing crop residues to stay on the surface. " from Strange Soil chapter by Rebecca Tamas. |
Due to intensive farming techniques and chemical fertilisers this has occurred:- The BBC has produced an article as to why modern food as lost its nutrients. |
The following about trees in pavements show why when the roots are denied access to air, water and nutrients even the fungi cannot work to support the trees. Pavements of Funchal, Madeira |
The following addition of this mulch improved the clay soil, so that A 150mm deep mulch of mixed peat, sharp washed sand and horticultural grit was applied on top of a heavy clay soil to improve its structure, and stop the plants therein from drowning, at £10 a square metre. The mix was:
The following was then sent to me:-
and the following was sent to me in October 2004:- An unsuccessful planting scheme had left bare areas of garden as plants failed to survive winter in the waterlogged clay soil. The loss of numerous plants and the cost of replacing them had left us disheartened. It was evident that remedial action was need in the form of a mixture of gravel, sand and peat to create an organic loam. Approximately six inches was added in April and left to settle and do its job. By July there was a noticeable difference in the quality of the soil and the plants. Shrubs with sparse, mottled leaves were looking glossy and robust, overall growth had increased (including the weeds!) and the soil was holding its moisture well. But the biggest difference came in the confidence it gave us to transform the garden. The borders used to be a no-go area between May and September as the clay baked and cracked, but the new soil was easy to handle and weeds could be successfully removed. We realised that there are no quick fixes - the key to a healthy garden is rich, nutritous soil. Once our plants began to thrive we were optimistic that, with good advice, we could create a garden to be proud of. |
More Details |
Cultural Needs of Plants "Understanding Fern Needs |
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It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:- |
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Closed Bud |
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Opening Bud |
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Juvenile Flower |
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Older Juvenile Flower |
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Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its |
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Mature Flower |
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Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower |
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Form of Rose Bush |
There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page. So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!! |
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There are 180 families in the Wildflowers of the UK and they have been split up into 22 Galleries to allow space for up to 100 plants per gallery. Each plant named in each of the Wildflower Family Pages may have a link to:- its Plant Description Page in its Common Name in one of those Wildflower Plant Galleries and it does have links:- to external sites to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name, to see photos in its Flowering Months and to read habitat details in its Habitat Column. |
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Links to external websites like the link to "the Man walking in front of car to warn pedestrians of a horseless vehicle approaching" would be correct when I inserted it after March 2007, but it is possible that those horseless vehicles may now exceed the walking pace of that man and thus that link will currently be br My advice is Google the name on the link and see if you can find the new link. If you sent me an email after clicking Ivydene Horticultural Services text under the Worm Logo on any page, then; as the first after March 2010 you would be the third emailer since 2007, I could then change that link in that 1 of the 15,743 pages. Currently (August 2016). Other websites provide you with cookies - I am sorry but I am too poor to afford them. If I save the pennies from my pension for the next visitor, I am almost certain in March 2023, that I could afford to make that 4th visitor to this website a Never Fail Cake. I would then be able to save for more years for the postage. |
