Ivydene Gardens Plants:
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There is an order in which to select plants with different plant requirements being used from Selection Level 1 to 6:-

Plant Selection Level 1 -
When you have specific Plant Uses to

• either completely influence all the plants in the whole garden
• or influence all the plants only for a small garden area

then the plants within a list from the following can located in Level 2:-

Attracts Birds and Butterflies for viewing,

Bee-Pollinated Plants for people who suffer from Hay Fever,

Ground-cover plants to reduce your maintenance time,

Cultivated poisonous plants or
Wildflower poisonous plants or
Cultivated and wildflower poisonous plants with photos
to avoid having in the garden for young children to sample,

Rabbit-Resistant Plants so that not all your plants get eaten by the local wildlife,

Flower Arranging Plants so that the flowers can be picked for display in the house. These plants add to the pleasure of creating and maintaining a garden or

UK Native Wildflowers for viewing and use by caterpillars eating the leaves, butterflies enjoying the nectar from the flowers and birds eating the seeds.

Plant Selection Level 2 -
You need to know what your topsoil is based on and
either
select only plants from each list in Level 1 that you require to grow in your topsoil
or
select only plants that you require from those that can either grow in your topsoil or can grow in any topsoil:-

Information - Any Soil (description of soil)
10 Plant Description Rows for Any Soil A-F
0 Plant Description Rows for Any Soil G-L
0 Plant Description Rows for Any Soil M-R
0 Plant Description Rows for Any Soil S-Z

Information - Chalky Soil (description of soil)
0 Plant Description Rows for Chalky Soil A-F 1
0 Plant Description Rows for Chalky Soil A-F 2
0 Plant Description Rows for Chalky Soil A-F 3
0 Plant Description Rows for Chalky Soil G-L
0 Plant Description Rows for Chalky Soil M-R
0 Plant Description Rows for Chalky Soil Roses
0 Plant Description Rows for Chalky Soil S-Z
0 Plant Description Rows for Chalky Soil Other

Information - Clay Soil (description of soil)
3 Plant Description Rows for Clay Soil A-F
0 Plant Description Rows for Clay Soil G-L
0 Plant Description Rows for Clay Soil M-R
0 Plant Description Rows for Clay Soil S-Z
0 Plant Description Rows for Clay Soil Other

Information - Lime-Free Soil (description of soil)
6 Plant Description Rows for Lime-Free (Acid) A-F 1
0 Plant Description Rows for Lime-Free (Acid) A-F 2
0 Plant Description Rows for Lime-Free (Acid) A-F 3
0 Plant Description Rows for Lime-Free (Acid) G-L
0 Plant Description Rows for Lime-Free (Acid) M-R
0 Plant Description Rows for Lime-Free (Acid) S-Z

Information - Light Sandy Soil (description of soil)
1 Plant Description Rows for Light Sandy Soil A-F 1
4 Plant Description Rows for Light Sandy Soil A-F 2
0 Plant Description Rows for Light Sandy Soil A-F 3
0 Plant Description Rows for Light Sandy Soil G-L
0 Plant Description Rows for Light Sandy Soil M-R
0 Plant Description Rows for Light Sandy Soil S-Z

Information - Peaty Soils (description of soil)
1 Plant Description Rows for Peaty Soil A-F
0 Plant Description Rows for Peaty Soil G-L
0 Plant Description Rows for Peaty Soil M-R
0 Plant Description Rows for Peaty Soil S-Z

If the required plant - from the 25 above - is unsuitable for your topsoil then you can grow it in

• a GrowRing as shown below,
• a Container , Amberol pot or
• Raised bed.

These Plant Description Rows Pages in Plant Selection Level 2 are up to 1900 pixels wide instead of the normal 1200 pixel width.

Locate each plant from each required list above in Selection Level 2

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This section of the page has no relevance to gardening at all:-

• Fiona's aim is to educate dog owners to become experts at DIY dog grooming using the information on her website.
• Having groomed your dog to look superb, she also provides details of hotels, inns etc who provide pet friendly accomodation in the UK.
• Fiona also kindly thought that
  "The Definitive Guide to Funeral Flowers" would provide you with great information about flowers that are suitable for funerals!!!

If no requirement from Selection Level 1 is required, then select the required plants from the required column(s) in Selection Level 2.

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Each of the above Plant Description Rows has the following columns in this order:-

Plants - Any Soil (description of soil) ,
Plants - Chalky Soil (description of soil) ,
Plants - Clay Soil (description of soil) ,
Plants - Lime-Free Soil (description of soil) ,
Plants - Poorly Drained (Bog Garden) and
Plants - Peaty Soils (description of soil) ,
Plants - Light Sandy Soil (description of soil)
in the Soil Columns.

Plant Selection Level 2a:-
Dry ,
Moist and
Wet
in the Soil Moisture Columns.

Full Sun ,
Part Shade and Dappled Sun with
Full Shade
in the Sun Aspect Columns.

Plant Selection Level 2c:-
Acid Soil ,
Alkaline Soil ,
Any Soil for Acid, Neutral or Alkaline Soil ,
Grow for Flower Arrangers ,
Front of Border with Rest of Border and Within Path (Crevice Garden) ,
Bedding ,
Grow in Pot / Container ,
Grow in Hanging Basket ,
Hedge with Thorny Hedge ,
Grow in Bog Area ,
Grow on Bank / Slope - Dry Sun is where situations prone to drought are in full sun. These include steeply sloping banks with rapid drainage, the base of a warm south- or west-facing wall; and shallow, sandy, or stony soils. Slopes have extra problems which include soil erosion, surface water, summer drought and poor access (create path using mattock to pull an earth section 180 degrees over down the slope). Then, stabilise the earth with 4 inches (10cms) depth of spent mushroom compost under the chicken wire; before planting climbers/plants through that mulch,
Seaside / Coastal Plants ,
Cold Exposed Inland Site is an area that is open to the elements and that includes cold, biting winds, the glare of full sun, frost and snow - These plants are able to withstand very low temperatures and those winds in the South of England ,
Dust and Pollution Barrier ,
Sound Barrier - The sound waves passing through the plant interact with leaves and branches, some being deflected and some being turned into heat energy. A wide band of planting is necessary to achieve a large reduction in the decibel level ,
Wind Barrier and
Use in Woodland
in the Plant Location Columns.

Botanical Plant Name has link to Mail-Order Nursery in UK /Europe in
Plant Name Column

Common Name has link to Mail-Order Nursery in America in
Common Name Column

Flowering Months of
Jan for January
Feb for February
Mar for March
Apr for April
May for May
Jun for June
Jul for July
Aug for August
Sep for September
Oct for October
Nov for November and
Dec for December
In Flowering Months Column

Height and Spread in inches with Height and Spread in cms in
Height and Spread in inches (cms) Column

Plant Selection Level 2d:-
Plant Type of
Alpine
Annual
Bamboo
Biennial
Bulb
Climber
Conifer
Deciduous Rhizome
Deciduous Shrub
Evergreen Perennial
Evergreen Shrub
Fern
Fruit Plant
Grass
Herb
Herbaceous Perennial
Remaining Top Fruit
Soft Fruit
Sub-Shrub
Top Fruit
Tuber
Vegetable
with link to Plant Description Page in this website with its availability from a mail-order nursery in its Comment Row ,
link to Companion Plants to help this plant Page ,
link to Alpine Plant for Rock Garden Index Page ; which has plants suitable for a small rock garden split into 53 colours in this website and
link to Native to UK Wildflower Plant in its Family Page ; which has the majority of the native plants of the UK with their flowers split into 13 colours in this website
in the
Plant Type Column.

Plant Selection Level 2cc:-
Comments with this plant being suitable for these other garden uses:-
Aquatic
Back of Shady Border
Crevice Garden
Desert Garden
Raised Bed
Scree Bed
Specimen Plant
Trees for Lawns
Trees for Small Garden
in the Comment Column.

Plant Selection Level 2b:-
Each tree or shrub will have one of the following growth shapes:-
Columnar in Columnar Column
Oval in Oval Column
Rounded/ Spherical in Rounded/ Spherical Column
Flattened Spherical in Flattened Spherical Column
Narrow Conical/ Narrow Pyramidal in Narrow Conical/ Narrow Pyramidal Column
Broad Conical/ Broad Pyramidal in Broad Conical/ Broad Pyramidal Column
Ovoid/ Egg-shaped in Ovoid/ Egg-shaped Column
Broad Ovoid in Broad Ovoid Column
Narrow Vase-shaped/ Inverted Ovoid in Narrow Vase-shaped/ Inverted Ovoid Column
Fan-shaped/ Vase-shaped in Fan-shaped/ Vase-shaped Column
Narrow Weeping in Narrow Weeping Column
Broad Weeping in Broad Weeping Column
Single-stemmed palm, cyad, or similar tree in Single-stemmed palm Column
Multi-stemmed palm, cyad, or similar tree in Multi-stemmed palm Column
in the Tree/Shrub Growth Shape Columns.

Mature shrubs and perennials will have one of the following growth habits:-
Mat-forming in Mat-forming Column
Stems densely cover the ground and the flowers extend above.
Prostrate or Trailing in Prostrate or Trailing Column
Stems spread out on the ground and the flowers are borne close to the foliage.
Cushion or Mound-forming in Cushion or Mound-forming Column
Tightly packed stems form a low clump and
the flowers are close to the foliage.
Spreading or Creeping in Spreading or Creeping Column
Stems extend horizontally then ascend, forming a densely packed mass.
Clump-forming in Clump-forming Column
Leaf-stalks and flower stems arise at ground level to form a dense mass.
Stemless in Stemless Column
Leaf-stalks and flower stems arise at ground level.
Erect or Upright in Erect or Upright Column
Upright stems stand vertical, supporting leaves and the flowers.
Climbing and Scandent in Climbing and Scandent Column
Long flexible stems are supported by other plants or structures.
Arching in Arching Column
Long upright stems arch over from the upright towards the ground.
in the Shrub/Perennial Growth Habit Columns.

Refine selected plants via

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REFINING SELECTION
of Plant Selection 3a by
Flower Colour

Blue Flowers
Orange Flowers
Other Colour Flowers
Red Flowers
White Flowers
Yellow Flowers

 

Choose flowers whose shade of colour will suit your planting scheme.

The 52 Flower Colour Wheel Gallery contains photos split into 52 Comparison Pages; each page containing many of the flowers of this website from 1 of the 52 colours of the Colour Wheel.

The 12 Flower Colours per Month in its Bloom Colour Wheel Gallery contains photos split into 12 Bloom Colours per Month Comparison Pages; each page containing many of the flowers of this website.

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REFINING SELECTION
of Plant Selection 3b by
Flower Shape

Bedding
Evergreen Perennial
Herbaceous Perennial

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REFINING SELECTION
of Plant Selection 3c by
Foliage Colour and Shape

Aromatic Foliage
Finely Cut Leaves
Large Leaves
Other
Non-Green Foliage 1
Non-Green Foliage 2
If variegated foliage is required use green/yellow, green/white or green/other colour in garden but not 2 or all 3 of them. Addition of other single foliage colours is okay but please do not create an Xmas Tree Decoration
Sword-shaped Leaves

Some heathers besides having flowers have foliage colours that change from 1 season to the next season -

• Spring (March, April, May),
• Summer (June, July, August),
• Autumn (September, October, November) and
• Winter (December, January, February).

This is one way of creating flowers from design to planting

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REFINING SELECTION
of Plant Selection 4 by
Pruning Requirements

Pruning Plants

Reviewing what maintenance requirements are needed for each plant may remove that plant.

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REFINING SELECTION
of Plant Selection 5 by
Using these Ground-cover Plants

Plant Name - A
Plant Name - B
Plant Name - C
Plant Name - D
Plant Name - E
Plant Name - F
Plant Name - G
Plant Name - H
Plant Name - I
Plant Name - J
Plant Name - K
Plant Name - L
Plant Name - M
Plant Name - N
Plant Name - O
Plant Name - P
Plant Name - Q
Plant Name - R
Plant Name - S
Plant Name - T
Plant Name - U
Plant Name - V
Plant Name - W
Plant Name - XYZ

Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places by John Cushnie (ISBN 1 85626 326 6) provides details of plants that fulfill the above requirements.

Using these groundcover plants in your planting scheme (either between your trees/shrubs in the border or for the whole border) will - with mulching your beds to a 4 inch depth and an irrigation system - provide you with a planted garden with far less time required for border maintenance.

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Then,
finally use
Plant Selection Level 6 of
COMPANION PLANTING to
aid your plant selected or to
deter Pests
 

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Plants required have now been selected and you could order them from Mail-Order Nurseries.

It may be noted that usually the tables within this site can be downloaded to a word-processing package and the starting letter of the text within each cell can make it easier to re-sort those cells/rows for your own personal - not public - convenience

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I think the following growing method is absolutely brilliant. You end up growing your plants in a clean environment which is slug free if you put copper slug tape from The Organic Gardening Catalogue round the outside near the top of the completed Growring. At the end of the season all the planting medium in the Growrings can be mulched round your shrubs or hedge, the Growrings disassembled and stored in the garden shed with the rolled up weed control fabric. The system can then be reassembled in the Spring.

"GrowRings are an instant and tidy option for anyone wanting to plant a variety of veg in their back garden or allotment. The circle diameter and height match the comfortable reach of an average adult eliminating over reaching and muscle strain . The rings can be placed on either grass and hard surfaces and are great for lettuce and carrots and herbs as well as climbers like beans and peas.

The Rings are dead easy to dig over as they lift up like a sandcastle for the soil to be turned for harvesting spuds and are perfectly adapted to anyone trying to create viable growing space.

The white Mini-Greenhouse attaches securely to the top of the Growring with a couple of ribbons or cable ties. Like a mother ship for early seedlings the greenhouse can be set to ventilate for hardening off young plants before they are transplanted out to other Rings or beds.

The Rings are available in coloured or graphically printed versions and are fully recyclable. They are available from growrings." from www.growrings.ie. I suspect that GrowRings is no longer in Trade (19th February 2018) as its link to www.growrings.ie does not produce a currently working website, but they keep their blog up to May 5, 2011 available on-line; so you can follow there advice in how to make them as shown below:-

I sent an email to Dave Roberts of GROWRINGS and he sent the following reply:-

I’ve had an idea for making a simple raised bed utilising scrap floor tiles and short lengths of copper electrical wire.  These will last for ever and the copper should help to repel slugs.  I knocked this one up in my garden this afternoon and it really is simple to make.  I’ve attached a series of how to "make it pictures" for your interest.

I got inspired by my visit to Dublin Rooftop Urban Farm and the beds they’re making from scrap containers.  Then I thought of tiles – eureka – lasts for ever.  I happened to have some leftovers in my shed.  I’ve not seen this idea before though I know in North Wales (slate country) I’ve seen rough sheep enclosures made with odd long lengths of slate wired together. The top edge could be finished off with a piece of split plastic pipe or U channelled timber trim to give a broader lip. 

Take a pile of 12 inch (30 cms) or larger scrap tiles with

pliers and some scrap 1mm square electric wire.

Using 2 lengths of wire make twists at the edges of the tile,

then, the wire goes around the tile and make twists at the edges.

Make a stack of them.

Now, twist the wire ends edge to edge

with as many as you like for your bed size.

Put in a liner - anti-weed fabric or old polythene perforated at the base,

before filling and planting your stuff.

Height in inches (cms):-

25.4mm = 1 inch
304.8mm = 12 inches
12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
914.4mm = 1 yard

I normally round this to
25mm = 1 inch
300mm = 30 cms = 12 inches =1 foot,
900 mm = 3 feet = 1 yard and
1000mm = 100 cms = 1 metre = 40 inches

"Public interest in plants with relatively low water requirements has come and gone several times over the past few decades. Each new dry cycle seems to bring a new awakening, a new missionary movement, and the “learning” of new approaches to gardening. All of these seem to be quickly forgotten soon after the wet years return. In the long run, however, it is clear that with a growing population and (At least in our lifetimes) declining rainfall averages over much of the state, Californians will be gardening with less water, like it or not, even in the best of years. Fortunately, there is already a large body of information on which to draw, some of it–like new developments in drip and spitter irrigation–being compiled continuously in the interest of more economical garden maintenance. Some of the best information on particular plants comes simply from observing neglected or abandoned gardens, regardless of current weather patterns.

Partly by design, partly by pursuing other fancies with plant groups from California, the Southwest, Mexico, temperate South America, Australia and South Africa, we at Suncrest have gradually accumulated a collection of several hundred plants with a record of at least moderate tolerance of summer drought. This means simply that they can be maintained in good condition with substantially less summer irrigation than the average popular garden plant (And vastly less than the lawns that still fill major portions of many California landscapes). The fact that many of these plants are also beautiful, fill nearly every possible garden niche, and collectively provide year-round seasonal interest, would make them desirable garden candidates even if water were not an issue.

You can use the alphabetical listings below (with page divisions for the larger groups) to easily access informational displays on these plants. More detailed descriptions and information on how to use them are now available in our new publication, Plants for a Thirsty State, in PDF format. Click here to download the complete publication, with color covers, in PDF format. A separate, smaller file with just the main body text is available here." from Suncrest Nurseries Inc - California Wholesale Grower of Uber-Cool Fine Garden & Landscape plants.

Fragrant Plants adds the use of another of your 5 senses in your garden:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers.

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Leaves.

Trees and Shrubs with Aromatic Bark.

Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an
Acid Soil.

Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil.

Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil.

Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers.

Herbaceous Plants with Scented Leaves.

Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves.

Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers.

Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit.

Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers.

Night-scented Flowering Plants.

Scented Aquatic Plants.

Plants with Scented Fruits.

Plants with Scented Roots.

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Wood.

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Gums.

Scented Cacti and Succulents.

Plants bearing Flowers or Leaves of Unpleasant Smell.
 

To locate mail-order nursery for plants from the UK in this gallery try using search in RHS Find a Plant.

To locate plants in the European Union (EU) try using Search Term in Gardens4You and Meilland Richardier in France.

To locate mail-order nursery for plants from America in this gallery try using search in Plant Lust.

To locate plant information in Australia try using Plant Finder in Gardening Australia.

To see what plants that I have described in this website see
Plant Botanical Index
...A, B, C, D, E,
...F, G, H, I, J, K,
...L, M, N, O, P, Q,
...R, S, T, U, V, W,
...X, Y, Z

Top ten plants that are bad for bees from Countryfile Magazine

"Lavender, alliums, fuschias, sweet peas - keen gardeners know the very best flowers to entice bees to their gardens. But what about plants that are  bad for bees? Here is our expert guide to the top ten plants that you should avoid to keep bees happy and buzzing, plus the perfect alternatives.

1. Rhododendron
Spectacular and beautiful, not many people know the common rhododendron hides a poisonous secret – its nectar is toxic to bees. It’s common practice for beekeepers to keep their hives closed until the flowering season is over. The resulting honey from rhododendrons has also been known to contaminate honey, making it unsafe for humans to eat.
Alternative: Clematis have beautiful, wide flowers and are 100 per cent bee-friendly.

2. Azalea
Rhododendron’s sister, azaleas are also toxic to bees.
Alternative: Foxgloves (Digitalis) are a bee favourite and despite being poisonous if consumed by humans, they are both honey and bee safe.

3. Trumpet flower, or angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens)
Though ornamental and sweet smelling, the trumpet flower’s nectar can cause brood death in bees and is best avoided.
Alternative: Try honeysuckle (Lonicera) instead for deliciously scented results.

4. Oleander (Nerium oleander)
Harmful to butterflies as well as bees, oleander has a severe effect on hives. Nectar taken to the hive concentrates as it dries out, which increases the amount of toxins and usually results in a mass hive wipeout. 
Alternative: Snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus) are equally as bright and arguably more attractive in small or large gardens.

5. Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens)
Pleasantly aromatic and attractive as they are, bees are often poisoned by the vines and flowers of the yellow jessamine and its toxins are said to be as severe as hemlock.
Alternative: Plant Black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia hirta) in tubs and along fences for a pretty, easy-to-grow substitute.

6. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia)
Part of the blueberry family, the mountain laurel is an evergreen shrub with sweet, white or pink flowers when in bloom. Pretty they may be, but the honey produced by mountain laurel is toxic to humans and is often bitter tasting.
Alternative: Lilacs (Syringa) are both beautiful and wonderfully sweet smelling. Easy to grow and are loved by bees and butterflies. 

7. Stargazer lily (Lilium 'Stargazer')
Stunning but deadly to cats, stargazer lilies’ pollen is poisonous to bees.
Alternative: Hollyhocks (Alcea) are impressive and just as beautiful as the stargazer but bee-friendly.

8. Heliconia Exotic and interesting, heliconia, or lobster-claws as its sometimes called, is very toxic to bees. You should not prune your heliconias, as the 'stem' is actually made up of rolled leaf bases and the flowers emerge from the top of these 'pseudostems'. However, each stem will only flower once, so after flowering you can cut that stem out. This is recommended, to encourage more flowering, to increase airflow in between the stems of your plant, and also to generally tidy it up and improve the appearance.
Alternative: Although not quite as exotic, hyacinths are fragrant, gorgeous and easy to grow. Hyacinth bulbs are poisonous; they contain oxalic acid. Handling hyacinth bulbs can cause mild skin irritation. Protective gloves are recommended.

9. Bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia -
All parts of the plant contain andromedotoxin and are considered poisonous)
Not to be confused with the herb, bog rosemary is acutely poisonous and the honey produced from the nectar of Andromeda polifolia contains high enough levels of grayanotoxin to cause full body paralysis and potentially fatal breathing difficulties due to diaphragm paralysis.
Alternative: Why not try planting a classic rosemary bush (Rosmarinus officinalis) – aromatic, resilient and favoured by bees.

10. Amaryllis (Hippeastrum)
Now most commonly recognised as decorative Christmas flowers, amaryllis are gorgeous in bloom but their pollen produces toxic honey. Bulbs, chewing or ingestion of the bulbs, leaves or flowers poisons goats and sheep with Lycorine (An emetic) and small amounts of alkaloids.
Alternative: Dahlias are a highlight of late summer gardens. Beautiful and simple to grow, dahlias often flower until the first frosts of the year."

This is another list of Plants toxic to bees, which includes:-
Aesculus californica,
Angelica triqueta,
Asclepias species,
Astralagus species,
Astralagus lentiginosus,
Camellia thea,
Corynocarpus laevigata,
Astralagus miser v. serotibus,
Cuscuta species,
Cyrilla racemiflora,
Ochrama lagopus,
Solanum nigram,
Sophora microphylla,
Tillia species,
Veratrum cailfornicum,
Zygadenus cenesosus.

The following details come from Cactus Art:-

"A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female).    

Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds.

Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube.

Androecium (male Parts or stamens)
It is made up of the filament and anther, it is the pollen producing part of the plant.
Anther This is the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen. 
Filament This is the fine hair-like stalk that the anther sits on top of.
Pollen This is the dust-like male reproductive cell of flowering plants.

Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil)
 It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures.
Stigma
This is the part of the pistil  which receives the pollen grains and on which they germinate. 
Style
This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of ovary. 
Ovary
The part of the plant that contains the ovules. 
Ovule
The part of the ovary that becomes the seeds. 

Petal 
The colorful, often bright part of the flower (corolla). 
Sepal 
The parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower bud (calix). 
(Undifferentiated "Perianth segment" that are not clearly differentiated into sepals and petals, take the names of tepals.)"

The following details come from Nectary Genomics:-

"NECTAR. Many flowering plants attract potential pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. The primary solutes found in most nectars are varying ratios of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which can range from as little a 8% (w/w) in some species to as high as 80% in others. This abundance of simple sugars has resulted in the general perception that nectar consists of little more than sugar-water; however, numerous studies indicate that it is actually a complex mixture of components. Additional compounds found in a variety of nectars include other sugars, all 20 standard amino acids, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, vitamins, organic acids, oils, free fatty acids, metal ions and proteins.

NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate.

WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and rely almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%."

The following details about DOUBLE FLOWERS comes from Wikipedia:-

"Double-flowered" describes varieties of flowers with extra petals, often containing flowers within flowers. The double-flowered trait is often noted alongside the scientific name with the abbreviation fl. pl. (flore pleno, a Latin ablative form meaning "with full flower"). The first abnormality to be documented in flowers, double flowers are popular varieties of many commercial flower types, including roses, camellias and carnations. In some double-flowered varieties all of the reproductive organs are converted to petals — as a result, they are sexually sterile and must be propagated through cuttings. Many double-flowered plants have little wildlife value as access to the nectaries is typically blocked by the mutation.

There is further photographic, diagramatic and text about Double Flowers from an education department - dept.ca.uky.edu - in the University of Kentucky in America.

"Meet the plant hunter obsessed with double-flowering blooms" - an article from The Telegraph.

THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:-

• THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE 2 QUARTZ GRAIN SIBLINGS, and
• HOW ROOTS OF PLANTS ARE IN CONTROL IN THE SOIL
• before continuing in this website.

Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources)

Choose 1 of these different Plant selection Methods:-

1. Choose a plant from 1 of 53 flower colours in the Colour Wheel Gallery.

2. Choose a plant from 1 of 12 flower colours in each month of the year from 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery.

3. Choose a plant from 1 of 6 flower colours per month for each type of plant:-

Aquatic
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
Deciduous Tree
Evergreen Perennial
Evergreen Shrub
Evergreen Tree
Hedging
Herbaceous Perennial
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron nectar is toxic to bees
Rose
Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
Wild Flower

4. Choose a plant from its Flower Shape:-

Shape, Form
Index
Flower Shape

5. Choose a plant from its foliage:-

Bamboo
Conifer
Fern
Grass
Vegetable

6. There are 6 Plant Selection Levels including Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in
Plants Topic.

or

7. when I do not have my own or ones from mail-order nursery photos , then from March 2016, if you want to start from the uppermost design levels through to your choice of cultivated and wildflower plants to change your Plant Selection Process then use the following galleries:-

• Create and input all plants known by Amateur Gardening inserted into their Sanders' Encyclopaedia from their edition published in 1960 (originally published by them in 1895) into these
  • Stage 1 - Garden Style Index Gallery,
    then
  • Stage 2 - Infill Plants Index Gallery being the only gallery from these 7 with photos (from Wikimedia Commons) ,
    then
  • Stage 3 - All Plants Index Gallery with each plant species in its own Plant Type Page followed by choice from Stage 4a, 4b, 4c and/or 4d REMEMBERING THE CONSTRAINTS ON THE SELECTION FROM THE CHOICES MADE IN STAGES 1 AND 2
  • Stage 4a - 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery,
  • Stage 4b - 12 Foliage Colours per Month Index Gallery with
  • Stage 4c - Cultivation, Position, Use Index Gallery and
  • Stage 4d - Shape, Form Index Gallery
  • Unfortunately, if you want to have 100's of choices on selection of plants from 1000's of 1200 pixels wide by up to 16,300 pixels in length webpages, which you can jump to from almost any of the pages in these 7 galleries above, you have to put up with those links to those choices being on
    • the left topic menu table,
    • the header of the middle data table and on
    • the page/index menu table on the right of every page of those galleries.

There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-

• 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
• Plants Blue, Orange, Red, Yellow, White, Other Colours which lead on to other pages
• Colour Wheel - All Flowers per Month 12
• Bedding
• Bulb
• Climber
• Deciduous Shrub
• Deciduous Tree
• Evergreen Perennial
• Evergreen Shrub
• Evergreen Tree
• Herbaceous Perennial
• Rhododendron
• Rose
• Wild Flower

• Plants for Cut Flowers in
  January
  February
  March
  April
  May
  June
  July
  August
  September
  October
  November
  December
• Climber 3 sector Vertical Plant System with flowers in
  Jan,
  Feb,
  Mar,
  Apr,
  May 1, 2
  Jun,
  Jul,
  Aug,
  Sep,
  Oct,
  Nov,
  Dec

• Indoor Bulbs for
  December
  January
  February
• Indoor Bulbs for
  March
  April
  May
• Indoor
  Bulbs for
  June
  July
  August
• Indoor Bulbs for
  September
  October
  November
• Plant Bloom
  Dec-Jan
  Feb-Mar
• Plant Bloom
  Apr-May
  Jun-Aug
• Plant Bloom
  Sep-Oct
  Nov-Dec

Pruning

Pruning Made Easy - A gardener's Visual Guide to when and how to prune everything, from flowers to trees by Lewis Hill. Published by Storey Publishing as one of its Storey's Gardening Skills Illustrated Series in 1997.
ISBN 1-58017-007-2. Lewis Hill owned Berryhill Nursery.

The illustrations combined with the text tell you precisely what to do in the above book.

I have spent a long time investigating the state of the trees in pavements within Funchal in Madeira and I have taken 100's of photos to show what happens when any tree is pruned and allowed to rot followed by the inside rot being set light to. You can look at the welcome page, and below this leads on to the start page of the 100's of photos linked to in the comments on cavity repair, for further details.
 

• This information about pruning is very useful to people not living in England in 2023, since by 2030 much of England is going to run out of water and therefore the English population that it affects will have to move out of their existing homes into another country; leading to a major financial mortgage and housing value crash in England.
  Southern Water Authority is responsible for water undertakings in Medway from 1973.
  "Twenty-five years from now we will have lost a third of our water sources through climate change, seen a reduction in the amount of water we are allowed to take from rivers and underground sources, and our population will have grown by 15%. Without action, we predict a supply and demand deficit by 2030 equivalent to around 50% of our current supply. Our Plan proposes 43 performance commitments for the five-year period from 2020 to 2025, directly aligned to 10 key outcomes to create a resilient water future." from Southern Water. Southern Water has £5,100,000,000 of debt, so how does it intend to execute these performance commitments?
  Medway has a population of 274,015 in 2014, which has grown to 280,000 by January 2023. So Medway has increased its population by more than 2% in 9 years where our water supply has shrunk by more than 18%. See further details about 'Lack of drinking water from Southern Water by 2030' in Mission Statement page.
  Since West Midlands, London, Parts of the South West, East Midlands, East of England and South East regions of England are at risk of running out of water by 2030, cemeteries and churchyards in England will then be abandoned as its 35,000,000 population has to leave.
  From South East Rivers Trust report on Water, water everywhere ... or is it? - "By 2050, the South East of England will need to find at least an additional one billion litres of water per day to meet demand in the region. That is about a fifth of the water used in the region today, and equivalent to the water use of seven million people per day.  Demand for water will exceed supply by 2030."
  Since the privatised water companies in England are so much in debt (due to asset stripping and borrowing to pay the high dividends and payments in salary and bonuses to their staff during the 30 years of privatisation), it is extremely doubtful if anything has been done about it for the last 30 years or for the next 7.
  They and the government blame the increasing population in overusing the decreasing
  a) by 33% of the rainfall water resource plus
  b) the reduction that the water companies will be allowed to take from rivers and underground sources plus
  c) the reduction in the rainfall being allowed into the ground by the new buildings, roads etc covering it.
  Further details concerning the involvement of the government in this fraud; is on the Welcome Page;
  for those from America, Canada and other countries who will experience the loss in their retirement pension value from this future market crash in the UK.

Chapter

Contents

Comments

Reasons to prune

Pruning with a purpose.
Pruning when planting or transplanting.
Pruning to train.
Pruning to control size.
Pruning for appearance.
Pruning for health.
Pruning for production.
Pruning for rejuvenation.
Pruning to create a barrier.