Ivydene Gardens Blue Wildflowers Note Gallery: |
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Plant Height from Text Border |
Blue = 0-24 inches (0-60 cms) |
Green=24-72 inches (60-180 cms) |
Red = 72+ inches (180+ cms) |
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Plant Soil Moisture from Text Background |
Wet Soil |
Moist Soil |
Dry Soil |
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Click on thumbnail to change this comparison page to the Plant Description Page of the plant named in the Text box below the photo. |
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PINK Sand Spurrey ACIDIC SANDS AND GRAVELS |
PINK Jun-Sep |
PRIM-ROSE May-Jun |
PRIM-ROSE Scarlet Pimper-nel Jun-Oct |
PRIM-ROSE Sea Milkwort SALT-MARSH, DUNE-SLACKS |
PURS-LANE Pink Purslane OPEN WOOD-LAND, HEDGE-ROW Apr-Jul |
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PINK Apr-Oct |
PINK Soap-wort ROAD-SIDES, STREAM BANKS Jul-Sep |
UMBELL-IFER Coriand-er Jun-Aug |
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Site design and content copyright ©January 2016. Photos and other details added February 2017. Chris Garnons-Williams. |
Marjorie Blamey's Wild Flowers by Colour by Marjorie Blamey (ISBN 0-7136-7237-4. Published by A & C Black Publishers Ltd in 2005) has illustrations of each wild flower of Britain and Northern Europe split into the following 13 colours. Instead of colour illustrations, this plant gallery has thumbnail pictures of wild flowers of Britain in the same colour split system:-
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Form from
Form for Wildflowers:- Mat-forming These Forms are used for Bulbs with Herbaceous and Evergreen Perennials.
Shape for Evergreen Shrubs:- These Forms and Shapes are also used for Deciduous and Evergreen Shrubs and Trees. |
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Wildflowers with Cream Flowers |
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Wildflower Common Plant Name Click on Underlined Text
Flower Photo Flowers Photo Foliage Photo Form Photo
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Flowering Months Click on Underlined Text |
Habitat Click on Underlined Text
Native in:- |
Number of Petals Without Petals. |
Foliage Colour |
Height x Spread in inches (cms) (1 inch = 2.5 cms, |
Comment Click on Underlined Botanical Name
See illustration
Botanical Name |
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Pink Flowers H-Z |
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Pink Stonecrop |
A small biennial or perennial herb which grows in at least slightly base-enriched, wet, stony ground and on streamsides in hilly areas, and in montane, often bryophyte-rich, flushes. |
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Stonecrop Family |
Sedum villosum |
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Hare's-foot Clover |
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Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Trifolium arvense |
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Flowers |
Gentian-blue or Slate Blue followed by seed capsule flowers in May-September |
A perennial herb occurring on acidic soils in grasslands, moors, heaths and mires. 0-1035 m (Ben Lawers, Mid Perth). This plant is food for the Small Purple-barred Phytometra viridaria moth. Native in western Europe and Central Europe. |
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6 x 6 Milkwort family |
Polygala serpyllifolia |
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Heath Spotted Orchid |
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Native in all Europe. |
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Dactylorhiza maculata (Dactylorchis maculata, |
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Pyrenean Cranesbill
Flowers |
May onwards |
A perennial herb of hedgerows, roadsides, field margins, rough grassy banks and waste places; often found growing close to habitation, and possibly sometimes occurring as a garden escape or throw-out. |
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Geranium Family |
Geranium pyrenaicum |
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Henbit |
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Native in all Europe. |
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Lamium amplexicaule |
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Hemp Agrimony
Flower
Form |
A perennial herb found on base-enriched soils in a wide range of damp or wet habitats, including marginal vegetation by ponds, lakes, rivers and canals, tall-herb fen, fen-meadows, marshes, wet woodland, mires and wet heath; also flushed areas on sea-cliffs and in dune-slacks. It is infrequent in dry habitats, but is found in dry woods and on hedge banks, on waste ground, and even on dry chalk banks. |
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Daisy Cudweeds Family |
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Herb Bennet |
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Native in most of Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Geum urbanum |
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Highland Cudweed (Norwegian Cudweed) |
This perennial herb occurs on ungrazed rock ledges, crags, river gorges, screes and in gullies, preferring a southerly or easterly aspect and an acidic, well-drained mineral soil. From 600 m (Aonach air Chrith, W. Ross) to 980 m (Sgurr na Lapaich, Easterness). Book about this plant. |
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Daisy Cudweeds Family |
Gnaphalium norvegicum |
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(Indian Balsam, Policeman's Helmet, Bobby Tops,
Flowers |
This species is most frequent on the banks of waterways, where it often forms continuous stands, but is also established in damp woodland, flushes and mires. The tallest annual in Britain, its rapid growth can shade out even Urtica dioica. Native of the Himalaya. Introduced into France, Ireland, Great Britain, Holland, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania and Soviet Union. |
Mid Green |
72 x 36 (180 x 90) |
Policeman's Helmet, Bobby Tops, Copper Tops, and Gnome's Hatstand all originate from the flowers being decidedly hat-shaped. Himalayan Balsam and Kiss-me-on-the-mountain arise from the plant originating in the Himalayan mountains. Ornamental jewelweed refers to its cultivation as an ornamental plant. NOTE |
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Sea Stock |
A short-lived perennial, well-naturalised on sea-cliffs, shingle and other habitats by the sea, and occasionally inland where it is more obviously a garden escape. |
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Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2 Family |
Matthiola incana |
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Small-flowered Hairy Willow-herb |
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Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Epilobium parviflorum |
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Intermediate Wintergreen |
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Native in Northern regions and the mountains of most of Europe. |
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Pyrola media |
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Knotgrass
Flowers
Foliage |
An annual of open and disturbed ground, including arable land, gardens, waste places and seashores. The species remains a significant agricultural weed. 0-550 m (Northumberland), with an exceptional record at 670 m on Great Dun Fell (Westmorland). Native in all Europe. |
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Dock Bistorts Family |
Polygonum aviculare |
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Knotted Hedge-parsley |
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Native in most of Europe, excpt in the north |
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Torilis nodosa |
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Lady Orchid |
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Native in much of Europe and Denmark, except in Northern Europe, Portugal and Ireland. |
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Orchis purpurea |
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Larger Wild Thyme |
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Native in all Europe, except in Iceland and Turkey. |
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Thymus pulegioides |
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Late Spider Orchid |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Northern Europe, Ireland, Holland, Poland and Bulgaria. |
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Ophrys fuciflora |
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Lesser Centaury in UK
Form |
June-September |
An erect annual of mildly acidic to calcareous soils. Inland it is found in dry, open grasslands and heaths, in woodland rides, marl pits and other open, disturbed ground. On the coast it is a plant of open sandy and muddy grassy places, often by estuaries, sand dunes and in upper saltmarsh. Native and widespread in Europe. |
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Gentian Family |
Centaurium pulchellum |
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Lesser Sea Spurrey
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Native in all Europe |
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Pink Family |
Spergularia marina |
Spergularia marina |
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Lesser Skullcap |
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Native in western Europe and West-Central Europe. |
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Scutellaria minor |
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Lesser Snapdragon
Flower |
July onwards |
A spring-germinating annual of light soils, found in arable and other cultivated ground including among horticultural crops, and in gardens and waste places. It reproduces by seed, but cold, wet summers inhibit its germination and growth. |
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Figwort - Mulleins Family |
Misopates orontium |
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Lesser Water-plantain |
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Native in Western Europe, Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Yugoslavia and Greece. |
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Baldellia ranunc-uloides |
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Long-Stalked Cranesbill
Flower |
May-August |
An annual of dry grasslands and grassland-scrub mosaics. Its habitats include sand dunes, scrubby cliff slopes, hedge banks, field margins, chalk and limestone downland, railway banks and old quarries. It is usually on calcareous soils, and is often a pioneer on disturbed sites. It favours warm, sheltered, often S.-facing banks and hollows. It is native throughout Europe. |
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Geranium Family |
Geranium columbinum |
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Lousewort
Flowers |
A perennial, rarely biennial, root-hemiparasitic of acidic soils, found on damp grassy heaths, moorlands, upland flushed grasslands and the drier parts of bogs and marshes. 0-915 m (Macgillycuddy`s Reeks, S. Kerry). Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. hibernica largely replaces this plant in West Ireland. |
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Figwort - Speedwells Family |
Pedicularis sylvatica |
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Mackay's Heath |
The habitats of this low shrub are blanket mire and rocky wet heath, where it occupies a somewhat narrower range of habitat than E. tetralix, avoiding the wettest sites. It grows on deep peat. The Irish plants of E. mackaiana never set seed. Their pollen fertility varies, but they produce sufficient fertile pollen to hybridise freely with E. tetralix to give the sterile hybrid E. x stuartii. Native in 2 places in blanket bog near Roundstone (Galway) and West Donegal, and in North-West Spain |
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Heath Family |
Erica mackaiana |
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Maiden Pink is |
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Native in all Europe, except in Ireland and Iceland. |
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Pink Family |
Dianthus deltoides |
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Marjoram |
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Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Origanum vulgare |
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Red Rattle
Flower |
An annual to biennial root-hemiparasitic herb of a wide range of base-rich to acidic, moist habitats, including wet heaths, valley bogs, wet meadows, ditches, fens and hillside flushes. Its sites are usually more enriched than those preferred by P. sylvatica. |
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Figwort - Speedwells Family |
Pedicularis palustris |
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Marsh Mallow
Flowers |
Salt-marshes (in dykes near the sea, and in the drier parts of salt-marshes) Native to most of Europe including Great Britain, except North Europe. |
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Mallow Family |
Althaea officinalis |
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Marsh Pennywort
Foliage |
A mat-forming perennial herb found in a wide range of damp or wet habitats, including carr, mires, fens, fen-meadows, swamps, marshes, in soakways and along spring-lines, and in dune-slacks and wet hollows in stabilised shingle. In very oceanic areas it grows in drier habitats, such as turfed wall-tops. Native in much of Europe, except in Finland, Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania |
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Marsh Pennywort Family |
Hydrocotyle vulgaris |
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Marsh Speedwell
Flower |
Few whitish fowers on long stalks in alternate open spikes up the stem in June-August |
This perennial herb is found in a wide range of wetland habitats, including pond and lake margins, marshes, fens and fen-meadows, wet grassland, hillside flushes, bogs and wet heath, often on acidic soils. It occurs in both open habitats and amongst tall vegetation. |
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Figwort - Speedwells Family |
Veronica scutellata |
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Marsh Valerian |
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Native in most of Europe, except in Portugal, Ireland, Iceland, Finland, Albania and Bulgaria. |
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Valeriana dioica |
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Marsh Woundwort |
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Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Stachys palustris |
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Pink, tips and wings blackish-red in May-October followed by 2mm oval fruit |
This is a scrambling annual of freely-draining acidic soils, which has most recently been recorded in spring- and summer-sown crops on allotments, in gardens and in potato fields; also on the eroded soil of hedge banks. |
Fumaria martinii is a plant specially protected under the Wildlife and Country-side Act 1981. |
Light green leaf segments small with oblong or cuneiform lobes |
24 x 12 (60 x 30) Fumitory Family Also found in British Columbia in Canada |
Fumaria martinii (Fumaria reuteri, |
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Masterwort |
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Native in Central Europe (except in Hungary), Spain, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Romania and Soviet Union: introduced into Great Britain, Belgium, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. |
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Peucedanum ostruthium |
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Meadow Clary
Flowers |
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A long-lived perennial herb of unimproved grassland, lane-sides, road verges and disturbed ground on well-drained soils overlying chalk and limestone. It is occasionally established from gardens or as a casual in waste places. |
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12-24 x Thyme 2 Family |
Salvia pratensis |
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Meadow Saffron |
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Native in most of Europe (except in Northern Europe): introduced in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. |
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Colchicum autumnale |
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Soldier Orchid |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Northern Europe and Sweden, Portugal, Ireland and Holland. |
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Orchis militaris |
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Mind-your-own-business |
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Native of Mediterranean Islands; naturalized in Western Europe. |
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Nettle Family |
Soleirolia soleirolii |
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Monkey Orchid |
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Native in Mediterranean Europe, Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Romania and Soviet Union. |
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Orchis simia |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Portugal, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Hungary, Albania, Greece and Turkey. |
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Pink Family |
Silene acaulis |
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Mossy Stonecrop |
Native in bare sandy or gravelly ground in Great Britain. |
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Stonecrop Family |
Crassula tillaea |
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Motherwort |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Portugal, Ireland and Iceland. |
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Leonurus cardiaca |
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Mountain Everlasting (Stoloniferous Pussytoes, |
Can grow it your garden. |
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Daisy Cudweeds Family |
Antennaria dioica |
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Menziesia |
Native in Northern Europe and Pyrenees. |
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Heath Family |
Phyllodoce caerulea |
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Musk Mallow |
Native in most of Europe, except in Portugal, Iceland and Turkey: introduced into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Hungary. |
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Mallow Family |
Malva moschata |
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Musk Storksbill |
May onwards |
Native to Portugal, Great Britain and Holland |
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Geranium Family |
Erodium moschatum |
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Everlasting Pea |
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Native in most of Europe, except in Ireland, Iceland, Greece and Turkey. |
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Peaflower Vetches/Peas Family |
Lathyrus sylvestris |
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Sulphurwort |
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Native in riverside meadows inland in the Southern half of England. |
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Oenanthe silaifolia |
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Narrow-leaved Water-plantain |
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Native to probably most of Europe |
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Alisma lanceolatum |
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Night-flowering Catchfly |
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Native in much of Europe, (except in Portugal, Finland, Albania and Greece): introduced into Ireland, Iceland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. |
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Silene noctiflora |
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Northern Marsh Orchid |
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Native in Great Britain, Ireland, Isle of Man, Norway, Sweden, Iceland and the Faeroes. |
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Dactylorhiza purpurella |
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Orpine |
Native in all Europe, except in Iceland and Turkey |
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Stonecrop Family |
Sedum telephium |
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Pale Persicaria
Form from Stratford in London. Photo from BritishFlora |
An annual of wet marshy places, winter-flooded ground beside ponds, lakes and ditches, or damp pastures trampled by stock. It is found on a wide range of soils, from nutrient-rich muds in pastures to sandy and gravelly lake shores. 0-315 m (Skeggles Water, Westmorland). |
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Dock Bistorts Family |
Polygonum lapath-ifolium |
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Small-flowered Willow-herb |
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Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Epilobium roseum |
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Perennial Centaury
Form |
July-August |
This perennial herb occurs on freely draining soils on the slopes of coastal cliffs. Most native populations are in grassland and maritime dwarf-shrub heath, often along eroded and trampled edges, with some extending into dune grassland. In S.E. England it occurs in lawns at both coastal and inland sites. Native in North-West France, North-West Spain and North-west Portugal. |
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Gentian Family |
Centaurium scilloides |
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Pink Oxalis |
May-Sep |
A cottage garden escapee. |
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Wood-Sorrel Family |
Oxalis floribunda |
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Pink Purslane |
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Native of North America: sometimes naturalized in Europe. |
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Purslane Family |
Claytonia alsinoides |
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Pink Water-speedwell
Flower |
This usually annual species is found in shallow water and on the muddy edges of rivers, streams, ponds and lakes, in dune-slacks, and in clay-, gravel- and chalk-pits. Although often found with V. anagallis-aquatica, its habitats are more restricted, being more frequent on the muddy edges of standing waters. |
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Figwort - Speedwells Family |
Veronica catenata |
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Purple Loosestrife
Flowers
Foliage
Form |
A perennial herb growing on the margins of slow-flowing rivers, canals, lakes, flooded gravel-pits, in tall-herb fens and willow carr. It thrives in permanently wet, or periodically inundated, fertile soils and tends to avoid acidic conditions. 0-440 m (Lake Ferta, S. Kerry). The plant is highly invasive and can quickly spread through an area and out-compete all native flora. It creates a sea of pink which may be pretty to look at but is an environmental disaster. Don't be tempted to grow it at home, find something else. Native in all Europe, except in Iceland |
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36 x Loosestrife Family |
Lythrum salicaria |
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Pyramidal Orchid |
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Native in most of Europe including Great Britain. |
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Anacamptis pyramidalis |
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Native in all Europe, except in Turkey |
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24 x Pink Family |
Lychnis flos-cuculi |
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Red Bartsia
Flower |
An annual root-hemiparasite of short, often trampled grasslands, tracks, waste places, the edges of arable fields, gravelly and rocky seashores and saltmarshes. Native in all Europe, except in Iceland and Greece. |
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Figwort - Speedwells Family |
Odontites verna |
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Red Campion |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Albania, Greece and Turkey. |
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18-24 x Pink Family |
Silene dioica |
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Red Clover |
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Peaflower - Clover Family |
Trifolium pratense |
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Red Dead-nettle |
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Native in all Europe. |
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Lamium purpureum |
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Red Helleborine |
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Native in most of Europe, except in Portugal, Ireland and Iceland. |
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Cephal-anthera rubra |
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Narrow-leaved Hemp-nettle |
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Native in Central Europe, France, Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium, Holland, Sweden, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania and Soviet Union. |
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Galeopsis angustifolia |
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Redleg
Flower |
An annual of open ground on a wide range of soils, particularly those which are rich in nutrients. It is found by ponds, lakes, streams and ditches, in waste places, on roadsides and railways, and is sometimes a pestilential weed of cultivated land. Native in all Europe. |
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Dock Bistorts Family |
Polygonum persicaria |
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Red Valerian |
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Native in Mediterranean Europe, Portugal, Switzerland and Austria: introduced further north. |
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Centranthus ruber |
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Rosebay Willowherb |
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Epilobium angusti-folium |
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Crucifer Family |
Arabis rosea (Arabis collina) |
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Rose Garlic
Flowers |
A bulbous perennial herb of rough and waste ground, open rocky slopes, hedge banks and roadsides. Native to Mediterranean Europe but not to Great Britain. See Allium roseum in Bulb Allium Anemone Gallery. |
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Lily Garlic Family |
Allium roseum |
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Prickly Comfrey
Flower |
Rose changing to Blue flowers, red in bud from June onwards |
A tall perennial herb, naturalised in rough and waste ground. Native of Western Asia; sometimes grown for fodder and naturalized in Northern Europe and Central Europe. |
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36-72 x Borage Family |
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Round-headed Leek
Flower |
A bulbous perennial herb. Widespread native in Europe including Great Britain, except in Northern Europe. See |
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Lily Garlic Family |
Allium |
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Round-Leaved Cranesbill
Foliage |
June-August |
An annual of hedgerows, dry roadside-banks and wall-tops, especially close to the sea, but spreading to roadside verges, rubble heaps, railway ballast and waste ground. It is also a garden and street weed. Colonies may be very persistent, even where the species is confined to weedy habitats. Native in most of Europe, except in Northern Europe and Poland. |
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Geranium Family |
Geranium rotundi-folium |
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Blue Comfrey
Flower |
The habitats of this perennial herb include rough and waste ground, railway banks, roadsides, hedge banks and woodland margins. Naturalized in Northern Europe and Central Europe. |
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Sainfoin |
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Native in Albania, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Romania: introduced into Portugal, Spain, France, Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Poland, Italy and Soviet Union. |
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Onobrychis viciifolia |
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Saint Dabeoc's Heath
Flowers |
May onwards |
This straggling, low shrub occurs on heathland and moorland, often on rocky terrain, usually with other shrubs including Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea and Ulex gallii. It grows in thin acidic soils over quartzites or mica-schists, avoiding peat. Native in Ireland, Portugal, Spain and France; but not the rest of Great Britain. |
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Heath Family |
Daboecia cantabrica |
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Sand Catchfly |
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Native in much of Europe (except in Northern Europe, Portugal, Ireland, Belgium and Poland): introduced into Denmarkand Switzerland. |
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Pink Family |
Silene conica |
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Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Pink Family |
Spergularia rubra |
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Sanicle |
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Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Sanicula europaea |
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Scarlet Pimpernel |
Flowers vermilion, with a purple eye, but sometimes pink, flesh, maroon, lilac or blue. |
A procumbent or ascending glabrous annual or perennial with quadrangular stems on cultivated land, by roadsides and on sand dunes throughout the British Isles. |
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12 x 6 Primrose family |
Anagallis arvensis |
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Sea Bindweed
Flower |
A trailing perennial herb found on sand dunes, and above the strand-line on sand and shingle beaches, often with Eryngium maritimum. Native in Western Europe, Mediterranean Europe, Denmark, Germany, Bulgaria, Romania and Soviet Union. |
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Bindweed Family |
Calystegia soldanella |
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Sea Heath |
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Native in Portugal, Spain, France, Great Britain and Italy. |
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Frankenia laevis |
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Sea Knotgrass |
A prostrate perennial herb of sand, shingle or shell beaches, growing above the limit of the highest tides with other strand-line and foredune plants. Native in Mediterranean Europe, South-East Europe, Portugal, Great Britain and Soviet Union. |
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Dock Bistorts Family |
Polygonum maritimum |
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Sea Milkwort Flower
Form |
A perennial herb typically forming dense colonies on moist saline soils. Habitats include saltmarshes, strandlines, damp shingle, wet sand, brackish dune-slacks, aerobic mud and spray-drenched rock crevices. It is a poor competitor which often forms pure stands, but also grows in open communities with other halophytes. Native in most of Europe, except in Switzerland, Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria. |
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12 x 6 Primrose Family |
Glaux maritima |
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BLUE WILD FLOWER GALLERY |
What is PL@NTNET? |
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WILD FLOWER GALLERY
INDEX LINK TO WILDFLOWER PLANT DESCRIPTION PAGE Wildflower Garden Use page from Evergreen Perrennial Shape Gallery. Superceeded Wildflower Indices Wildflower Index
FLOWER COLOUR BED PICTURES HABITAT TABLES
See Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines to aid your use of this website. |
WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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See Wildflower Common Name Index link Table ON A PAGE for more wildflower of the UK common names - from Adder's Tongue to the Goosefoot Family - together with their names in languages from America, Finland, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. |
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Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Habitat - Marshes, Fens, Bogs |
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Marshes - "A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species. Marshes can often be found at the edges of lakes and streams, where they form a transition between the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. They are often dominated by grasses, rushes or reeds. If woody plants are present they tend to be low-growing shrubs. This form of vegetation is what differentiates marshes from other types of wetland such as swamps, which are dominated by trees, and mires, which are wetlands that have accumulated deposits of acidic peat." from Wikipedia with a good diagram showing plants in and outside a marsh in shallow water on a lakeshore. "Flushes are marshy springs on slopes." from Wikipedia. |
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Common Fleabane |
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Lady's Smock |
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Visited by various flies and small bees. A perennial herb of wet habitats, particularly those with seasonal water level fluctuations. It is found in springs and flushes, around ponds, on lake shores, streamsides, in dune-slacks, marshes, water-meadows, flood pastures, bogs and in ditches and track ruts. It usually grows in oligotrophic or mesotrophic water over neutral to acid substrates. In ditches, marshes, and alongside ponds and lakes. |
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Marsh Lousewort |
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Marsh Marigold |
Marsh Marigold |
Visited by a great variety of insects for pollen and nectar. A perennial herb of various wet habitats, usually neutral to base-rich rather than very acidic, including Alnus carr, the edges of rivers, streams, canals, lakes and ponds, ditches and winter-wet meadows and pastures. In marshes, fens, ditches and wet woods, becoming most luxuriant in part shade; rare on very base-poor peat. |
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Marsh Violet |
Marsh Violet is |
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Meadowsweet |
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Ragged Robin |
Ragged Robin is |
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Southern Marsh Orchid |
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Water Avens |
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Yellow Iris |
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Adderstongue Spearwort |
Adderstongue Spearwort is |
Inhabits semi-permanent marshes and ponds which dry out in summer, and prospers at pond-edges where livestock have trampled the ground. An annual found in a highly specialised marshy habitat. It requires winter inundation, bare, wet mud for seedling establishment, reduced summer water levels and low competition. The substrate at the two extant sites is base-rich Lias clay, with most water input from rain. |
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Celery-leaved Buttercup , Celery-leaved Crowfoot |
Most Poisonous member of genus Ranunculus. The first symptoms of poisoning are digestive troubles; when the poison has entered the system it causes dizziness and convulsions and large doses can lead to arrested breathing and circulation. Buttercups taste bad to humans and cattle alike, so celery-leaved crowfoot can usually grow in peace. An annual of shallow water or wet, disturbed, nutrient-rich mud, especially at the edges of ponds, ditches, streams or rivers which are poached by drinking livestock. It is salt-tolerant and frequent on grazed estuarine marshes. Its seeds are long-lived and plants can re-appear following disturbance after many years of absence. |
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Visited by various flies. A stoloniferous perennial herb which grows in fens and marshes, on ditch, canal and pond edges, around reservoirs and in flooded gravel-pits and quarries. It is normally found in base-rich, still or slowly flowing water. |
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Saint Martin's Buttercup |
Saint Martin's Buttercup is Ranunculus marginatus, Ranunculus scandicinus |
A small annual, found as a naturalised weed of bulb-fields in the Isles of Scilly, and as a rare grain, bird-seed and wild-flower mixture alien elsewhere. Roadsides. Mediterr-anean woodlands and shrublands. Stream banks, ditches, marshes and other moist, shady places. |
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Water Crowfoot , (Common Water-crowfoot) is |
Visited by various flies and bees. This is an annual or short-lived perennial which grows in shallow water in marshes, ponds and ditches, and at the edge of slow-flowing streams and sheltered lakes. It occurs chiefly in water which is eutrophic and at least mildly base-rich, and is favoured by a degree of disturbance. In and by fresh and brackish water. |
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Least Yellow |
Least Yellow 日本語: ネムロコウホネ Place:Botanical Gardens Faculty of Science Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan. By I, KENPEI, via Wikimedia Commons |
Pollinated by flies. Yellow water-lilies are poisonous, perennial and strong-rooted water plants. It grows in oligotrophic or mesotrophic water in lakes, sheltered bays, ditches and pools in marshes and bogs. It persists in one eutrophic lake in Shropshire. Excellent surface cover. Suitable for ponds and lakes and slow flowing rivers in partial shade. |
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Spineless Hornwort (Soft Hornwort) |
Spineless Hornwort (Soft Hornwort) is |
This aquatic grows in eutrophic or slightly brackish water in shallow, sheltered lakes, ponds and ditches. It is particularly frequent in coastal grazing marshes. Like C. demersum, reproduction is mostly by vegetative fragmentation and it can occur in dense masses, even in shaded ponds. Used as an aquarium plant when it may be known as tropical or spineless hornwort and for its high oxygen production. It promotes its own growth by the release of chemicals that can suppress growth of other water plants, including algae, which would otherwise cloud water and intercept sunlight. Due to its rapid growth it can be good to rid algae in a new aquarium setup as it will out compete for nutrients. |
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Fens - "Fens are peat-forming, groundwater fed wetlands. Fens differ from bogs in that they are less acidic, have higher nutrient levels and can support a more diverse plant and animal community. They often are covered by grasses, sedges, rushes and wildflowers. Fens provide important benefits that include preventing or reducing the risk of floods and improving water quality. Plants like the showy 'Lady's Slipper' Orchid thrive in fens." from Wikipedia - the diagram on that page is very useful. |
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Columbine |
Columbine is |
Native populations of this perennial are found on calcareous soil over limestone rocks in England and Wales. It typically grows in woodland glades and open scrub, by woodland rides and streamsides, in damp grassland and fen, and on scree slopes. Garden escapes can be naturalised in quarries, on roadsides, railway banks and old walls. Visited by long-tongued humble-bees for pollen and nectar. A local plant of woods and wet places on calcareous soil or fen peat. |
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Common Comfrey |
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Early Marsh Orchid |
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Fen Orchid |
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Fen Violet |
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Visited by various small insects. Poisonous. A perennial herb of cool, damp habitats, including hay meadows, stream and river banks, lake margins, open woodland and rock ledges. It prefers basic soils, and is often associated with limestone. It is sensitive to grazing, but can persist as small, non-flowering plants in the uplands. |
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Grass of Parnassus |
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Marsh Cinquefoil |
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Marsh Helleborine |
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Marsh Pea |
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Milk Parsley |
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Yellow Meadow-rue and |
Yellow Meadow-rue and |
A rhizomatous perennial of fens, ditches and streamsides, and tall vegetation in wet meadows, always found where the substrate or water is base-rich. It is also recorded from open fen carr. The plant is a good nectar source for bees and flies. |
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Visited by various flies. A stoloniferous perennial herb which grows in fens and marshes, on ditch, canal and pond edges, around reservoirs and in flooded gravel-pits and quarries. It is normally found in base-rich, still or slowly flowing water. |
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Bogs - "A bog is a mire that accumulates peat, a deposit of dead plant material—often mosses, and in a majority of cases, sphagnum moss. It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, quagmire, and muskeg; alkaline mires are called fens. They are frequently covered in ericaceous shrubs rooted in the sphagnum moss and peat. The gradual accumulation of decayed plant material in a bog functions as a carbon sink. Bogs occur where the water at the ground surface is acidic and low in nutrients. In some cases, the water is derived entirely from precipitation, in which case they are termed ombrotrophic (rain-fed)." from Wikipedia. |
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Bog Asphodel |
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Bog Myrtle |
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Bog Orchid |
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Bog Pimpernel |
Bog Pimpernel is |
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Bog Rosemary |
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Cranberry |
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Round-leaved Sundews |
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Least Yellow |
Least Yellow 日本語: ネムロコウホネ Place:Botanical Gardens Faculty of Science Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan. By I, KENPEI, via Wikimedia Commons |
Pollinated by flies. Yellow water-lilies are poisonous, perennial and strong-rooted water plants. It grows in oligotrophic or mesotrophic water in lakes, sheltered bays, ditches and pools in marshes and bogs. It persists in one eutrophic lake in Shropshire. Excellent surface cover. Suitable for ponds and lakes and slow flowing rivers in partial shade. |
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White Water-lily is |
Visited by few insects and probably self-pollinated. It grows in lakes, ponds, the backwaters of rivers or large ditches, and occasionally in mires. It tolerates a wide range of water chemistry but lacks submerged leaves and is therefore vulnerable to disturbance by boats. Plant Nymphaea Alba with up to 90cm of water over the top of the basket in a still, sunny position. |
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UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given. Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in and The Butterflies of Britain & Ireland New Revised Edition by Jeremy Thomas & Richard Lewington. |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Cabbages - ELarge White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed |
Egg,
|
40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf. |
May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
July or August; hatches in 3 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Cherry with |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
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(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Currants |
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 15 days in May-June. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome) |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
... |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
1 then |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Nasturtium from Gardens |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Mountain pansy, |
Egg, Chrysalis |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. 3 weeks in September |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk. |
15 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk. |
July-August for 17 days. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base. |
July to hatch in 8 months in March. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Willow |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
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Asters |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
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Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Aubretia in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Holly Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Buddleias |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Wood White |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Cabbage and cabbages in fields |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October |
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Adonis Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Pale Clouded Yellow |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Cow-wheat |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
30 days in May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
May-June for 18 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Painted Lady |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Marigolds in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September. |
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Michaelmas Daisies |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Nasturtiums in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-May |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
7 weeks in July-August. |
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Comma |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days in August. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June.
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
April-May |
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Rotten Fruit |
Butterfly |
Drinks juice |
July-September |
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Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar |
Butterfly |
Hibernates inside hollow trees or outhouses until March. Eats sap or fruit juice until April. |
10 months in June-April |
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Wild Flowers |
Large Skipper |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
June-August |
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Links to the other Butterflies:- Black Hairstreak uses Blackthorn, Privet, Guelder Rose, and Wayfaring tree I have detailed the use of plants by these eggs, caterpillars, chrysalis and butterfly in full with either photos of those butterflies, etc or illustrations from Sandars. It shows that they do use plants all year round and I will insert the information of their Life Histories into the remainder of the Butterfly Description Pages but I will put no further information in this table or the Butterfly Name with its use of plants table. Please see what a council did to destroy the native habitat, so that children could ride bicyles anywhere in the park in the row below. Details of what plant is used by each of the different 'egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly' unit and for how long is given in the table on the left. At least 2 of these butterflies live in America as well as in the UK in 2022:- |
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The following is an excerpt from my Comments about the proposed destruction of the wildlife habitats at Cobtree Manor Park in the summer of 2010 from my Mission Statement page:- "We would be sorry to lose the butterflies on the bluebells, bramble and ivy that would be restricted to only the very small area of proposed Wildlife Meadow by the Woods at the bottom of a hill with water springs on it. The wildlife is now being excluded from all the other areas by the "pruning", so that the nettles, brambles etc which had for instance the butterfly life cycle included; are now being ruthlessly removed to create a garden, not a park, with neat little areas." When you look at the life history graphs of each of the 68 butterflies of Britain, you will see that they use plants throughout all 12 months - the information of what plant is used by the egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly is also given in the table on the left. With this proposed removal of all plants required for butterflies etc to live in and pro-create; at least once a year by the autumn or spring clearing up, you destroy the wildlife in this park as is done in every managed park in the world. Please leave something for the wildlife to live in without disturbance; rather than destroy everything so children can ride their bicycles anywhere they want when the park is open during the day and they are not at school. |
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THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE
September 21st. Most of the survey mile closely flailed today along both sides of the road. End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure.
CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:-
Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:-
THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges." |
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Wildflowers with Cream Flowers |
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Wildflower Common Plant Name Click on Underlined Text
Flower Photo Flowers Photo Foliage Photo Form Photo
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Flowering Months Click on Underlined Text |
Habitat Click on Underlined Text
Native in:- |
Number of Petals Without Petals. |
Foliage Colour |
Height x Spread in inches (cms) (1 inch = 2.5 cms, |
Comment Click on Underlined Botanical Name
See illustration
Botanical Name |
Pink Flowers H-Z |
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Sea Rocket Flower
Flowers |
June-August "Annual Herb with a very long slender tap-root and a prostrate or ascending branched stem. " from Sea Rocket page. |
An annual, predominately found on sandy seashores and on fore-dunes. It is often very frequent along the winter storm tide-line where there is a good source of nutrients. It is rarer on shingle beaches and is only an occasional casual elsewhere. Seeds are dispersed by tides. Native on coasts of all Europe, except Belgium and Iceland: introduced in Austria. |
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6 x 24 Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2 Family |
Cakile maritima |
Seaside Centaury |
July-August |
This biennial herb is confined to coastal dunes, the uppermost levels of saltmarshes and calcareous, humus-rich turf near the sea where competing vegetation is checked and the habitat kept open by grazing or trampling. |
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Gentian Family |
Centaurium littorale |
Sea Stork's-bill |
Native to Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. |
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Geranium Family |
Erodium maritimum |
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Shiny Crane's-bill |
Native in all Europe, except in Iceland and Holland. |
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Geranium Family |
Geranium lucidum |
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Channel Centaury |
June-September |
Native in damp grassy places near the sea in the Isle of Wight, Dorset and the Channel Islands of Great Britain. |
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Gentian Family |
Centaurium tenuiflorum |
Slender Thistle
Flower |
An annual or biennial herb of dry, coastal grasslands, sea-bird colonies, sea-walls and roadsides. Native in Western Europe including Great Britain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Belgium, Romania and Soviet Union. |
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Daisy Thistle Family |
Carduus tenuiflorus |
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Six-stamened Waterwort |
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Native in Great Britain, Ireland, France, Belgium, Luxemburg, Channel Isles, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Faeroes and Iceland. |
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Elatine hexandra |
Small Bur-parsley |
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Native in Central Europe and Southern Europe. |
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Caucalis platycarpos |
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Native in much of Europe and Denmark, except in Northern Europe. |
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Pink Family |
Silene anglica |
Small-Flowered Cranesbill |
May onwards |
An annual of cultivated land, open summer-droughted grasslands, roadsides and waste places, thriving in well-drained, sandy soils. Lowland. |
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Geranium Family |
Geranium pusiillum |
Small-flowered Sweet Briar |
Has bright red hips in the Autumn |
Native in most of Europe, except in Portugal, Finland, Iceland and Albania. |
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96 x 96 Rose 4 Family |
Rosa rubiginosa |
Small-flowered Mallow |
June-September |
Native and widespread in Northern Europe and Central Europe, except in the west. |
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Mallow Family |
Malva pusilla |
Small Rest-Harrow |
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Native in Mediterranean Europe, Portugal, Great Britain and Bulgaria. |
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Ononis reclinata |
Cornish Mallow |
Roadsides and Wasteland (near the sea in West Cornwall, Pembrokeshire, the Scilly and Channel Islands). |
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Mallow Family |
Lavatera cretica |
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Least Water-pepper |
An annual of wet marshy places, winter-flooded ground beside ponds, lakes and ditches, or damp pastures trampled by stock. Native and widespread in Europe, but commoner in the north. |
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Dock Bistorts Family |
Polygonum minus |
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Common Snapdragon (Snapdragon) |
An annual or short-lived perennial herb. Native in Mediterranean and South-East Europe and Potugal; introduced into Great Britain. |
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Figwort - Mulleins Family |
Antirrhi-num majus |
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Soapwort
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Native in much of Europe (except in Holland and Iceland): introduced into Nothern Europe, Ireland and Great Britain. |
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Pink Family |
Saponaria officinalis |
Southern Marsh Orchid |
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Native in North Europe and Western Europe, but rare in the South. |
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Dactylorhiza praetermissa |
Spear-leaved Willowherb |
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Native and widespread in Europe. |
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Epilobium lanceolatum |
Spiny Rest-Harrow |
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Native in all Europe, except in Ireland, Iceland and Finland. |
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Ononis spinosa |
Spotted Dead-nettle |
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Native in much of Europe (except in Northern Europe, Ireland and Great Britain): introduced into Norway, Sweden and Finland. |
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Lamium maculatum |
Square-stalked Willowherb |
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Native and widespread in Europe |
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Epilobium tetragonum |
Squinancywort |
Branched heads of tubular very pale pink flowers, petal pointed, 3-4mm, in terminal clusters |
A rhizomatous perennial herb of dry, calcareous grasslands and sand dunes. Native in much of Europe, except Northern Europe and Portugal. |
4 |
Narrow linear dark green leaves in whorls of 4 |
20 x Bedstraw Family |
Mainly on chalk grassland. Limy grassland, dunes. |
Red Catchfly |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Ireland and Iceland. |
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Pink Family |
Lychnis viscaria |
Strawberry Clover |
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Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Trifolium frageriferum |
Tall Ramping-fumitory |
A scrambling annual of arable and horticultural land and, more rarely, hedge banks, usually growing on freely-draining, acidic soils. Probably mainly spring-germinating, it is typically found in spring-sown crops. Native and widespread in Europe |
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Fumitory Family |
Fumaria bastardii |
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Native in Spain, France, Switzerland and Italy: introduced in Great Britain. |
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Tamarix Family |
Tamarix anglica |
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Thick-leaved Stonecrop |
A small perennial herb with ascending stems readily rooting at the base which provide an anchorage to the crumbling surfaces of old walls on which it characteristically grows. Other habitats include quarries, cemeteries and limestone rocks. Native in Southern Europe: naturalized further north. |
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Stonecrop Family |
Sedum dasyphyllum |
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Sea Lavender Family |
Armeria maritima |
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Toothwort
Flower
Flowers
Form |
An annual or perennial herb, parasitic on the roots of a range of woody plants, especially Corylus, Fraxinus and Ulmus glabra. Its typical habitats include deciduous woodland, hedgerows, and river and stream banks. Native in all Europe, except in Portugal. |
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Broomrape Family |
Lathraea squamaria |
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Wild Azalea
Flower
Foliage |
This procumbent, calcifugous dwarf shrub is found on exposed, stony mountain heaths on dry ridges and plateaux. Reproduction is mainly by seed, but it also spreads by rooting of the procumbent stems. Generally found from 500 to 900 m, but descends to 240 m on Ronas Hill (Shetland) and reaches 1100 m on Ben Macdui (S. Aberdeen). Native in much of Europe including Great Britain, except in Portugal, Ireland, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Hungary, Albania, Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria. |
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Heath Family |
Loiseleuria procumbens |
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Tree Mallow
Flower
Form |
A monocarpic herb, rarely native more than 100 m from the coast. It usually grows in shallow, nutrient-enriched soils, occurring most frequently amongst vegetation in sea-bird roosts, and on ground enriched by garden waste. Plants are killed by severe frost and the species is therefore restricted to mild micro-climates near the sea. Lowland. Native in Mediterranean Europe, Portugal, Ireland and Great Britain, except in Turkey |
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Mallow Family |
Lavatera arborea |
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Twinflower |
June-August |
A creeping perennial, woody at the base, of both native and planted Pinus sylvestris woodland, where it occurs in slight to moderate shade, on barish ground or leaf litter, sometimes with an acidic heathy herb flora. It spreads vegetatively and by seed, though seedling establishment seems largely restricted to disturbed ground. 0-730 m (Easterness). Native in Great Britain, Northern Europe (except in Iceland), Central Europe (except in Hungary), France, Italy and Soviet Union. |
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Honey-suckle Family |
Linnaea borealis |
Jagged Chickweed |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Finland and Albania |
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Holosteum umbellatum |
Upright Hedge-parsley |
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Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Torilis japonica |
Wall Germander |
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Native in most of Europe (except in Northern Europe and Ireland): introduced into Great Britain |
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Teucrium chamaedrys |
Water Avens |
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Native in most of Europe, except in Portugal, Hungary, Greece and Turkey. |
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Geum rivale |
Water Germander |
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Native in most of Europe, except in Portugal, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Albania and Turkey. |
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Teucrium scordium |
Water Pepper |
An annual of damp mud on the margins of ponds and lakes, canals, rivers and streams, or shallow depressions such as vehicle tracks and hoof-marks in woodland rides, around field gateways and in wet meadows. It is almost invariably in sites which are waterlogged in winter, often on base-poor soils and sometimes in partial shade. 0-505 m (Llyn Crugnant, Cards.). Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Dock Bistorts Family |
Polygonum hydropiper |
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Water-purslane |
An annual of acidic or calcium-deficient silty soils at the muddy margins of pools and in temporarily flooded habitats such as rutted tracks, woodland rides, heathland pools and the draw-down zone of reservoirs. It avoids the most acidic and nutrient-poor soils and is rarely found over peat. 0-460 m (source of R. Teme, Herefs.). Naive in all Europe, except in Iceland |
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Loosestrife Family |
Peplis portula |
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Wild Angelica |
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Native to all Europe. |
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72 x |
Angelica sylvestris |
Wild Basil |
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Native in all Europe, Except in Ireland and Iceland. |
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Clinopodium vulgare |
Gladiolus
Flower
Flowers |
A cormous perennial of acidic, brown-earth soils, found on grass-heaths, usually in association with Pteridium which may afford the plant some protection from grazing. It reproduces primarily by offsets, as flowering and seed production appear to be limited. Lowland. It grows in meadows, bushy places, marshes and heaths. Native in Mediterranean Europe, except for Turkey. Native in Portugal, Great Britain, Austria and Belgium. |
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Iris Family See Gladiolus with its 40 Flower Colours |
Gladiolus illyricus |
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Wild Thyme is Edible, |
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Native in all Europe, except in Iceland and Turkey. |
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Thymus serpyllum |
Wood Calamint |
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Native in most of Europe, except Northern Europe, Ireland and Turkey |
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Calamintha sylvatica |
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is Edible,
Flower from Northants. Photo by BritishFlora
Flowers from Northants. Photo by BritishFlora |
A perennial herb found in all kinds of grassland habitats, ranging from lawns to montane communities irrigated by melting snow-beds; also found on coastal sand dunes and stabilised shingle, waysides and waste ground. It tolerates drought, and grows in most soils except the most nutrient-poor, permanently waterlogged or strongly acidic. Native in all of Europe. |
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Daisy Chamo-miles Family |
Achillea millefolium |
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Zig-zag Clover |
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Native in all Europe, except in Icland and Albania. |
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Trifolium medium |
Cultural Needs of Plants "Understanding Fern Needs |
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It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:- |
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Closed Bud |
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Opening Bud |
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Juvenile Flower |
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Older Juvenile Flower |
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Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its |
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Mature Flower |
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Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower |
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Form of Rose Bush |
There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page. So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!! |
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My current ambition at my retired age of 73 in 2022 (having started this website in 2005) is to complete the following:- Wildflower Flower Shape and Landscape Uses Gallery has an empty framework that I created on 20 February 2022. When all the remainder of the UK wildflowers have been checked:-
Then, the wildflower entries in the Wildflower Flower Shape and Landscape Uses Gallery will be filled in after each Wildflower has its cultivation details added to the Botanical Names and Common Names Galleries. Starting the above from 20 February 2022, I think it might take me a few years, but it does mean that as I progress then you will be able to associate more wildflowers with more of all the plant types of the cultivated plants who have similar growing requirements. Then, more of the natural world with its wildlife could also inhabit your garden. |
Ivydene Gardens Water Fern to Yew Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
Only Wildflowers detailed in the following Wildflower Colour Pages |
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From the Ivydene Gardens Box to Crowberry Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
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The Bumblebee Pages website is divided into five major areas: • Bumblebees which deals solely with bumblebees, and was the original part of the site. • Invertebrates, which deals with all the other invertebrates. • Homework answers, where you'll find hints and tips to common questions set as biology, ecology, botany, zoology homework, there are also definitions of common terms in biology. • Window box gardens, this was started when we were exiled to central Paris, and 2 north-facing window boxes were all the garden available, however it was amazing the wildlife those window boxes attracted. You'll find plant lists, hints and tips, etc. • Torphins, this is the village in north-east Scotland where we are now located. In this part of the site you can find photographs of invertebrates found locally, where to see them and when, also links to pages with more detailed information.
FORCED INDOOR BULBS in Window Box Gardens. Once these have flowered don't throw them out. Cut off the heads (unless you want seed) then put them somewhere that the leaves can get the sun. This will feed the bulb for the next year. Once the leaves have died you can plant the bulbs outside and they will flower at the normal (unforced) time next year. The narcissus Tete-a-tete is particularly good, and provides early colour and a delicate fragrance too. Below I have listed groups of plants. I have tried to include at least four plants in each list as you may not be able to find all of them, although, unless you have a very large windowbox, I would recommend that you have just three in each box. |
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Theme |
Plants |
Comments |
Thyme |
Thymus praecox, wild thyme Thymus pulegioides Thymus leucotrichus Thymus citriodorus |
Thymes make a very fragrant, easy to care for windowbox, and an excellent choice for windy sites. The flower colour will be pinky/purple, and you can eat the leaves if your air is not too polluted. Try to get one variegated thyme to add a little colour when there are no flowers. |
Herb |
Sage, mint, chives, thyme, rosemary |
Get the plants from the herb section of the supermarket, so you can eat the leaves. Do not include basil as it need greater fertility than the others. Pot the rosemary up separately if it grows too large. |
Mints |
Mentha longifolia, horse mint Mentha spicata, spear mint Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal Mentha piperita, peppermint Mentha suaveolens, apple mint |
Mints are fairly fast growers, so you could start this box with seed. They are thugs, though, and will very soon be fighting for space. So you will either have to thin and cut back or else you will end up with one species - the strongest. The very best mint tea I ever had was in Marrakesh. A glass full of fresh mint was placed in front of me, and boiling water was poured into it. Then I was given a cube of sugar to hold between my teeth while I sipped the tea. Plant this box and you can have mint tea for months. |
Heather |
Too many to list See Heather Shrub gallery |
For year-round colour try to plant varieties that flower at different times of year. Heather requires acid soils, so fertilise with an ericaceous fertilser, and plant in ericaceous compost. Cut back after flowering and remove the cuttings. It is best to buy plants as heather is slow growing. |
Blue |
Ajuga reptans, bugle Endymion non-scriptus, bluebell Myosotis spp., forget-me-not Pentaglottis sempervirens, alkanet |
This will give you flowers from March till July. The bluebells should be bought as bulbs, as seed will take a few years to flower. The others can be started from seed. |
Yellow |
Anthyllis vulneraria, kidney vetch Geum urbanum, wood avens Lathryus pratensis, meadow vetchling Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lotus corniculatus, birdsfoot trefoil Primula vulgaris, primrose Ranunculus acris, meadow buttercup Ranunculus ficaria, lesser celandine |
These will give you flowers from May to October, and if you include the primrose, from February. Try to include a vetch as they can climb or trail so occupy the space that other plants can't. All can be grown from seed. |
White |
Trifolium repens, white clover Bellis perennis, daisy Digitalis purpurea alba, white foxglove Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette |
All can be grown from seed. The clover and daisy will have to be cut back as they will take over. The clover roots add nitrogen to the soil. The mignonette flower doesn't look very special, but the fragrance is wonderful, and the alyssum smells of honey. |
Pink |
Lychnis flos-cucli, ragged robin Scabiosa columbaria, small scabious Symphytum officinale, comfrey |
The comfrey will try to take over. Its leaves make an excellent fertiliser, and are very good on the compost heap, though windowbox gardeners rarely have one. |
Fragrant |
Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette Lathyrus odoratus, sweet pea |
The sweet pea will need twine or something to climb up, so is suitable if you have sliding windows or window that open inwards. You will be rewarded by a fragrant curtain every time you open your window. |
Spring bulbs and late wildflowers |
Galanthus nivalis, snowdrop Narcissus pseudonarcissus, narcissius Crocus purpureus, crocus Cyclamen spp. |
The idea of this box is to maximize your space. The bulbs (cyclamen has a corm) will flower and do their stuff early in the year. After flowering cut the heads off as you don't want them making seed, but leave the leaves as they fatten up the bulbs to store energy for next year. The foliage of the wildflowers will hide the bulb leaves to some extent. Then the wildflowers take over and flower till autumn |
Aster spp., Michaelmas daisy Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Succisa pratensis, devil's bit scabious Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal |
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Bee Garden in Europe or North America |
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Wildlife-friendly Show Gardens With around 23 million gardens in the UK, covering 435,000 ha, gardens have great potential as wildlife habitats. And, with a bit of planning and a few tweaks, they can indeed be wonderful places for a whole host of creatures, from birds to bees, butterflies, frogs and toads, as well as many less obvious creatures. Wildlife-friendly gardens can be beautiful too, and a colourful garden full of life can lift the spirits and give immense pleasure, and can also help to connect people, both young and old, with our wonderful wildlife. The eight-point plan for a wildlife-friendly garden
Many of our gardens at Natural Surroundings demonstrate what you can do at home to encourage wildlife in your garden. Follow the links below to explore our show gardens, and when you visit, be sure to pick up a copy of our Wildlife Gardening Trail guide
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Database of Insects and their Food Plants from the Biological Records Centre:- This database is primarily a collation of published interactions between Great Britain 's invertebrate herbivores (insects and mites) and their host plants. There are also some interactions for the invertebrates closely associated with herbivores, such as predators, parasitoids, cleptoparasites and mutualists. DBIF contains about 47,000 interactions for roughly 9,300 invertebrate taxa (species, sub-species and forms) and 5,700 plant taxa (species, genera and broader groupings). DBIF aims to help researchers access the accumulated knowledge of British plant-herbivore interactions, which is otherwise scattered throughout a vast published literature. The database complements the more specialised internet resources that focus on particular groups (see Links). We hope that the database is of use to professional researchers in the environmental sciences and expert amateurs alike. DBIF is derived from the Phytophagous Insect Data Bank (see PIDB), which was the brainchild of Dr Lena Ward. Many people have contributed to the version of the database presented here; we would like to thank them all for their varied and skilled support (see Acknowledgements). To ensure that the information held in the database is used appropriately, please take time to read about what the database contains (see Description of the database ), and what caveats or limitations may apply (see Interpreting foodplant records and Limitations ). Lastly, DBIF is a work in progress and this website is still under development in some areas. We would be very surprised if you did not find some omissions, or nomenclature that did not need updating. Please alert us (see Contact us) of any necessary changes or of the presence of new sources. They will be incorporated in future updates. A companion piece in the naturalists' magazine British Wildlife (Smith & Roy, 2008) serves as an introduction to invertebrate herbivory and DBIF. |
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From the Ode to the London Plane Tree by Heather Greaves:- "They are also very important to the city of New York (and not just because the leaf is the Parks Department logo). The London plane, usually considered Platanus x acerifolia but also known by other Latin epithets, is not really native, although it very closely resembles the native American sycamore, Platanus occidentalis. Actually, it is probably a cross between this American species and Platanus orientalis, a Eurasian relative. In any case, it has been widely planted as a city tree for decades, which turns out to be a good idea. In its assessment of the New York City urban forest, the US Forest Service Northern Research Station determined that the London plane is the most important city tree we have. They base this conclusion on several factors. For one thing, London planes have a very high leaf area per tree; that is, the London plane gives us a lot more pretty, shady, air-filtering, evaporatively-cooling leaves per single trunk than most other species in the city. In fact, according to the Forest Service, London planes make up just 4% of the city tree population, but represent 14% of the city's total leaf area. (Compare this with the virulently invasive tree of heaven [Ailanthus altissima], which constitutes 9% of the tree population but only about 4% of the total leaf area.) Also, because they tend to become very tall and have large canopies, London planes are our best trees for carbon storage and sequestration. They are holding on to about 185,000 tons of carbon (14% of the total urban tree carbon pool), and each year they sequester another 5,500 or so tons (about 13% of all the carbon sequestered by city trees each year). That makes them both gorgeous and highly beneficial: all in all, good trees to have around." |
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From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:- Wildflowers - Chalk and sand, freely-drained soil mix A wonderfully varied self-sowing wild flower mix for thin, poor, chalky or sandy soils to give your garden or field flowers right through the year and food for the birds and bees. Spring into Summer Flowering • Cowslip March – May Summer into Autumn Flowering • Field Scabious June – September
From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:- Wildflowers - Clay and rich loam soil mix There are two main things I want from my wildflower meadow – to look beautiful for months not weeks, with flowers coming out and going over in succession AND to grow pollen-rich, insect friendly plants from EARLY in the year to LATE. I want my patch to be a regular and reliable food source for the birds and the bees. That’s what you’ll get with this beautiful selection of my favourite easy and reliable perennial wild flowers. General Height: 60cm. Sow: April- June Spring into Summer Flowering • Cowslip March – May Summer into Autumn Flowering • Self Heal June – September |
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", in the Vermont hills, is a biodynamic farm using organic practices. Natural minerals and planned grazing with American Milking Devon cattle rejuvenate the soil, sequester carbon and yield nutrient dense foods and medicines including milk, grass fed meats, eggs, fermented vegetables (sauerkraut and kimchi / kim-chi), and herbal tinctures. We offer educational opportunities, farm visits, and seminars on nutrition, growing and preparing nutrient dense food, diversified farming and fermentation. |
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Edible Plants Club website "has been created largely from the point of view of a plantsman interested in the many different resources available in the plant world, especially edible and medicinal plants. What started me off on this path was reading Robert Harts book Forest Gardening and then Ken Fearns Plants for a Future and also Richard Mabeys 'Food For Free' along the way. This also led to me to change my career and become a gardener." |
'Sort out your soil' - A practical guide to Green Manures, and Frequently Asked Questions from the Receptionist Myrtle of Cotswold Grass Seeds. |
Saltmarsh Management Manual from the Environment Agency informs you about:-
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Helping Earth's Sustainable Management with a Plant "Alternatives to the burning of fossil fuels, nuclear waste, deforestation and nitrate chemical fertilizers need to be developed. Hemp could have a vital role to play in the development of friendly alternatives. Energy production A report published by the FCDA of Europe outlines the Cannabis Biomass Energy Equation (CBEE), outlining a convincing case that hemp plants can be used to produce fuel energy CHEAPER per BtU than fossil fuels and uranium - WITHOUT PRODUCING GREENHOUSE GASES! Hemp plants have the highest known quantities of cellulose for annuals - with at least 4x (some suggest even 50-100x) the biomass potential of its closest rivals (cornstalks, sugarcane, kernaf and trees) (Omni, 1983). Biomass production still produces greenhouse gases, although the idea is that the excess of carbon dioxide will be used up by growing hemp plants - they are effective absorbers and thrive at high levels - Unlike fossil fuel energy which produces energy from plants which died millions of years ago. On reading the report of the FCDA, Hon. Jonathon Porrit (ex-director of Friends of the Earth, currently on the Board of Forum for the Future) commented 'I DID enjoy reading it - the report should contribute much'. Three years later - authorities are still not taking the potential of this plant seriously. MAFF are currently engaging in supporting research into the biomass potential of poplar trees which they claim has the most scientific support for biomass energy production. H-E-M-P recommend use of the hemp plant if biomass energy production is to have any real impact in reducing carbon dioxide levels. IT'S SO PRODUCTIVE! 1 acre of hemp = 1,000 gallons of methanol. In fact, Henry Ford's first car ran on hemp-methanol! - and at just a fraction of the cost of petroleum alternatives. Alternatives to coal, fuel oil, acetone, ethyl, tar pitch and creosote can be derived - from this one single plant! As regards depletion of the ozone layer - hemp actually withstands UV radiation. It absorbs UV light, whilst resisting damage to itself and providing protection for everything else. Risk-free, pollution-free energy. No acid rain, and a reduction in airborne pollution of up to 80% ... There's further potential for the same in industry. " |
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Suppliers of British native-origin seeds and plants:- "Flora locale maintains a list of suppliers who should be able to supply seeds and/or plants of known British (and sometimes known local) native-origin. Although not all their stock will necessarily be of British native-origin, they should be able to provide details of provenance on request. View Flora locale's list of suppliers - follow the "Suppliers of native flora" link. You may also wish to view the Really Wild Flowers site, which contains a wealth of information about creating habitats and cultivating native species." |
British Native Plants List of Edible Plants:- "I thought it would be useful to include native plant lists from different regions of the world. This list is from British Isles (including Ireland and the Channel Islands) and was compiled by Professor Clive Stace of the University of Leicester for the FFF conference on Native Plants held at the Linnean Society of London, June 1997. It can be found here at the postcode plants database." |
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Plants for moths (including larval food plants and adult nectar sources) from Gardens for Wildlife - Practical advice on how to attract wildlife to your garden by Martin Walters as an Aura Garden Guide. Published in 2007 - ISBN 978 1905765041:- |
Marjoram - Origanum officinale |
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