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Picture Folder Name Pages:-
Since 14 June 2019 I have also started to put my own full-sized 4000 x 3000 digital Camera images into the relevant topics in this website again for use in the Public Domain - since there may be 9 or more to a page the resulting
43 Mb website page may take some time to load. Since I have more than 26,522 photos using 112.83 GB of my disk space, then the extra upfront cost per annum before creating more folders like Photo coleus is just over 3.16 pence per photo has to be paid for the total number in that entire photo collection before any are sent to the website.
It is hoped that you may find them of interest.
Foord garden flower slides Folder of 35mm 'Ektachrome' Transparency slides taken by Ron & Christine Foord of Rochester, Kent in England during the 20th century. Both have been
dead for years and these slides were passed onto Chris Garnons-Williams.
Slides taken by Ron or Christine Foord have been scanned individually and converted by an F22MP 126PK Super 8 Slides & Negatives All-in-1 Film Scanner to JPEGS by Chris Garnons-Williams in the original size and as a thumbnail during 2020.
Ron and Christine Foord
Garden Flowers - Pages of all these Galleries
AB1,AC2,AC3,AC4,AC5,
AE6,AG7,AL8,AL9,AL10,
AL11,AM12,AN13,AN14,AN15,
AN16,AN17,AN18,AN19,AQ20,
AR21,AR22,AR23,AR24,AS25,
AR26,
BA27,BE28,BE29,BR30,
CA31,CA32,CA33,CA34,CA35,
CA36,CA37,CH38,CH39,CH40,
CI41,CL42,CL43,CO44,CO45,
CO46,CO47,CO48,CO49,CR50,
CR51,CR52,CR53,CY54,CY55,
CY56,
DA57,DE58,DI59,DI60,
DI61,DO62,DR63,DR64,
ED65,
EL66,EP67,ER68,ER69,ER70,
EU71,
FO72,FR73,FR74,FR75,
FR76,FU77,FU78,
GA79,GE80,
GE81,GE82,GE83,GE84,GE85,
GL86,GL87,
Heather -
Calluna AR88,PE89,
Daboecia BI90,
Erica AR91,CI92,CI93,
HA94,HE95,
HE96,HE97,HE98,HE99,HE100,
HO101,HY102,
IB103,IM104,IR105,
IR106,IR107, 108, 109, 110,
111, 112, 113, 114, 115,
116, 117,
When I have completed the conversion of all the slides from Ron and Christine Foord and inserted a relevant selection of the digitised images into the Photo Garden Flowers Galleries in some months time, then I will complete their text field in the thumbnail row starting with the
letter A (written 11 November 2020).
Number of Colours required to provide a practical means of roughly differentiating between flower colours, foliage colours and bark/stem colours of plants.
Flower Colour:-
These are the 14 Flower Colours for the UK Native Wildflowers:-
Wild Flower with its
flower colour page, space,
Site Map page in its flower colour
NOTE Gallery
...Blue Note
...Brown Note
...Cream Note
...Green Note
...Mauve Note
...Multi-Cols Note
...Orange Note
...Pink A-G Note
...Pink H-Z Note
...Purple Note
...Red Note
...White A-D Note
...White E-P Note
...White Q-Z Note
...Yellow A-G Note
...Yellow H-Z Note
...Shrub/Tree Note
There are 53 flower colours for All Flowers Colour Wheel and Rock Plant Flowers:-
Dark Tone or Shades (Colours mixed with Black) is the outer circle of colours.
Mid-Tone (Colours mixed with Grey) is the next circle of colours.
Pure Hue (the Primary, Secondary or Tertiary Colour named) is the next circle of colours.
Pastel (Colours mixed with White) is the innermost circle of colours.
These 12 colour spokes of
Dark Tone,
Mid-Tone,
Pure Hue and
Pastel are split into:-
Number
|
Primary Colour Name
|
Pure Hue Colour Name Used
|
1
|
Red
|
Red
|
2
|
Yellow
|
Yellow
|
3
|
Blue
|
Blue
|
Number
|
Secondary Colour Name
|
Pure Hue Colour Name Used
|
10
|
Orange
|
Vitamin C
|
11
|
Green
|
Lime
|
12
|
Violet
|
Magenta
|
Number
|
Tertiary Colour Name
|
Pure Hue Colour Name Used
|
100
|
Red Orange
|
Orange
|
101
|
Yellow Orange
|
Tangerine
|
102
|
Yellow Green
|
Lovely Lime
|
103
|
Blue Green
|
Light Teal
|
104
|
Blue Violet
|
Grape
|
Dark tone, mid-tone, pure hue followed by pastel colour:-
- blood red, fuzzy wuzzy, red, flat pink.
- chocolate, heatland, orange, orangelin.
- rusty pelican, tuscany, vitamin c, atomic tangerine.
- browser caramel, buddha gold, tangerine, sand.
- grass stain, pine glade, yellow, bone.
- verdun green, slimer 2, lovely lime, limeade.
- pakistan green, weak green, lime, offwhite green.
- blue stone, aqua, light teal, baby blue.
- navy blue, periwinkle, blue, offwhite blue.
- violet, the bands, grape, mauve.
- royal purple, calihoe, magenta, magenta shift.
- dried blood, forbidden, process pagenta, pink.
- white, white wildflower, gray, silver, black
There are 7 flower colours:-
blue, white, yellow, unusual, and red, pink or purple as in the Bulb gallery.
These are the 12 flower colours for Flower in Month and Bee-Pollinated Plants:-
red, pink, white, cream, mauve, purple, blue, yellow, brown, green, orange and unusual or multi-coloured.
Foliage Colour:-
I have created a Foliage Colour Wheel - All Foliage 212 - using 212 web-safe colours. My 212 web-safe colours just do not cut the mustard.
This is instead of using the best Colour Wheel of 2058 colours in the Pantone Goe System, but this link no longer connects to Pantone. So perhaps the Pantone Goe System is no longer sold or maintained.
So as from 18 January 2021, I have decided to use the 53 colours of All Flowers Colour Wheel and Rock Plant Flowers above for the flowers and the foliage in the future combined with the 14 Flower Colours for the UK Native Wildflowers Wild Flower for the UK Wildflowers. I also intend to put the required plant into the respective pages of the Plant Colour Wheel Uses Gallery.
This makes for a practical number of flower and foliage colours for use in the horticultural environment.
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List of Pictures in a Picture Folder:-
Ron & Christine Foord took many photos of wildflower plants and stored them as Kodak 'Kodachrome' Transparency 35mm slides in the 1960-90s as well as these 10,000 of Garden Flowers. If they used other film, then the colour on the slides became sepia over a few years, whereas this did not occur with Kodachrome. The green perhaps got darker over a 50 year period. I am adding these scanned slides to my photos for sending to my website for use in the Public Domain starting in February 2020.
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Page 96
Hebe x franciscana
PICT02625.JPG
Hedera helix 'Gloire de Marengo'
Ground cover
PICT02639.JPG
Hedysarum hedysaroides 15 7 64
Alpine Sainfoin
Einodsbach in Austria
PICT02642.JPG
Hedysarum hedysaroides 15 7 64
Alpine Sainfoin
Einodsbach in Austria
PICT02641.JPG
Hedysarum obscurum 15 7 64
Alpine Sainfoin
from Einodsbach in Austria
PICT02643.JPG
Helenium autumnale
PICT02644.JPG
Helianthemum lunulatum
PICT02649.JPG
Helianthemum lunulatum
PICT02647.JPG
Helianthemum 'Old Gold' Jul 84
PICT02650.JPG
Helianthemum 'Old Gold'
PICT02652.JPG
Helichrysum coralloides Oct 75
PICT02675.JPG
Page 97
Helianthus annuus Sunflower Sep 78
PICT02667.JPG
Helianthus annuus Sunflower Sep 78
PICT02662.JPG
Helianthus annuus Sunflower Sep 78
PICT02666.JPG
Helianthus annuus Sunflower Sep 78
PICT02663.JPG
Helianthus annuus Sunflower
PICT02655.JPG
Helianthus annuus Sunflower
PICT02658.JPG
Helianthus annuus Sunflower
PICT02659.JPG
Helianthus annuus 9 1982
Giant Sunflower
PICT02657.JPG
Helichrysum bracheatum Sep 85
Everlasting Flowers for cutting
PICT02672.JPG
Helichrysum bracheatum
Everlasting Flowers
PICT02669.JPG
Helichrysum bracheatum Sep 85
Everlasting Flowers
PICT02671.JPG
Page 98
Helichrysum splendans
PICT02676.JPG
Helichrysum splendidum and
Hyssopus officinalis
PICT02678.JPG
Helichrysum splendidum
PICT02677.JPG
Heliotropium peruvianum Oct 78
Royal Marine
PICT02679.JPG
Helleborus corsicus
PICT02683.JPG
Helleborus corsicus Mar 74
PICT02688.JPG
Helleborus corsicus 04 86
PICT02684.JPG
Helleborus corsicus Seedlings
PICT02681.JPG
Helleborus foetidus setterwort
in garden
PICT02702.JPG
Helleborus lividus corsicus May 69
PICT02690.JPG
Helleborus lividus corsicus May 85
PICT02687.JPG
Page 99
Helleborus niger 10 4 68
Christmas Rose in Rochester
PICT02699.JPG
Helleborus niger 24 3 68
PICT02705.JPG
Helleborus orientalis Apr 70
PICT02728.JPG
Helleborus orientalis 04 86
PICT02712.JPG
Helleborus orientalis
PICT02721.JPG
Helleborus orientalis May 79
Lenten Rose
PICT02722.JPG
Helleborus orientalis Lenten Rose
PICT02714.JPG
Hemerocallis citrina 08 85
PICT02732.JPG
Hepatica triloba Mar 74
PICT02734.JPG
Hepatica triloba 04 86
PICT02742.JPG
Hepatica triloba 04 86
PICT02746.JPG
Page 100
Hepatica triloba 19 4 70 Heathfield
PICT02735.JPG
Hepatica triloba
PICT02745.JPG
Hepatica triloba Apr 80
PICT02750.JPG
Hermodactylus tuberosus 04 90
PICT02758.JPG
Heuchera sanguinea Sep 71
PICT02761.JPG
Hieracium schmidtii 11 5 71
Hawkweed in Liechenstein
PICT02763.JPG
Hippeastrum hybrid 'Apple Blossom'
05 95 Royal Amaryllis
PICT02762.JPG
Hosta crispula May 85
PICT02766.JPG
Hosta sieboldiana 07 85
PICT02769.JPG
Hosta sieboldiana
PICT02772.JPG
Hosta sieboldiana May 85
PICT02768.JPG
Page 101
Houstonia caurulea May 70 Wisley
PICT02767.JPG
Hutchinsia alpina 15 5 71 Liechenstein
PICT02775.JPG
Hutchinsia alpina 15 5 71 Liechenstein
PICT02774.JPG
Hutchinsia alpina 15 5 71 Liechenstein
PICT02776.JPG
Hyacinths in bowl
PICT02778.JPG
Hyacinthus multiflora Mar 71
PICT02780.JPG
Hydrangea macrophylla
PICT02781.JPG
Hydrangea petiolaris 27 6 63
Climbing hydrangea in Inverewe
PICT02782.JPG
Hydrangea petiolaris 27 6 63
Climbing hydrangea in Inverewe
PICT02783.JPG
Hydrangea villosa Oct 78
PICT02784.JPG
Hydrangea villosa Oct 78
PICT02785.JPG
Page 102
Hypericum bellum Jul 78
PICT02786.JPG
Hypericum meserianum
PICT02787.JPG
Hypericum patulum St John's Wort
PICT02790.JPG
Hypericum polyphyllum 06 85
PICT02792.JPG
Hypericum polyphyllum
PICT02793.JPG
Hyssopus aristatus
PICT02795.JPG
Hyssopus officinalis
PICT02800.JPG
Hyssopus officinalis Aug 78
PICT02798.JPG
Hyssopus officinalis Jul 72
PICT02801.JPG
Iberis saxatilis 05 90
PICT02802.JPG
Iberis saxatilis 05 90
PICT02803.JPG
Page 103
Iberis umbellata 07 92 Dwarf fairy
PICT02806.JPG
Illicium floridanum Mar 65 Kew
PICT02811.JPG
Illicium floridanum Mar 65 Kew
PICT02807.JPG
Illicium floridanum 21 3 65 Kew
PICT02809.JPG
Impatiens cristata 27 10 97
PICT02812.JPG
Impatiens cristata
PICT02819.JPG
Impatiens cristata
PICT02820.JPG
Impatiens cristata 27 10 97
Exploded seed pod
PICT02814.JPG
Impatiens cristata 27 10 97
Exploded seed pod
PICT02822.JPG
Impatiens glanulifera
PICT02824.JPG
Ipomea coccinea Oct 70 n carolina
PICT02841.JPG
Page 104
Impatiens tinctoria 14 9 68
PICT02827.JPG
Impatiens tinctoria 14 9 68
PICT02830.JPG
Impatiens tinctoria
PICT02826.JPG
Incarvillea delavayii
PICT02835.JPG
Incarvillea delavayii 06 85
PICT02833.JPG
Ipheion uniflora May 70
PICT02838.JPG
Ipheion uniflora 8 5 70 garden
PICT02839.JPG
Ipomoea rubro-caerula Sep 78
Morning Glory
PICT02848.JPG
Ipomoea tricolor Morning Glory
PICT02843.JPG
Ipomoea tricolor Morning Glory
PICT02845.JPG
Ipomoea tricolor Morning Glory
PICT02847.JPG
Page 105
Iris - Dutch iris 'Blue Champion'
Self-sown
PICT02856.JPG
This is Iria x hollandica Hoog
aka 'Dutch Iris' 'Blue Champion'.
Iris - Dutch iris 'Blue Champion'
Self-sown
PICT02891.JPG
Iris - Dutch iris 'Blue Champion'
Self-sown
PICT02857.JPG
Iris - Dutch iris 'Blue Champion'
PICT02859.JPG
Iris bachaltica 2 4 67
PICT02881.JPG
Iris bachaltica 8 4 67
PICT02880.JPG
Iris bachaltica 8 4 67
PICT02877.JPG
Iris bachaltica 2 4 67
PICT02882.JPG
Iris bachaltica 8 4 67
PICT02883.JPG
Iris bakeriana Mar 71
PICT02887.JPG
Iris bakeriana Mar 71
PICT02889.JPG
Page 106
Iris chamaeiris 06 90
PICT02863.JPG
Iris chamaeiris 06 90
PICT02860.JPG
Iris danfordiae Apr 73
PICT02900.JPG
Iris danfordiae Apr 73
PICT02872.JPG
Iris danfordiae Mar 70
PICT02873.JPG
Iris danfordiae Feb 70 in snow
native in Taurus mountains at
4000 feet in Turkey
PICT02875.JPG
Iris 'Garnet Treasure' May 70
PICT02904.JPG
Iris 'Garnet Treasure' May 70
PICT02906.JPG
Iris 'Garnet Treasure' May 70
PICT02905.JPG
Iris 'Garnet Treasure' May 72
PICT02903.JPG
Iris 'Garnet Treasure' May 80
going over
PICT02911.JPG
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This cell gives a very clear overall description of the
Cultural Needs of Plants
from Chapter 4 in Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran. Revised and Expanded Edition. Published in 2001 by Timber Press, Inc. Reprinted 2002, 2006. ISBN-13:978-0-
88192-495-4.
"Understanding Fern Needs
Ferns have the same basic growing requirements as other plants and will thrive when these are met. There is nothing mysterious about the requirements - they are not something known only to people with green thumbs - but the best gardeners are those who understand plant requirements and are careful about satisfying them.
What, then, does a fern need?
All plants need water. Water in the soil prevents roots from drying, and all mineral nutrients taken up by the roots must be dissolved in the soil water. Besides water in the soil, most plants need water in the air. Adequate humidity keeps the plant from drying out. Leaves need water for photosynthesis and to keep from wilting.
All green plants need light to manufacture food (sugars) by photosynthesis. Some plants need more light than others, and some can flourish in sun or shade. Most ferns, however, prefer some amount of shade.
For photosynthesis, plants require carbon dioxide, a gas that is exhaled by animals as waste. Carbon dioxide diffuses into plants through tiny pores, called stomata, that abound on the lower surface of the leaves. In the leaf, carbon dioxide is combined with the hydrogen from water to form carbohydrates, the plant's food. This process takes place only in the presence of light and chlorophyll, a green pigment found in plant cells. To enhance growth, some commercial growers increase the carbon dioxide level in their greenhouses to 600ppm (parts per million), or twice the amount typically found in the air.
Plants need oxygen. The green plants of a plant do not require much oxygen from the air because plants produce more oxygen by photosynthesis than they use. The excess oxygen liberated from the plants is used by all animals, including humans. What do plants do with oxygen? They use it just as we do, to release the energy stored in food. We use energy to move about, to talk, to grow, to think - in fact, for all our life processes. Although plants don't talk or move much, they do grow and metabolize and must carry on all their life processes using oxygen to release the stored energy in their food.
Roots need air all the time. They get it from the air spaces between the soil particles. Overwatering displaces the air between soil particles with water, thereby removing the oxygen needed by the roots. This reduces the root's ability to absorb mineral nutrients and can foster root-rot.
Plants need minerals to grow properly. The minerals are mined from the soil by the plant's root system. If a certain mineral is missing, such as calcium needed for developing cell walls, then the plant will be stunted, discoloured, or deformed.
Some plants tolerate a wide range of temperatures, whereas others are fussy. If the temperature is too high or low, the machinery of the plant will not operate satisfactorily or will cease entirely.
The basic needs of plants are not hard to supply, but growing success depends on attending to these needs with care and exactitude. The remainder of this chapter is devoted to a discussion of these requirements, with the exception of mineral needs, which are discussed in Chapter 5.
"
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Picture Folder Name Pages:-
Damage to Trees in Pavement in Madeira caused by the action of man during January/February 2019.
Solution to holes in trees.
Remove mesh covers and rot within the hole. Then blast the remaining rot with a high pressure water hose to try and clear more of the rot. Spray with Boron (a water based preservative kills only wood boring insects - not spiders, birds or bats) as a treatment for insect, wet and dry rot attack. While it is still wet, apply a layer of Expanding Foam to the bottom of the hole. Immediately place bottles on this
and allow to set for 5 minutes. Apply another layer of expanding foam and another layer of bottles. The aim of the bottles is to occupy space, they are not there as a deterrent. That is why the foam has to be in contact with the inside of the tree not the glass bottle. The poisons in the foam will kill anything eating it and the foam does stick better when wet with water. Keep up this operation until the hole is covered.
Leave to set and then paint the foam surface twice with a recommended water-based, but not oil-based, sealant.
Solutions to stop creating holes in trees.
When a branch is cut off, remember to cut it off on the other side of the Branch Collar. (See Figure 1 - Optimum position of the final pruning cut in "Guide to Tree Pruning" by the Arboricultural Association which shows the branch collar within and outside the tree. My Comments: I disagree with their recommendation not to apply wound paint as you can see the result if you do not paint trees which are dehydrated, starved and gassed as these trees in the pavements of Madeira are.)
Once that is done, then immediately apply Boron and 2 coats of protective sealant as used for holes in trees above.
Solution to current problem on these mosaic pavements:-
Carefully remove the existing marble mosaic, concrete, tarmac, or paver and
the concrete/metal enclosures round the trees. If any further solid material like gravel, bricks, stones etc can be removed as well, then do so. Level the ground with sharp sand (Sharp sand is like pyramids which lock together, builder's sand is like ball bearings which displaces itself elsewhere if it can when downward pressure is applied to it).
The time to execute the above and complete the refilling with sharp sand must
be completed within 20 minutes, otherwise the exposed roots will dry up and die.
It is useful to now water it to settle the sand and keep the roots wet. Put the roll
of continuous geotextile over the top before laying down the CEDAdrive slabs on
top. Fill the slabs with the required colours of marble pea-shingle and leave a
3 inch (7.5 cm) gap between the trunk and the CEDAdrive section (Besides black
and white marble, you can get many other colours). Spead Green Manure seed in
the gap and cover to the same level as the top of the CEDAdrive with its pea-shingle;
with sharp sand. The Green manure will provide a little nourishment for the tree
and protection for the expanding trunk, together with protection from cigarettes.
Further protection can be carried out by providing seating round the trunk, so that
old fogeys like me can rest.
Pop-up irrigation water pipes can be supplied from these water manholes currently in the pavements and they can be set to irrigate each section in rotation from
Midnight to 06:00 in the morning. A dissolved mixture of seaweed, fully composted animal waste and fully worm composted human food waste from restaurants/hotels can be applied over a pavement an hour before that section is irrigated 3 times a year to provide the same fertilizer regime as practised by the gardeners at the Pestana Mirimar for that hotel's garden. The drained solids from the above fertilizer solution can be applied over the sand between the tree and the CEDAdrive.
An alternative to using marble pea-shingle is Topmix Permeable Concrete within the CEDAdrive slabs. This would perform the same function as the marble pea-shingle, but it may be cheaper and quicker to use in other pavements. The depth of the Cedadrive slabs might have to be increased if traffic is allowed to cross or park on this type of pavement surface.
166 trees in the pavements in a short section of a road in Funchal, Madeira are being slowly, starved, dehydrated, asphyxiated, poisoned by tarmac and concrete, burnt inside their hollow trunks, roots pounded by 40 ton lorries or shoes of pedestrians, and allowed to rot until killed off during February 2019 (see information in Problems with trees in pavements in Funchal, Madeira in January/February 2018 Page, which appears to have had no effect) as shown by my 433 photos in the following pages within the Home Topic:-
- Death of tree roots and
- Death of tree trunks/branches caused by people.
- Solution to problems for trees caused by people using irrigation -
Growth of Pollarded Tree in Hotel Garden in 1 year provides a water solution to this destruction.
- Damage to Tree Trunks 1, 2, 3, 4 caused by people,
- Damage to Tree Roots caused by people,
- Area of Open Ground round trees,
- New Trees in pavements 1, 2,
- Irrigation of current trees,
- Watersprouts on trees,
- Crossing Branches in trees,
- Utility Equipment with tree Foliage,
- Lights on trees,
- Bycycle Lane in Pavement,
- Public Gardens alongside pavements,
- Hotel/Private Gardens alongside pavements,
- Current Permeable Pavement Surface round trees and
- Irrigation and Fertilising of trees.
Articles on
- Branch Collar (see Solutions to stop creating holes in trees above) and the importance of leaving all of it while cutting off that branch
- My repair to a 1300 year old yew tree in my church at the bottom of pages 1-12
- Some of my work on trees using a chainsaw and chipper-shredder on page 13
- Protective Dressing, Cavities and 'do not use plastic twine or wire to tie a plant' are at the bottom of pages 14-25 with Forked Leaders, also Terminal Bud and Dormant Branch Growth Bud.
Details on Boron woodworm, wet and dry wood rot treatment on Page 16.
- Ways to install trees at the bottom of pages 26-37 includes the following on watering - "Throughout the warm, summer weather, the tree will need the equivalent of 1 inch (2.5 cm) of rain per week and this water needs to be applied about twice each week (My Comments - since this is over the entire root area of this tree - which is at least the radius from the trunk of the height of the tree - then if the CEDAdrive slabs are used, apply 0.5 inchs (1.25 cms) of irrigation twice a week to that entire area). Approximately 5-10 gallons (20 – 40 liters) of water is sufficient to moisten a 20-inch (50 cm) diameter root ball. A 40-inch (100 cm) diameter root ball has more than twice the volume and would require 35-45 gallons (130 – 170 liters).
Another way to measure water need is with the following formula: The tree needs 5 gallons minimum and 5 additional gallons per inch of diameter (DBH); hence a 3 inch DBH tree needs 20 gallons of water per week to equal 1 inch of rainfall, in other words, 5 gallons minimum + (3 X 5) 15 gallons = 20 gallons."
- The Pruning and Maintenance of Mature Trees:
- 'Lifting' or the removal of the lower branch systems,
- Crown Thinning and
- Crown Reduction
- at the bottom of
pages 38-45
- Explaination of watersprouts and watershoots in the Watersprouts on Trees in Pavements in Funchal, Madeira Page. These should be removed from the trees since they are weakly joined to the branch/trunk from which they originated and are dangerous to use as supports for electricians or tree surgeons; as well as likely to fall down in a storm.
The day after I arrived in Funchal in January 2020, I spoke to Rita in Owner Relations and she sent an email. Not knowing about the efficiency of the local or main government, I spoke to the reception staff and they told me that Funchal was a Municipality with its own local government with its offices in Funchal. So I took the bus into town and went round the Municipality Offices until I was escorted to a building where you could ask questions in the A group pay bills in the B group and do something else in the C group. Speaking to an official in the A group, I managed to convince him that I had more details about the tree problems on my website, so as to overcome his response of getting me to send an email. He presented a piece of paper with Eng Francisco Andrade, Est. Marmeiros, No 1, Jardins & Espaces Verdes on it. I handed this to a taxi driver and arrived. I spoke with an english-speaking colleague of his and then he very kindly agreed to talk to me with his english-speaking colleague:-
- He stated that the local policy was not to apply any wound sealant since diseases, etc could get under it and cause further damage. He asked me if I had any literature to back up my use of black water-based masonry paint (instead of Arbrex, which I had started to use, but I doubted whether my clients would see the point of the expense) and I could not present him with any. Nor could I present any literature to support my use of expanding foam with bottles to fill the hole, since my work on the yew tree in the graveyard of St Margarets Church in Rainham had revised their website and the article about that tree had not yet been transposed.
- He pointed out that he had employed one of the 6 tree experts from September 2019 to monitor the trees in the pavements. Each tree was tagged with a black plastic disc with a screw through its middle into the tree about 3 metres from the ground. The disc had Funchal and a 5 figure number on it. The location of the tree would then be identified on a town map and details of type of tree, which country it originated in, etc would then probably appear in a catalogue. I was not told when his report about the trees was expected and presumably what if any action to take.
- I asked about the burnt insides of damaged trees and was told the people used them as waste bins and presumbably if a lighted cigarette was thrown then it woul start the fire and burn the heartwood as well as the rot. Metal grids were attached to try and stop the practice of using the cavities as waste bins, some of which have rusted away.
- Then we looked at the start of the raw camera images and the one of the gardener with the strimmer to cut the long grass in a public area, I pointed out the problem that grass could absorb a great deal of water each week and leave the ground underneath bone dry with the literature to support that.
I suggested the replacement of grass/lawn with legumes like green manure would stop the tree roots from being too dry, that the legumes have symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in structures called root nodules. When a legume plant dies in the field, for example following the harvest, all of its remaining nitrogen, incorporated into amino acids inside the remaining plant parts, is released back into the soil. In the soil, the amino acids are converted to nitrate (NO−3), making the nitrogen available to other plants, thereby serving as fertilizer for future crops.
If the legumes as green manure are used in between shrubs/bedding/perennials then the ground would not dry out so quickly, so saving water and providing future fertilizer for those other plants.
- When I touched on the subject of CEDAdrive, he did point out that it might be too expensive to implement and was not sure whether it would be suitable for pavements where vehicles would go over them (even though they will take 400 tonnes per square metre).
- With electricity cables running through the roots of trees, the electromagnetic field is high and does it affect the tree roots in a very small space, the same way as for humans? Pedestrians between these trees will be exposed to almost the same electromagnetic field for the length of their walk. Maybe putting the electricity cables under the centre of the road would be safer.
- I thanked them for their time and found a bus stop to get back into Funchal town centre.
The population of Funchal is 111,892.
The population of Madeira is estimated at 244,286 in 2017.
The population of Medway as measured in the 2001 Census was 249,488 of which 99,773 live in Gillingham area which includes Rainham where I live.
No wonder that Cedadrive is expensive for such a small population. So, what can they use that is produced in Madeira, since the transport cost of a container from Portugal is 2000 euros (that figure was given me by an employee of a large builder's merchant, and I saw 2 containers being unloaded at their yard, which were not large ones).
So I took a taxi to a builders merchant (might be Ferreirae in the upper regions of Funchal).
- They did not sell or know what pea-shingle was. This is what I would have filled the CEDAdrive with.
- The original mosaic pavements in Funchal were covered in small black basalt and white limestone cobbles. The limestone comes from Portugal. The black basalt is mined in Madeira and the email address of a local stone quarry is geral@ferreiraebrum.pt
The english-speaking employee showed me a 25kg bag of basalt of probably 20mm rocks which could be dropped 200cms without breaking. Another bag of probably 2mm rocks, which was added to cement to make it a stronger concrete. Both came from a local mine.
- Madeira has black volcanic sand on its beaches.
So, if the local basalt mine created 10mm x 10mm rocks, these could be used as spacers:-
- If you start with the concrete pavers, then remove them and put down a depth of 2 inches (5 cms) black sand, cover that with a weed control fabric, then relay the pavers with a 10mm x 10mm spacer on each of the 2 shortest sides and 2 on the 2 longest sides, then fill the gap with the black sand.
- The created excess of concrete pavers could then be used in a 200cm radius round each tree using the same system as above to replace the solid concrete or tarmac in that area.
- The same system could be used on the mosaic pavements in replacing the concrete pointing with the black sand and spacers. If the system is not solidified sufficiently then replace the pointing black sand with the 2mm basalt, which would then lock together.
- Carry out the required irrigation and natural fertiliser system as I have already recommended to provide the water and the humus required by the bacterium to continue rebuilding the soil and providing for the gaseous exchange by the roots in either the whole pavement if it is lined with trees or groups of 3 -5 trees, which can help each other in later years as shown in The Hidden Life of Trees by Peter Wohlleben ISBN 978-0-00-821843-0.
If you use boron from colemanite (The use of ores like colemanite has declined following concerns over arsenic content) and mix it with the black sand and seawater to fill the bottom section of cavities, it will kill off the rot in the trunk and stop the cavity being filled with waste. The arsenic will also stop ants from eating it. Then mix it with wallpaper paste to fill the top half of the cavity and you have sorted the cavity problem.
Painting the cut ends with the boron prevents the end from rotting (Boric acid is more toxic to insects than to mammals, and is routinely used as an insecticide).
I had forgotten that I did have the supporting literature about wound dressings (as used in my year at Hadlow College to get a HNC in Horticulture) in this course book:-
"Pages 6-7 of The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by
George E. Brown.
ISBN 0-571-11084-3"
It is unfortunate that with all the other responsibilities that the Funchal Municipality has that they will find it very difficult to locate the finance, resources or personnel to carry out whatever remedial work to over 3000 trees being monitored since September 2019 that the Tree Expert from Portugal recommends, especially if someone continues to remove the identity discs.
If concrete paving is the only option, then why do you not use a Sustainable Drainage System like Marshall Priora as the UK's most popular permeable block paving (CBPP) system as detailed on Permeable Paving & Suds Page of Marshalls? Combine this paver with my other ideas and you could have tree-lined streets with healthy trees throughout the world. This would:-
- increase the value of the buildings alongside,
- reduce crime,
- increase contentment in the human population using these pavements
- as well as reduce the carbon dioxide levels
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