Ivydene Gardens Blue Wildflowers Note Gallery: |
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Plant Height from Text Border |
Blue = 0-24 inches (0-60 cms) |
Green=24-72 inches (60-180 cms) |
Red = 72+ inches (180+ cms) |
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Plant Soil Moisture from Text Background |
Wet Soil |
Moist Soil |
Dry Soil |
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Click on thumbnail to change this comparison page to the Plant Description Page of the plant named in the Text box below the photo. |
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BUTTER-CUP Green Hellebore
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BUTTER-CUP Mousetail SANDY FIELDS, SEA-WALLS
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HORN-WORT
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HORN-WORT Jul-Sep |
PINK Cyphal Jun-Aug |
PINK Knawel SAND Jun-Aug |
PINK Rupture-wort Jul-Aug |
PINK Apr-Aug |
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WATER-STAR-WORT Common Water Starwort WET CLAY MUD Apr-Sep |
UMBELL-IFER Jul-Aug |
CRUCIF-ER Hutchin-sia Mar-May |
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BUTTER-CUP Stinking Hellebore HEDGE BANKS ON CHALK Mar-May |
MIGNO-NETTE Weld Jun-Sep |
NETTLE Pellitory Of The Wall Jun-Oct |
NETTLE Small Nettle May-Oct |
NETTLE Stinging Nettle Jun-Oct |
UMBELL-IFER Alexand-ers Apr-Jun |
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MELON White Bryony May-Sep |
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Site design and content copyright ©January 2016. Photos and other details added February 2017. Chris Garnons-Williams. |
Marjorie Blamey's Wild Flowers by Colour by Marjorie Blamey (ISBN 0-7136-7237-4. Published by A & C Black Publishers Ltd in 2005) has illustrations of each wild flower of Britain and Northern Europe split into the following 13 colours. Instead of colour illustrations, this plant gallery has thumbnail pictures of wild flowers of Britain in the same colour split system:-
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Form from
Form for Wildflowers:- Mat-forming These Forms are used for Bulbs with Herbaceous and Evergreen Perennials.
Shape for Evergreen Shrubs:- These Forms and Shapes are also used for Deciduous and Evergreen Shrubs and Trees. |
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Wildflowers with Green Flowers |
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Wildflower Common Plant Name Click on Underlined Text Flower Photo Flowers Photo Foliage Photo Form Photo
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Flowering Months Click on Underlined Text |
Habitat Click on Underlined Text
Native in:- |
Number of Petals Without Petals. |
Foliage Colour |
Height x Spread in inches (cms) (1 inch = 2.5 cms, |
Comment Click on Underlined Botanical Name
See illustration
Botanical Name |
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Native in Mediterranean Europe and Portugal: introduced into Ireland, Great Britain and Holland. |
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Umbellifer Family |
Smyrnium olusatrum |
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Alpine Lady's-mantle |
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Native to Great Britain. |
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Rose 1 Family |
Alchemilla alpina |
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Alternate-leaved Golden Saxifrage |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Portugal, Ireland, Iceland, Albania, Greece and Turkey. |
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Saxifrage Family |
Chryso-splenium altern-ifolium |
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Knawel |
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Native in all Europe. |
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Pink Family |
Scleranthus annuus |
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Annual Mercury Form |
May onwards |
A dioecious annual of disturbed waste places, cultivated ground, particularly in allotments and gardens, rubbish tips, walls, and roadsides, thriving on light, nutrient-rich soils. It produces a long-lived seed bank. Lowland. It is a widespread but local weed, chiefly in Southern England and near the sea. |
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Spurge Family |
Mercurialis annua |
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Small Nettle |
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Native in all Europe. |
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Urtica urens |
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Annual Pearlwort |
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Pink Family |
Sagina apetala |
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Common Seablite Flower Buds |
An annual found in the middle and lower parts of saltmarshes, often with Salicornia species. It is an early colonist of intertidal mud- and sand-flats, sometimes also occurring higher up in salt-pans and drift-lines, on shell and shingle banks, and in thinly vegetated brackish areas behind sea-walls. |
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Goosefoot Family |
Suaeda maritima |
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Babington's Orache |
July-Sep-tember |
A procumbent annual found close to the strand-line on moderately exposed sand and shingle beaches, and in waste places near the sea. |
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Goosefoot Family |
Atriplex glabriuscula |
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Narrow Water Starwort |
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Native in pools and ditches in North Somerset, Sussex, Kent, Gloucester, Notts; Wexford(in Ireland); Guernsey of Great Britain. |
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Callitriche herma-phroditica |
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Beaked Tassel Pondweed |
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Native in coasts of all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Ruppia maritima |
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Black Bindweed Form |
July onwards |
An annual found in arable land, gardens, waste places, rubbish tips and on roadsides. |
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Dock Bistorts Family |
Polygonum convolvulus |
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Black Bog-rush |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Northern Europe, Ireland, Czecho-slovakia, Poland and Soviet Union. |
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Tamus communis |
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Bog Arum |
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Not native in Great Britain. |
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Calla palustris |
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Bog Orchid |
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Native in wet spagnum; to 1600 feet in Scotland. Throughout the British Isles, except Channel Isles and Shetland, but rare in South and Central England. |
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Hammar-bya paludosa |
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An evergreen shrub or small tree, native to woodlands and thickets on steep slopes on chalk, and in scrub on chalk downland. It is popular for hedging in gardens and is often planted in woodlands, often becoming naturalised. |
Without Petals |
Dark Green |
192 x 120 (480 x 300) Box Family |
Topiary and hedges because of its small leaves, evergreen nature, tolerance of close shearing, and scented foliage NOTE |
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Branched Bur-reed Flower Flowers |
A rhizomatous perennial emergent which grows in shallow water in lakes, rivers, streams, canals and ditches. Although it usually occurs in a narrow band at the water`s edge, it is sometimes found as larger stands in swamps. It grows in mesotrophic or eutrophic habitats, and is very tolerant of eutrophication. Cattle will eat it readily, and it is often absent or rare on grazed lake shores. |
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Bur-reed Family |
Sparganium erectum |
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Broad-leaved Pondweed Flower Foliage from Norfolk. Photo from BritishFlora |
May-Sep-tember |
This rhizomatous perennial herb is frequent as a floating-leaved aquatic in still or slowly flowing waters, and more rarely found as plants with submerged phyllodes in more rapid streams and rivers. It has a very wide ecological tolerance, growing in oligotrophic to eutrophic and base-poor to base-rich water over a wide range of substrates. Although it may be found in shallow swamps, or in water over 5 m deep, it is most frequent at moderate depths of 1-2 metres. |
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Pondweed Family |
Potamogeton natans |
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Broad-leaved Spurge |
June onwards |
An annual of cultivated and waste ground, usually growing on calcareous clays but sometimes on lighter chalk or limestone soils. It is found most frequently at the margins of arable fields, and occasionally on roadsides. Its seed is thought to be long-lived in the soil. Lowland. |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia platyphyllos |
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Buck's-horn Plantain Foliage Form |
A perennial herb of dry, open, often heavily trampled, habitats on acidic to basic stony or sandy soils, and rock crevices. It occurs in open grassland, on heaths, sand dunes and shingle, sea-cliffs and sea-walls, waste ground and by paths. Always known inland in S. and E. England, plants increasingly occur beside salt-treated roads. |
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Plantain Family |
Plantago coronopus |
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Caper Spurge Form |
A biennial of disturbed ground and waste places, including roadsides, abandoned gardens, old quarries and rubbish tips, often near human habitation; it also occurs in open woodland. The seeds are very long-lived. |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia lathyrus |
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Rupturewort |
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Native in sandy turf by the sea in the Channel Isles, also in the Lizard Peninsula for Great Britain. |
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Pink Family |
Herniaria ciliata |
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Common Amaranth, Pigweed, |
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An annual of disturbed, nutrient-rich waste ground, waysides, rubbish tips and cultivated land, usually casual but occasionally persisting in milder areas. |
Dark Green |
Amaranth family |
Pigweed because it grows where hogs are pasture-fed. Sudden death of cattle associated with consump-tion of nitrate-containing stems. |
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Common Duckweed Form |
This is our most widespread and frequent floating aquatic plant, often abundant on a wide variety of still or slowly flowing, mesotrophic or eutrophic waters. It also occurs terrestrially on exposed mud, or damp stonework and rocks. Plants rarely flower and reproduction is by vegetative budding. |
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Duckweed Family |
Lemna minor |
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Twayblade |
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Native in all Europe, except in Portugal. |
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Listera ovata |
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Common Water-starwort |
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Native in all Europe. |
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Callitriche stagnalis |
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Coralroot Orchid |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Belgium, Holland and Turkey |
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Corallorhiza trifida |
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Cyphal |
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Native and common on rocky slopes of the Scottish mountains from Stirling to Sutherland and in Skye and Rhum in the Inner Hebrides. |
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Pink Family |
Cherleria sedoides |
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Cypress Spurge Flower Flowers Form |
A rhizomatous perennial herb widely naturalised as a garden escape in waste places such as tracksides, roadsides, walls and sandy banks, and also in calcareous grassland and amongst scrub. It can colonise arable margins, and may become established on sand dunes. It also grows on some racecourses where it could have been introduced with horse-feed or bedding. |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia cyparissias |
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Dog's Mercury Female Flower Male Flower Form |
A rhizomatous, dioecious perennial herb usually growing on damp but free-draining base-rich soils. In the lowlands it is largely restricted to shaded sites, including ancient woodland, older secondary woodland, hedgerows and shaded banks, but in the uplands it occurs on unshaded basic crags, scree, cliff ledges and in ravines, particularly on moist N.-facing slopes, and it also grows in the grikes of limestone pavements. |
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Spurge Family |
Mercurialis perennis |
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Dwarf Eelgrass |
Although a coastal species, this perennial is found at higher levels of the shore than other Zostera species. It grows in sheltered estuaries and harbours, where it is found on mixed substrates of sand and mud. Plants are often concentrated in pools or runnels on the shore. On mud-banks in creeks and estuaries from half-tide mark to low-tide mark. |
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Eel-Grass Family |
Zostera nana |
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Dwarf Spurge Flowers |
May onwards |
An annual of arable land, less frequently occurring in other areas of disturbed ground such as gardens, waste ground and bare patches in dry grassland. It favours dry, light and base-rich soils in sunny situations. |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia exigua |
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Spider Orchid |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Northern Europe, Portugal, Ireland and Poland. |
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Ophrys sphegodes |
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Common Eelgrass |
It is a perennial which grows in the subtidal zone, on substrates of gravel, sand or sandy mud in areas which are protected from full exposure. It descends to depths of about 4 metres in shallow salt water to 4 metres in depth in coastal waters of Europe. Rarely in estuaries. Native in coastal waters of Europe. |
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24 x Eel-Grass Family |
Zostera marina |
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Fat Duckweed Lemna gibba photographed from above by John W. Cross is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. |
This buoyant duckweed is a plant of still or slowly flowing, eutrophic water in ponds, canals, ditches or the quiet backwaters of rivers; it can also grow in brackish water. In very eutrophic sites it may form dense masses which exclude other aquatics. It reproduces by vegetative budding, though it flowers slightly more freely than our other Lemnaceae. Lowland. Commonly used in toxicity testing. Semi-continuous culture system in laboratory Lemna gibba bioassays. Potential of using this plant for arsenic phytoremediation of mine tailing waters. |
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Duckweed Family |
Lemma gibba |
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Fen Orchid |
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Native in wet fen-peat and dune-slacks in Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Hunts. |
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Liparis loeselii |
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Field Eryngo |
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Native in much of Europe (except in Northern Europe and Ireland): introduced into Denmark. |
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Eryngium campestre |
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Floating Bur-reed |
A perennial herb of clear, oligotrophic water, only rarely extending into mesotrophic conditions. It is most frequent in upland lakes but also grows in pools, rivers, streams, canals and ditches. Many sites are exposed to strong winds, but it prefers water 0.3-1.5 m deep, away from the most exposed shallows. |
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Sparganium angustifolium |
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Frog Orchid |
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Native in most of Europe, except in Portugal, Holland and Turkey. |
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Coelo-glossum viride |
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Native to North Europe - introduced to Great Britain. |
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Angelica archan-geliaca (Arch-angelica officinalis) |
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Glasswort Flowers Foliage |
August-September |
An annual found at all levels of sandy or muddy saltmarshes, in saltmarsh-sand dune transitions and wet, tidally inundated dune-slacks; also, more rarely, in relict saltmarsh and other open saline areas behind sea-walls. Halliday (1997) notes that in Cumbria S. europaea is probably the only Salicornia species able to persist on grazed marshes. Native in all Europe, except in Iceland, Switzerland and Austria. |
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Glassworts Family |
Salicornia europaea |
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Grass-Leaved Orache Flower Flowers |
July-September |
An annual of cultivated ground, manure heaps, roadsides, rubbish tips and waste places in towns and cities; also on fertile soils in a wide range of disturbed semi-natural habitats, such as river banks, pond margins and sea-bird cliffs. A. patula is frequent in coastal waste places but rare in littoral zone habitats such as saltmarshes and sand and shingle drift-lines. |
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Goosefoot Family |
Atriplex littoralis |
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Great Plantain Flowers Form |
June onwards |
A perennial herb of open habitats; it is most frequent on trampled paths and tracks, disturbed field edges and roadsides, and in gardens, but it also occurs in some closed grasslands. It grows in a wide range of soils, avoiding only very acidic sites, and can produce a large and persistent seed bank. Native in all Europe. |
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Plantain Family |
Plantago major |
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Green Amaranth
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Purplish-red flowers |
An annual of disturbed, nutrient-rich waste ground, waysides, rubbish tips, market gardens and arable fields. It is usually casual and only very rarely naturalised. |
5 petals |
Leaves vary in color from yellow-green, medium green, dark green, to bronzish green depending upon the cultivar and nutritional status |
3 feet to 5 feet = 36 to 60 inches = 90 to 150 cmd with a spread of about a quarter to third of the height
AMAR-ANTH Family |
Cultivated for its grain. Cut Flower, Dried Flower and Speciman Plant / Focal Point |
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A perennial herb of rather shady habitats, usually on chalk or limestone, found in woodland glades, rocky dingles and old hedge banks. Populations are often small, but persist over many years without obvious changes in numbers. |
No Petals |
Mid-green with 2 basal leaves that do not over-winter. |
18 x 12 (45 x 30) Buttercup Family Visited by early bees. Poisonous. |
Moist calcareous (chalk) woods and scrub in South and West England and Wales |
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Hairy Rupturewort |
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Native and widespread in Europe except in Northern Europe. |
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Herniaria hirsuta |
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Hampshire Purslane |
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Native in most of Europe, except in Northern Europe and Ireland. |
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Willow-Herb Family |
Ludwigia palustris |
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Herb Paris Flower Form |
May-June |
A rhizomatous, perennial herb of moist, calcareous, usually ancient, woodland, and occasionally found in grikes on open limestone pavement. It flowers and fruits most freely in the open stages of the coppice cycle, but persists in deep shade, and is well adapted to such conditions in managed woodland. Native to most of Europe, except Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Turkey. |
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Herb-Paris Family |
Paris quadrifolia |
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Holly-leaved Naiad |
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Native in most of Europe, except in Ireland, Iceland, Albania and Turkey. |
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Najas marina |
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Hop Male Flowers Foliage |
July-August |
A scrambling, perennial, dioecious climber which is probably native in moist, open woods, fen carr and hedges. It is frequent as an escape from cultivation or as a planted ornamental. Lowland. The cones are used to make bitter beer. |
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Hemp Family |
Humulus lupulus |
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Horned Pondweed Flower |
May-August |
This submerged, perennial aquatic grows in a range of shallow-water habitats. The most characteristic include clear chalk streams, eutrophic lakes and ponds, and brackish lagoons, ponds and ditches. It is a frequent colonist of disused mineral workings. |
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Horned-Pondweed Family |
Zannichellia palustris |
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Hornwort
Hornwort is a declared weed under the Tasmanian Weed Management Act 1999 in Tasmania, Australia, and is classed as an unwanted organism in New Zealand. |
July-September Minute solitary green flowers at the base of the leaves, male and female separate in July-September followed by warty, beaked fruits at the base with 2 spines when ripe |
An aquatic which grows submerged in still or slowly flowing, eutrophic water in lakes, ponds, rivers, canals and ditches. It may be so abundant in ponds and ditches that it forms dense masses which rise above the water surface. Reproduction is mostly by vegetative fragmentation, but seeds are produced in still-water habitats in some years. |
8 or more greenish-brown Petals |
Stiff densely dark green leafy brittle rootless perennial. A completely submerged waterweed, not unlike a small bushy aquatic fir-tree, differing from Water Milfoils and Marestail in its stiff, forked, toothed leaves. |
Stems from 40-120 Hornwort Family |
Cerato-phyllum demersum |
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Hutchinsia Flower |
A winter-annual of very open habitats on calcareous soils and rocks which are subject to summer drought, especially on rocky slopes on Carboniferous limestone and on fixed but open sand dunes. It also occurs as an alien on garden walls and in chalk-pits. |
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Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2 Family |
Hornungia petraea |
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Iceland Purslane |
Perhaps our tiniest land plant. A prostrate, sometimes shortly branched annual,0.5-2 inches (1.25-5 cms) long, with oval leaves and minute white flowers; petals 3, stamens 3, Fruit a 3-sided nut. Mountains (recently detected on bare damp ground on hills in North Skye). Whole plant reddening in late summer on damp mud. Rare in Great Britain and native in northern Norway, Sweden, Iceland and the Faeroes. |
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Dock Sorrels Family |
Koeniga islandica |
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Intermediate |
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Native and widespread in Europe. |
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Callitriche intermedia |
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Irish Spurge Flowers Foliage |
A rhizomatous perennial of woodland glades, hedgerows and shaded stream banks, growing best when receiving dappled sun for at least part of the day. Lowland, reaching 500 m in Waterville (S. Kerry) and reportedly to 550 m elsewhere in Co. Kerry. Native in woods, hedgebanks and rough pastures on lime-free soils in Great Britain. |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia hyberna |
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Flower Mature Fruit Foliage with frost in January Form in January |
September onwards |
An evergreen perennial woody climber most characteristic of woodland, scrub and hedgerows, but also common on walls, rock outcrops and cliffs. It may carpet the ground in secondary woodland. It generally favours basic to moderately acidic soils. It is highly palatable to deer and stock, and in grazed upland areas becomes restricted to inaccessible rock outcrops. 0-610 m (Mourne Mountains, Co. Down). Native in all Europe, except Iceland and Finland. See |
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Ivy Family |
Hedera helix |
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Ivy Duckweed |
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Native in all Europe, except in Iceland and Albania. |
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Lemna trisulca |
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Knawel |
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Native in all Europe. |
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Pink Family |
Scleranthus annuus |
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Hungarian Spurge Flowers |
June onwards |
A perennial herb naturalised in similar habitats to Euphorbia x pseudovirgata, including tracks, hedgerows, waste ground and road verges. Lowland. Native in much of Europe, except Ireland, Iceland and Albania: introduced into Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Switzerland. |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia esula |
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Least Bur-reed |
It grows in shallow, sheltered waters at the edges of lakes, or in ponds, slowly flowing streams and drainage ditches. It is found in mesotrophic, highly calcareous to acidic waters. Its rhizomes are short and it usually reproduces by seed. Native and widespread in Europe. |
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Bur-reed Family |
Sparganium minimum |
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BLUE WILD FLOWER GALLERY |
What is PL@NTNET? |
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WILD FLOWER GALLERY
INDEX LINK TO WILDFLOWER PLANT DESCRIPTION PAGE Wildflower Garden Use page from Evergreen Perrennial Shape Gallery. Superceeded Wildflower Indices Wildflower Index
FLOWER COLOUR BED PICTURES HABITAT TABLES
See Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines to aid your use of this website. |
WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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See Wildflower Common Name Index link Table ON A PAGE for more wildflower of the UK common names - from Adder's Tongue to the Goosefoot Family - together with their names in languages from America, Finland, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. |
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Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Habitat - Broad-leaved Woods. |
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Bluebell |
Bluebell is |
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Common Twayblade |
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Early Dog Violet |
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Early Purple Orchis |
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Foxglove |
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Visited by various small insects. Poisonous. A perennial herb of cool, damp habitats, including hay meadows, stream and river banks, lake margins, open woodland and rock ledges. It prefers basic soils, and is often associated with limestone. It is sensitive to grazing, but can persist as small, non-flowering plants in the uplands. |
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Greater Butterfly Orchid |
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Ground Ivy |
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Herb Paris |
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Himalayan Balsam is (Indian Balsam, Policeman's Helmet, Bobby Tops, |
This species is most frequent on the banks of waterways, where it often forms continuous stands, but is also established in damp woodland, flushes and mires. |
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Lesser Celandine , Pilewort |
Lesser Celandine , Pilewort is |
Visited by various flies and bees, but often setting little seed. An aestivating perennial herb that grows in woods, hedge banks, meadows, roadsides, maritime grassland, the banks of rivers and streams and shaded waste ground. It prefers damp, loamy or clay soils, and avoids very dry, very acidic or permanently waterlogged sites. Vigorous groundcover that forms large, dense patches on the forest floor, displacing and preventing other native plants from co-occuring. |
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Lily of the Valley |
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Mezereon |
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Moschatel |
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Nettle-leaved Bellflower |
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Pollinated by various insects. Its berries attract birds. An evergreen shrub which spreads rapidly by stolons and can become well established in hedgerows, road verges and woodland. Commonly planted for pheasant cover. Use its spiny leaflets in a boundary hedge. |
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Oxlip |
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Primrose |
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Spring Snowflake |
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Stinking Hellebore (Bear's-foot) |
Stinking Hellebore (Bear's-foot) is Helleborus foetidus
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Trimethylamine is present in the flowers, which gives off an unpleasant smell to attract midges and bluebottles for their pollination. Visited by early bees and other insects. Seeds said to be dispersed by ants. Compounds of sulphur are present and the whole plant emits a most unpleasant smell, especially when handled, hence its country name of Stinking Hellebore. A short-lived perennial herb of shallow calcareous soils. It is a poor competitor, and intolerant of deep shade, so is usually found in small colonies in woodland glades or open scrub, on scree slopes, rock ledges, hedge banks, and as an introduction in churchyards. Adult plants near senescence (4-5 years old) are typically found with a cohort of seedlings. "Calcareous is an adjective meaning mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate, in other words, containing lime or being chalky." from Wikipedia. Woods and scrub on chalk and limestone in Southern England. |
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Wild Cherry |
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Wild Daffodil |
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Wood Anemone or Wind Flower |
Wood Anemone or Wind Flower is |
The 120 species of Anemone are sharp-tasting plants, poisonous owing to the presence of the narcotic anemonin and dangerous to cattle. Visited for pollen by various bees and flies. A rhizomatous perennial, found in woodland, on streamsides, under Pteridium, on hedge banks, in heathy grassland, on open moorland, in scree and on limestone pavement. It has a wide pH tolerance, but in woodlands it is most abundant where the vigour of more competitive species is reduced by acidity, waterlogging or regular coppicing. Deciduous woodland, hedge-banks and mountains on all but highly acidic or water-logged soils in England Wales and Scotland |
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Wood Forget-me-not |
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Wood Sorrel |
Wood-Sorrel |
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Angular Solomon's Seal |
Angular Solomon's Seal is |
The greenish-white flowers are tubular. They have a powerful sweet scent and are followed by black globose fruits. In bloom Jun-Jul. Lily Family. A rhizomatous, perennial herb of ancient Fraxinus woods, often growing in crevices and on outcrops of limestone. Graphic of Echtes Salomonssiegel (Polygonatum odoratum). By Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 15:29, 14 May 2005 (UTC) via Wikimedia Commons. |
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Barberry is |
Flies and bees. Red berries produced in September-October, which are eaten by the birds, who also use them for nest-sites. Bright lemon-yellow flowers in May-Jun. BARBERRY Family. Use as a deciduous shrub in hedgerows and coppices, and on banks, cliffs and waste ground in deciduous woodlands. Use as external hedge where the sharp spines on the twigs and the sharply toothed leaves act as an animal or human deterrent. Its deleterious effect on wheat crops was appreciated before it was known to be a host of the rust Puccinia graminis and consequently eradicated from many hedgerows in the 19th century. |
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Box |
Topiary and hedges because of its small leaves, evergreen nature, tolerance of close shearing, and scented foliage. An evergreen shrub or small tree, native to woodlands and thickets on steep slopes on chalk, and in scrub on chalk downland. It is popular for hedging in gardens and is often planted in woodlands, often becoming naturalised. |
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Baneberry or Herb Christopher |
Baneberry or Herb Christopher is |
A perennial herb of shaded sites on limestone. Its habitats differ superficially, being found in the grikes of limestone pavement, on rock ledges, and in deciduous woodland, but all have the same characteristics of shade, low competition and a cool, protected root run. Pollinated by insects. Used in woodland gardens. |
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Blue Mountain Anemone |
Blue Mountain Anemone is |
A rhizomatous perennial, found in woodland, open scrub, under park trees, in churchyards and near former habitations. Like the native A. nemorosa, it requires light shade. Can also be grown in pots on your windowsill, balcony or garden table. The plant does well under deciduous trees, alongside hedges and in shady pots around ponds. |
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Columbine |
Columbine is |
Native populations of this perennial are found on calcareous soil over limestone rocks in England and Wales. It typically grows in woodland glades and open scrub, by woodland rides and streamsides, in damp grassland and fen, and on scree slopes. Garden escapes can be naturalised in quarries, on roadsides, railway banks and old walls. Visited by long-tongued humble-bees for pollen and nectar. A local plant of woods and wet places on calcareous soil or fen peat. |
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Visited by small flies. A perennial herb with creeping stems, R. repens has a very wide ecological tolerance, but is most typical of disturbed habitats on damp or wet nutrient-rich soils, including woodland rides, ditch sides, farm gateways, gardens and waste ground. It also occurs in damp or periodically flooded grasslands, in dune-slacks and on lake shores. It is absent from very acidic soils. |
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Wood Goldilocks and |
Wood Goldilocks and |
Visited by various flies and small bees. A perennial, characteristic of deciduous woodland on chalk, limestone and other basic soils. It also grows in scrub, on roadsides and in churchyards, and rarely on open moorland sheltered by boulders and on montane ledges. Often in shady places such as woodland or copses, but sometimes in meadows. |
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Visited by early bees. Poisonous. A perennial herb of rather shady habitats, usually on chalk or limestone, found in woodland glades, rocky dingles and old hedge banks. Populations are often small, but persist over many years without obvious changes in numbers. Moist calcareous (chalk) woods and scrub in South and West England and Wales |
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Purple Clematis |
Purple Clematis is See International Clematis Society and Clematis on the Web for further details |
A deciduous climber or scrambling perennial, available to gardeners in a wide range of variously coloured cultivars. It is found as a persistent escape in hedgerows and on wasteland, and as a relic of cultivation. Reproduction by seed has not been reported. Grows in light thickets, in forest edges or in hedges. |
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Saint Martin's Buttercup |
Saint Martin's Buttercup is Ranunculus marginatus, Ranunculus scandicinus |
A small annual, found as a naturalised weed of bulb-fields in the Isles of Scilly, and as a rare grain, bird-seed and wild-flower mixture alien elsewhere. Roadsides. Mediterr-anean woodlands and shrublands. Stream banks, ditches, marshes and other moist, shady places. |
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Traveller's Joy |
Traveller's Joy |
Visited by pollen-collecting bees and pollen-eating flies, especially Syrphids. A climbing perennial with liana-like woody stems, often covering large areas on hedge banks, hedges and walls, trees and scrub, sand dunes, disused quarry faces and ruins. It is a classic railway plant. On base-rich soils, or utilising lime mortar, the plant can form virtual monocultures. In hedgerows, thickets and wood-margins chiefly on calcareous rocks or soils. The climbing Clematises most commonly grown in British gardens, with large violet to purple flowers, are hybrids of the Chinese Clematis lanuginosa with the Southern European Clematis viticella (Clematis x jackmanii Th. Moore), or with the Chinese Clematis patens (Clematis x lawsoniata Moore & Jackman). The viticella hybrids are later-flowering than the patens hybrids, and have usually only 4 sepals instead of 6-8. Clmatis montana DC, and Asiatic species, is also much grown for its profusion of smallish white or pink flowers. When the plant has finished flowering, the developing seeds (known as achenes – an achene is a one seeded fruit) retain part of the flower – the style. This has long, silky hairs, which form the grey tufted balls that are so conspicuous in some woodlands and hedgerows in autumn and winter. These are, indeed, the ‘old man’s beard’. These silky structures are important in the dispersal of the seeds. |
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Variegated Monkshood |
Variegated Monkshood is |
Poisoning by Aconitum may also occur following picking the leaves without wearing gloves; the aconitine toxin is absorbed easily through the skin. In this event, no gastrointestinal effects are seen. Tingling starts at the point of absorption and extends up the arm to the shoulder, after which the heart starts to be affected. The tingling is followed by unpleasant numbness. Treatment is similar to poisoning caused by oral ingestion. A perennial with annually renewed tuberous rhizomes, found established in damp places on a range of soils, usually in shaded sites or in tall vegetation. Its habitats are more varied than those of other Aconitum taxa and include damp roadsides and pastures, waste ground and moist woodland. |
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Winter Aconite is |
Visited by hive-bees and flies. All 8 species of Eranthis have a burning tast and are poisonous owing to the presence of an alkaloid. A small, tuberous perennial, dying back in summer. It is naturalised, sometimes in large numbers, in open woodland, grassland and scrub associated with habitation, under park trees, in gardens and on road verges. Glossy Green horizontal foliage appearing after the flowers and dying back by June |
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Yellow Anemone (Yellow Wood Anemone, Buttercup Anemone) |
Yellow Anemone (Yellow Wood Anemone, Buttercup Anemone) is |
A spring-flowering rhizomatous perennial herb naturalised in shady places, such as in woodland and along paths. Habitat: Rich waterside broad-leaved forests, coppices, stream banks, parks. It needs a highly fertile, preferably clay-rich soil to thrive. These yellow flowers can often last for two to three weeks if the weather conditions are cool. Use in Rock Garden. |
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Greater Celandine is |
Visited by pollen-collecting flies and bees. This perennial herb is widely naturalised by roadsides and paths, in the crevices of old walls, on waste ground and in hedge-bottoms. It was at one time cultivated as a medicinal plant, and most localities are near habitation. Banks, hedgerows and walls usually near buildings. Garden hedgerows, rocky commons, rocky embankments in lush broad-leaved woods. |
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Welsh Poppy is |
A long-lived perennial herb, native in damp, rocky woodlands and on shaded cliff ledges. It is also grown in gardens and has become naturalised on hedge banks, walls, roadsides and waste ground. Its habit has enabled it to colonise the urban environment, growing between paving slabs and at the edges of walls. Welsh political party Plaid Cymru adopted a stylised image of M. cambrica as its party logo. |
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Bird-in-a-Bush , Fumewort |
Bird-in-a-Bush , Fumewort is Further details on Corydalis from book "Bleeding Hearts, Corydalis, and their Relatives" in Plants suitable for small gardens. |
Pollinated by long-tongued bees, sef-sterile. Poisonous and in book CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names... by Umberto Quattrocchi. A tuberous perennial herb found in woodland, hedgerows, churchyards and rough grassland, and on roadsides, river banks and walls. It occurs as a garden escape or throw-out, and often becomes naturalised. Reproduction is by seed and tubers. Grow in a rock garden. Corydalis are highly useful at the front of a woodland border, with crocus, in front of dicentra or with miniature bulbs such as muscari or scillas. They can also be grown in pots of gritty soil, but keep compost cool and moist in summer. Partnered with hostas or hardy geraniums, they break into leaf after the corydalis vanish. |
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Climbing Corydalis , White Climbing Fumitory |
Climbing Corydalis , White Climbing Fumitory is |
Pollinated by bees, perhaps more often selfed. A climbing or scrambling annual of freely-draining acidic, mineral or peaty soils. It occurs in deciduous and coniferous woodland, especially in clearings and in recently felled areas, under Pteridium and in scrub, and occasionally over rock outcrops. In Ireland, it occurs on shaded boulder slopes. Woods and shady rocks on acid soils or on shingle over most of Great Britain from Caithness southwards. It will grow on extremely acid soil and in shady conditions so it can be found in the dark under conifers. |
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UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given. Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in and The Butterflies of Britain & Ireland New Revised Edition by Jeremy Thomas & Richard Lewington. |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Cabbages - ELarge White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed |
Egg,
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40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf. |
May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
July or August; hatches in 3 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Cherry with |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
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(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Currants |
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 15 days in May-June. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome) |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
... |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
1 then |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Nasturtium from Gardens |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Mountain pansy, |
Egg, Chrysalis |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. 3 weeks in September |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk. |
15 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk. |
July-August for 17 days. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base. |
July to hatch in 8 months in March. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Willow |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
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Asters |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
|
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Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Aubretia in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Holly Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Buddleias |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Wood White |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Cabbage and cabbages in fields |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October |
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Adonis Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Pale Clouded Yellow |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Cow-wheat |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
30 days in May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
May-June for 18 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Painted Lady |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Marigolds in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September. |
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Michaelmas Daisies |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Nasturtiums in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-May |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
7 weeks in July-August. |
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Comma |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days in August. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June.
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
April-May |
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Rotten Fruit |
Butterfly |
Drinks juice |
July-September |
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Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar |
Butterfly |
Hibernates inside hollow trees or outhouses until March. Eats sap or fruit juice until April. |
10 months in June-April |
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Wild Flowers |
Large Skipper |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
June-August |
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Links to the other Butterflies:- Black Hairstreak uses Blackthorn, Privet, Guelder Rose, and Wayfaring tree I have detailed the use of plants by these eggs, caterpillars, chrysalis and butterfly in full with either photos of those butterflies, etc or illustrations from Sandars. It shows that they do use plants all year round and I will insert the information of their Life Histories into the remainder of the Butterfly Description Pages but I will put no further information in this table or the Butterfly Name with its use of plants table. Please see what a council did to destroy the native habitat, so that children could ride bicyles anywhere in the park in the row below. Details of what plant is used by each of the different 'egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly' unit and for how long is given in the table on the left. At least 2 of these butterflies live in America as well as in the UK in 2022:- |
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The following is an excerpt from my Comments about the proposed destruction of the wildlife habitats at Cobtree Manor Park in the summer of 2010 from my Mission Statement page:- "We would be sorry to lose the butterflies on the bluebells, bramble and ivy that would be restricted to only the very small area of proposed Wildlife Meadow by the Woods at the bottom of a hill with water springs on it. The wildlife is now being excluded from all the other areas by the "pruning", so that the nettles, brambles etc which had for instance the butterfly life cycle included; are now being ruthlessly removed to create a garden, not a park, with neat little areas." When you look at the life history graphs of each of the 68 butterflies of Britain, you will see that they use plants throughout all 12 months - the information of what plant is used by the egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly is also given in the table on the left. With this proposed removal of all plants required for butterflies etc to live in and pro-create; at least once a year by the autumn or spring clearing up, you destroy the wildlife in this park as is done in every managed park in the world. Please leave something for the wildlife to live in without disturbance; rather than destroy everything so children can ride their bicycles anywhere they want when the park is open during the day and they are not at school. |
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THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE
September 21st. Most of the survey mile closely flailed today along both sides of the road. End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure.
CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:-
Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:-
THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges." |
Wildflowers with Green Flowers |
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Wildflower Common Click on Underlined Text
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Flowering Months Click on Underlined Text |
Flowering Months Click on Underlined Text |
Habitat Click on Underlined Text |
Number of Petals Without Petals. |
Foliage Colour |
Height x Spread in inches (cms) (1 inch = 2.5 cms, |
Lizard Orchid |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Northern Europe, Portugal, Ireland, Holland, Poland and Romania. |
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Himanto-glossum hircinum |
Lords-and-Ladies Flower Unripe Green then Yellow then Red Ripe Poisonous Berries |
A rhizomatous perennial herb of woodlands, hedgerows and other shaded areas on moist, well-drained and reasonably fertile soils. |
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Arum Family |
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Man Orchid |
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Native in Western Europe, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Yugoslavia and Greece, except Ireland and Holland |
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Aceras anthropo-phorum |
Marestail Form |
This herbaceous perennial occurs in two growth forms. Plants with long, flaccid stems grow as submerged aquatics, and are sometimes abundant in clear calcareous water. More rigid, stiffly erect shoots grow as emergents at the edge of lakes and ponds, in swamps or in upland flushes. These may be very robust when growing on deep, eutrophic mud. |
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Mares-tail Family |
Hippuris vulgaris |
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Marsh Arrowgrass Flower |
This slender, perennial, rhizomatous herb occurs in open, damp, grassy or marshy places, often on calcareous substrates. Habitats include wet meadows and rush-pastures, heaths, fens, springs and flushes, saltmarsh fringes flushed with fresh water, and river shingle in upland areas. |
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Arrow-Grass Family |
Triglochin palustris |
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Mistletoe |
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Native in all Europe, except in Ireland, Iceland and Finland. |
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Viscum album |
Moschatel |
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Native in most of Europe, except Portugal, Ireland, Iceland, Albania, Greece, Turkey and Romania |
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Adoxa moschat-ellina |
Seed-Head Form |
with minute Pale Greenish-Yellow flowers, which are solitary on long leafless staks and produce each an elongated cylindrical plantain-like fruiting head of tiny nutlets, fancifully resembling a mouse's tail |
An annual of seasonally flooded, nutrient-rich soils in areas disturbed by machinery or animals, such as hollows on ploughed land, rutted tracks and gateways in pastures. Its seeds appear to be long-lived. Native in most of Europe, except in Portugal, Ireland, Iceland and Albania. |
5 Petals |
Green grass-like but rather fleshy leaves in a basal tuf |
4 x 6 Buttercup Family Visited by small flies for the nectar secreted in the petals, but usually self-pollinated. |
Damp arable sandy fields or bare grass fields and by sea-walls in the lowlands of England and Wales |
Musk Orchid |
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Native in much of Europe, except in Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Holland, Iceland, Denmark, Albania, Greece and Turkey. |
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Herminium monorchis |
Narrow-leaved |
June onwards |
Native in Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Iceland |
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Eel-Grass Family |
Zostera angustifolia |
Narrow-Leaved Pepperwort |
Native throughout Europe. |
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Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2 Family |
Lepidium ruderale |
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Narrow-lipped Helleborine |
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Native in shady woods and dunes in Southern England from Kent and Bedford westwards to Devon, South Wales and Shropshire for Great Britain. |
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Epipactis leptochila |
Golden Saxifrage |
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Native in Western Europe and Central Europe. |
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Saxifrage Family |
Chryso-splenium oppo-sitifolium |
Pale Persicaria Flowers |
An annual of wet marshy places, winter-flooded ground beside ponds, lakes and ditches, or damp pastures trampled by stock. It is found on a wide range of soils, from nutrient-rich muds in pastures to sandy and gravelly lake shores. |
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Dock Bistorts Family |
Polygonum lapathifolium |
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Parsley-piert |
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Europe, except for Iceland, Norway, Albania and Finland |
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Aphanes arvensis |
Pellitory-of-the-wall |
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Widespread and frequent on and by walls and banks in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, but not native in Great Britain. |
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Nettle Family |
Parietaria diffusa |
Perennial Knawel |
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Native much of Europe, except in Portugal, Ireland, Iceland, Sweden and Finland. |
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Scleranthus perennis |
Perfoliate Pondweed |
A frequent macrophyte in larger water bodies, P. perfoliatus occasionally grows in oligotrophic sites but is more often found in mesotrophic or eutrophic conditions. It is a rhizomatous perennial that grows in shallow water in sites which are not prone to occasional desiccation, but is most vigorous at depths of 1 m or more. |
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Pondweed Family |
Potamogeton perfoliatus |
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Petty Spurge Flowers |
Through-out the year |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia peplus |
Portland Spurge Flower Form |
A biennial or short-lived perennial herb, growing in a wide range of coastal habitats. It occurs on cliffs, rocky slopes and steep maritime grasslands overlying many different rock types, and also on shingle and sheltered or semi-fixed sand dunes. |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia portlandica |
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Saltwort |
July-September |
Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Goosefoot Family |
Salsola kali |
Mossy Pearlwort |
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Native in all Europe |
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Sagina procumbens |
Purple Spurge |
Native in sandy shores in Great Britain. |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia peplis |
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Ribwort Plantain |
April onwards |
Native in all Europe. |
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Plantain Family |
Plantago lanceolata |
Scottish Asphodel |
A rhizomatous, perennial herb growing by streams and in calcareous flushes, requiring constant moisture but not waterlogged conditions. Native in Great Britain. |
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Lily Family |
Tofieldia pusilla |
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Sea Arrowgrass |
Native and widespread in Europe, except in the extreme south-east. |
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Arrow-Grass Family |
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Native and widespread in Europe. |
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Pink Family |
Sagina maritima |
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Native in all Europe, except in Albania, Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria. |
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Plantain Family |
Plantago maritima |
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Sea Spurge |
June onwards |
Native in Western Europe and South-East Europe. |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia paralias |
Shrubby Seablite |
July onwards |
Native in Mediterranean Europe (except in Turkey), Portugal and Great Britain. |
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Goosefoot Family |
Suaeda fruticosa |
Slender Naiad |
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Native in Great Britain, Ireland, Isle of Man, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Iceland |
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Najas flexilis |
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Native in all Europe. |
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Nettle Family |
Urtica urens |
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Halberd-leaved Orache |
July-September |
Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Goosefoot Family |
Atriplex hastata |
Spineless Hornwort (Soft Hornwort) |
July-September Minute solitary green flowers at the base of the leaves, male and female separate in July-September followed by warty, beaked fruits at the base devoid of spines |
This aquatic grows in eutrophic or slightly brackish water in shallow, sheltered lakes, ponds and ditches. It is particularly frequent in coastal grazing marshes. Like C. demersum, reproduction is mostly by vegetative fragmentation and it can occur in dense masses, even in shaded ponds. |
Disting-uished from Hornwort by the fruit being spineless when ripe. |
Bright green leaves thrice forked. Soft densely leafy brittle rootless perennial. |
Hornwort Family |
Cerato-phyllum submersum Used as an aquarium plant when it may be known as tropical or spineless hornwort and for its high oxygen production. |
Stinking Hellebore (Bear's-foot)
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Bright Yellow-Green, Purple-edged flowers |
A short-lived perennial herb of shallow calcareous soils. It is a poor competitor, and intolerant of deep shade, so is usually found in small colonies in woodland glades or open scrub, on scree slopes, rock ledges, hedge banks, and as an introduction in churchyards. Adult plants near senescence (4-5 years old) are typically found with a cohort of seedlings. |
0 Petals |
Dark evergreen Green Perennial foetid herb with a stout blackish ascending stock and a robust over-wintering branched leafy stem |
36 x 24 (90 x 60) Buttercup Family Visited by early bees and other insects. Seeds said to be dispersed by ants. |
Woods and scrub on chalk and limestone in Southern England.
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Native in all Europe. |
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Nettle Family |
Urtica dioica |
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Sun Spurge |
April onwards |
Native in all of Europe, except in Iceland. |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia helioscopia |
Sweet Flag This spadix is a complex flower-head. A central spike-like part gives off a smell and heat attracts small flies. The hood-like upper part funnels the flies into the base, to be trapped by backward-pointing hairs until they have pollinated the tiny flowers. |
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A rhizomatous perennial herb growing at the margins of streams, canals, ponds and lakes in shallow, nutrient-rich calcareous water. The European plant is a sterile triploid. Native of Asia and America: introduced to most of Europe, except Portugal, Iceland, Albania and Turkey. |
Without petals. Green spadix. |
Iris-like foliage |
48 x Arum Family |
Used as a sweet smelling floor-covering. |
Hare's-Ear |
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Introduced to Great Britain and Holland. |
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Umbellifer Family |
Bupleurum rotund-ifolium |
Tintern Spurge |
June onwards |
Native in limestone woods in west Gloucester and Monmouth of Great Britain. |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia stricta |
Wall Bedstraw |
June-July Flowers greenish-white inside, reddish outside, minute at less than 1mm. Fruit blackish, almost smooth. |
An annual of old walls and bare ground on calcareous or neutral substrates. It is intolerant of competition, and is susceptible to nutrient-enrichment. It may occasionally occur as a casual or short-term introduction well outside its normal range. |
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Green leaves becoming down-turned, edged with forardly directed prickles, 5-7 per whorl. |
12 x Bedstraw Family |
Galium parisiense
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Native in much of Europe (except in Iceland, Norway and Finland): introduced into Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland and Hungary. |
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Mignonette Family |
Reseda luteola |
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Native in Great Britain within hedgerows, scrub, copses; avoided by rabbits and common in warrens; locally common, especially on well-drained soils. Engand and Wales northwards to North-West Yorkshire and Northumberland; introduced locally in South Scotland. |
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144 x 36 Melon (Gourd/Cucumber) Famiiy |
Bryonia dioica |
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White Pigweed (Tumbleweed amaranth, White Amaranth)
Location: Floridsdorf rail station, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. By Stefan.lefnaer via Wikimedia Commons. |
An annual of disturbed, nutrient-rich waste ground and rubbish tips, predominantly casual and very rarely naturalised. It is introduced with fibre, grain, oil- and bird-seed, and with bark for tanning. |
3 petals |
Green - see photos |
28 x |
Amaranthus albus |
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Whorled Water-milfoil |
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Native in all Europe. |
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Myriophyllum verticillatum |
Wood Spurge Flowers Foliage |
A rhizomatous perennial herb of neutral or acidic soils in old woods and shaded hedge banks, more rarely found amongst scrub and around rock outcrops. In woods it is a light-demanding plant which may re-appear from buried seed after coppicing. It is also cultivated as a garden plant, where it is persistent and can be very invasive. Generally lowland, reaching 455 m at Rhydymain (Merioneth). Native in most of Europe, except in Northern Europe. |
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Spurge Family |
Euphorbia amygdaloides |
Cultural Needs of Plants "Understanding Fern Needs |
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It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:- |
Closed Bud |
Opening Bud |
Juvenile Flower |
Older Juvenile Flower |
Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its |
Mature Flower |
Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower |
Form of Rose Bush |
There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page. So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!! |
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My current ambition at my retired age of 73 in 2022 (having started this website in 2005) is to complete the following:- Wildflower Flower Shape and Landscape Uses Gallery has an empty framework that I created on 20 February 2022. When all the remainder of the UK wildflowers have been checked:-
Then, the wildflower entries in the Wildflower Flower Shape and Landscape Uses Gallery will be filled in after each Wildflower has its cultivation details added to the Botanical Names and Common Names Galleries. Starting the above from 20 February 2022, I think it might take me a few years, but it does mean that as I progress then you will be able to associate more wildflowers with more of all the plant types of the cultivated plants who have similar growing requirements. Then, more of the natural world with its wildlife could also inhabit your garden. |
Ivydene Gardens Water Fern to Yew Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
Only Wildflowers detailed in the following Wildflower Colour Pages |
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From the Ivydene Gardens Box to Crowberry Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
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The Bumblebee Pages website is divided into five major areas: • Bumblebees which deals solely with bumblebees, and was the original part of the site. • Invertebrates, which deals with all the other invertebrates. • Homework answers, where you'll find hints and tips to common questions set as biology, ecology, botany, zoology homework, there are also definitions of common terms in biology. • Window box gardens, this was started when we were exiled to central Paris, and 2 north-facing window boxes were all the garden available, however it was amazing the wildlife those window boxes attracted. You'll find plant lists, hints and tips, etc. • Torphins, this is the village in north-east Scotland where we are now located. In this part of the site you can find photographs of invertebrates found locally, where to see them and when, also links to pages with more detailed information.
FORCED INDOOR BULBS in Window Box Gardens. Once these have flowered don't throw them out. Cut off the heads (unless you want seed) then put them somewhere that the leaves can get the sun. This will feed the bulb for the next year. Once the leaves have died you can plant the bulbs outside and they will flower at the normal (unforced) time next year. The narcissus Tete-a-tete is particularly good, and provides early colour and a delicate fragrance too. Below I have listed groups of plants. I have tried to include at least four plants in each list as you may not be able to find all of them, although, unless you have a very large windowbox, I would recommend that you have just three in each box. |
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Theme |
Plants |
Comments |
Thyme |
Thymus praecox, wild thyme Thymus pulegioides Thymus leucotrichus Thymus citriodorus |
Thymes make a very fragrant, easy to care for windowbox, and an excellent choice for windy sites. The flower colour will be pinky/purple, and you can eat the leaves if your air is not too polluted. Try to get one variegated thyme to add a little colour when there are no flowers. |
Herb |
Sage, mint, chives, thyme, rosemary |
Get the plants from the herb section of the supermarket, so you can eat the leaves. Do not include basil as it need greater fertility than the others. Pot the rosemary up separately if it grows too large. |
Mints |
Mentha longifolia, horse mint Mentha spicata, spear mint Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal Mentha piperita, peppermint Mentha suaveolens, apple mint |
Mints are fairly fast growers, so you could start this box with seed. They are thugs, though, and will very soon be fighting for space. So you will either have to thin and cut back or else you will end up with one species - the strongest. The very best mint tea I ever had was in Marrakesh. A glass full of fresh mint was placed in front of me, and boiling water was poured into it. Then I was given a cube of sugar to hold between my teeth while I sipped the tea. Plant this box and you can have mint tea for months. |
Heather |
Too many to list See Heather Shrub gallery |
For year-round colour try to plant varieties that flower at different times of year. Heather requires acid soils, so fertilise with an ericaceous fertilser, and plant in ericaceous compost. Cut back after flowering and remove the cuttings. It is best to buy plants as heather is slow growing. |
Blue |
Ajuga reptans, bugle Endymion non-scriptus, bluebell Myosotis spp., forget-me-not Pentaglottis sempervirens, alkanet |
This will give you flowers from March till July. The bluebells should be bought as bulbs, as seed will take a few years to flower. The others can be started from seed. |
Yellow |
Anthyllis vulneraria, kidney vetch Geum urbanum, wood avens Lathryus pratensis, meadow vetchling Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lotus corniculatus, birdsfoot trefoil Primula vulgaris, primrose Ranunculus acris, meadow buttercup Ranunculus ficaria, lesser celandine |
These will give you flowers from May to October, and if you include the primrose, from February. Try to include a vetch as they can climb or trail so occupy the space that other plants can't. All can be grown from seed. |
White |
Trifolium repens, white clover Bellis perennis, daisy Digitalis purpurea alba, white foxglove Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette |
All can be grown from seed. The clover and daisy will have to be cut back as they will take over. The clover roots add nitrogen to the soil. The mignonette flower doesn't look very special, but the fragrance is wonderful, and the alyssum smells of honey. |
Pink |
Lychnis flos-cucli, ragged robin Scabiosa columbaria, small scabious Symphytum officinale, comfrey |
The comfrey will try to take over. Its leaves make an excellent fertiliser, and are very good on the compost heap, though windowbox gardeners rarely have one. |
Fragrant |
Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette Lathyrus odoratus, sweet pea |
The sweet pea will need twine or something to climb up, so is suitable if you have sliding windows or window that open inwards. You will be rewarded by a fragrant curtain every time you open your window. |
Spring bulbs and late wildflowers |
Galanthus nivalis, snowdrop Narcissus pseudonarcissus, narcissius Crocus purpureus, crocus Cyclamen spp. |
The idea of this box is to maximize your space. The bulbs (cyclamen has a corm) will flower and do their stuff early in the year. After flowering cut the heads off as you don't want them making seed, but leave the leaves as they fatten up the bulbs to store energy for next year. The foliage of the wildflowers will hide the bulb leaves to some extent. Then the wildflowers take over and flower till autumn |
Aster spp., Michaelmas daisy Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Succisa pratensis, devil's bit scabious Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal |
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Bee Garden in Europe or North America |
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Wildlife-friendly Show Gardens With around 23 million gardens in the UK, covering 435,000 ha, gardens have great potential as wildlife habitats. And, with a bit of planning and a few tweaks, they can indeed be wonderful places for a whole host of creatures, from birds to bees, butterflies, frogs and toads, as well as many less obvious creatures. Wildlife-friendly gardens can be beautiful too, and a colourful garden full of life can lift the spirits and give immense pleasure, and can also help to connect people, both young and old, with our wonderful wildlife. The eight-point plan for a wildlife-friendly garden
Many of our gardens at Natural Surroundings demonstrate what you can do at home to encourage wildlife in your garden. Follow the links below to explore our show gardens, and when you visit, be sure to pick up a copy of our Wildlife Gardening Trail guide
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Database of Insects and their Food Plants from the Biological Records Centre:- This database is primarily a collation of published interactions between Great Britain 's invertebrate herbivores (insects and mites) and their host plants. There are also some interactions for the invertebrates closely associated with herbivores, such as predators, parasitoids, cleptoparasites and mutualists. DBIF contains about 47,000 interactions for roughly 9,300 invertebrate taxa (species, sub-species and forms) and 5,700 plant taxa (species, genera and broader groupings). DBIF aims to help researchers access the accumulated knowledge of British plant-herbivore interactions, which is otherwise scattered throughout a vast published literature. The database complements the more specialised internet resources that focus on particular groups (see Links). We hope that the database is of use to professional researchers in the environmental sciences and expert amateurs alike. DBIF is derived from the Phytophagous Insect Data Bank (see PIDB), which was the brainchild of Dr Lena Ward. Many people have contributed to the version of the database presented here; we would like to thank them all for their varied and skilled support (see Acknowledgements). To ensure that the information held in the database is used appropriately, please take time to read about what the database contains (see Description of the database ), and what caveats or limitations may apply (see Interpreting foodplant records and Limitations ). Lastly, DBIF is a work in progress and this website is still under development in some areas. We would be very surprised if you did not find some omissions, or nomenclature that did not need updating. Please alert us (see Contact us) of any necessary changes or of the presence of new sources. They will be incorporated in future updates. A companion piece in the naturalists' magazine British Wildlife (Smith & Roy, 2008) serves as an introduction to invertebrate herbivory and DBIF. |
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From the Ode to the London Plane Tree by Heather Greaves:- "They are also very important to the city of New York (and not just because the leaf is the Parks Department logo). The London plane, usually considered Platanus x acerifolia but also known by other Latin epithets, is not really native, although it very closely resembles the native American sycamore, Platanus occidentalis. Actually, it is probably a cross between this American species and Platanus orientalis, a Eurasian relative. In any case, it has been widely planted as a city tree for decades, which turns out to be a good idea. In its assessment of the New York City urban forest, the US Forest Service Northern Research Station determined that the London plane is the most important city tree we have. They base this conclusion on several factors. For one thing, London planes have a very high leaf area per tree; that is, the London plane gives us a lot more pretty, shady, air-filtering, evaporatively-cooling leaves per single trunk than most other species in the city. In fact, according to the Forest Service, London planes make up just 4% of the city tree population, but represent 14% of the city's total leaf area. (Compare this with the virulently invasive tree of heaven [Ailanthus altissima], which constitutes 9% of the tree population but only about 4% of the total leaf area.) Also, because they tend to become very tall and have large canopies, London planes are our best trees for carbon storage and sequestration. They are holding on to about 185,000 tons of carbon (14% of the total urban tree carbon pool), and each year they sequester another 5,500 or so tons (about 13% of all the carbon sequestered by city trees each year). That makes them both gorgeous and highly beneficial: all in all, good trees to have around." |
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From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:- Wildflowers - Chalk and sand, freely-drained soil mix A wonderfully varied self-sowing wild flower mix for thin, poor, chalky or sandy soils to give your garden or field flowers right through the year and food for the birds and bees. Spring into Summer Flowering • Cowslip March – May Summer into Autumn Flowering • Field Scabious June – September
From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:- Wildflowers - Clay and rich loam soil mix There are two main things I want from my wildflower meadow – to look beautiful for months not weeks, with flowers coming out and going over in succession AND to grow pollen-rich, insect friendly plants from EARLY in the year to LATE. I want my patch to be a regular and reliable food source for the birds and the bees. That’s what you’ll get with this beautiful selection of my favourite easy and reliable perennial wild flowers. General Height: 60cm. Sow: April- June Spring into Summer Flowering • Cowslip March – May Summer into Autumn Flowering • Self Heal June – September |
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", in the Vermont hills, is a biodynamic farm using organic practices. Natural minerals and planned grazing with American Milking Devon cattle rejuvenate the soil, sequester carbon and yield nutrient dense foods and medicines including milk, grass fed meats, eggs, fermented vegetables (sauerkraut and kimchi / kim-chi), and herbal tinctures. We offer educational opportunities, farm visits, and seminars on nutrition, growing and preparing nutrient dense food, diversified farming and fermentation. |
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Edible Plants Club website "has been created largely from the point of view of a plantsman interested in the many different resources available in the plant world, especially edible and medicinal plants. What started me off on this path was reading Robert Harts book Forest Gardening and then Ken Fearns Plants for a Future and also Richard Mabeys 'Food For Free' along the way. This also led to me to change my career and become a gardener." |
'Sort out your soil' - A practical guide to Green Manures, and Frequently Asked Questions from the Receptionist Myrtle of Cotswold Grass Seeds. |
Saltmarsh Management Manual from the Environment Agency informs you about:-
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Helping Earth's Sustainable Management with a Plant "Alternatives to the burning of fossil fuels, nuclear waste, deforestation and nitrate chemical fertilizers need to be developed. Hemp could have a vital role to play in the development of friendly alternatives. Energy production A report published by the FCDA of Europe outlines the Cannabis Biomass Energy Equation (CBEE), outlining a convincing case that hemp plants can be used to produce fuel energy CHEAPER per BtU than fossil fuels and uranium - WITHOUT PRODUCING GREENHOUSE GASES! Hemp plants have the highest known quantities of cellulose for annuals - with at least 4x (some suggest even 50-100x) the biomass potential of its closest rivals (cornstalks, sugarcane, kernaf and trees) (Omni, 1983). Biomass production still produces greenhouse gases, although the idea is that the excess of carbon dioxide will be used up by growing hemp plants - they are effective absorbers and thrive at high levels - Unlike fossil fuel energy which produces energy from plants which died millions of years ago. On reading the report of the FCDA, Hon. Jonathon Porrit (ex-director of Friends of the Earth, currently on the Board of Forum for the Future) commented 'I DID enjoy reading it - the report should contribute much'. Three years later - authorities are still not taking the potential of this plant seriously. MAFF are currently engaging in supporting research into the biomass potential of poplar trees which they claim has the most scientific support for biomass energy production. H-E-M-P recommend use of the hemp plant if biomass energy production is to have any real impact in reducing carbon dioxide levels. IT'S SO PRODUCTIVE! 1 acre of hemp = 1,000 gallons of methanol. In fact, Henry Ford's first car ran on hemp-methanol! - and at just a fraction of the cost of petroleum alternatives. Alternatives to coal, fuel oil, acetone, ethyl, tar pitch and creosote can be derived - from this one single plant! As regards depletion of the ozone layer - hemp actually withstands UV radiation. It absorbs UV light, whilst resisting damage to itself and providing protection for everything else. Risk-free, pollution-free energy. No acid rain, and a reduction in airborne pollution of up to 80% ... There's further potential for the same in industry. " |
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Suppliers of British native-origin seeds and plants:- "Flora locale maintains a list of suppliers who should be able to supply seeds and/or plants of known British (and sometimes known local) native-origin. Although not all their stock will necessarily be of British native-origin, they should be able to provide details of provenance on request. View Flora locale's list of suppliers - follow the "Suppliers of native flora" link. You may also wish to view the Really Wild Flowers site, which contains a wealth of information about creating habitats and cultivating native species." |
British Native Plants List of Edible Plants:- "I thought it would be useful to include native plant lists from different regions of the world. This list is from British Isles (including Ireland and the Channel Islands) and was compiled by Professor Clive Stace of the University of Leicester for the FFF conference on Native Plants held at the Linnean Society of London, June 1997. It can be found here at the postcode plants database." |
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Plants for moths (including larval food plants and adult nectar sources) from Gardens for Wildlife - Practical advice on how to attract wildlife to your garden by Martin Walters as an Aura Garden Guide. Published in 2007 - ISBN 978 1905765041:- |
Marjoram - Origanum officinale |