GREEN WILDFLOWERS - Habitat Broad-leaved Woods

A rhizomatous perennial emergent which grows in shallow water in lakes, rivers, streams, canals and ditches. Although it usually occurs in a narrow band at the water`s edge, it is sometimes found as larger stands in swamps. It grows in mesotrophic or eutrophic habitats, and is very tolerant of eutrophication. Cattle will eat it readily, and it is often absent or rare on grazed lake shores.

Bur-reed Family

Sparganium erectum
(Spargan-ium neglectum, Sparganium ramosum)

Broad-leaved Pondweed

broadleavedfflo1pondweed

Flower

broadleavedffolpondweedbritishflora

Foliage from Norfolk. Photo from BritishFlora

May-Sep-tember

This rhizomatous perennial herb is frequent as a floating-leaved aquatic in still or slowly flowing waters, and more rarely found as plants with submerged phyllodes in more rapid streams and rivers. It has a very wide ecological tolerance, growing in oligotrophic to eutrophic and base-poor to base-rich water over a wide range of substrates. Although it may be found in shallow swamps, or in water over 5 m deep, it is most frequent at moderate depths of 1-2 metres.
Native in all Europe.

Pondweed Family

Potamogeton natans

Broad-leaved Spurge
(Broad Spurge)

June onwards

An annual of cultivated and waste ground, usually growing on calcareous clays but sometimes on lighter chalk or limestone soils. It is found most frequently at the margins of arable fields, and occasionally on roadsides. Its seed is thought to be long-lived in the soil. Lowland.
Native in South-East Europe, Spain, France, Great Britain, Belgium and Holland.

Spurge Family

Euphorbia platyphyllos

Buck's-horn Plantain

bucksthornffolplantain

Foliage

bucksthornfforplantain

Form

May-July

A perennial herb of dry, open, often heavily trampled, habitats on acidic to basic stony or sandy soils, and rock crevices. It occurs in open grassland, on heaths, sand dunes and shingle, sea-cliffs and sea-walls, waste ground and by paths. Always known inland in S. and E. England, plants increasingly occur beside salt-treated roads.
Native in all Europe (except in Iceland, Switzerland and Hungary): introduced into Norway, Finland, Austria and Czechoslovakia.

Plantain Family

Plantago coronopus

Caper Spurge
(Paper Spurge,
Gopher Spurge,
Gopher Plant,
Mole Plant,
Garden Spurge)

caperfforspurge

Form

A biennial of disturbed ground and waste places, including roadsides, abandoned gardens, old quarries and rubbish tips, often near human habitation; it also occurs in open woodland. The seeds are very long-lived.

Spurge Family

Euphorbia lathyrus
(Euphorbia lathyris)

Rupturewort
(Ciliate Rupture-wort)

cruptureflo1wort1a1

Native in sandy turf by the sea in the Channel Isles, also in the Lizard Peninsula for Great Britain.
Native on coasts of Western Europe from Spain and Portugal to North Germany.

Pink Family

Herniaria ciliata

Common Amaranth, Pigweed,
Red-root Amaranth, Redroot Pigweed,
Pigweed Amaranth, Common Tumbleweed
commoncfolamaranthwikimediacommons
Zurückgebogener Amarant (Amaranthus retroflexus) in Saarbrücken. By AnRo0002 via Wikimedia Commons.

August till frosts

Green flowers

Red roots

An annual of disturbed, nutrient-rich waste ground, waysides, rubbish tips and cultivated land, usually casual but occasionally persisting in milder areas.

5 petals

Dark Green

36-72 x
(90-180 x )

Amaranth family

Pigweed because it grows where hogs are pasture-fed. Sudden death of cattle associated with consump-tion of nitrate-containing stems.
Amaranthus retroflexus

Common Duckweed
(Lesser Duckweed,
Duckweed)

commonfforduckweed

Form

June-July

This is our most widespread and frequent floating aquatic plant, often abundant on a wide variety of still or slowly flowing, mesotrophic or eutrophic waters. It also occurs terrestrially on exposed mud, or damp stonework and rocks. Plants rarely flower and reproduction is by vegetative budding.
Native in all Europe, except in Iceland.

Duckweed Family

Lemna minor

Twayblade
(Common Twayblade)

Native in all Europe, except in Portugal.

Listera ovata

Common Water-starwort
(Common Starwort)

Native in all Europe.
Native in ponds, ditches, streams and wet mud. Common throughout the British Isles.

Callitriche stagnalis

Coralroot Orchid

Native in much of Europe, except in Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Belgium, Holland and Turkey

Corallorhiza trifida

Cyphal
(Mossy Cyphal)

ccyphalflo1

Native and common on rocky slopes of the Scottish mountains from Stirling to Sutherland and in Skye and Rhum in the Inner Hebrides.
Native in the Pyrenees, Alps and Carpathiands. One of our few alpine species not found also in the Arctic.

Pink Family

Cherleria sedoides
(Arenaria sedoides,
Alsine cherleri)

Cypress Spurge

cypressfflospurge

Flower

cypressfflosspurge

Flowers

cypressfforspurge

Form

May-August

A rhizomatous perennial herb widely naturalised as a garden escape in waste places such as tracksides, roadsides, walls and sandy banks, and also in calcareous grassland and amongst scrub. It can colonise arable margins, and may become established on sand dunes. It also grows on some racecourses where it could have been introduced with horse-feed or bedding.
Native in much of Europe, except Portugal, Ireland and Turkey : introduced in Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland.

Spurge Family

Euphorbia cyparissias

Dog's Mercury

dogsfflofemalemercury

Female Flower

dogsfflosmalemercury

Male Flower

dogsfformercury

Form

February-May

A rhizomatous, dioecious perennial herb usually growing on damp but free-draining base-rich soils. In the lowlands it is largely restricted to shaded sites, including ancient woodland, older secondary woodland, hedgerows and shaded banks, but in the uplands it occurs on unshaded basic crags, scree, cliff ledges and in ravines, particularly on moist N.-facing slopes, and it also grows in the grikes of limestone pavements.
Native in all Europe, except Iceland.
The plant is poisonous to humans and livestock.

Spurge Family

Mercurialis perennis

Dwarf Eelgrass

June onwards

Although a coastal species, this perennial is found at higher levels of the shore than other Zostera species. It grows in sheltered estuaries and harbours, where it is found on mixed substrates of sand and mud. Plants are often concentrated in pools or runnels on the shore. On mud-banks in creeks and estuaries from half-tide mark to low-tide mark.

Eel-Grass Family

Zostera nana
(Zostera noltei)
(Nanozostera americana, Zostera americana, Zostera japonica,
Zostera noltii)

Dwarf Spurge

dwarffflosspurge

Flowers

May onwards

An annual of arable land, less frequently occurring in other areas of disturbed ground such as gardens, waste ground and bare patches in dry grassland. It favours dry, light and base-rich soils in sunny situations.
Native almost throughout Europe.

Spurge Family

Euphorbia exigua

Spider Orchid
(Early Spider Orchid)

Native in much of Europe, except in Northern Europe, Portugal, Ireland and Poland.

Ophrys sphegodes
(Ophrys aranifera)

Common Eelgrass
(Sea grass,
Eel-grass,
Grass-Wrack)

June onwards

It is a perennial which grows in the subtidal zone, on substrates of gravel, sand or sandy mud in areas which are protected from full exposure. It descends to depths of about 4 metres in shallow salt water to 4 metres in depth in coastal waters of Europe. Rarely in estuaries.
The dried shoots have been used for stuffng and packing.

Native in coastal waters of Europe.
The dried shoots have been used for stuffing and packing.

24 x
(60 x )

Eel-Grass Family

Zostera marina

Fat Duckweed
(Inflated Duckweed, Swollen Duckweed, Gibbous Duckweek)

fatffolduckweed

Lemna gibba photographed from above by John W. Cross is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

June-July

This buoyant duckweed is a plant of still or slowly flowing, eutrophic water in ponds, canals, ditches or the quiet backwaters of rivers; it can also grow in brackish water. In very eutrophic sites it may form dense masses which exclude other aquatics. It reproduces by vegetative budding, though it flowers slightly more freely than our other Lemnaceae. Lowland. Commonly used in toxicity testing. Semi-continuous culture system in laboratory Lemna gibba bioassays. Potential of using this plant for arsenic phytoremediation of mine tailing waters.
Native and widespread in Europe.

Duckweed Family

Lemma gibba

Fen Orchid

Native in wet fen-peat and dune-slacks in Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Hunts.
Native in Europe from France, North Italy and Austra to Germany, Denmark, South Scandinivia, Central and Southern Russia; North America.

Liparis loeselii
(Ophrys loeselii)

Field Eryngo

Native in much of Europe (except in Northern Europe and Ireland): introduced into Denmark.

Eryngium campestre

Floating Bur-reed

Green Hellebore

fgreencolflohellebore1

A perennial herb of clear, oligotrophic water, only rarely extending into mesotrophic conditions. It is most frequent in upland lakes but also grows in pools, rivers, streams, canals and ditches. Many sites are exposed to strong winds, but it prefers water 0.3-1.5 m deep, away from the most exposed shallows.
Native and widespread in Europe, except in South-Eastern Europe.

Sparganium angustifolium
(Sparganium affine)

Frog Orchid

Native in most of Europe, except in Portugal, Holland and Turkey.

Coelo-glossum viride

Garden Angelica

Native to North Europe - introduced to Great Britain.
Cultivated for its leaf-stalks which are candied and used for flavouring; also used in the preparation of liqueurs such as Chartreuse. The roots are aromatic and edible and produce an oil used in confectionery, perfumery, and medicine.

Angelica archan-geliaca (Arch-angelica officinalis)

Glasswort
(Marsh Samphire, Gemeiner Queller in Germany,
glasört in Sweden, kortarige zeekraal in Dutch,
Soliród zielny in Poland, Common Glasswort in UK)

glasswortfflo

Flowers

glasswortffol

Foliage

August-September

An annual found at all levels of sandy or muddy saltmarshes, in saltmarsh-sand dune transitions and wet, tidally inundated dune-slacks; also, more rarely, in relict saltmarsh and other open saline areas behind sea-walls.

Halliday (1997) notes that in Cumbria S. europaea is probably the only Salicornia species able to persist on grazed marshes.

Native in all Europe, except in Iceland, Switzerland and Austria.
The ashes are rich in soda and were used for soap and glass-making.

Glassworts Family

Salicornia europaea
(Salicornia stricta, Salicornia herbacea)

Grass-Leaved Orache
(Strand-Melde  in Germany, strandmålla in Sweden, strandmelde in Dutch, Shore Orache,
Common Orache,
Narrow-leaved Atriplex)

commonffloorache

Flower

commonfflosorache

Flowers

July-September

An annual of cultivated ground, manure heaps, roadsides, rubbish tips and waste places in towns and cities; also on fertile soils in a wide range of disturbed semi-natural habitats, such as river banks, pond margins and sea-bird cliffs. A. patula is frequent in coastal waste places but rare in littoral zone habitats such as saltmarshes and sand and shingle drift-lines.
An annual of sandy shores and salt-rich regions of Europe, with all leaves linear to lance-shaped, and bracteoles strongly warty and with long-pointed apices.

Goosefoot Family

Atriplex littoralis
(Atriplex patula)

Great Plantain
(Ratstail Plantain,
Greater Plantain)

ratstailfflosplantain

Flowers

ratstailfforplantain

Form

June onwards

A perennial herb of open habitats; it is most frequent on trampled paths and tracks, disturbed field edges and roadsides, and in gardens, but it also occurs in some closed grasslands. It grows in a wide range of soils, avoiding only very acidic sites, and can produce a large and persistent seed bank.

Native in all Europe.
Used in herbal remedies.

Plantain Family

Plantago major

Green Amaranth
(Green Pigweed,
Blood Amaranth with good photos)

greencflosamaranthwikimediacommons
Rispen-Fuchsschwanz (Amaranthus cruentus) in Hockenheim-Talhaus. By AnRo0002 via Wikimedia Commons.

August till frosts

Purplish-red flowers

An annual of disturbed, nutrient-rich waste ground, waysides, rubbish tips, market gardens and arable fields. It is usually casual and only very rarely naturalised.

5 petals

Leaves vary in color from yellow-green, medium green, dark green, to bronzish green depending upon the cultivar and nutritional status

3 feet to 5 feet = 36 to 60 inches = 90 to 150 cmd with a spread of about a quarter to third of the height

AMAR-ANTH Family

Amaranthus cruentus

Cultivated for its grain. Cut Flower, Dried Flower and Speciman Plant / Focal Point

March-May

A perennial herb of rather shady habitats, usually on chalk or limestone, found in woodland glades, rocky dingles and old hedge banks. Populations are often small, but persist over many years without obvious changes in numbers.

No Petals

Mid-green with 2 basal leaves that do not over-winter.

18 x 12 (45 x 30)

Buttercup Family

Visited by early bees.

Poisonous.

Helleborus viridis

Moist calcareous (chalk) woods and scrub in South and West England and Wales

Hairy Rupturewort

Native and widespread in Europe except in Northern Europe.

Herniaria hirsuta

Hampshire Purslane

Native in most of Europe, except in Northern Europe and Ireland.

Willow-Herb Family

Ludwigia palustris

Herb Paris

herbfflo1paris

Flower

herbfforparis

Form

May-June

A rhizomatous, perennial herb of moist, calcareous, usually ancient, woodland, and occasionally found in grikes on open limestone pavement. It flowers and fruits most freely in the open stages of the coppice cycle, but persists in deep shade, and is well adapted to such conditions in managed woodland. Native to most of Europe, except Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Turkey.
A poisonous plant; much used in the past in herbal remedies.

Herb-Paris Family

Paris quadrifolia

Holly-leaved Naiad

Native in most of Europe, except in Ireland, Iceland, Albania and Turkey.

Najas marina

Hop

hopfflosmale

Male Flowers

hopffol

Foliage

July-August

A scrambling, perennial, dioecious climber which is probably native in moist, open woods, fen carr and hedges. It is frequent as an escape from cultivation or as a planted ornamental. Lowland. The cones are used to make bitter beer.
Native to all Europe, except Iceland.
Much cultivated for the aromatic, glandular, fruiting 'cones' which are used to give a bitter flavour to beer, and which help to preserve it. The stems produce a fibre similar to hemp; the leaves and flowers produce a brown dye.

Hemp Family

Humulus lupulus

Horned Pondweed

hornedfflopondweed

Flower

May-August

This submerged, perennial aquatic grows in a range of shallow-water habitats. The most characteristic include clear chalk streams, eutrophic lakes and ponds, and brackish lagoons, ponds and ditches. It is a frequent colonist of disused mineral workings.
Native in all Europe.

Horned-Pondweed Family

Zannichellia palustris
(Zannichellia major)

Hornwort

hornwortcflowikimediacommons
Ceratophyllum demersum with male flowers, which can be seen quite rarely. By Christian Fischer, via Wikimedia Commons.

Hornwort is a declared weed under the Tasmanian Weed Management Act 1999 in Tasmania, Australia, and is classed as an unwanted organism in New Zealand.

July-September

Minute solitary green flowers at the base of the leaves, male and female separate in July-September followed by warty, beaked fruits at the base with 2 spines when ripe

An aquatic which grows submerged in still or slowly flowing, eutrophic water in lakes, ponds, rivers, canals and ditches. It may be so abundant in ponds and ditches that it forms dense masses which rise above the water surface. Reproduction is mostly by vegetative fragmentation, but seeds are produced in still-water habitats in some years.

8 or more greenish-brown Petals

Stiff densely dark green leafy brittle rootless perennial. A completely submerged waterweed, not unlike a small bushy aquatic fir-tree, differing from Water Milfoils and Marestail in its stiff, forked, toothed leaves.

Stems from 40-120
(100-300) in length

Hornwort Family

Cerato-phyllum demersum

Hutchinsia
(Zwerg-Steppenkresse, Hutchinia,
Chamois Cress)
fhutchinsiaflot1

fhutchinsiaflo1

Flower

March-May

A winter-annual of very open habitats on calcareous soils and rocks which are subject to summer drought, especially on rocky slopes on Carboniferous limestone and on fixed but open sand dunes. It also occurs as an alien on garden walls and in chalk-pits.
Native in much of Europe, except in Ireland, Holland, Iceland, Finland, Poland, Turkey and Romania.

Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2 Family

Hornungia petraea
(Hutchinsia petraea)

Iceland Purslane

June-September

Perhaps our tiniest land plant. A prostrate, sometimes shortly branched annual,0.5-2 inches (1.25-5 cms) long, with oval leaves and minute white flowers; petals 3, stamens 3, Fruit a 3-sided nut. Mountains (recently detected on bare damp ground on hills in North Skye).

Whole plant reddening in late summer on damp mud. Rare in Great Britain and native in northern Norway, Sweden, Iceland and the Faeroes.

Dock Sorrels Family

Koeniga islandica

Intermediate
Water-Starwort

Native and widespread in Europe.

Callitriche intermedia
(Callitriche hamulata)

Irish Spurge

irishfflosspurge

Flowers

irishffolspurge

Foliage

April-July

A rhizomatous perennial of woodland glades, hedgerows and shaded stream banks, growing best when receiving dappled sun for at least part of the day. Lowland, reaching 500 m in Waterville (S. Kerry) and reportedly to 550 m elsewhere in Co. Kerry.

Native in woods, hedgebanks and rough pastures on lime-free soils in Great Britain.
Native in West France and Central France, North Spain and Portugal, North-West Italy.

Spurge Family

Euphorbia hyberna

Ivy

ivyfflo

Flower

ivyffru

Mature Fruit

ivyffol

Foliage with frost in January

ivyffor

Form in January

September onwards

An evergreen perennial woody climber most characteristic of woodland, scrub and hedgerows, but also common on walls, rock outcrops and cliffs. It may carpet the ground in secondary woodland. It generally favours basic to moderately acidic soils. It is highly palatable to deer and stock, and in grazed upland areas becomes restricted to inaccessible rock outcrops. 0-610 m (Mourne Mountains, Co. Down).

Native in all Europe, except Iceland and Finland.
Valued as a medicinal plant in the past. The fruits and leaves are irritant and purgative.

See
Hedera helix 'Buttercup'
Hedera helix 'Glacier
Hedera helix 'Goldchild'
Hedera helix 'Goldheart'
Hedera helix 'Green Ripple'
Hedera helix 'Hibernica'
Hedera helix 'Ivalace'
and
Hedera helix 'Little Diamond'
in the Climbers Gallery for cultivated varieties of this ivy.

Ivy Family

Hedera helix

Ivy Duckweed
(Ivy-leaved Duckweed)

Native in all Europe, except in Iceland and Albania.

Lemna trisulca

Knawel
(Annual Knawel)

cknawelflo1

Native in all Europe.

Pink Family

Scleranthus annuus

Hungarian Spurge
(Leafy Spurge)

hungarianfflosspurge

Flowers

June onwards

A perennial herb naturalised in similar habitats to Euphorbia x pseudovirgata, including tracks, hedgerows, waste ground and road verges. Lowland.

Native in much of Europe, except Ireland, Iceland and Albania: introduced into Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Switzerland.

Spurge Family

Euphorbia esula

Least Bur-reed
(Small bur-reed,
Unbranched Bur-reed)

Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 1

It grows in shallow, sheltered waters at the edges of lakes, or in ponds, slowly flowing streams and drainage ditches. It is found in mesotrophic, highly calcareous to acidic waters. Its rhizomes are short and it usually reproduces by seed.

Native and widespread in Europe.

Bur-reed Family

Sparganium minimum
(Sparganium natans, Sparganium emersum)


BLUE WILD FLOWER GALLERY PAGE MENU Site Map of pages with content (o) Introduction	What is PL@NTNET? Pl@ntNet allows you to identify thousands of species of plants thanks to your pictures. The images you send are automatically compared to the thousands of images we have in our botanical databases. A list of plants is then proposed. The last word is yours! Currently, Pl@ntNet has 22 projects: 16 geographical projects, 3 thematic projects on ornamental and cultivated plants, and 3 microprojects. If you wanna know everything about how to use the app: https://plantnet.org/en/how-why/ Frequently Asked Questions provides answers:- 1. What is the project "World Flora"? - "The Plant List (TPL) was a working list of all known plant species produced by the botanical community in response to Target 1 of the 2002-2010 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). TPL has been static since 2013, but was used as the starting point for the Taxonomic Backbone of the World Flora Online (WFO), and updated information can be found at www.worldfloraonline.org." 2. Can I use Pl@ntNet on my computer? - "Yes! the Web version of Pl@ntNet is available at the following address: identify.plantnet.org. "
WILD FLOWER GALLERY PAGE MENU Site Map of pages with content (o) Introduction INDEX LINK TO WILDFLOWER PLANT DESCRIPTION PAGE a-h i-p q-z Wildflower Poisonous Plants Wildflower Garden Use page from Evergreen Perrennial Shape Gallery. Superceeded Wildflower Indices Botanical Name Common Name by BROWN WILD FLOWER GALLERY PAGE MENUS and CREAM WILD FLOWER GALLERY PAGE MENUS detailed above in this table Wildflower Index A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, XYZ FLOWER COLOUR (o)Blue (o)Brown (o)Cream (o)Green (o)Mauve (o)Multi-Coloured Orange (o)Pink 1 (o)Pink 2 (o)Purple (o)Red (o)White1 (o)White2 (o)White3 (o)Yelow1 (o)Yelow2 (o)Shrub or Small Tree SEED COLOUR (o)Seed 1 (o)Seed 2 BED PICTURES (o)Bed HABITAT TABLES Flowers in Acid Soil Flowers in Chalk Soil Flowers in Marine Soil Flowers in Neutral Soil Ferns Grasses Rushes Sedges See Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines to aid your use of this website.	WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE MENU 1 (o)Adder's Tongue Amaranth (o)Arrow-Grass (o)Arum (o)Balsam Bamboo (o)Barberry (o)Bedstraw (o)Beech (o)Bellflower (o)Bindweed (o)Birch (o)Birds-Nest (o)Birthwort (o)Bogbean (o)Bog Myrtle (o)Borage (o)Box (o)Broomrape (o)Buckthorn (o)Buddleia (o)Bur-reed (o)Buttercup (o)Butterwort (o)Cornel (Dogwood) (o)Crowberry (o)Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 1 (o)Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2 Cypress (o)Daffodil (o)Daisy (o)Daisy Cudweeds (o)Daisy Chamomiles (o)Daisy Thistle (o)Daisy Catsears (o)Daisy Hawkweeds (o)Daisy Hawksbeards (o)Daphne (o)Diapensia (o)Dock Bistorts (o)Dock Sorrels	WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE MENU 2 (o)Clubmoss (o)Duckweed (o)Eel-Grass (o)Elm (o)Filmy Fern (o)Horsetail (o)Polypody Quillwort (o)Royal Fern (o)Figwort - Mulleins (o)Figwort - Speedwells (o)Flax (o)Flowering-Rush (o)Frog-bit (o)Fumitory (o)Gentian (o)Geranium (o)Glassworts (o)Gooseberry (o)Goosefoot (o)Grass 1 (o)Grass 2 (o)Grass 3 (o)Grass Soft Bromes 1 (o)Grass Soft Bromes 2 (o)Grass Soft Bromes 3 (o)Hazel (o)Heath (o)Hemp (o)Herb-Paris (o)Holly (o)Honeysuckle (o)Horned-Pondweed (o)Hornwort (o)Iris (o)Ivy (o)Jacobs Ladder (o)Lily (o)Lily Garlic (o)Lime (o)Lobelia (o)Loosestrife (o)Mallow (o)Maple (o)Mares-tail (o)Marsh Pennywort (o)Melon (Gourd/Cucumber)	WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE MENU 3 (o)Mesem-bryanthemum (o)Mignonette (o)Milkwort (o)Mistletoe (o)Moschatel Naiad (o)Nettle (o)Nightshade (o)Oleaster (o)Olive (o)Orchid 1 (o)Orchid 2 (o)Orchid 3 (o)Orchid 4 (o)Parnassus-Grass (o)Peaflower (o)Peaflower Clover 1 (o)Peaflower Clover 2 (o)Peaflower Clover 3 (o)Peaflower Vetches/Peas Peony (o)Periwinkle Pillwort Pine (o)Pink 1 (o)Pink 2 Pipewort (o)Pitcher-Plant (o)Plantain (o)Pondweed (o)Poppy (o)Primrose (o)Purslane Rannock Rush (o)Reedmace (o)Rockrose (o)Rose 1 (o)Rose 2 (o)Rose 3 (o)Rose 4 (o)Rush (o)Rush Woodrushes (o)Saint Johns Wort Saltmarsh Grasses (o)Sandalwood (o)Saxifrage	WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE MENU 4 Seaheath (o)Sea Lavender (o)Sedge Rush-like (o)Sedges Carex 1 (o)Sedges Carex 2 (o)Sedges Carex 3 (o)Sedges Carex 4 (o)Spindle-Tree (o)Spurge (o)Stonecrop (o)Sundew (o)Tamarisk Tassel Pondweed (o)Teasel (o)Thyme 1 (o)Thyme 2 (o)Umbellifer 1 (o)Umbellifer 2 (o)Valerian (o)Verbena (o)Violet (o)Water Fern (o)Waterlily (o)Water Milfoil (o)Water Plantain (o)Water Starwort Waterwort (o)Willow (o)Willow-Herb (o)Wintergreen (o)Wood-Sorrel (o)Yam (o)Yew

	WILDFLOWER INDEX See Wildflower Common Name Index link Table ON A PAGE for more wildflower of the UK common names - from Adder's Tongue to the Goosefoot Family - together with their names in languages from America, Finland, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. See Wildflower Botanical Name Index link table ON A PAGE for wildflower of the United Kingdom (Great Britain) botanical names, from Adder's Tongue to the Goosefoot Family. Neither of the above 2 pages will be further updated, due to 1. Running out of space on each of the pages and 2. being replaced by the Botanical Names and Common Names Galleries from July 2020:- Botanical Names with Common Name, Wild Flower Family, Flower Colour and Form Index of each of all the Wildflowers of the UK in 1965 are in PAGES IN THE GALLERY Brown Wildflower Gallery with page links in the top row. Common Names with Botanical Name, Wild Flower Family, Flower Colour and Form Index of each of all the Wildflowers of the UK in 1965 are PAGES IN THE GALLERY in Cream Wildflower Gallery with page links in the top row. Plant description, culture, propagation and photos/illustrations will be provided for every wildflower plant (from February 2021) in these 2 galleries. After clicking on the WILD FLOWER Common Name INDEX link to Wildflower Family Page; locate that Common name on that Wildflower Family Page, then Click on Underlined Text in:- Common Name to view that Plant Description Page Botanical Name to link to Plant or Seed Supplier Flowering Months to view photos Habitat to view further Natural Habitat details and Botanical Society of the British Isles Distribution Map
Common Name	Botanical Name	Habitat - Broad-leaved Woods.
Bluebell	Bluebell is Hyacinthoides non-scripta Lily family
Common Twayblade
Early Dog Violet
Early Purple Orchis (Gethsemane, Early Purple Orchid)	Early Purple Orchid is Orchis mascula Orchid Family
Foxglove
Globe Flower	Globe Flower is Trollius europaeus Buttercup Family	Visited by various small insects. Poisonous. A perennial herb of cool, damp habitats, including hay meadows, stream and river banks, lake margins, open woodland and rock ledges. It prefers basic soils, and is often associated with limestone. It is sensitive to grazing, but can persist as small, non-flowering plants in the uplands. Wet pastures, fens, scrub and woods.
Greater Butterfly Orchid
Ground Ivy
Herb Paris
Himalayan Balsam	Himalayan Balsam is Impatiens glandulifera (Indian Balsam, Policeman's Helmet, Bobby Tops, Copper Tops, Gnome's Hatstand, Kiss-me-on-the-mountain, Ornamental jewelweed) Balsam family	This species is most frequent on the banks of waterways, where it often forms continuous stands, but is also established in damp woodland, flushes and mires.
Lesser Celandine , Pilewort	Lesser Celandine , Pilewort is Ranunculus ficaria Buttercup Family	Visited by various flies and bees, but often setting little seed. An aestivating perennial herb that grows in woods, hedge banks, meadows, roadsides, maritime grassland, the banks of rivers and streams and shaded waste ground. It prefers damp, loamy or clay soils, and avoids very dry, very acidic or permanently waterlogged sites. Vigorous groundcover that forms large, dense patches on the forest floor, displacing and preventing other native plants from co-occuring.
Lily of the Valley
Mezereon
Moschatel
Nettle-leaved Bellflower
Oregon Grape	Oregon Grape is Mahonia aquifolium Barberry family	Pollinated by various insects. Its berries attract birds. An evergreen shrub which spreads rapidly by stolons and can become well established in hedgerows, road verges and woodland. Commonly planted for pheasant cover. Use its spiny leaflets in a boundary hedge.
Oxlip
Primrose (Butter-rose)	Primula vulgaris Primrose Family
Spring Snowflake
Stinking Hellebore (Bear's-foot)	Stinking Hellebore (Bear's-foot) is Helleborus foetidus Buttercup family	Trimethylamine is present in the flowers, which gives off an unpleasant smell to attract midges and bluebottles for their pollination. Visited by early bees and other insects. Seeds said to be dispersed by ants. Compounds of sulphur are present and the whole plant emits a most unpleasant smell, especially when handled, hence its country name of Stinking Hellebore. A short-lived perennial herb of shallow calcareous soils. It is a poor competitor, and intolerant of deep shade, so is usually found in small colonies in woodland glades or open scrub, on scree slopes, rock ledges, hedge banks, and as an introduction in churchyards. Adult plants near senescence (4-5 years old) are typically found with a cohort of seedlings. "Calcareous is an adjective meaning mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate, in other words, containing lime or being chalky." from Wikipedia. Woods and scrub on chalk and limestone in Southern England.
Wild Cherry
Wild Daffodil
Wood Anemone or Wind Flower	Wood Anemone or Wind Flower is Anemone nemorosa Buttercup family	The 120 species of Anemone are sharp-tasting plants, poisonous owing to the presence of the narcotic anemonin and dangerous to cattle. Visited for pollen by various bees and flies. A rhizomatous perennial, found in woodland, on streamsides, under Pteridium, on hedge banks, in heathy grassland, on open moorland, in scree and on limestone pavement. It has a wide pH tolerance, but in woodlands it is most abundant where the vigour of more competitive species is reduced by acidity, waterlogging or regular coppicing. Deciduous woodland, hedge-banks and mountains on all but highly acidic or water-logged soils in England Wales and Scotland
Wood Forget-me-not
Wood Sorrel (Fairybells, our-clover, Sour-sabs, Sour-suds, Sour-sap, Sour-Sally, Wood-sour, Alleluia)	Wood-Sorrel Oxalis acetosella Wood Sorrel Family
Angular Solomon's Seal	Angular Solomon's Seal is Polygonatum odoratum Lily family	The greenish-white flowers are tubular. They have a powerful sweet scent and are followed by black globose fruits. In bloom Jun-Jul. Lily Family. A rhizomatous, perennial herb of ancient Fraxinus woods, often growing in crevices and on outcrops of limestone. Graphic of Echtes Salomonssiegel (Polygonatum odoratum). By Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 15:29, 14 May 2005 (UTC) via Wikimedia Commons.
Barberry	Barberry is Berberis vulgaris Barberry family	Flies and bees. Red berries produced in September-October, which are eaten by the birds, who also use them for nest-sites. Bright lemon-yellow flowers in May-Jun. BARBERRY Family. Use as a deciduous shrub in hedgerows and coppices, and on banks, cliffs and waste ground in deciduous woodlands. Use as external hedge where the sharp spines on the twigs and the sharply toothed leaves act as an animal or human deterrent. Its deleterious effect on wheat crops was appreciated before it was known to be a host of the rust Puccinia graminis and consequently eradicated from many hedgerows in the 19th century.
Box	Box , Common Box, European Box, Boxwood is Buxus semper-virens Box family	Topiary and hedges because of its small leaves, evergreen nature, tolerance of close shearing, and scented foliage. An evergreen shrub or small tree, native to woodlands and thickets on steep slopes on chalk, and in scrub on chalk downland. It is popular for hedging in gardens and is often planted in woodlands, often becoming naturalised.
Baneberry or Herb Christopher	Baneberry or Herb Christopher is Actaea spicata Barba di capra - Val Piana, Limana. By Enrico Blasutto, via Wikimedia Commons. Buttercup family	A perennial herb of shaded sites on limestone. Its habitats differ superficially, being found in the grikes of limestone pavement, on rock ledges, and in deciduous woodland, but all have the same characteristics of shade, low competition and a cool, protected root run. Pollinated by insects. Used in woodland gardens.
Blue Mountain Anemone	Blue Mountain Anemone is Anemone apennina Anemone apennina at Dresden, Botanical Garden(Saxony, Germany).By Olaf Leillinger, via Wikimedia Commons Buttercup family	A rhizomatous perennial, found in woodland, open scrub, under park trees, in churchyards and near former habitations. Like the native A. nemorosa, it requires light shade. Can also be grown in pots on your windowsill, balcony or garden table. The plant does well under deciduous trees, alongside hedges and in shady pots around ponds.
Columbine	Columbine is aquilegia vulgaris Buttercup family	Native populations of this perennial are found on calcareous soil over limestone rocks in England and Wales. It typically grows in woodland glades and open scrub, by woodland rides and streamsides, in damp grassland and fen, and on scree slopes. Garden escapes can be naturalised in quarries, on roadsides, railway banks and old walls. Visited by long-tongued humble-bees for pollen and nectar. A local plant of woods and wet places on calcareous soil or fen peat.
Creeping Buttercup	Creeping Buttercup Ranunculus repens Buttercup Family	Visited by small flies. Long established, as a cornfield weed especially on calcareous soils. A perennial herb with creeping stems, R. repens has a very wide ecological tolerance, but is most typical of disturbed habitats on damp or wet nutrient-rich soils, including woodland rides, ditch sides, farm gateways, gardens and waste ground. It also occurs in damp or periodically flooded grasslands, in dune-slacks and on lake shores. It is absent from very acidic soils.
Wood Goldilocks and Goldilocks in the Buttercup Family	Wood Goldilocks and Goldilocks in the Buttercup Family Ranunculus auricomus Buttercup Family	Visited by various flies and small bees. A perennial, characteristic of deciduous woodland on chalk, limestone and other basic soils. It also grows in scrub, on roadsides and in churchyards, and rarely on open moorland sheltered by boulders and on montane ledges. Often in shady places such as woodland or copses, but sometimes in meadows.
Green Hellebore	Green Hellebore is Helleborus viridis Buttercup family	Visited by early bees. Poisonous. A perennial herb of rather shady habitats, usually on chalk or limestone, found in woodland glades, rocky dingles and old hedge banks. Populations are often small, but persist over many years without obvious changes in numbers. Moist calcareous (chalk) woods and scrub in South and West England and Wales
Purple Clematis	Purple Clematis is Clematis viticella Clematis viticella. By I, Epibase, via Wikimedia Commons. Buttercup family See International Clematis Society and Clematis on the Web for further details	A deciduous climber or scrambling perennial, available to gardeners in a wide range of variously coloured cultivars. It is found as a persistent escape in hedgerows and on wasteland, and as a relic of cultivation. Reproduction by seed has not been reported. Grows in light thickets, in forest edges or in hedges.
Saint Martin's Buttercup	Saint Martin's Buttercup is Ranunculus marginatus, Ranunculus scandicinus Ranunculus marginatus. By Eitan f, via Wikimedia Commons Buttercup family	A small annual, found as a naturalised weed of bulb-fields in the Isles of Scilly, and as a rare grain, bird-seed and wild-flower mixture alien elsewhere. Roadsides. Mediterr-anean woodlands and shrublands. Stream banks, ditches, marshes and other moist, shady places.
Traveller's Joy Old Man's Beard	Traveller's Joy Old Man's Beard is Clematis vitalba Buttercup family	Visited by pollen-collecting bees and pollen-eating flies, especially Syrphids. A climbing perennial with liana-like woody stems, often covering large areas on hedge banks, hedges and walls, trees and scrub, sand dunes, disused quarry faces and ruins. It is a classic railway plant. On base-rich soils, or utilising lime mortar, the plant can form virtual monocultures. In hedgerows, thickets and wood-margins chiefly on calcareous rocks or soils. The climbing Clematises most commonly grown in British gardens, with large violet to purple flowers, are hybrids of the Chinese Clematis lanuginosa with the Southern European Clematis viticella (Clematis x jackmanii Th. Moore), or with the Chinese Clematis patens (Clematis x lawsoniata Moore & Jackman). The viticella hybrids are later-flowering than the patens hybrids, and have usually only 4 sepals instead of 6-8. Clmatis montana DC, and Asiatic species, is also much grown for its profusion of smallish white or pink flowers. When the plant has finished flowering, the developing seeds (known as achenes – an achene is a one seeded fruit) retain part of the flower – the style. This has long, silky hairs, which form the grey tufted balls that are so conspicuous in some woodlands and hedgerows in autumn and winter. These are, indeed, the ‘old man’s beard’. These silky structures are important in the dispersal of the seeds.
Variegated Monkshood	Variegated Monkshood is Aconitum cammarum Aconitum × cammarum. By Danny Steven S. from Spain, via Wikimedia Commons. Buttercup family	Poisoning by Aconitum may also occur following picking the leaves without wearing gloves; the aconitine toxin is absorbed easily through the skin. In this event, no gastrointestinal effects are seen. Tingling starts at the point of absorption and extends up the arm to the shoulder, after which the heart starts to be affected. The tingling is followed by unpleasant numbness. Treatment is similar to poisoning caused by oral ingestion. A perennial with annually renewed tuberous rhizomes, found established in damp places on a range of soils, usually in shaded sites or in tall vegetation. Its habitats are more varied than those of other Aconitum taxa and include damp roadsides and pastures, waste ground and moist woodland.
Winter Aconite	Winter Aconite is Eranthis hyemalis, Helleborus hyemalis Buttercup family	Visited by hive-bees and flies. All 8 species of Eranthis have a burning tast and are poisonous owing to the presence of an alkaloid. A small, tuberous perennial, dying back in summer. It is naturalised, sometimes in large numbers, in open woodland, grassland and scrub associated with habitation, under park trees, in gardens and on road verges. Glossy Green horizontal foliage appearing after the flowers and dying back by June
Yellow Anemone (Yellow Wood Anemone, Buttercup Anemone)	Yellow Anemone (Yellow Wood Anemone, Buttercup Anemone) is Anemone ranunculoides Anemone ranunculoides, northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. By Bernd Haynold, via Wikimedia Commons Buttercup family	A spring-flowering rhizomatous perennial herb naturalised in shady places, such as in woodland and along paths. Habitat: Rich waterside broad-leaved forests, coppices, stream banks, parks. It needs a highly fertile, preferably clay-rich soil to thrive. These yellow flowers can often last for two to three weeks if the weather conditions are cool. Use in Rock Garden.
Greater Celandine	Greater Celandine is Chelidonium majus Poppy family	Visited by pollen-collecting flies and bees. This perennial herb is widely naturalised by roadsides and paths, in the crevices of old walls, on waste ground and in hedge-bottoms. It was at one time cultivated as a medicinal plant, and most localities are near habitation. Banks, hedgerows and walls usually near buildings. Garden hedgerows, rocky commons, rocky embankments in lush broad-leaved woods.
Welsh Poppy	Welsh Poppy is Meconopsis cambrica Poppy family	A long-lived perennial herb, native in damp, rocky woodlands and on shaded cliff ledges. It is also grown in gardens and has become naturalised on hedge banks, walls, roadsides and waste ground. Its habit has enabled it to colonise the urban environment, growing between paving slabs and at the edges of walls. Welsh political party Plaid Cymru adopted a stylised image of M. cambrica as its party logo.
Bird-in-a-Bush , Fumewort	Bird-in-a-Bush , Fumewort is Corydalis solida , Corydalis bulbosa Fumitory family Further details on Corydalis from book "Bleeding Hearts, Corydalis, and their Relatives" in Plants suitable for small gardens.	Pollinated by long-tongued bees, sef-sterile. Poisonous and in book CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names... by Umberto Quattrocchi. A tuberous perennial herb found in woodland, hedgerows, churchyards and rough grassland, and on roadsides, river banks and walls. It occurs as a garden escape or throw-out, and often becomes naturalised. Reproduction is by seed and tubers. Grow in a rock garden. Corydalis are highly useful at the front of a woodland border, with crocus, in front of dicentra or with miniature bulbs such as muscari or scillas. They can also be grown in pots of gritty soil, but keep compost cool and moist in summer. Partnered with hostas or hardy geraniums, they break into leaf after the corydalis vanish.
Climbing Corydalis , White Climbing Fumitory	Climbing Corydalis , White Climbing Fumitory is Corydalis claviculata (Ceratocapnos claviculata) Fumitory family	Pollinated by bees, perhaps more often selfed. A climbing or scrambling annual of freely-draining acidic, mineral or peaty soils. It occurs in deciduous and coniferous woodland, especially in clearings and in recently felled areas, under Pteridium and in scrub, and occasionally over rock outcrops. In Ireland, it occurs on shaded boulder slopes. Woods and shady rocks on acid soils or on shingle over most of Great Britain from Caithness southwards. It will grow on extremely acid soil and in shady conditions so it can be found in the dark under conifers.

UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given.

Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly.

Topic - Wildlife on Plant Photo Gallery.

Some UK native butterflies eat material from UK Native Wildflowers and live on them as eggs, caterpillars (Large Skipper eats False Brome grass - Brachypodium sylvaticum - for 11 months from July to May as a Caterpillar before becoming a Chrysalis within 3 weeks in May) chrysalis or butterflies ALL YEAR ROUND.
Please leave a small area in your garden for wildflowers to grow without disturbance throughout the year for the benefit of butterflies, moths and other wildlife who are dependant on them.
Butterfly
Usage of Plants
by Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly

Topic -
Plant Photo Galleries for Wildflowers

There are 180 families in the Wildflowers of the UK and they have been split up into 22 Galleries to allow space for up to 100 plants per gallery.

Each plant named in each of the Wildflower Family Pages may have a link to:-

its Plant Description Page in its Common Name in one of those Wildflower Plant Galleries and will have links

to external sites to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name,

to see photos in its Flowering Months and

to read habitat details in its Habitat Column.

Wild Flower Gallery
with its
flower colour comparison page,
space,
Site Map page in its flower colour
NOTE Gallery:-
...Blue Note
...Brown Note
...Cream Note
...Green Note
...Mauve Note
...Multi-Cols Note
...Orange Note
...Pink A-G Note
...Pink H-Z Note
...Purple Note
...Red Note
...White A-D Note
...White E-P Note
...White Q-Z Note
...Yellow A-G Note
...Yellow H-Z Note
...Shrub/Tree Note

Each of the above 17 Flower Colour Comparison Pages compares the wildflowers with that flower colour in the top section using the thumbnails of the ones that I have. This is followed by a list of all the Wildflowers of the UK that have that same flower colour. Then, in the right hand table is the list of Wildflowers of the UK with that habitat as shown below:-

White A-D
and
Habitats of Saltmarshes, Beaches, Rocks and Cliff Tops

White E-P
and
Other Habitats

White Q-Z
and
Number of Petals

Cream
and
Coastal Sandy Shores and Dunes

Yellow A-G
and
Pollinator

Yellow H-Z
and
Poisonous Plants

Orange
and
Habitat of Hedgerows and Road Verges

Red
and
Habitat of Pinewoods

Pink A-G
and
Habitats of Lakes, Canals and Rivers

Pink H-Z
and
Habitats of Marshes, Fens and Bogs

Mauve
and
Habitat of Grassland - Acid, Neutral or Chalk

Purple
and
Habitats of Old Buildings and Walls

Blue
and
Flower Legend

Green
and
Habitat of Broad-leaved Woods

Brown
and
Food for Butterfly / Moth

Multi-Coloured
and
Habitats of Heaths and Moors

Shrub and Small Tree
and
Habitats of River Banks and Other Freshwater Margins

Seed 1
and
Scented Flower, Foliage or Root

Seed 2
and
Story of Their Common Names

Non-Flower Plants and
Non-Flowering Plant Use

Introduction
and
Edible Plant Parts

Site Map
and
Use of Plant

You can find the wild flower in one of the 23 Wild Flower Galleries or the Colour Wheel
Gallery

you know its name, use
Wild Flower Plant Index a-h,
Wild Flower Plant Index i-p or
Wild Flower Plant Index q-z

you know which habitat it lives in,
use
Wild Flowers on
Acid Soil Habitat Table,
on Calcareous
(Chalk) Soil,
on Marine Soil,
on Neutral Soil,
is a Fern,
is a Grass,
is a Rush, or
is a Sedge

you know which Family it belongs to, use
Wild Flower Family Pages menu below

Wild Flower Family Page

(the families within "The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers" by David McClintock & R.S.R. Fitter, Published in 1956 are not in Common Name alphabetical order and neither are the common names of the plants detailed within each Family. These families within that book will have their details described as shown in the next column starting from page 1 in February 2017 until all the families have been completed on page 307.

This may take a few months of my time before I get to the Adder's Tongue Family on page 307.

The information in the above book is back-referenced to the respective page in "Flora of the British Isles" by A.R. Clapham of University of Sheffield,
T.G. Tutin of University College, Leicester and
E.F. Warburg of University of Oxford printed by Cambridge at the University Press in 1952 for each plant in all the families)

followed by

No. of Plants of that Family

that have a row with their details in their flower colour in this central data table;

and then

the relevant entries in the Habitat Index Pages and other characteristics in other Index Pages in the Page Menu / Index Table on the left
(with over-flow in another table below the flower colour in the central data table and then onto
continuation pages)

within this gallery

Buttercup 45

Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2

Melon (Gourd/Cucumber)

Peaflower Vetches/Peas

Peony 1

Poppy 9

Total 65

Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in
A Butterfly Book for the Pocket by Edmund Sandars.
Published by Oxford University Press London: Humphrey Milford in 1939.

and

The Butterflies of Britain & Ireland New Revised Edition by Jeremy Thomas & Richard Lewington.
Published by Bloomsbury Natural Hstory in 2016. ISBN 978 0 95649 026 1.

Plant Name

Butterfly Name

Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly

Plant Usage

Plant Usage Months

Alder Buckthorn

Brimstone

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg under leaf.

Eats leaves.
---

10 days in May-June
28 days.
12 days.

Aspen

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem.

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May
9 days in June.

Black Medic

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats buds and flowers.

Base of food plant.

-
-
Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March.
2 weeks

Chalk-Hill Blue

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg at base of plant.
Eats leaves.
---

Late August-April
April-June
1 Month

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats buds and flowers.

Base of food plant.

-
-
Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March.
2 weeks

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts.
Eats leaves.
---

7 days in June.

32 days in June-July.
July-May.

Bitter Vetch

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts.
Eats leaves.
---

7 days in June.

32 days in June-July.
July-May.

Borage

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower.
Eats leaves, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies.
---

7 days in August.

23 days in August-September.

3 weeks in September

Bramble

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Buckthorn

Buckthorn -
Alder Buckthorn and Common Buckthorn

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Brimstone

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg under leaf.

Eats leaves.
---

10 days in May-June.

28 days.
12 days.

Burdocks

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

2 weeks
7-11days
7-11 days

Cabbages - ELarge White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed

Large White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf.

Eats leaves.
---

May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days.
30-32 days
14 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till April

Cabbages

Small White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of leaf.

Eats leaves.
---

May-June and August. 7 days.
28 days
21 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till March

Cabbages:-
Charlock,
Cuckoo Flower (Lady's Smock),
Hedge-Mustard,
Garlic-Mustard,
Yellow Rocket (Common Winter-Cress),
Watercress

Green-veined White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of leaf.

Eats leaves.
---

July or August; hatches in 3 days.
16 days.
14 days in July or for caterpillars of August, they overwinter till May.

Cabbages:-
Charlock,
Creeping Yellow-cress,
Cuckoo Flower (Lady's Smock),
Dame's Violet,
Hedge-Mustard,
Horseradish,
Garlic-Mustard,
Lady's Smock,
Large Bittercress,
Rock-cress (Common Winter-Cress),
Yellow Rocket (Common Winter-Cress),
Watercress ,
Wild Turnip

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers.
Eats leaves, buds, flowers and especially the seed pods.
---

May-June 7 days.

June-July 24 days.

August-May

Cherry with
Wild Cherry,
Morello Cherry and
Bird Cherry

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem.

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May.
9 days in June.

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats buds and flowers.

Base of food plant.

-
-
Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March.
2 weeks.

Pale Clouded Yellow

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.

10 days in May-June.
July-August.
17 days in August-September.

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.

6 days in May-June.
30 days.
18 days in July-August.

Cocksfoot is a grass

Large Skipper

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg under leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

11 Months
3 weeks from May

Cow-wheat

(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat)

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until end of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until June.
---

Hatches after 16 days in June.
June-April

25 days in June.

Currants
(Red Currant,
Black Currant and Gooseberry)

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

Devilsbit Scabious

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May.
---

Hatches after 20 days in July.
July-May.

15 days in May.

Dog Violet with
Common Dog Violet,
Heath Dog Violet and
Wood Dog Violet

Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Egg,
Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk
Hibernates in a crevice in the bark of the tree trunk.
Moves out of tree to eat Dog Violet leaves.
On rock or twig.

15 days in July.
August-March.

March-May.

Late June-July

Dog Violet with
Common Dog Violet,
Heath Dog Violet and
Wood Dog Violet

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf or stem.

Feeds on leaves until July. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until May.
---

Hatches after 15 days in May-June.
July-May.

9 days in June.

Dog Violet with
Common Dog Violet,
Heath Dog Violet and
Wood Dog Violet

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf or stem.

Feeds on leaves until July. Hibernates in dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until April.
---

Hatches after 10 days in May-June.
June-April

April-June.

Dogwood

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Elm and Wych Elm

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem.

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May.
9 days in June.

False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome)

Large Skipper

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg under leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

...
11 Months
3 weeks from May

Foxglove

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May.
---

Hatches after 20 days in July.
July-May

15 days in May.

Fyfield Pea

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts.
Eats leaves.
---

7 days in June.

32 days in June-July.
July-May.

Garden Pansy

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf or stem.
Feeds on leaves until July. Hibernates in dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until April.
---

Hatches after 10 days in May-June.
June-April

April-June.

Gorse

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Heartsease

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower.
Eats leaves, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies.
---

7 days in August.

23 days in August-September.

3 weeks in September

Hogs's Fennel

Swallowtail

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf.
Eats leaves, and moves to stems of sedges or other fen plants before pupating.
---

14 days in July-August.

August-September.

September-May.

Holly

Honesty (Lunaria biennis)

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers.
Eats leaves, buds, flowers and especially the seed pods.
---

May-June 7 days.

June-July 24 days.

August-May

Honeysuckle

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May.
---

Hatches after 20 days in July.
July-May.

15 days in May.

Hop

Adonis Blue

Chalk-Hill Blue

Berger's Clouded Yellow

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

Horseshoe vetch

Egg,
Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg under leaf.
Eats leaves.

---

1 egg at base of plant.
Eats leaves.
---

1 egg on leaf.

Eats leaves.

---

1 then
June-March or September to July
3 weeks.

Late August-April.
April-June
1 Month

8-10 days in Late May-June or Middle August-September
June-July or September to October
8-15 days

Ivy

Pale Clouded Yellow

Clouded Yellow

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Kidney Vetch

Chalk-Hill Blue

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis
Butterfly

1 egg at base of plant.
Eats leaves.
---
Eats nectar.

Late August-April.
April-June
1 Month
20 days

Lucerne

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

10 days in May-June.
July-August.
17 days in August-September.

6 days in May-June.
30 days.
18 days in July-August.

Mallows

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

2 weeks
7-11days
7-11 days

Melilot

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.

6 days in May-June.
30 days.
18 days in July-August.

Mignonettes

Small White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of leaf.

Eats leaves.
---

May-June and August. 7 days.
28 days
21 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till March

Milk Parsley

Swallowtail

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf.
Eats leaves, and moves to stems of sedges or other fen plants before pupating.
---

14 days in July-August.

August-September

September-May

Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain)

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until end of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until June.
---

Hatches after 16 days in June.
June-April.

25 days in June.

Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain)

Glanville Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until middle of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until April-May.
---

Hatches after 16 days in June.
June-April.

25 days in April-May.

Nasturtium from Gardens

Small White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of leaf.

Eats leaves.
---

May-June and August. 7 days.
28 days.
21 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till March

Oak Tree

Egg,
Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg on tree trunk
Hibernates in a crevice in the bark of the tree trunk.
Moves out of tree to eat Dog Violet leaves.
On rock or twig.

15 days in July.
August-March.

March-May.

Late June-July

Mountain pansy,
Seaside Pansy,
Field Pansy and Cultivated Pansy.

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower.
Eats leaves of borage, sainfoin and heartsease, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies.
---

7 days in August.

23 days in August-September

3 weeks in September

Pine Tree

Egg,
Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg on tree trunk.
Hibernates in a crevice in the bark of the tree trunk.
Moves out of tree to eat Dog Violet leaves.
On rock or twig.

15 days in July.
August-March.

March-May.

Late June-July

Plantains

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May.
---

Hatches after 20 days in July.
July-May

15 days in May.

Poplar

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem.

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May.
9 days in June.

Restharrow

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats buds and flowers.

Base of food plant.

-
-
Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March.
2 weeks

Rock-rose

Brown Argus

Egg,
Caterpillar

1 egg under leaf.
Eats leaves.

Sainfoin

Common Sallow (Willows, Osiers)

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower.
Eats leaves, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies.
---

7 days in August.

23 days in August-September

3 weeks in September

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May.
9 days in June.

Sea Plantain

Glanville Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until middle of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until April-May.
---

Hatches after 16 days in June.
June-April

25 days in April-May.

Snowberry

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Spindle-tree

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Stinging Nettle

Comma

Painted Lady

Peacock

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Egg
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

Dense mass of 450-500 eggs on the under side of leaves over a 2 hour period.
Eats leaves, and moves to another plant before pupating.
---

2 weeks in June.
7-11 days.
7-11 days.

14 days in April-May.

28 days.

13days.

Storksbill

Brown Argus

Egg,
Caterpillar

1 egg under leaf.
Eats leaves.

Thistles

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

2 weeks
7-11days
7-11 days

Trefoils 1, 2, 3

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.

6 days in May-June.
30 days.
18 days in July-August.

Vetches

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats buds and flowers.

Base of food plant.

-
-
Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March.
2 weeks

Vetches

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts.
Eats leaves.
---

7 days in June.

32 days in June-July.
July-May.

Violets:-
Common Dog Violet,
Hairy Violet,
Heath Dog-violet
Pale Dog violet
Sweet Violet

Dark Green Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk.
Hibernates where it hatches.
Eats leaves.

Base of food plant.

July-August for 17 days.

Spends winter on plant until end of March. Eats leaves until end of May.
4 weeks.

Violets:-
Common Dog Violet,
Hairy Violet,
Heath Dog-violet
Pale Dog violet
Sweet Violet

High Brown Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base.
Feed on young leaves, stalks and stems
---

July to hatch in 8 months in March.
9 weeks ending in May.

4 weeks

Vipers Bugloss

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

2 weeks.
7-11days.
7-11 days

Whitebeam
(White Beam)

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem.

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May.
9 days in June.

Wild Angelica

Swallowtail

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf.
Eats leaves, and moves to stems of sedges or other fen plants before pupating.
---

14 days in July-August.

August-September.

September-May

Willow
(Bay Willow)

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem.

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May.
9 days in June.

Wood-Sage

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May.
---

Hatches after 20 days in July.
July-May.

15 days in May.

Plants used by the Butterflies

Plant Name

Butterfly Name

Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly

Plant Usage

Plant Usage Months

Asters
in gardens

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens

Large White

Small White

Butterfly

Eats nectar

April-June or July-September.

March-May or June-September

Aubretia in gardens

Butterfly

Eats nectar

May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November

Birch

Butterfly

Eats sap exuding from trunk.

April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation.

Chalk-Hill Blue

Wood White

Marsh Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

20 days.

May-June.

30 days in May-June.

Bitter Vetch

Holly Blue

Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar

May-June

Bluebell

Butterfly

Eats nectar

April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation.

June.

June-August.

Bramble

Comma

Silver-washed Fritillary

High Brown Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

July-October.

7 weeks in July-August.

June-August

Buddleias
in gardens

Comma

Peacock

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

July-October.

July-May

Bugle

Wood White

Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Heath Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar

May-June.

June.

June-August.

June-July.

Cabbage and cabbages in fields

Large White

Small White

Green-veined White

Butterfly

Eats nectar

April-June or July-September.

March-May or June-September.

A Month during May-June or second flight in late July-August.

May-June for 18 days.

Charlock

Butterfly

Eats nectar

July-October

Adonis Blue

Chalk-Hill Blue

Painted Lady

Peacock

Large White

Small White

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September

20 days in August.

July-October.

July-May.

April-June or July-September.

March-May or June-September

Pale Clouded Yellow

Clouded Yellow

Berger's Clouded Yellow

Queen of Spain Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar

May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November

May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November.

1 Month in May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November.

May-September.

Cow-wheat
(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat)

Cuckoo Flower (Lady's Smock)

Butterfly

Eats nectar

June-July

Holly Blue

Marsh Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar

May-June

Dandelion

Butterfly

Eats nectar

April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation.

30 days in May-June.

Fleabanes

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

3 weeks between May and September

Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell)

Butterfly

Eats nectar

June-July

Greater Knapweed

Comma

Peacock

Clouded Yellow

Brimstone

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

July-October.

July-May.

May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November.

12 months

Hawkbit

Butterfly

Eats nectar

30 days in May-June.

Heartsease

Butterfly

Eats nectar

May-September

Hedge Parsley

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

May-June for 18 days.

Hemp agrimony

Adonis Blue

Chalk-Hill Blue

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

July-October

Horseshoe vetch

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

1 Month.

20 days

Ivy

Painted Lady

Brimstone

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

Hibernates during winter months in its foliage.

July-October.

October-July

Lucerne

Painted Lady

Large White

Small White

Pale Clouded Yellow

Clouded Yellow

Berger's Clouded Yellow

Butterfly

Eats nectar

July-October.

April-June or July-September.

March-May or June-September

May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November.

May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November.

1 Month in May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November

Marigolds in gardens

Butterfly

Eats nectar

May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November

Marjoram

Adonis Blue

Chalk-Hill Blue

Common Blue

Clouded Yellow

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September.

20 days in August.

3 weeks in May-September.

May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November

Michaelmas Daisies
in gardens

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

July-October

Mignonettes

Large White

Small White

Butterfly

Eats nectar

April-June or July-September.

March-May or June-September

Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain)

Butterfly

Eats nectar

June-July

Nasturtiums in gardens

Large White

Small White

Butterfly

Eats nectar

April-June or July-September

March-May or June-September

Oak Tree

Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats sap exuding from trunk.

April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation.

Primroses

Butterfly

Eats nectar

June.

June-August.

Ragged Robin

Wood White

Heath Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar

May-June.

June-July.

Scabious

Painted Lady

Peacock

Butterfly

Eats nectar

July-October.

July-May

Sedum

Peacock

Butterfly

Eats nectar

July-May

Teasels

Thistles -
Creeping Thistle, Dwarf Thistle, Marsh Thistle, Meadow Thistle, Melancholy Thistle, Milk Thistle,
Musk Thistle, Seaside Thistle, Scotch Thistle, Spear Thistle, Tuberous Thistle, Welted Thistle, Woolly Thistle

Butterfly

Eats nectar

7 weeks in July-August.

Comma

Painted Lady

Peacock

Swallowtail

Clouded Yellow

Brimstone

Silver-washed Fritillary

High Brown Fritillary

Dark Green Fritillary

Queen of Spain Fritillary

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

July-October.

July-October.

July-May.

May-July.

May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November.

12 months.

7 weeks in July-August

June-August.

July-August for 6 weeks.

May-September.

June-August.

Thymes

Adonis Blue

Chalk-Hill Blue

Glanville Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

3 weeks between May and September

Trefoils 1, 2, 3

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September

20 days in August.

June-July

Vetches

Chalk-Hill Blue

Glanville Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

20 days in August.

June-July.

Violets

Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar

June.

June-August.

Wood-Sage

Butterfly

Eats nectar

June-July

Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring

Peacock

Butterfly

Eats Nectar

April-May

Rotten Fruit

Peacock

Butterfly

Drinks juice

July-September

Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar