Ivydene Gardens Home: Page 1 of 2 |
READING THE TEXT IN RED ON THIS PAGE WILL MAKE IT EASIER FOR YOU TO USE EACH PAGE in my educational website.
THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 17,000:-
Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources) |
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The day after I arrived in Funchal in January 2020, I spoke to Rita in Owner Relations and she sent an email. Not knowing about the efficiency of the local or main government, I spoke to the reception staff and they told me that Funchal was a Municipality with its own local government with its offices in Funchal. So I took the bus into town and went round the Municipality Offices until I was escorted to a building where you could ask questions in the A group pay bills in the B group and do something else in the C group. Speaking to an official in the A group, I managed to convince him that I had more details about the tree problems on my website, so as to overcome his response of getting me to send an email. He presented a piece of paper with Eng Francisco Andrade, Est. Marmeiros, No 1, Jardins & Espaces Verdes on it. I handed this to a taxi driver and arrived. I spoke with an english-speaking colleague of his and then he very kindly agreed to talk to me with his english-speaking colleague:-
The population of Funchal is 111,892. No wonder that Cedadrive is expensive for such a small population. So, what can we use that is produced in Madeira, since the transport cost of a container from Portugal is 2000 euros (that figure was given me by an employee of a large builder's merchant, and I saw 2 containers being unloaded at their yard, which were not large ones). So I took a taxi to a builders merchant (might be Ferreirae in the upper regions of Funchal).
So, if the local basalt mine created 10mm x 10mm rocks, these could be used as spacers:-
If you use boron from colemanite (The use of ores like colemanite has declined following concerns over arsenic content) and mix it with the black sand and seawater to fill the bottom section of cavities, it will kill off the rot in the trunk and stop the cavity being filled with waste. The arsenic will also stop ants from eating it. Then mix it with wallpaper paste to fill the top half of the cavity and you have sorted the cavity problem. Painting the cut ends with the boron prevents the end from rotting (Boric acid is more toxic to insects than to mammals, and is routinely used as an insecticide).
I had forgotten that I did have the supporting literature about wound dressings (as used in my year at Hadlow College to get a HNC in Horticulture) in this course book:-
"Pages 6-7 of The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by Protective Dressing:-
Pages 9-11 of The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by "Cavities Development of Cavities
Page 23 of The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by George E. Brown. ISBN 0-571-11084-3 states this about Terminal Bud and Dormant Branch Growth Bud:- "The impression may be given that the formation of a branch system in a young tree is to a certain extent accidental. This is not so. The buds on a stem or twig are dominated by the terminal bud. This bud reduces the vigour of the remainder; in fact, those near the base often do not develop but remain dormant. They may remain in this condition for many years, perhaps throughout the life of the tree. However, should a break or a pruning cut be made in the upper portion, these lower buds may develop and grow out. It should be noted that dormant buds often keep pace with the developing stem over the years, ready to break out should the need arise.""
The following is copied from Ivydene Gardens Private Garden Maintenance Topic:- This tree was tied with plastic baling twine to a fence when very young. The white section shows the width at which it was tied. This tree top snapped in the wind. Please never use plastic twine or wire to tie a plant. It also means that if you put metal, concrete, tarmac etc round the base of a tree, then it will grow over it and then the above will happen later in the life of the tree; because the weight above this constriction will exceeed the mechanical strength at the constriction point."
Now for a few photos that I took this year:- |
I spoke to Rita in Owner Relations Office about wishing to talk to the member of local or main government
From: Loja do Municipe [mailto:datendimento@cm-funchal.pt] Bom dia, I have removed the reply which had been sent within 10 minutes of the email sent to them. Muito obrigado. Ao dispor, Câmara Municipal do Funchal Rua 5 de Outubro 9000 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Telef: +351 291 211 000 | E-mail: cmf@cm-funchal.pt | Website: www.cm-funchal.pt
De: Owner Relations Promenade [mailto:Owner.RelationsProme@pestana.com] Bom dia
I have removed most of the email sent to the Municipality. Ele pede para consultar o site dele:
Ivydenegardens.co.uk Com os melhores cumprimentos. Rita Nunes Relações Publicas Pestana Promenade (Vacation Club)
Rita, Owner Relations / Pestana Promenade – Pestana Vacation Club P.O.Box 1, 9001-951 Funchal – Madeira - Portugal e-mail : owner.relationsprome@pestana.com| Tel:+351 291 141427/8 To view our latest online publications, please use this link – www.pestanavacationclub.com
Pestana Hotels & Resorts | www.pestana.com | www.pestanavacationclub.com SOMOS APENAS HÓSPEDES DO PLANETA, PENSE NO AMBIENTE ANTES DE IMPRIMIR ESTE EMAIL. WE ARE ALL PLANET GUESTS, THINK ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT BEFORE PRINTING THIS E-MAIL
THE TIME OF YOUR LIFE www.pestanavacationclub.com <http://www.pestanavacationclub.com/ O Grupo Pestana respeita a privacidade individual e garante que os dados que lhe são voluntariamente Obrigada pela confiança. Pestana Group respects individual privacy and guarantees that the data that are voluntarily shared are Thank you for the trust. WE ARE ALL PLANET GUESTS, THINK ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT BEFORE PRINTING THIS E-MAIL. SOMOS APENAS HÓSPEDES DO PLANETA, PENSE NO AMBIENTE ANTES DE IMPRIMIR ESTE EMAIL
O Grupo Pestana respeita a privacidade individual e garante que os dados que lhe são voluntariamente CONFIDENCIAL. Esta mensagem, incluindo eventuais anexos, é dirigida unicamente aos respectivos Pestana Group respects individual privacy and guarantees that the data that are voluntarily shared are CONFIDENTIAL. This message, including its attachments, if any, is intended solely for the use of the
AVISO DE CONFIDENCIALIDADE:
O Grupo Pestana respeita a privacidade individual e garante que os dados que lhe são CONFIDENCIAL. Esta mensagem, incluindo eventuais anexos, é dirigida unicamente aos Pestana Group respects individual privacy and guarantees that the data that are voluntarily CONFIDENTIAL. This message, including its attachments, if any, is intended solely for
A further email was sent by Francisco Pedro Freitas Andrade:- From: Francisco Pedro Freitas Andrade [mailto:francisco.andrade@cm-funchal.pt] Boa tarde, I have removed most of the contents of this email.
Com os melhores cumprimentos,
Francisco Andrade Chefe de Divisão
Câmara Municipal do Funchal Departamento de Ciência e de Recursos Naturais Divisão de Jardins e Espaços Verdes Urbanos
Estrada dos Marmeleiros nº1 9050-216 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
Telef: +351 291 211 000 | Fax: +351 291 211 009 | Ext: 2514 E-mail: cmf@cm-funchal.pt | Website: www.cm-funchal.pt
De: Loja do Municipe <datendimento@cm-funchal.pt>
Câmara Municipal do Funchal Rua 5 de Outubro 9000 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Telef: +351 291 211 000 | E-mail: cmf@cm-funchal.pt | Website: www.cm-funchal.pt
De: Owner Relations Promenade [mailto:Owner.RelationsProme@pestana.com] Bom dia O nosso cliente, Sr Garnons-Williams, I have removed this section of this email . Ele pede para Ivydenegardens.co.uk Com os melhores cumprimentos. Rita Nunes Relações Publicas Pestana Promenade (Vacation Club)
Rita, Owner Relations / Pestana Promenade – Pestana Vacation Club P.O.Box 1, 9001-951 Funchal – Madeira - Portugal e-mail : owner.relationsprome@pestana.com| Tel:+351 291 141427/8 To view our latest online publications, please use this link – www.pestanavacationclub.com
Pestana Hotels & Resorts | www.pestana.com | www.pestanavacationclub.com SOMOS APENAS HÓSPEDES DO PLANETA, PENSE NO AMBIENTE ANTES DE IMPRIMIR ESTE EMAIL. WE ARE ALL PLANET GUESTS, THINK ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT BEFORE PRINTING THIS E-MAIL
THE TIME OF YOUR LIFE www.pestanavacationclub.com <http://www.pestanavacationclub.com/ O Grupo Pestana respeita a privacidade individual e garante que os dados que lhe são Para mais informações em matéria de privacidade e proteção de dados por favor contacte o Obrigada pela confiança. Pestana Group respects individual privacy and guarantees that the data that are voluntarily Thank you for the trust. WE ARE ALL PLANET GUESTS, THINK ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT BEFORE PRINTING THIS E-MAIL. SOMOS APENAS HÓSPEDES DO PLANETA, PENSE NO AMBIENTE ANTES DE IMPRIMIR ESTE EMAIL
O Grupo Pestana respeita a privacidade individual e garante que os dados que lhe são CONFIDENCIAL. Esta mensagem, incluindo eventuais anexos, é dirigida unicamente aos Pestana Group respects individual privacy and guarantees that the data that are voluntarily CONFIDENTIAL. This message, including its attachments, if any, is intended solely for the
Ao reencaminhar esta mensagem, por favor:
AVISO DE CONFIDENCIALIDADE:
O Grupo Pestana respeita a privacidade individual e garante que os dados que lhe são CONFIDENCIAL. Esta mensagem, incluindo eventuais anexos, é dirigida unicamente aos Pestana Group respects individual privacy and guarantees that the data that are voluntarily CONFIDENTIAL. This message, including its attachments, if any, is intended solely for the use of |
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Photo 1 - Palm tree in pavement down the road from Hotel Escola with its Professional School of Hospitality and Tourism of Madeira, where my wife and I had an excellent lunch IMG 0001.JPG taken on 31 January 2020.
Note the thickness of the concrete. The roots of this palm broke this concrete where they had grown round and round the confined space. The exposed roots are now dry. Was this palm tree ever irrigated? There is herbage coming though the gaps in the pavers, so perhaps people wash their cars. Perhaps the addition of 2 inches (5cms) sand under the pavers with spacers between them and some irrigation with the ground level of the bed with its palm being the same as the pavement would help the roots to go under the pavement in both directions. |
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Photo 2 - Shrubs in narrow border alongside pavement down the road from Hotel Escola with its Professional School of Hospitality and Tourism of Madeira IMG 0009.JPG taken on 31 January 2020. Instead of using trees, a narrow hedge of shrubs can also provide nature. |
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Photo 3 - Crossing branches within garden down the road from Hotel Escola with its Professional School of Hospitality and Tourism of Madeira IMG 0010.JPG taken on 31 January 2020. |
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Photo 4 - Close up of Crossing branches within garden down the road from Hotel Escola with its Professional School of Hospitality and Tourism of Madeira IMG 0011.JPG taken on 31 January 2020. Note the damage being done by one branch on another. This could lead to the bigger branch getting a cavity, etc. You can see further damage to the larger branch on the right - could this have been inflicted by the main stem which seems to have broken off leaving the side branch to continue causing problems. Is this main branch with its side branch a watersprout or watershoot in which case it is a separate tree with its own central nerve system which is not joined with the main tree and is thus a parasite that does not realise that it is damaging its own mother. |
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Photo 5 - Cables passing through upper branches within garden down the road from Hotel Escola with its Professional School of Hospitality and Tourism of Madeira IMG 0016.JPG taken on 31 January 2020. The branches are interfering with these cables. Is this a problem if they snap during high winds? |
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Photo 6 - Hollow trunk of tree in the pavement of the road going out of Funchal IMG 0021.JPG taken on 31 January 2020. |
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Photo 7 - Hollow trunk of tree in the pavement of the road going out of Funchal IMG 0028.JPG taken on 31 January 2020. I did not see a black identity disc on this tree, so is this outside Funchal Municipality and therefore somebody else is monitoring it? There is no need to worry about the lack of unrotted heartwood as 70% of unrotted heartwood can be missing before there is a safety issue of the top growth breaking the trunk at this point. |
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Photo 8 - Black Identity Disc on tree in pavement walking back towards Funchal centre from the last tree IMG 0033 2020.JPG taken on 31 January 2020. This tree is identified as 00426. It has a deep cavity in the trunk close to the pavement as well as above. Many of the trees between here and the Bus Station in Funchal also had these identity discs. The trees in the adjoining streets to this main road also had identity discs. Sometimes the disc was not there. I have seen identity disc numbers up to 3216. I do not know how many of the trees in pavements within Funchal Municipality have been identified and how much of Funchal has been done. You probably have many more trees within the pavements, but your municipality cannot afford the required maintenance cost and staff, even if the basalt was donated and the other materials not made on the island were transported free of charge by your regular cruise liners. You could tak a leap in the dark and create natural beauty within your town if perhaps schools or retired people got together under the guidance of your engineer and each group did their little best. Whatever you did would help reduce the effect of climate change by getting more vegetation creating oxygen and using up the rainwater to prevent flooding. |
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Photo 9 - Black Identity Disc on tree in pavement walking back towards Funchal centre I wonder what this bracket fungus is? |
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Photo 10 - Large cavity within tree in pavement walking back towards Funchal centre The next page will show the burnt inside and the remains of the metal mesh used to stop people using it as a wastebin. |
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This website is being created by Chris Garnons-Williams of Ivydene Horticultural Services from it's start in 2005. I am requesting free colour photographs of any plants grown in or sold in the United Kingdom to add to the plants in the Plant Photographic Galleries and Butterfly photographs for the Butterfly on Plant Photographic Galleries. |
Site design and content copyright ©April 2007. Page structure amended October 2012. Page structure changed February 2019 for pages concerning Trees in pavements alongside roads in Madeira. Chris Garnons-Williams. DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site. |
It should be remembered that nothing is sold from this educational site, it simply tries to give you the best advice on what to use and where to get it (About Chris Garnons-Williams page details that no payment or commision to or from any donor of photos or adverts I place on the site in the Useful Data or other sections is made to Chris Garnons-Williams or Ivydene Horticultural Services). This website is a hobby and not for direct commercial gain for Ivydene Horticultural Services. There is no Google Adscenes or Search Facility in this website. The information on this site is usually Verdana 14pt text (from December 2023, this is being changed from 14pt to 10pt) and all is in tabular form. This can be downloaded and sorted using WORD or other word-processing software into the order that you personally require, especially for soil subsidence, the Companion Planting Tables and the pages in the Plants section. This would be suitable for use in education as well. I put jokes in at various places to give you a smile. |
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The following is from "Some time around 600 million years ago, green algae began to move out of shallow fresh waters and onto the land. They were the ancestors of all land plants... Today, plants make up to 80% of the mass of all life on Earth and are the base of the food chains that support nearly all terrestrial organisms.... But the algal ancestors of land plants had no roots, no way to store or transport water, and no experience in extracting nutrients from solid ground. How did they manage the fraught passage onto dry land? ... It was only by striking up new relationships with fungi that algae were able to make it onto land. These early alliances evolved into what we now call mycorrhizal relationships. Today, more than 90% of all plant species depend on mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal associations are the rule not the exception: a more fundamental part of planthood than fruit, flowers, leaves, wood or even roots.... For the relationship to thrive, both plant and fungus must make a good metabolic match. In photosynthesis, plants harvest carbon from the atmosphere and forge the energy-rich carbon compounds - sugars and lipids - on which much of the rest of life depends. By growing within plant roots, mycorrhizal fungi acquire privileged access to these sources of energy: they get fed. However, photosynthesis is not enough to support life. Plants and fungi need more than a source of energy. Water and minerals must be scavenged from the ground - full of textures and micropores, electrically charged cavities and labyrinthine rot-scapes. Fungi are deft rangers in this wilderness and can forage in a way that plants can not. By hosting fungi within their roots, plants gain hugely improved access to these sources of nutrients. They, too, get fed. By partnering, plants gain a prosthetic fungus, and fungi gain a prosthetic plant. Both use the other to extend their reach.... By the time the first roots evolved, the mycorrhizal association was already some 50 million years old. Mycorrhizal fungi are the roots of all subsequent life on land. Today, hundreds of millions of years later, plants have evolved, faster-growing, opportunistic roots that behave more like fungi. But even these roots cannot out-manoeuvre fungi when it comes to exploring the soil. Mycorrhizal hyphae are 50 times finer than the finest roots and can exceeed the length of a plant's roots by as much as a 100 times. Their mycelium makes up between a third and a half of the living mass of soils. The numbers are astronomical. Globally, the total length of mycorrhizal hyphae in the top 10 centimetres (4 inches) of soil is around half the width of our galaxy (4.5 x 10 to the power 17 kilometres versus 9.5 x 10 to the power 17 kilometres). If these hyphae were ironed into a flat sheet, their combined surface area would cover every inch of dry land on Earth 2.5 times over.... In their relationship, plants and mycorrhizal fungi enact a polarity: plant shoots engage with the light and air, while the fungi and plant roots engage with the solid ground. Plants pack up light and carbon dioxide into sugars and lipids. Mycorrhizal fungi unpack nutrients bound up in rock and decomposing material. These are fungi with a dual niche: part of their life happens within the plant, part in the soil. They are stationed at the entry point of carbon into terrestrial life cycles and stitch the atmosphere into relation with the ground. To this day, mycorrhizal fungi help plants cope with drought, heat and many other stresses life on land has presented from the very beginning, as do the symbiotic fungi that crowd into plant leaves and stems. What we call 'plants' are in fact fungi that have evolved to farm algae, and algae that have evolved to farm fungi.... Mycorrhizal fungi can provide up to 80% of a plant's nitrogen, and as much as 100% of its phosphorus. Fungi supply other crucial nutrients to plants, such as zinc and copper. They also supply plants with water, and help them to survive drought as they have done since the earliest days of life on land. In return, plants allocate up to 30% of the carbon they harvest to their mycorrhizal partners.... And yet mycorrhizal fungi do more than feed plants. Some describe them as keystone organisms; others prefer the term 'ecosystem engineers'. Mycorrhizal mycelium is a sticky living seam that holds soil together; remove the fungi, and the ground washes away. Mycorrhizal fungi increase the volume of water that the soil can absorb, reducing the quantity of nutrients leached out of the soil by rainfall by as much as 50%. Of the carbon that is found in soils - which, remarkably, amounts to twice the amount of carbon found in plants and the atmosphere combined - a substantial proportion is bound up in tough organic compounds produced by mycorrhizal fungi. The carbon that floods into the soil through mycorrhizal channels supports intricate food webs. Besides the hundreds or thousands of metres of fungal mycelium in a teaspoon of healthy soil, there are more bacteria, protists, insects and arthropods than the number of humans who have ever lived on Earth. Mycorrhizal fungi can increase the quality of a harvest. They can also increase the ability of crops to compete with weeds and enhance their resistance to diseases by priming plant's immune systems. They can make crops less susceptible to drought and heat, and more resistant to salinity and heavy metals. They even boost the ability of plants to fight off attacks from insect pests by stimulating the production of defensive chemicals... But over the course of the twentieth century, our neglect has led us into trouble. In viewing soils as more or less lifeless places, industrial agricultural practices have ravaged the undergound communities that sustain the life we eat.... A large study published in 2018 suggested that the 'alarming deterioration' of the health of trees across Europe was caused by a disruption of their mycorrhizal relationships, brought about by nitrogen pollution." from Before Roots chapter by Merlin Sheldrake.
"We do know, that this fragile, generative world has been damaged by intensive farming, pollution, deforestation and global heating. A third of the planet's land has been severely degraded and 24 billion tons of fertile soil are destroyed every year through intensive farming, according to the Global Land Outlook. Topsoil is where 95% of the planet's food is grown and is very delicate. It takes more than 100 years to build 5mm of soil, and it can be destroyed shockingly easily. This destruction and degradation of the soil is created by intensive farming practices such as heavy mechanised soil tilling, which loosens and rips away any plant cover, leaving the soil bare. It is also caused by the overgrazing of animals, as well as forest fires and heavy construction work. These factors disturb the soil and leave it exposed to erosion from wind and water, damaging the complicated systems underneath its top layer... We are losing good soil at an estimated 100 times faster rate than we can remake and heal it. The world's soils are thought to store approximately 15 thousand million tonnes of carbon - 3 times as much as all of our planet's terrestrial vegetation combined. Soils hold twice as much carbon as the atmosphere, and when soil disintegrates, the carbon is released. In the last 40 years the soil in the UK's croplands lost 10% of the carbon it could store. In a time of climate crisis, soil's quiet potency, its ability to store carbon safely, is utterly essential to our future survival.... We know that soils are being destroyed, and that with that comes a higher risk of floods, and a more unpredictable and unreliable food and water system. An Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecostem Services report in 2018 told us clearly that land degradationis already putting the welfare of two-fifths of humanity at risk, and that urgent action is needed to avoid further danger. There are many things we can do to protect soils, and the organisms, plants and connections that thrive within them. Actions that can support and heal soil structure include
Such regimes allow soil structure to remain intact, and protect the soil by allowing crop residues to stay on the surface. " from Strange Soil chapter by Rebecca Tamas. |
Due to intensive farming techniques and chemical fertilisers this has occurred:- The BBC has produced an article as to why modern food as lost its nutrients. |
The following about trees in pavements show why when the roots are denied access to air, water and nutrients even the fungi cannot work to support the trees. Pavements of Funchal, Madeira |
The following addition of this mulch improved the clay soil, so that A 150mm deep mulch of mixed peat, sharp washed sand and horticultural grit was applied on top of a heavy clay soil to improve its structure, and stop the plants therein from drowning, at £10 a square metre. The mix was:
The following was then sent to me:-
and the following was sent to me in October 2004:- An unsuccessful planting scheme had left bare areas of garden as plants failed to survive winter in the waterlogged clay soil. The loss of numerous plants and the cost of replacing them had left us disheartened. It was evident that remedial action was need in the form of a mixture of gravel, sand and peat to create an organic loam. Approximately six inches was added in April and left to settle and do its job. By July there was a noticeable difference in the quality of the soil and the plants. Shrubs with sparse, mottled leaves were looking glossy and robust, overall growth had increased (including the weeds!) and the soil was holding its moisture well. But the biggest difference came in the confidence it gave us to transform the garden. The borders used to be a no-go area between May and September as the clay baked and cracked, but the new soil was easy to handle and weeds could be successfully removed. We realised that there are no quick fixes - the key to a healthy garden is rich, nutritous soil. Once our plants began to thrive we were optimistic that, with good advice, we could create a garden to be proud of. |
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Cultural Needs of Plants "Understanding Fern Needs |
Table X. See what happens when a growing child is treated the same way as a tree in a pavement.
You normally eat and drink at least 3 times every day to keep you growing, healthy and active; 2 minor points to remember with their result-
Unfortunately Maderia is not the only country to totally ignore one of the basic requirements of humans - to breathe; it would appear that many including my own also do not bother that we are asphyxiating ourselves.
So lets see what would happen if we did to a growing child what we do to trees in pavements, like the Maple which is more than 24 inches (60 cms) into a main road:- |
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Tree 30 feet = 360 inches = 900 cms high and wide with radius of 15 feet for its roots |
Adult 5.5 feet = 66 inches = 165 cms high with same width and root radius as tree. She has a 50cm radius, thick copper, band round her neck. |
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Roots in 63.64 square metres |
May receive water on 1 square metre so only 1.57% of the roots get water |
Mouth |
May receive water only on 1.57% of her mouth opening and that is only when it is raining or someone provides irrigation. |
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May transfer carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen through the ground to only 1.57% of roots |
Nose and Skin |
Breathing through only 1.57% of her nose and 1.57% of her skin |
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May transfer nutrients to only 1.57% of roots. |
Mouth |
May receive nutrients through only 1.57% of her mouth |
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98.43% of the roots will have to rely on the 1.57% of the roots to provide nourishment to keep them searching for underground water, underground other sources of nutrients and access to the atmosphere for gaseous exchange. |
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She is thirsty, starving and out of breath |
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Some exposed roots get run over by 40 ton lorries every day and others buried within 60cms also receive the same punishment. |
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I doubt her toes would last long. |
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1 or 2 of the 7 main roots are cut off. Support of tree is compromised. |
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Her big toes are cut off, which makes it difficult for her to maintain her balance in strong winds. |
Junction of Roots and above ground Trunk |
This Maple tree has exceeded its 100 cm diameter ground space and is now sitting on top of tarmac, concrete pavers and concrete slabs. These prevent the live trunk above from meeting the main root below. This means that amount of trunk supporting the tree above is becoming less and less able to provide the strength to support the tree. A strong wind will snap the tree at this point |
Neck |
The neck has exceeded 50cms radius. Her body and head have continued to grow. Because of the copper band her head may well break off in a high wind. Removing the copper band will also break her neck, since the muscles in the neck will not be able to hold the extra weight. |
Trunk |
Due to lack of nutrients, water and gaseous exchange in the root area, it is difficult to create new branches or leaves. |
Head and hair |
The skin is stretched over the face in a gaunt expression and the hair is short and thin, due to same lack as for the trees. |
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Old branches fall off in the wind creating jagged tears in the trunks. These then rot and the rot continues down the heartwood of the tree, since no-one maintains these trees. This root weakens the tree and eventually it will fall down. |
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Any damage caused by wind, rain or objects hitting the face are not repaired and can lead to unfortunate results. |
Conclusion |
Strange that people need plants to get the oxygen they breathe every day, but do not connect that thought that these trees provide that oxygen.
Those trees will die and fall down. |
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Since your daughter would have died long ago, if she had suffered the above, why do you make the trees suffer? |
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Other items in this table about trees in pavements below might be of interest:-
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Will visitors to Madeira worry about having branches or trees in public places fall on them? No; according to Engineer Francisco Pedro Freitas Andrade of Est. Marmeleiros, No 1, Jardins & Espaces Verdes who is Chef de Diviso Câmara Municipal do Funchal; Departamento de Ciência e de Recursos Naturais; Divisão de Jardins e Espaços Verdes Urbanos in charge of the trees within the pavements within the area controlled by Funchal Municipality -
1. Could Madeira use this tree in its current state as Cheap Staff Accomodation for
Photo 10 - tree 101 from pestana promenade to forum tree hollow trunk IMG_6063.JPG in Try not to be on the zebra crossing when it does fall if there is no repair. This tree probably has the same width of live trunk left
note the splits in the exposed heartwood, where the heartwood is starting to fail. Below is a diagram showing how thin are the 3 top layers of a tree/shrub which provide protection and power to live for that tree and how easy it is to be damaged without the tree being able to repair that damage:-
3. The following photo comes from Madeira Island News.com with the accompanying text dated 30 July 2018:- "A set of iron foundations placed around some trees of regional road 104, in the stretch between the PSP and the Ponte Vermelha, in Ribeira Brava, are conditioning the growth of the trees and generating controversy.
4. Another report from Madeira about trees:- “What we saw there is very worrying,” says Paulo Brito, who photographed some of the trees with their roots in sight without the necessary support to stand. In his opinion, “a stronger wind is enough that they come down”, others that have been severely burned by the last fires and are dead, “just waiting to fall”. We saw large branches and trees already with a level of inclination for the road, almost at a stage of a possible tragedy. The road also needs a lot of attention as it is in a very bad state and is a road used by locals and many tourists, as one of the main routes to Paul da Serra. Taken from Funchal News.
5. If you put a shrub/tree in a very small volume of ground and allow it to grow, there will come a point where the weight of the tree/shrub above ground exceeds the weight of the earth/roots below the ground and so it becomes unstable and falls over as you can see in an evening for falling trees in October 2017 article. The earth in the hole where the shrub is surrounded by impervious material is not enough area or depth for its roots to continue to provide itself with a stable platform as it matures. Tree Root Systems - 130/95/ARB - by Martin Dobson of Arboricultural Advisory and Information Service:-
6. "This tree was tied with plastic baling twine to a fence when very young. The white section shows the width at which it was tied. This tree top snapped in the wind.
7. 166 trees in the pavements in a short section of a road in Funchal, Madeira are being slowly, starved, dehydrated, asphyxiated, poisoned by tarmac and concrete, burnt inside their hollow trunks, roots pounded by 40 ton lorries or shoes of pedestrians, and allowed to rot until killed off during February 2019 (see information in Problems with trees in pavements in Funchal, Madeira in January/February 2018 Page, which appears to have had no effect) as shown by my 433 photos in the following pages (and further detailed in the following Camera Photo Galleries Pavements of Funchal, Madeira Damage to Trees 1, 2, 3, 4):-
The people of Madeira and/or VAN DEN BERK NURSERIES could SOLVE THESE TREE PROBLEMS they could continue to kill these trees and others in the same situation elsewhere on the island or
I could use Companion Planting, but I am sure that the above is enough for me to start with in taking 400 hours per day leaving my time schedule for sleep and nourishment not executed, Although the above is about the trees in the pavements in Madeira, other towns in other countries may find the information within it useful. There are also Problems with Trees in Pavements in Guernsey, in September 2019 Page.
8. I have noticed in my home town that herbicide has been spread
The legumes like mustard between spring to autumn will replace the bare earth, which would otherwise grow weeds and look unsightly - it does not matter if some mustard grows into the grassed areas, since it would be cut down. Overall maintenance cost would thus be greatly reduced and the trees would benefit.
9. The section below explains why grass has such a detrimental effect on trees/shrubs/ or other plants planted within it:- This shows the roots of 1 ryegrass plant, which had been removed from the foundation bed of Type I MOT Roadstone in a client's garden. You can see that this plant has tens of yards or metres of root to absorb water. "Most turf grass roots are concentrated in the first 6-8 inches (15-20 cms) of soil. Try to irrigate only one or two inches of water per week during the turf growing season. You could irrigate the whole amount of water at one time, however most folks have better results splitting the amount into two separate applications. Please note however in sandy soils where the water percolates more rapidly it may benefit you to split the applications into three separate irrigation cycles. You do not want to irrigate more than three times a week because you would be applying so little water the outcome would be shallow roots." "Native Grass Meadow
Have you ever wondered how much grass is at a Major League Baseball stadium? ALTHOUGH THE VOLUME OF DRINKING WATER IS REDUCING IN THE SOUTH-EAST, MANY NEW HOMES ARE BEING BUILT AND SO FAR DESALINATION PLANTS OR MORE RESERVOIRS HAVE NOT BEEN BUILT TO KEEP UP WITH THE EXTRA DEMAND. AS EACH HOME IS BEING BUILT IT REDUCES THE LAND AREA FOR RAIN TO SOAK INTO THE LAND TO BE COLLECTED IN CHALK AQUIFERS OR WATER RESERVOIRS - THE NUMBER OF CHAMBERS FILLED WITH BULLETS IN THE REVOLVER FOR RUSSIAN ROULETTE IS INCREASING FROM 3 TOWARDS ALL 6 AND THIS IS BEING CARRIED AS GOVERNMENT POLICY. Photo 5 - tree 23 from end of 2 road junction tree in garden IMG_6222.JPG The roots of this tree are at ground level where they compete with the grass and other plants. Replace the grass with GREEN MANURE such as everlasting spinach to provide nitrogen to the tree roots as a legume rather than the grass which takes away the water and any application of fertiliser or nutrients in an organic mulch. The roots of the tree can then migrate below ground. The area where the above tree is planted is not usually trafficked by the public,
10. Since I was adding to the 97 out 706 ferns to the Fern Gallery, I thought you might be interested in the following to explain why the current treatment of growing plants in pavements in Madeira is lacking in care:- "Understanding Fern Needs
11. Only Earthworms provide the tunnels which transport water, gas and nutrients to and from tree roots When the roots of the plant requires the mineral nutrients dissolved in soil water, oxygen and nitrogen intake and waste gases output, it gets it through the action of the earthworm continously making tunnels to provide the transport system. This earthworm activity aerates and mixes the soil, and is conducive to mineralization of nutrients and their uptake by vegetation. Certain species of earthworm come to the surface and graze on the higher concentrations of organic matter present there, mixing it with the mineral soil. Because a high level of organic matter mixing is associated with soil fertility, an abundance of earthworms is generally considered beneficial by farmers and gardeners.
12. The easiest and quickest solution for existing pavement areas using pavers or paving slabs is the SuDSFLOW System using paving spacers for permeable paving. Simply take up the paver/paving slab and re-install with the spacer and laying coarse sand if you cannot afford to also install the correct subgrade. You would then end up with redundant pavers/paving slabs and the same system could be used elsewhere. |
TABLE 4 Ivydene Gardens Photo Damage to Trees in Madeira:
Parts of Table 4 has been transferred to Work Details of my Ivydene Horticultural Services page as Other Table 4, where lack of education has led to very dangerous situations for the public and holiday visitors walking under these trees on pavements in Madeira. Unfortunately this dangerous situation is in every country in the world, since public care of trees is sublimated to greed.
"Any tree planted within 3 feet (90 cms) of a wall will damage the foundations of that wall.
using a cement mixer and refill that hole, firming the ground with your heels after each foot (30 cms) of height has been added." from Deciduous and Evergreen Trees Suitable for Small Gardens List Page that I originally created in December 2006. |
From Page 29 of Medway Matters Spring 2023 states Comments:-
From Climate adaptation and resilience of Medway Council Medway Tree Fund
The following is copied from the Duchy of Cornwall Nursery website:- Maidens, Whips and Barefoot Trees Becky, the Nursery gardener provides informative advice on bare-rooted trees, the different types available and how to plant a tree successfully. At the nursery we sell a good range of ornamental and fruit trees. They are sold in two basic forms. They may be in a pot (pot-grown or containerised) where they have an established rootball. Alternatively, they may be bare-rooted (sometimes called barefoot). In this case they will have been dug out of the ground and will come with roots exposed and no soil attached. There are pros and cons for both forms. Pot-grown trees can be supplied and planted at any time of year. They are however very vulnerable to drying out if planted in late spring or summer, and will need regular generous watering. The roots may take longer to grow out into the surrounding soil and become established. They have a relatively small root system for the canopy they are required to support. Bare-rooted trees are dug out of the ground as the tree loses its leaves and becomes dormant, usually in November. They only become available in the autumn, and must be planted before spring – March at the very latest. Once they are out of the ground the naked roots must be kept damp and dark at all times until they are committed to the earth in their final planting place. Bare-rooted trees tend to come in smaller sizes because larger trees are much harder to dig up. Larger pot-grown trees are useful for making an instant impact, but a bare-rooted tree will often catch up and overtake a larger pot-grown specimen of the same variety within a few years. Bare-rooted trees are usually cheaper, and represent better value, though fewer varieties are available. There is a third way of buying trees which is somewhere in between the other two. It is called root-balled. In this case the tree is dug out of the ground and the root ball is instantly wrapped, usually in hessian, to hold some soil around the roots. This is a temporary measure; the rootball can dry out easily and the hessian can break down so these need to be treated the same way as bare-rooted trees. They are best planted with the hessian in place. It will soon rot down and will not prevent good root growth. Autumn is the ideal time to plant all trees because the ground is still warm enough for root growth, and there is maximum time for the roots to become established in the soil before the tree wakes up in spring and requires water. Whichever type you plant, you must make sure they never dry out in their first summer. A really good soak once a week is better than a watering can full splashed over the surface every day. We also sell whips. This term is used to describe young (usually one or two year old) seed grown trees which have had no pruning or training. It is an economical way to plant a large number of trees, hedging plants, or a hedgerow. They are easy to transport, and quick to plant and establish. Maiden is another term you will hear, particularly in relation to fruit trees. A maiden is a young fruit tree with a single leader and some side shoots, but importantly has had no pruning or training. Fruit trees are almost always grafted, and a maiden will have been grafted one or two years before and is usually 1-2m tall (depending on the rootstock). A maiden is the starting point for all pruning shapes. Espaliers, fans and cordons all start off as maidens. When you come to select your tree, whatever form you are looking at, there are some simple steps to success. Firstly, make sure the label you are reading is attached to the tree you are considering, and not a branch of the adjacent tree. Secondly, look at the tree as a whole. Inspect the trunk, it should be straight and undamaged. Examine the graft (if there is one). This should be neat and have no cracks, damaged patches, or growth coming out of it. Imagine looking at the tree from above and note how the branches are spaced around the trunk. The branches should be spread evenly to give a balanced shape in maturity. If you were planning to plant your tree against a wall or hedge it would be less important if it was a bit lopsided. To plant a tree successfully, first dig a hole one and a half times bigger and deeper than the pot or roots of the tree. A square hole is considered better than a round one as it prevents the roots from circling around the hole, and encourages them to penetrate the surrounding soil. Break up the soil in the bottom of the hole. If the soil is poor or stony some organic matter, or compost, can be mixed in. We recommend the use of Rootgrow, which introduces beneficial mycorrhizal fungi into the rooting zone. It has been shown to promote healthy root growth. It looks like grey instant coffee granules, and can be sprinkled on the roots, or rootball, just before it is placed in the hole. Potted trees should be given a good soak prior to planting. Place the tree in the hole so the point where the roots meet the trunk is level with the surrounding ground. Refill the hole with soil making sure there are no air pockets, and the tree remains upright. Firm the soil around the tree and water well. You may need to top up the soil if it settles after watering. Staking is recommended. The purpose of a stake is to hold the roots motionless in the soil. A low stake is best as it allows the top of the trunk to flex, which in turns sends hormones to the roots to promote root growth. If the rootball is allowed to move in the hole the newly developing roots get broken and the tree will fail to anchor itself. This is known as windrock. Filling the planting hole entirely with compost is not a good idea as it can become waterlogged and sloppy. Aim to keep the area around the tree free from grass and weeds which would rob the tree of nutrients. And finally, if there is any chance of a rabbit visiting, apply a tree guard. Rabbits can reach approximately 50cm up the trunk and can nibble the bark off a tree in minutes. A very expensive snack."
The effect of all the new buildings being erected in the town centre of Chatham is to create wind tunnels, which will become even worse once the scaffolding has been removed. The proposed park area is to include a weekly market beside the bus station. The market holders will require restraints to stop their wares from being blown off their tables and all bus passengers must be warned to wear arctic clothing to ward off being wind chilled. So, the above reason for that method of staking is very important, otherwise when the stake support is removed, then the trunk of each new tree will snap. The more trees that are planted in that centre, the more likely it is that the wind speed will be reduced by having to go through the branches with their leaves. I did not notice any irrigation system for those trees, perhaps the local authority is relying on rain during a dry summer draining off the pavement into the soil covering their roots. Ground-Cover Plants for Large Areas - with particular reference to factory sites, schools, hospitals and areas under municipal control - may help in that park area as detailed in Groundcover Plant Q Page. But Due to the brilliance of the following in this table in killing off trees
I cannot see the point of providing further information about Ground-Cover for large areas for use by local authorities in the UK. Perhaps other countries can read and understand English.
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