Plant Name

Ivydene Gardens Plants: Ground-Cover Plant Name: S The process below provides a uniform method for comparing every plant detailed in the following galleries with the ones already compared in the relevant plant gallery from the last list of plant galleries in this cell:- These are the galleries that will provide the plants to be added to their own Extra Index Pages Bee plants for hay-fever sufferers - Bee-Pollinated Index Plants that grow in Chalk - A, Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers - A, Bulbs from the Infill Galleries see Hardy Bulbs, Half-hardy Bulbs, etc in the second row of Topic Table, usually positioned as the first table on the left. The complete Camera Photo is displayed on the screen Climber in 3 Sector Vertical Plant System Plants with Sense of Fragrance The following Extra Index of Wildflowers is created in the Borage Wildflower Gallery, to which the Wildflowers found in the above list will have that row entry copied to. Its wildflower flower thumbnail - or foliage thumbnail if it does not have flowers - will be compared with the others in that gallery per month. The Header Row for the Extra Indices pages is the same as used in this 1000 Ground Cover A of Plants Topic:- A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, XYZ Having transferred the Extra Index row entry to the relevant Extra Index row for the same type of plant in a gallery below; then its flower or foliage thumbnail will be compared per month in that relevant gallery:- Aquatic Bamboo Bedding Bulb Conifer - Conifers have no flowers and are used for their foliage and cones Deciduous Shrub Deciduous Tree Evergreen Perennial Evergreen Shrub Evergreen Tree Fern - Ferns have no flowers and are used for their foliage Grass - Grass is used for its grass inflorescence and foliage Hedging Herbaceous Perennial Herb Odds and Sods Rhododendron, Azalea and Camellia Soft Fruit Top Fruit Vegetable Wild Flower
The plants normally selected by most landscapers and designers are by nature low-growing, rampant, spreading, creep-crawly things and yet the concept of ground cover demands no such thing. The ideal description of a groundcover plant includes:- a bold dense mass of leaves completely covering the ground most of the year; evergreens gain gold stars. They should require little or no maintenance - if you have to give the plant more than its share of attention, you might as well save your money and spend the time weeding. use the plant on ground areas that are difficult to maintain, such as steep banks or boggy patches. use the plant to cover areas where not much will grow, such as deep shade or sandy soils. Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places by John Cushnie (ISBN 1 85626 326 6) provides details of plants that fulfill the above requirements. Using these groundcover plants in your planting scheme (either between your trees/shrubs in the border or for the whole border) will - with mulching your beds to a 4 inch depth and an irrigation system - provide you with a planted garden with far less time required for border maintenance. Wildflower Flower Shape and Landscape Uses gallery provides Landscaping List by Use pages which include some of these ground-cover plants. Landscaping with Perennials by Emily Brown. 5th printing 1989 by Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-063-0 provides the planting site pages for perennials, which include most plant types except Annuals and Biennials. Plants for Dry Gardens by Jane Taylor. Published by Frances Lincoln Limited in 1993. ISBN 0-7112-0772-0. Jane Taylor and her husband grew plants in their garden of 2.5 acres of acidic shale mine waste on ground most of which could not retain water or nutrients and would scarcely sustain even the most tenacious of weeds. A typical British garden with its flowery borders and green lawns needs the equivalent of 1 (2.5 cms) of rain every 10 days to look its best. By choosing from the plants in the above book, canny gardeners will quickly learn to give their gardens the best chance of looking respectable even through prolonged dry spells. Start by improving your soil in your garden by studying the diagram showing the interaction between clay, organic matter, silt and sand to make soil and then follow the advice on how to improve your clay, chalk or sandy soil lower down the same page; before reading how you can provide the soil nutrients, including those for clay soil. Then, choose your plants from:- Trees and Shrubs to form the framework, Palms and Cycads, Conifers, Climbers to provide backdrops, shade and cover for vertical surfaces, Perennials and Ephemerals for filling the garden with flower and foliage, Grasses for vertical outlines as foils and contrasts, Bulbs for companion, underplanting and massed display, Succulents and Xerophytes; and Dry Garden Maintenance - Starting with the Soil, Planting, Windbreaks, Lawns and Lawn Substitutes, and Irrigation Techniques. Each ground cover plant of this 1000 has further details from her book, if it is in there. Plants for Ground-Cover by Graham Stuart Thomas. Published by J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd in 1970 - reprinted (with further revisions) in 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1. This gives details on many more ground cover plants with inclusion (in the Index) of figures denoting the Hardiness Zones for each species in the United States of America.
Plant Name Major source of honey in the UK Yes/No Used by HoneyBees - HB, Short-Tongued Bumblebees - ST, Long-Tongued Bumblebees - LT, Solitary Bees - SOL	Type The key ingredients a bird needs from your garden are Shelter, Food and Water, as expanded in Ground-cover Plant Name W Page	Height x Spread in inches (cms) Spacing distance between plants of same species in inches (cms)	Foliage Some poisonous ground cover plants are indicated, but there are others in Cultivated Poisonous Plants and Wildflower Poisonous Plants	Flower Colour in Month(s). Use Pest Control using Plants to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected groundcover plant or deter its pests	Comments United States Department of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zone Map - This map of USA is based on a range of average annual minimum winter temperatures, divided into 13 of 10-degree F zones, that this plant will thrive in USA, Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. There are other Hardiness Zone Maps for the rest of the world including the one for Great Britain and Ireland of zones 7a to 10a. Zone 5-9 indicates that the minimum zone temperature this plant will grow is 5 and top minimum zone temperature is 9 - above this number is too hot or below 5 is too cold for the plant. If your zone in your area of your country is within that range or your zone number is greater, then you can grow it in your garden. Pruning of Woody Plants in Groups 1 - 13 and Herbaceous Perennials in Group 14 with Ferns in Group 15 and Evergreen Perennials in Group 16.
Salix alba var. vitellina 'Britzensis' Salix species are valuable plants for bees in the early part of the season. Yes HB, ST, LT, SOL	Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	960 x 360 (2400 x 900)	Dull Green	Yellowish-Green female catkins in April-May	"White Willow". Bright Orange winter shoots. From Europe, northern Africa and central Asia. Makes a good windbreak tree, but has invasive roots. Full Sun, Part Shade Zones 2-10 cool, moist soil As a waterside or winter garden plant, it mixes well with dogwoods and other bright-stemmed deciduous shrubs, and may be underplanted with ground-cover plants such as ivies. Good companions include Euonymus fortunei cultivars, bergenias, winter heaths, heucheras, forsrthias and early-flowering bulbs such as narcissi, scillas, snowdrops and winter aconites.
Salix apoda	Deciduous Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	8 x 24 (20 x 60)	Dark Green	Silvery-Grey male catkins in April	Bee Forage Plants and UK Butterfly with Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants. Large plantations of willow would be very beneficial for bees, so for new houses where the front garden is just lawn, why not replace the lawn with Salix apoda, Salix retusa or Salix serpyllifolia in separate rectanglular areas; with a boundary hedge of Salix hastata 'Wehrhahnii'. This would hopefully stop the postman, milkman and delivery man just running across your lawn area to the next house.
Salix caprea 'Kilmarnock'	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	60 x 72 (150 x 180)	Dark Green above, Grey-Green beneath	Grey male catkins in May-June	"Kilmarnock Willow". Native to Europe and northeast Asia. This grows well in brackish marshlands but its very strong suckering habit can cause problems in smaller gardens. A stiffly pendulous weeping tree. To make effective cover, this must be grown from cuttings. Zones 5-10
Salix elaeagnos	Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	120 x 180 (300 x 450)	Grey in Spring ,Dark Green in Summer, Yellow in Autumn	Green female catkins in April-June	"Hoary Willow".
Salix hastata 'Wehrhahnii'	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	36 x 36 (90 x 90)	Bright Green	Silvery-Grey male catkins in April
Salix helvetica	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	24 x 16 (60 x 40)	Grey-Green, silver-downy beneath	Silver-Grey catkins in April	"Swiss Willow".
Salix lanata	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	36 x 60 (90 x 150)	Dull Dark Green covered in Silvery-Grey wool	Golden-Yellow male catkins in June	"Woolly Willow". From northern Europe with slow spreading / creeping habit. Thrives on any soil that does not dry out, preferably in sun Zones 2-9
Salix repens	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	24 x 60 (60 x 150)	Grey-Green to Bright Green, Silvery beneath	Grey male catkins in May-June	"Creeping Willow" is a small shrub, occasionally growing to head height, sometimes of low, spreading / creeping habit. The slender stems are set with small, grey leaves, silvery beneath, especially in Salix repens f. argentea. Zone 5. Female Catkin
Salix repens var. argentea	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	36 x 72 (90 x 180)	Silky Grey	Gold catkins in May
Salix retusa	Deciduous Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	4 x 16 (10 x 40)	Glossy Mid-Green	Grey catkins in April-May
Salix serpyllifolia	Deciduous Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	1 x 12 (2 x 30)	Glossy Mid-Green	Silvery-Green catkins in April-May	"Thyme-leaved Willow".
Salvia nemerosa 'May Knight' Salvia species No HB, ST, LT, SOL	Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	18 x 12 (45 x 30)	Mid-Green	Violet-Blue in June-August	"Woodland Sage". Full Sun Zone 5-9 Most soils - From Europe to Russia Companions - Sisyrinchium striatum, artemisia, hemerocallis, lavandula, helenium, papaver, scabiosa, smaller euphorbias, roses. When using salvias as a cut flower, recut their stems underwater in the final vase. Furnish this plant at the base with a cushion of the pink-flowering cranesbill, Geranium sanguineum var. striatum. Ashwood Nurseries grow about 80 Salvias.
Salvia officinalis 'Purpurascens' No HB, ST, LT, SOL	Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	24 x 36 (60 x 90)	Purple in Spring, Grey-Green in Summer, Autumn and Winter	Blue-Purple in June-August	"Purple Sage". Salvia officinalis grows as edging and in gravel or herb gardens. It associates with lavenders, cotton lavender, cistus, phlomis and rosemaries. It combines happily with other purple-leaved plants as well as with silver foliage. All Salvia need full sun, well-drained soil, preferably light i.e. sand. Apt to suffer in very severe winters in cold districts. Can be planted during growing season, but often fail from winter planting. If they become sparse, then they may be reduced in height in late spring to encourage basal growth. Plant out in permanent position in March or October. Bee Forage Plants and UK Butterfly with Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants. It is not fastidious in regard to soil. The flowers afford first-class honeybee forage.
Salvia x superba	Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	30 x 24 (75 x 60)	Mid-Green	Bright Violet or Purple in August-October	"Sage". Erect Full Sun Zone 5-9 Mid-border position in most reasonable soils. These flowers look striking beside the copper-red blooms of Helenium 'Moerheim Beauty'. Deadheading the salvia will encourage it to produce further flowers, prolonging the display.
Sambucus nigra 'Aurea'	Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	144 x 144 (360 x 360)	Golden-Yellow	Creamy-White in June	"Black Elder, Common Elder, Elderberry, European Elder". The berries are used in pies, the flowers and fruit to make wine or liquers. Full Sun or Shade Zones 4-10 Well-drained fertile soil. Whole plant of Sambucus nigra is slightly poisonous to swine, cattle, turkeys and humans.
Sambucus racemosa 'Plumosa Aurea'	Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	120 x 120 (300 x 300)	Bronze juvenile turning Golden Yellow	Rich Yellow in April	"Red-berried Elder". Whole plant of Sambucus racemosa is slightly poisonous.
Sanguinaria canadensis No HB, ST, LT, SOL	Deciduous Rhizome Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	6 x 12 (15 x 30)	Blue-Grey	White in March-May	"Bloodroot". Self-sows, summer dormant. Grow in deciduous woodland, with sun in the spring. Zone 4-9 From woodland and in rocky places in northeastern USA and eastern Canada. Companions - trillium, hepatica, pulmonaria, primula, uvularia, jeffersonia, athyrium nipponicum cultivars, erythronium; the spring woodland garden.
Sanguisorbia canadensis	Deciduous Rhizome Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	72 x 36 (180 x 90)	Dark Green	White in August-November	"Canadian Burnet". Vigorous, good autumn colour. Full Sun, Part Shade Zone 3-8 Any good moist garden soil - Found in eastern North America. Companions - grasses, astilbe, aconitum, astrantia, carex elata 'Aurea', lysimachia nummularia 'Aurea', lysimachia ephemerum, veronicastrum, polemonium, penstemon; the autumn border. A good cut flower.
Santolina chamae-cyparissus	Evergreen Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	20 x 36 (50 x 90)	Grey-White	Yellow in August-September	"Cotton Lavender, Lavender Cotton". Low-spreading / creeping, aromatic shrub from coastal areas of the Mediterranean. All Santolina chaecyparissus are Rabbit Resistant - see other Rabbit Resistant Plants. If chamaecyparissus is clipped over every March, it remains compact, but does not flower. By close planting all will join up and make dense cover. Not suitable for cold or very wet areas. They often need replanting after about 5 years, and the roots can be divided for this purpose in spring, and should be replanted deeply. Full Sun Zones 7-10 Any Well-drained dry soil - including sandy or gravelly. Cut back old wood immediately after flowering to encourage new growth from the base, and remove dead flowerheads and stems in autumn. It spreads rapidly by creeping stems. Santolina chamaecyparissus associates with lavenders, catmints, cistus, helianthemums, in front of old-fashioned roses, perhaps partnered by pinks or euphorbias as a filler in parterres.
Santolina chamae-cyparissus 'Nana'	Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	24 x 24 (60 x 60)	Silver-Grey	Lemon-Yellow in July-August	"Cotton Lavender". Santolina chamaecyparissus is from Spain and north Africa tolerates drought, heat, wind, and poor soil. It has intensely silvery, tight-packed foliage, and bright yellow button flowers. Zone 7. It can be clipped hard back in spring each year to keep a neat mounded outline on dry soil. This 'Nana' variant is naturally dwarf.
Santolina pinnata neapolitana	Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	30 x 36 (75 x 90)	Aromatic Grey-Green	Bright Yellow in August	Left untouched, santolina can serve as an informal planting against a wood fence. Clipped, it can serve as a semi-formal, low hedge or as an accent plant in a patio or other small area, in which case it rarely flowers. Suitable for dry garden
Santolina rosmarinifolia	Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	24 x 36 (60 x 90)	Bright Green	Bright Yellow in August	Dry ordinary soil in full sun.
Saponaria 'Bressingham'	Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	3 x 12 (7 x 30)	Mid-Green	Deep Pink in July-September	"Soapwort". Full Sun Zone 5 Well-drained soil in rock garden, gravel garden and in gaps in paved areas. Companions - fuchsia, persicaria, chelone, aubretia, anemone hupehensis and Anemone x hybrida, phlox subulata. A good low groundcover which will grow up through Michaelmas daisies, which prevents their flopping.
Saponaria ocymoides	Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	3 x 18 (7 x 45)	Bright Green, downy, small	Pink in July-September in heads on 6 (15) stem	"Tumbling Ted, Rose Soapwort" forms a carpet in a crevice, hanging down retaining walls, or down a dry bank, plant, with tumbling leafy stems and many bright pink flowers. It sows itself freely, but named selections must be propagated by cuttings. Rock garden plant. Full Sun Zone 4-8 Well-drained dry rocky/sandy soil
Saponaria ocymoides 'Alba'	Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	3 x 18 (7 x 45)	Bright Green	White in July-September	Rock garden plant. Full Sun Zone 5 Well-drained rocky/sandy soil
Sarcocca humilis Sarcocca species flowers through the winter and can sometimes be of value to late/early honeybees	Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	24 x 36 (60 x 90)	Glossy, pointed, Dark Green	Tiny, Fragrant Pink-tinged White in January-March	"Christmas Box, Sweet Box". Part Shade Zone 5 Acidic soil with plenty of organic matter. Water frequently until the plant becomes established, then water normally. Excellent as a mass planting in heavily shaded areas where little else grows or as a low edging in front of such tall growing shrubs as rhododendrons and camellias. All Sarcoccas are shade-lovers, and will tolerate very dry conditions if not sun-baked. They can be increased by division or cuttings.
Sarcocca confusa	Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	72 x 36 (180 x 90)	Glossy Dark Green	Very Fragrant White in January-March	"Christmas Box, Sweet Box". Dense plant Glossy Black fruit. Full Sun Zones 5-10 Cool, moist climate with well-drained soil
Sasa veitchii	Evergreen Bamboo 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	48 x indefinite (120 x indefinite)	Green with White edges in Spring and Summer, Green with Straw edges in Autumn and Winter	...
Satureja spicigera	Deciduous Sub-Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	6 x 12 (15 x 30)	Mid-Green	White in July-September	These and the thymes assort well with heathers
Saxifraga 'Bob Hawkins' Saxifraga species are not among the best of bee plants, because there are too many competitors for the nectar or they are too often disturbed. No HB, SOL	Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	6 x 12 (15 x 30)	White-variegated Mid-Green	Greenish-White in July-September	"Saxifrage". Saxifrages prefer Light Shade Zone 5 Moist, yet well-drained, neutral to alkaline soil. This genus is the most useful among alpine plants, for with it alone one could almost furnish the whole rock garden. See details about others in this genus of Saxifraga. Companions - ferns, hosta, primula, arisaema, geranium, astilbe, aruncus aethusifolius, viola cornuta, hakonechloa.
Saxifraga 'Southside Seedling'	Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	12 x 8 (30 x 20)	Pale Green	White heavily spotted Red in June-July
Saxifraga exerata subsp. moschata	Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	4 x 12 (10 x 30)	Pale Green	Cream or Yellow in June-October	Compact, mossy cushion. From mountains of central and southern Europe, the Caucasus and northwest Iran
Saxifraga exerata subsp. moschata 'Cloth of Gold'	Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	4 x 12 (10 x 30)	Golden	Cream or Yellow in June-October	Best grown in shade with golden foliage.
Saxifraga marginata	Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	3 x 12 (7 x 30)	Silver-Grey	White in April
Saxifraga x urbium	Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	12 x indefinite (30 x indefinite)	Dark Green, rounded, in rosettes	White in Summer in small sprays on 12 (30) stems	"London Pride". Carpet Ground Cover. Slowly spreading / creepings further. Rabbit Resistant - see other Rabbit Resistant Plants. Part Shade to Full Shade Zone 5-9 Also does well in poor soil
Scabiosa graminifolia Scabiosa species No HB, ST, LT, SOL	Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	10 x 12 (25 x 30)	Silvery-grey	Lilac to Violet in July-September flowers in heads on 10 (25) stems	Full Sun on well-drained alkaline soil. Suitable hummocks for rock garden or top of retaining wall. Rabbit Resistant - see other Rabbit Resistant Plants. Companions - coreopsis, hemerocallis, heliopsis, agastache, dianthus, campanula, delphinium, nepeta, calamintha, salvia, stachys; suited to a sunny border and the cottage garden.
Schizophragma hydrangeoides	Deciduous Climber above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	480 x 120 (1200 x 300)	Dark Green	Fragrant Creamy-White in August	"Japanese Hydrangea Vine". Successful as ground cover, and they flower best in full sun. The outer flowers on the erect pyramids bear one large cream bract which lasts in beauty for 90 days. Need support when used as a wall climber and plenty of moisture in well-drained soil. Combine with gold-variegated or yellow-green foliage.
Sedum 'Ruby Glow' There are more than 300 species and at least twice as many varieties of Sedum.	Deciduous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	10 x 18 (25 x 45)	Green-Purple	Ruby-Red in August-October, heads on 8 (20) stems	"Stonecrop". Lax habit, large heads. Clump-forming. Zone 4 Sedums prefer Full Sun Zone 5-9 Well-drained soil, with low to moderated fertility. All have fleshy, smooth leaves
Sedum acre Sedum species No HB, ST, LT, SOL	Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	2 x 24 (5 x 60)	Pale Green	Yellow-Green in July-September	"Biting Stonecrop, Common Stonecrop, Wallpepper, Gold-moss Stonecrop" is too invasive to admit to most gardens - keep it in a space bounded by impervious material so that it will only occupy the area that you have designed for it. Zone 3. It is perfectly happy growing between stepping-stones and in rock crevices - especially in old lime-mortar cottage garden walls or in roof gutters as above - and stays green throughout the coldest of winters.
Sedum lydium	Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	2 x 8 (5 x 20)	Red-tipped Bright to Mid-Green	White in July-September	Sedum are rock garden plants. There are species that are effective on slopes, between stepping-stones, in mass plantings, as container plants and blended with other ground covers such as the prostrate junipers. Sedum matting on roofs as a very easy maintenace for a great ground cover on roofs:- Sedum roof
Sedum telephium subsp. maximum 'Atropurpureum' This sedum is especially popular with bees	Deciduous Rhizome Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	18 x 18 (45 x 45)	Deep Purple has mahogany-coloured stems	Deep Pink in September-October	"Orpine". Chocolate-brown seedheads, open habit. Clump-former Zone 3-9 Makes a striking effect against a bank of silver foliage.
Sedum rupestre	Evergreen Alpine below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	4 x 24 (10 x 60)	Grey-Green	Yellow in July-September	"Stone Orpine, Reflexed Stonecrop". Found on walls, rocks and stony banks in western and central Europe, southern Scandinavia, and western Ukraine
Sedum spathulifolium 'Cape Blanco'	Evergreen Alpine below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	4 x 24 (10 x 60)	Silvery-Green, frequently suffused Purple	Yellow in July-September	"Stonecrop". This makes generous evergreen mats of rounded, thick-textured leaves forming rosettes. The leaves are heavily dusted with white farina. A compact rock garden plant making good clumps.
Sedum spectabile 'Brilliant' This sedum is especially popular with bees	Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	18 x 18 (45 x 45)	Grey-Green	Rose-Pink in September-October	"Ice Plant, Butterfly Stonecrop". Striking colour, large heads of flowers, dancing with butterflies wherever the use of agricultural chemicals has not banished these insects from our gardens. Other useful cultivars are 'Album' - pure white, 'Carmen' and 'Meteor' - carmine, 'September Glow' - purplish crimson. Associate it with Japanese anemones, asters, perovskias and blue fescues. Zone 4-9 Links together into ground cover.
Senecio abrotanifolius Senecio species No HB, ST, LT, SOL	Evergreen Sub-Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	12 x 12 (30 x 30)	Glossy Dark Green	Yellow to Orange-Scarlet in August-October	Senecio species - Senecio, Groundsels, Ragwort (horse, cattle, goats, sheep and humans). Some species produce natural biocides (especially alkaloids) to deter or even kill animals that would eat them. Leaves - Poisons are jacobine and seneciphylline. They are cumulative poisons and are not affected by drying or storage, from BPP. Fatal - is a little bit final!!!
Senecio cineraria	Evergreen Sub-Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	24 x 24 (60 x 60)	Felted Silvery-Grey	Mustard-Yellow in August	Perhaps it would be wise not to plant Senecios.
Shibataea kumasasa	Evergreen Bamboo 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	48 x 24 (120 x 60)	Rich Dark Green	...	Densely plant if required as ground cover.
Shortia galacifolia	Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	6 x 10 (15 x 25)	Glossy Dark Green turning Bronze-Red in Autumn	White in June in fringed bells on 6 (15) stems	"Oconee Bells" requires cool, somewhat moist, lime-free soil with humus in Part Shade. A very slow spreader / creeper. Shortia uniflora 'Grandiflora' is a good plant flowering freely but is slow growing.
Silene schafta	Semi-Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	10 x 12 (25 x 30)	Bright Green	Deep Magenta in September-November	"Campion, Catchfly, Moss Campion". Clump-forming. Full Sun. Zone 5-9. Well-drained soil - From the Caucasus Companions - low-growing grasses, shorter campanulas, erigeron, euphorbia myrsinites, dianthus deltoides, iris germanica (dwarf forms), Iris sibirica
Skimmia japonica	Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	60 x 60 (150 x 150)	Dark Green	Fragrant White in May-June	"Japanese Skimmia". Female plants have Red fruit; both male and female plants to be present for pollination. Needs light dappled to deep shade. Zones 7-10 Humus-rich, well-drained soil. Companions - Rhododendrons, azallias, camelias. Whole plant of Skimmia japonica is slightly poisonous.
Skimmia japonica 'Fructo Albo'	Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	24 x 36 (60 x 90)	Dark Green	Fragrant White in May-June	White fruit.
Skimmia japonica 'Rubella'	Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	60 x 48 (150 x 120)	Red-margined Green	White in December-April	Skimmia japonica will thrive in any fertile soil if mixed with humus. All tolerate and thrive in shade, though they will also grow in sun, less luxuriantly. The flowers are small, creamy, in dense heads. Their berries often remain on the branches for many months untouched by the birds. Use in loose groups in mixed or shrub borders in part shade or full shade. As a speciman plant in a large container, it can be associated with ivies, cinerarias, cyclamen persicum cultivars and variegated hebes. Contrast its foliage with bamboos, evergreen grasses and sedges.
Skimmia x confusa 'Kew Green'	Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	24 x 48 (60 x 120)	Aromatic Mid-Green	Fragrant Creamy-White in April-June	Plant Skimmia in April or October. To obtain fruits of Skimmia japonica, plant at least 1 male plant to 6 females. Prune in April, but only when required to this or shape the bushes.
Smilacina racemosa	Deciduous Rhizome Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	30 x 18 (75 x 45)	Mid-Green turn Yellow in Autumn	White in May-June	"False Spikenard". Red berries. spreads / creeps slowly. Fragrant flowers. Zone 4-9 Cool, moist, lime-free soil with humus in Full Shade or Part Shade. Handsome woodlander, taking a few years to develop. Smilacina stellata is a poor edition of Smilacina racemosa, and is a terrible underground spreader and a less good cover. Companions - digitalis, astilbe, paeonia, trillium, fuchsia, anemone nemerosa 'Vestal', arum italicum, dicentra formosa, polygonatum. Best at edge of woodland, or under trees in the mixed border. Top-dress the plant with organic material. Valuable for a partially shaded woodland garden, especially if surrounded by shorter plants to display its slightly arching habit like contrasting its white flowers with a carpet of purple bugles or blue corydalis.
Solanum crispum 'Glasnevin'	Semi-Evergreen Climber above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	240 x 120 (600 x 300)	Dark Green	Lilac-Purple in July-October	"Chilean Potato Tree" is a scrambling or semi-climbing potato with foliage on stems growing to 240 (600). The flowers are borne in loose clusters. It can grow on dry soil. Yellowish-White fruit.
Solanum jasminoides 'Album'	Semi-Evergreen Climber above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	240 x 120 (600 x 300)	Glossy Dark Green	Fragrant White in July-December	"Potato Vine". It can grow on dry soil.
Solanum laciniatum	Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	72 x 60 (180 x 150)	Mid-Green	Dark Blue in July-December	"Kangaroo Apple". Bright Orange fruit.
Solanum tuberosum	Vegetable		Dark Green	...	"Potato".
Solidago 'Golden Wings' Solidago species are very attractive to bees as a source of late-in-the-year nectar and pollen No HB, ST, LT, SOL	Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	72 x 36 (180 x 90)	Mid-Green	Golden-Yellow in September-October	"Golden Rod". Very branched. All Solidago can be used for Flower Arranging - see other Flower Arranging Plants and plants with scented flowers. Full Sun Zone 5-9 Moisture-retentive soil. Bee Forage Plants and UK Butterfly with Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants. Companions - sedum ruprechtii, helenium, kniphofia, crocosmia, achillea, aster, nepeta, salvia, x solidaster, monarda, grasses, veronica, vernonia
Solidago virgaurea subsp. minuta	Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	6 x 10 (15 x 25)	Mid-Green	Deep Yellow in September-October	Good for a rock garden.
Sophora japonica 'Pendula'	Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	120 x 120 (300 x 300)	Glossy Dark Green, turn Yellow in Autumn	White in September-October	"Japanese Pagoda Tree, Pagoda Tree". From China and Korea. It is often grafted onto 96 inch (240 cm) standards to produce a small weeping tree. Full Sun, Part Shade Zones 4-10 Moist, well-drained soil. They can be grown in small groves, or used as shade trees or lawn specimens; also in dry gardens. It does not flower freely, if at all, in cool climates where the summers are dull, but is very generous in hotter areas. Plant in November or March. Thin out the branches when overcrowded. Whole plant of Sophora japonica 'Pendula' is very poisonous.
Sorbaria sorbifolia	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	72 x 120 (180 x 300)	Dark Green	White in August-September	Suitable for medium sized garden, the Aesculus parviflora has long plumes of scented white flowers. With them flowers Sorbaria sorbifolia, which makes a thicket. Full Sun Rich, moist soil; most species sucker freely. Cut back the old flowering stems in February almost to the old wood.
Sorbus aucuparia 'Sheerwater Seedling' No HB, ST	Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	360 x 180 (900 x 450)	Mid to Dark Green in Spring and Summer, Yellow or Red in Autumn	White in May-June	"Mountain Ash, Rowan, European Mountain Ask". From European and Asian forests. Orange-Red berries. Full Sun, Part Shade Zones 2-9 Any well-drained fertile soil
Sorbus sargentiana	Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	240 x 240 (600 x 600)	Dark Green in Spring and Summer, Orange and Red in Autumn	White in July
Sorbus vilmorinii	Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	192 x 156 (480 x 390)	Glossy Dark Green	White in June-July	From China Makes Trees for Lawn with olive-green foliage, which turns to purple and red in the Autumn. Slender arching branches make a rounded spreading head. Rosy-red small rounded berries. Zones 6-9 This suits a mixed border or woodland garden above lower-growing plants. Use deciduous berberis and euonymus, witch hazels, sumachs, vacciniums, roses and stephanandras. In a mixed border it associates with helianthus, Leucanthemella serotina and miscanthus.
Sorbus x thuringiaca 'Fastigiata'	Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	480 x 144 (1200 x 360)	Glossy Dark Green turn Yellow-Brown in Autumn	White in June
Spartium junceum	Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	120 x 96 (300 x 240)	Dark Green	Fragrant Golden-Yellow, pea flowers in July-October	"Yellow Spanish Broom, Spanish Broom". Bears masses of fragrant pea-flowers on a bushy shrub, with green rush-like stems in poor, dry, or sandy soil. Plant in October. Cut back long shoots in March. It is a splendid town shrub. Full Sun Zones 6-11 Well-drained soil enriched with a little organic matter. Pruning after flowering will maintain compact, well-shaped bushes. It can be cut hard back each spring, or allowed to billow free, as it does to such effect on dry waste banks and roadsides in its native land, and as a garden escape, even in Britain. It is an undesirable weed in Australia. Combine with white cistus, coluteas, brooms, halimiocistus, halimiums, phlomis, genistas and olearias. Effective associations with laburnums, Buddleja x weyeriana cultivars, and yellow, peach or apricot roses.
Spiraea cantoniensis	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	72 x 120 (180 x 300)	Blue-Green	White in July	"Reeves' Spiraea". From China. It can be used for hedging. All Spiraea can be used for Flower Arranging - see other Flower Arranging Plants and plants with scented flowers. All Spiraea are Rabbit Resistant - see other Rabbit Resistant Plants. Part Shade Zones 5-11 Moist, well-drained soil
Spiraea japonica 'Allgold'	Deciduous Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	18 x 24 (45 x 60)	Golden-Yellow	Pink in August-September	"Japanese Spiraea". Low, mounding. Part Shade Zones 3-10 Moist, well-drained soil.
Spiraea japonica 'Bullata'	Deciduous Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	16 x 20 (40 x 50)	Very Dark Green	Deep Pink in July-August	Spiraea are easily grown on any fertile soil, preferably in sun, though they grow and flower also in shade. Tiny flowers made conspicuous by their quantity.
Spiraea japonica 'Goldflame'	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	30 x 30 (75 x 75)	Orange-Red in Spring, Bright Yellow in Summer, Pale Green in Autumn	Deep Rose-Pink in July-August	Spiraea that flower between July and September should have all weak wood cut right away in February, and all other shoots that have flowered must be cut back by at least one half.
Spiraea japonica 'Little Princess'	Deciduous Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	20 x 36 (50 x 90)	Dark Green above, Grey-Green beneath	Rose-Pink in July-August	Spiraea japonica are good near the front of a mixed or shrub bed. Those with green leaves and pink flowers are effective with purple, glaucous, silver, or white-variegated foliage. Golden-leaved ones are valuable for spring display in bright borders, together with tulips, narcissi and crown imperials.
Spiraea japonica 'Shirobana'	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	30 x 36 (75 x 90)	Dark Green above, Grey-Green beneath	Both Deep Pink and White in July-September
Stachys byzantina (Stachys lanata, Stachys olympica) Stachys species No HB, ST, LT, SOL	Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	12 x 24 (30 x 60)	Densely White-Woolly on Grey-Green	Magenta in July-October on 18 (45) stems	"Lambs' Ears, Lambs' Lugs, Lamb's Tails, Lambs' Tongues". Mat-forming, self-sows. It spreads / creeps to form good ground-cover in dry places. Zone 4-9 Companions - salvia, roses, stokesia, dianthus, sedum, nepeta, molinia caerulea 'Variegata', acaena. This is suitable for edging and for gravel gardens. Over-feeding and too much water encourages mildew, which can mar the leaves. The gray leaves of Stachys byzantina stand out dramatically against the green foliage of plants such as wild strawberry - fragaria. The plant also combines well with other gray-foliaged plants, including blue fescue, dianthus, woolly thyme and snow-in-summer.
Stachys byzantina 'Silver Carpet'	Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	5 x 12 (12 x 30)	Intensely Silvered, Greyish-White	Non-flowering	Mildew prone, spreads / creeps on dry soil. Mat-forming. Ideal ground-cover for poor soil in full sun. Full Sun Zone 4-9 Good drainage. Native to dry, rocky slopes, scrub and waste ground in southwest Asia
Stachys candida	Deciduous Sub-Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	6 x 12 (15 x 30)	White-felted Grey-Green	White in July-September
Stephanandra incisa 'Crispa'	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	24 x 24 (60 x 60)	Bright Green in Spring and Summer, Orange-Yellow in Autumn	Greenish-White in June	"Lace Shrub, Cutleaf Stephanandra". From Japan, Taiwan and Korea. Graceful arching branches making good ground cover.. Full Sun, Part Shade Zones 4-10 Rich, moist, loamy soil
Stipa gigantea	Evergreen Grass above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	96 x 48 (240 x 120)	Long, narrow, Mid-Green foliage is not full of character, but its flowers are highly ornamental	Silvery Purplish-Green spikelets in July-September on 60-72 (150-180) stems	"Giant Feather Grass, Golden Oats" with 72 (180) high flowering stems, the open heads of flowers each tipped with a long awn, at first shining pink to purple, turning to corn-gold, and shivering in the slightest breeze. Full Sun Zone 6 Well-drained, dry, light soil. Grow the clumps in large drifts, either in gravel gardens or against walls and buildings where it has some protection from cold, wet winters. Native to Spain, Portugal, and Morocco.
Symphoricarpus albus var. laevigatus (Symphoricarpos is a synonym of Symphoricarpus) No HB, ST, LT, SOL	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	72 x 72 (180 x 180)	Dark Green	Pink, bell-shaped flowers in July-September	"Snowberry". Pure White fruit. Grown as a rough hedge plant in the UK. As it suckers freely it often forms dense thickets The berries of these 3 plants are slightly poisonous, but are most attractive if cut for the house..
Symphoricarpus x chenaultii 'Hancock'	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	36 x 120 (90 x 300)	Bronze in Spring, Bright Green in Summer and Autumn	White in June-July	Dark Pink fruit Full Sun, Shade Zones 4-9 Moist, well-drained soil. As they are resistant to shade, poor soil and pollution, they are very suitable for city gardens.
Symphoricarpus x doorenbosii 'Magic Berry'	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	48 x 48 (120 x 120)	Light Green	White in August-September	These 3 Symphoricarpus will all grow in dry gardens.
Symphytum 'Goldsmith'	Deciduous Rhizome Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	12 x 12 (30 x 30)	Dark Green with Gold and Cream markings	Pale Blue, Cream or Pink in May-June	"Comfrey". Best suited to Wild Gardens. May revert, spreading / creeping. Both of these Symphytums appreciate some shade but are otherwise easy spreaders increased by division. All Symphytum are Rabbit Resistant - see other Rabbit Resistant Plants. Dappled Shade Zone 3-9 Moist, deep, fertile soil and on dry soil. Companions - grasses, iris sibirica, brunnera, astrantia, cimicifuga, campanula. Its gold-edged leaves contrast with red-eyed, lavender flowers of Phlox divaricata subsp. laphamii 'Chattahoochee'. Both of these plants relish part shade and a moist, humus-rich soil.
Symphytum ibericum (Symphytum grandiflorum)	Deciduous Rhizome Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height	16 x 24 (40 x 60)	Mid-Green	Pale Yellow in June-July	"Comfrey" is a compact, ground-covering comfrey with nodding, tubular, cream flowers on 10 (25) stems. Invasive Dappled Shade Zone 4-9 Spreads / creeps rapidly and makes excellent ground cover under trees and shrubs in that dry soil
Syringa meyeri 'Palibin' Syringa species. The flower-tube in Syringa vulgaris is too long for honeybees or short-tongued bumblebees No HB, ST, LT	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	60 x 60 (150 x 150)	Mid-Green	Fragrant Lavender-Pink in June-July	"Lilac". From China. Spreading / creeping shrub. Full Sun, Light Shade Zones 4-9 Moist, humus-rich, well-drained soil. They do best where winters are cold because they require a few frosts in order to flower well. Any pruning is best done immediately after flowering. Flowering at the same time as many rhododendrons, and with a similar colour range, lilacs should be grown in their stead if the soil is alkaline, for they will thrive as very few other plants can at a high pH.
Syringa pubescens microphylla 'Superba'	Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height	72 x 72 (180 x 180)	Mid-Green	Rose-Pink in May-October	"Lilac". An excellent bee and garden plant. To ensure a good display in successive years, cut off the old flower spikes as soon as they fade. Good examples for bees of single-flowered lilacs are: 'Candeur', creamy white. 'Congo', one of the best reds. 'Etna', deep claret-purple. 'Firmament', clear lilac-blue. 'Jan van Tol', pure white. 'Lamartine', mauve, tinted pink. 'Massena', purple. 'Souvenir de Louis Spath', dark purple.
Syringa sweginzowii	Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	144 x 96 (360 x 240)	Mid-Green	Fragrant Pale Pink to Lilac-Pink or White in June-July	"Lilac". Syringa benefit from occasional mulches. Avoid grafted varieties on common lilac.
Syringa vulgaris 'Charles Joly'	Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	132 x 120 (330 x 300)	Bright Green	Deep Purple-Red in June-July	"Common Lilac". Prefers alkaline soil. Very fragrant flowers and strongly upright growth Zones 5-9 This plant blends well with purple foliage. Effective partners are euphorbias, shrubs with yellow-green leaves such as elder or philadelphus, and later-flowering, paler lilacs.It associates with the underplanting of late-flowering tulips in red, purple, or lilac, pink umbellifers and early cranesbills.
Syringa vulgaris 'Madame Lemoine'	Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height	144 x 132 (360 x 330)	Mid-Green	White in June-July	"Common Lilac". Free-flowering and compact shrub. Zones 5-9 Syringa vulgaris with white or pale yellow flowers associate with colours closest to blue, and combine well with Banksian roses, laburnums, brooms, genistas, berberis, exochordas and spiraeas. They also combine well with small flowering trees such as crab apples, Japanese cherries, magnolias, osmanthus, amelanchiers, daphnes, early species roses and hawthorns.
Ivydene Horticultural Services Single flowered cultivars (some are marked as 'Single Flowers') are useful to honeybees, but double flowered cultivars are no benefit at all. Bloom type depends on the number of petals for Roses:- • Single blooms are fully opened and almost flat, consisting of 1-7 petals per bloom. Wild roses and single-flowered garden roses yield pollen for honeybees. • Semi-double blooms consist of 8-15 petals in two rows and little benefit to honeybees. • Double blooms consist of 16-25 overlapping petals in three or more rows and no benefit to honeybees at all. • Full: 26-40 petals in three or more rows. No benefit to honeybees • Very full: 40+ petals in three or more rows. No benefit to honeybees.			Site design and content copyright ©December 2006. Page structure changed September 2012. Height x Spread in feet changed to Height x Spread in inches (cms) May 2015. Data added to existing pages December 2017. Zone and Companion Data added April 2022. The 1000 Ground Cover plants detailed above will be compared in the Comparison Pages of the Wildflower Shape Gallery and in the flower colour per month comparison pages of Evergreen Perennial Gallery starting in November 2022. Chris Garnons-Williams. DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site. Height in inches (cms):- 25.4mm = 1 inch 304.8mm = 12 inches 12 inches = 1 foot 3 feet = 1 yard 914.4mm = 1 yard I normally round this to 25mm = 1 inch 300mm = 30 cms = 12 inches =1 foot, 900 mm = 3 feet = 1 yard and 1000mm = 100 cms = 1 metre = 40 inches Details of smaller Salix, Sanguinaria, Saponaria, Saxifraga, Sedum, Shortia, Silene and Spiraea and which container to grow the plant in:- A. The plant can be grown in sinks, trough, pans or scree beds B. The plant is best accommodated in a trough or sink. C. Suitable for peat beds and raised beds (suitable for alpine rhododendrons) - remember that rhododendrons are toxic to honey bees I have included within these pages on 1000 Ground Cover Plants information from other pages within this PLANTS Topic like Poisonous Plants Flower Arranging Rabbit Resistant Bee Forage Attracts Bird/Butterfly and links to Rock Garden Plants Suitable for Small Gardens Index Gallery. Any of these 1000 Ground Cover Plants may well have further details about them in the remainder of the pages in this PLANTS Topic linked to from the PLANTS PAGE MENU above.

Plant Combinations for Sandy Soil Action to assist in Light Sandy soil maintenance is given in the row above and this is required annually.	Plants			Comments
Sun lovers - You can achieve a design with grey-leaved plants, interspersed with smaller or larger groups of taller perennials and a single shrub. Because the grey-leaved plants predominate they are used as a basis, with suggestions for plants which can be combined with them. Grey Foliage with white and yellow flowers and plants that combine with these	Yarrow (Achillea chrysocoma), pearl everlasting (Anaphalis), mouse ear (Cerastium), Raoulia, catchfly (Silene uniflora 'Robin Whitebreast') and the bunnies' ears (Stachys byzantina 'Silver Carpet') all have grey leaves and either white, yellow or inconspicuous flowers. If the above plants are planted together; the effect of different heights and size of leaf will be rather messy and unclear. Plant the above as the background ground cover and the ones in the next column within that background.			Acaena buchanii and Acaena magellanica being silver-leaved species of the pirri-pirri-bur form pretty vigorous ground cover. Add a few groups of grey-leaved grasses for their contrasting shape to make an interesting picture. The ground-covering Festuca glauca and Koeleria glauca are especially suitable, to which can be added the tall, also grey-leafed blue oat grass Helictotrichon sempervirens, for a striking feature. Gypsophila, with its delicate flowers, can best be planted next to a plant which has a strong leaf structure, for example Geranium renardii. For a taller feature among the grey-leafed ground cover you can choose one of the beautiful cultivars of the common German flag, Iris germanica. The tall, sword-shaped leaves which are grey-green, stand out very well here. The Yucca has a similar structure, forming a stout clump of leaves with tall sprays of white flowers. The tall mulleins, especially Verbascum bombyciferum, with splendid rosettes of grey, felty leaves and yellow flowers like huge torches that can easily reach 60 inches (150 cms), a real must. Annuals that deserve a place in this predominantly grey planting include Gazania pinnata with yellow flowers and the white Senecio cineraria.
The above comes from Ground Cover. How to use flowering and foliage plants to cover areas of soil by Mineke Kurpershoek. Published by Rebo Productions Ltd in 1997. ISBN 1 901094 41 3	Contents Chapter 1 What are ground-cover plants? Chapter 2 Plant combinations for normal garden soil Chapter 3 Plant combinations for sandy soil Chapter 4 Plant combinations for clay soil Chapter 5 Woodland, heaths and wet soil Chapter 6 Shrubs for slopes and large beds Chapter 7 The A to Z of plants for ground cover.

Topic
Plants detailed in this website by
Botanical Name
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Bulb
A1, 2, 3, B, C1, 2,
D, E, F, G, Glad,
H, I, J, K, L1, 2,
M, N, O, P, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ ,
Evergreen Perennial
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Herbaceous Perennial
A1, 2, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P1, 2, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ,
Diascia Photo Album,
UK Peony Index
Wildflower
Botanical Names,
Common Names ,
will be compared in:- Flower colour/month
Evergreen Perennial,
Flower shape Wildflower Flower Shape
and Plant use
Evergreen Perennial Flower Shape,
Bee plants for hay-fever sufferers
Bee-Pollinated Index
Butterfly
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis, Butterfly Usage of Plants.
Chalk
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, QR, S, T, UV,
WXYZ
Companion Planting
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R , S, T,
U ,V, W, X, Y, Z,
Pest Control using Plants
Fern Fern
1000 Ground Cover A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, XYZ ,
Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
NO, PQ, R, S, T,
UVWXYZ
Rose Rose Use
These 5 have Page links in rows below
Bulbs from the Infill Galleries (next row),
Camera Photos,
Plant Colour Wheel Uses,
Sense of Fragrance, Wild Flower

Case Studies
...Drive Foundations
Ryegrass and turf kills plants within Roadstone and in Topsoil due to it starving and dehydrating them.
CEDAdrive creates stable drive surface and drains rain into your ground, rather than onto the public road.
8 problems caused by building house on clay or with house-wall attached to clay.
Pre-building work on polluted soil.

Companion Planting
to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected plant or deter its pests

Garden
Construction
with ground drains

Garden Design
...How to Use the Colour Wheel Concepts for Selection of Flowers, Foliage and Flower Shape
...RHS Mixed
Borders
......Bedding Plants
......Her Perennials
......Other Plants
......Camera photos of Plant supports
Garden
Maintenance
Glossary with a tomato teaching cauliflowers
Home
Library of over 1000 books
Offbeat Glossary with DuLally Bird in its flower clock.

Plants
...in Chalk
(Alkaline) Soil
......A-F1, A-F2,
......A-F3, G-L, M-R,
......M-R Roses, S-Z
...in Heavy
Clay Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Lime-Free
(Acid) Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Light
Sand Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z.
...Poisonous Plants.
...Extra Plant Pages
with its 6 Plant Selection Levels

Soil
...Interaction between 2 Quartz Sand Grains to make soil
...How roots of plants are in control in the soil
...Without replacing Soil Nutrients, the soil will break up to only clay, sand or silt
...Subsidence caused by water in Clay
...Use water ring for trees/shrubs for first 2 years.

Tool Shed with 3 kneeling pads
Useful Data with benefits of Seaweed

Topic -
Plant Photo Galleries
If the plant type below has flowers, then the first gallery will include the flower thumbnail in each month of 1 of 6 colour comparison pages of each plant in its subsidiary galleries, as a low-level Plant Selection Process
Aquatic
Bamboo
Bedding
...by Flower Shape

Bulb
...Allium/ Anemone
...Autumn
...Colchicum/ Crocus
...Dahlia
...Gladiolus with its 40 Flower Colours
......European A-E
......European F-M
......European N-Z
......European Non-classified
......American A,
B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P, Q, R, S,
T, U, V, W, XYZ
......American Non-classified
......Australia - empty
......India
......Lithuania
...Hippeastrum/ Lily
...Late Summer
...Narcissus
...Spring
...Tulip
...Winter
...Each of the above ...Bulb Galleries has its own set of Flower Colour Pages
...Flower Shape
...Bulb Form
...Bulb Use
...Bulb in Soil

Further details on bulbs from the Infill Galleries:-
Hardy Bulbs
...Aconitum
...Allium
...Alstroemeria
...Anemone
...Amaryllis
...Anthericum
...Antholyzas
...Apios
...Arisaema
...Arum
...Asphodeline
...Asphodelus
...Belamcanda
...Bloomeria
...Brodiaea
...Bulbocodium
...Calochorti
...Cyclobothrias
...Camassia
...Colchicum
...Convallaria  ...Forcing Lily of the Valley
...Corydalis
...Crinum
...Crosmia
...Montbretia
...Crocus
...Cyclamen
...Dicentra
...Dierama
...Eranthis
...Eremurus
...Erythrnium
...Eucomis
...Fritillaria
...Funkia
...Galanthus
...Galtonia
...Gladiolus
...Hemerocallis
...Hyacinth
...Hyacinths in Pots
...Scilla
...Puschkinia
...Chionodoxa
...Chionoscilla
...Muscari
...Iris
...Kniphofia
...Lapeyrousia
...Leucojum
...Lilium
...Lilium in Pots
...Malvastrum
...Merendera
...Milla
...Narcissus
...Narcissi in Pots
...Ornithogalum
...Oxalis
...Paeonia
...Ranunculus
...Romulea
...Sanguinaria
...Sternbergia
...Schizostylis
...Tecophilaea
...Trillium
...Tulip
...Zephyranthus
Half-Hardy Bulbs
...Acidanthera
...Albuca
...Alstroemeri
...Andro-stephium
...Bassers
...Boussing-aultias
...Bravoas
...Cypellas
...Dahlias
...Galaxis,
...Geissorhizas
...Hesperanthas
...Gladioli
...Ixias
...Sparaxises
...Babianas
...Morphixias
...Tritonias
...Ixiolirions
...Moraeas
...Ornithogalums
...Oxalises
...Phaedra-nassas
...Pancratiums
...Tigridias
...Zephyranthes
...Cooperias
Uses of Bulbs:-
...for Bedding
...in Windowboxes
...in Border
...naturalized in Grass
...in Bulb Frame
...in Woodland Garden
...in Rock Garden
...in Bowls
...in Alpine House
...Bulbs in Green-house or Stove:-
...Achimenes
...Alocasias
...Amorpho-phalluses
...Arisaemas
...Arums
...Begonias
...Bomareas
...Caladiums
...Clivias
...Colocasias
...Crinums
...Cyclamens
...Cyrtanthuses
...Eucharises
...Urceocharis
...Eurycles
...Freesias
...Gloxinias
...Haemanthus
...Hippeastrums
...Lachenalias
...Nerines
...Lycorises
...Pencratiums
...Hymenocallises
...Richardias
...Sprekelias
...Tuberoses
...Vallotas
...Watsonias
...Zephyranthes
...Plant Bedding in
......Spring
......Summer
...Bulb houseplants flowering during:-
......January
......February
......March
......April
......May
......June
......July
......August
......September
......October
......November
......December
...Bulbs and other types of plant flowering during:-
......Dec-Jan
......Feb-Mar
......Apr-May
......Jun-Aug
......Sep-Oct
......Nov-Dec
...Selection of the smaller and choicer plants for the Smallest of Gardens with plant flowering during the same 6 periods as in the previous selection

Climber in
3 Sector Vertical Plant System
...Clematis
...Climbers
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
...Shrubs - Decid
Deciduous Tree
...Trees - Decid
Evergreen Perennial
...P-Evergreen A-L
...P-Evergreen M-Z
...Flower Shape
Evergreen Shrub
...Shrubs - Evergreen
...Heather Shrub
...Heather Index
......Andromeda
......Bruckenthalia
......Calluna
......Daboecia
......Erica: Carnea
......Erica: Cinerea
......Erica: Others
Evergreen Tree
...Trees - Evergreen
Fern
Grass
Hedging
Herbaceous
Perennial
...P -Herbaceous
...Peony
...Flower Shape
...RHS Wisley
......Mixed Border
......Other Borders
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron

Rose
...RHS Wisley A-F
...RHS Wisley G-R
...RHS Wisley S-Z
...Rose Use - page links in row 6. Rose, RHS Wisley and Other Roses rose indices on each Rose Use page
...Other Roses A-F
...Other Roses G-R
...Other Roses S-Z
Pruning Methods
Photo Index R 1, 2, 3
Peter Beales Roses
RV Roger Roses

Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
...Apple
...Cherry
...Pear
Vegetable
Wild Flower and
Butterfly page links are in next row

Topic -
UK Butterfly:-
...Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage
of Plants.
...Plant Usage by
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly.

Both native wildflowers and cultivated plants, with these
...Flower Shape,
...Uses in USA,
...Uses in UK and
...Flo Cols / month are used by Butter-flies native in UK

Wild Flower with its wildflower flower colour page, space,
data page(s).
...Blue Site Map.
Scented Flower, Foliage, Root.
Story of their Common Names.
Use of Plant with Flowers.
Use for Non-Flowering Plants.
Edible Plant Parts.
Flower Legend.
Flowering plants of Chalk and
Limestone 1, 2.
Flowering plants of Acid Soil 1.
...Brown Botanical Names.
Food for
Butterfly/Moth.
...Cream Common Names.
Coastal and Dunes.
Sandy Shores and Dunes.
...Green Broad-leaved Woods.
...Mauve Grassland - Acid, Neutral, Chalk.
...Multi-Cols Heaths and Moors.
...Orange Hedge-rows and Verges.
...Pink A-G Lakes, Canals and Rivers.
...Pink H-Z Marshes, Fens, Bogs.
...Purple Old Buildings and Walls.
...Red Pinewoods.
...White A-D
Saltmarshes.
Shingle Beaches, Rocks and Cliff Tops.
...White E-P Other.
...White Q-Z Number of Petals.
...Yellow A-G
Pollinator.
...Yellow H-Z
Poisonous Parts.
...Shrub/Tree River Banks and other Freshwater Margins. and together with cultivated plants in
Colour Wheel.

You know its
name:-
a-h, i-p, q-z,
Botanical Names, or Common Names,
habitat:-
on Acid Soil,
on Calcareous
(Chalk) Soil,
on Marine Soil,
on Neutral Soil,
is a Fern,
is a Grass,
is a Rush,
is a Sedge, or
is Poisonous.

Each plant in each WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE will have a link to:-
1) its created Plant Description Page in its Common Name column, then external sites:-
2) to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name column,
3) to see photos in its Flowering Months column and
4) to read habitat details in its Habitat Column.
Adder's Tongue
Amaranth
Arrow-Grass
Arum
Balsam
Bamboo
Barberry
Bedstraw
Beech
Bellflower
Bindweed
Birch
Birds-Nest
Birthwort
Bogbean
Bog Myrtle
Borage
Box
Broomrape
Buckthorn
Buddleia
Bur-reed
Buttercup
Butterwort
Cornel (Dogwood)
Crowberry
Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 1
Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2
Cypress
Daffodil
Daisy
Daisy Cudweeds
Daisy Chamomiles
Daisy Thistle
Daisy Catsears Daisy Hawkweeds
Daisy Hawksbeards
Daphne
Diapensia
Dock Bistorts
Dock Sorrels
Clubmoss
Duckweed
Eel-Grass
Elm
Filmy Fern
Horsetail
Polypody
Quillwort
Royal Fern
Figwort - Mulleins
Figwort - Speedwells
Flax
Flowering-Rush
Frog-bit
Fumitory
Gentian
Geranium
Glassworts
Gooseberry
Goosefoot
Grass 1
Grass 2
Grass 3
Grass Soft
Bromes 1
Grass Soft
Bromes 2
Grass Soft
Bromes 3
Hazel
Heath
Hemp
Herb-Paris
Holly
Honeysuckle
Horned-Pondweed
Hornwort
Iris
Ivy
Jacobs Ladder
Lily
Lily Garlic
Lime
Lobelia
Loosestrife
Mallow
Maple
Mares-tail
Marsh Pennywort
Melon (Gourd/Cucumber)
Mesem-bryanthemum
Mignonette
Milkwort
Mistletoe
Moschatel
Naiad
Nettle
Nightshade
Oleaster
Olive
Orchid 1
Orchid 2
Orchid 3
Orchid 4
Parnassus-Grass
Peaflower
Peaflower
Clover 1
Peaflower
Clover 2
Peaflower
Clover 3
Peaflower Vetches/Peas
Peony
Periwinkle
Pillwort
Pine
Pink 1
Pink 2
Pipewort
Pitcher-Plant
Plantain
Pondweed
Poppy
Primrose
Purslane
Rannock Rush
Reedmace
Rockrose
Rose 1
Rose 2
Rose 3
Rose 4
Rush
Rush Woodrushes
Saint Johns Wort
Saltmarsh Grasses
Sandalwood
Saxifrage
Seaheath
Sea Lavender
Sedge Rush-like
Sedges Carex 1
Sedges Carex 2
Sedges Carex 3
Sedges Carex 4
Spindle-Tree
Spurge
Stonecrop
Sundew
Tamarisk
Tassel Pondweed
Teasel
Thyme 1
Thyme 2
Umbellifer 1
Umbellifer 2
Valerian
Verbena
Violet
Water Fern
Waterlily
Water Milfoil
Water Plantain
W ater Starwort
Waterwort
Willow
Willow-Herb
Wintergreen
Wood-Sorrel
Yam
Yew

Topic -
The following is a complete hierarchical Plant Selection Process
dependent on the Garden Style chosen
Garden Style
...Infill Plants
...12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
...12 Foliage Colours per Month Index
...All Plants Index
...Cultivation, Position, Use Index
...Shape, Form
Index

Topic -
Flower/Foliage Colour Wheel Galleries with number of colours as a high-level Plant Selection Process

All Flowers 53 with
...Use of Plant and
Flower Shape - page links in bottom row

All Foliage 53
instead of redundant
...(All Foliage 212)

All Flowers
per Month 12

Bee instead of wind pollinated plants for hay-fever sufferers
All Bee-Pollinated Flowers
per Month 12
...Index

Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
Rock Plant Flowers 53 INDEX
A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L,
M, NO, PQ, R, S,
T, UVWXYZ
...Rock Plant Photos

Flower Colour Wheel without photos, but with links to photos
12 Bloom Colours
per Month Index
...All Plants Index

Topic -
Use of Plant in your Plant Selection Process

Plant Colour Wheel Uses
with
1. Perfect general use soil is composed of 8.3% lime, 16.6% humus, 25% clay and 50% sand, and
2. Why you are continually losing the SOIL STRUCTURE so your soil - will revert to clay, chalk, sand or silt.
Uses of Plant and Flower Shape:-
...Foliage Only
...Other than Green Foliage
...Trees in Lawn
...Trees in Small Gardens
...Wildflower Garden
...Attract Bird
...Attract Butterfly
1, 2
...Climber on House Wall
...Climber not on House Wall
...Climber in Tree
...Rabbit-Resistant
...Woodland
...Pollution Barrier
...Part Shade
...Full Shade
...Single Flower provides Pollen for Bees
1, 2, 3
...Ground-Cover
<60cm
60-180cm
>180cm
...Hedge
...Wind-swept
...Covering Banks
...Patio Pot
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border
...Poisonous
...Adjacent to Water
...Bog Garden
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Winter-Flowering
...Fragrant
...Not Fragrant
...Exhibition
...Standard Plant is 'Ball on Stick'
...Upright Branches or Sword-shaped leaves
...Plant to Prevent Entry to Human or Animal
...Coastal Conditions
...Tolerant on North-facing Wall
...Cut Flower
...Potted Veg Outdoors
...Potted Veg Indoors
...Thornless
...Raised Bed Outdoors Veg
...Grow in Alkaline Soil A-F, G-L, M-R,
S-Z
...Grow in Acidic Soil
...Grow in Any Soil
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Grow Bulbs Indoors

Uses of Bedding
...Bedding Out
...Filling In
...Screen-ing
...Pots and Troughs
...Window Boxes
...Hanging Baskets
...Spring Bedding
...Summer Bedding
...Winter Bedding
...Foliage instead of Flower
...Coleus Bedding Photos for use in Public Domain 1

Uses of Bulb
...Other than Only Green Foliage
...Bedding or Mass Planting
...Ground-Cover
...Cut-Flower
...Tolerant of Shade
...In Woodland Areas
...Under-plant
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Covering Banks
...In Water
...Beside Stream or Water Garden
...Coastal Conditions
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
...Fragrant Flowers
...Not Fragrant Flowers
...Indoor
House-plant
...Grow in a Patio Pot
...Grow in an Alpine Trough
...Grow in an Alpine House
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Speciman Plant
...Into Native Plant Garden
...Naturalize in Grass
...Grow in Hanging Basket
...Grow in Window-box
...Grow in Green-house
...Grow in Scree
...Naturalized Plant Area
...Grow in Cottage Garden
...Attracts Butterflies
...Attracts Bees
...Resistant to Wildlife
...Bulb in Soil:-
......Chalk
......Clay
......Sand
......Lime-Free (Acid)
......Peat

Uses of Rose
Rose Index
...Bedding 1, 2
...Climber /Pillar
...Cut-Flower 1, 2
...Exhibition, Speciman
...Ground-Cover
...Grow In A Container 1, 2
...Hedge 1, 2
...Climber in Tree
...Woodland
...Edging Borders
...Tolerant of Poor Soil 1, 2
...Tolerant of Shade
...Back of Border
...Adjacent to Water
...Page for rose use as ARCH ROSE, PERGOLA ROSE, COASTAL CONDITIONS ROSE, WALL ROSE, STANDARD ROSE, COVERING BANKS or THORNLESS ROSES.
...FRAGRANT ROSES
...NOT FRAGRANT ROSES

Topic -
Camera Photo Galleries showing all 4000 x 3000 pixels of each photo on your screen that you can then click and drag it to your desktop:-

RHS Garden at Wisley
Plant Supports -
When supporting plants in a bed, it is found that not only do those plants grow upwards, but also they expand their roots and footpad sideways each year. Pages
1, 2, 3, 8, 11,
12, 13,
Plants 4, 7, 10,
Bedding Plants 5,
Plant Supports for Unknown Plants 5,
Clematis Climbers 6,
the RHS does not appear to either follow it's own pruning advice or advice from The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by George E. Brown.
ISBN 0-571-11084-3 with the plants in Pages 1-7 of this folder. You can see from looking at both these resources as to whether the pruning carried out on the remainder of the plants in Pages 7-15 was correct.
Narcissus (Daffodil) 9,
Phlox Plant Supports 14, 15

Coleus Bedding Foliage Trial - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, Index

National Trust Garden at Sissinghurst Castle
Plant Supports -
Pages for Gallery 1
with Plant Supports
1, 5, 10
Plants
2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,
11, 12
Recommended Rose Pruning Methods 13
Pages for Gallery 2
with Plant Supports
2,
Plants 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Dry Garden of
RHS Garden at
Hyde Hall
Plants - Pages
without Plant Supports
Plants 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Nursery of
Peter Beales Roses
Display Garden
Roses Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Nursery of
RV Roger
Roses - Pages
A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,
A6,A7,A8,A9,A10,
A11,A12,A13,A14,
B15,
B16,B17,B18,B19,
B20,
B21,B22,B23,B24,
B25,
B26,B27,B28,B29,
B30,
C31,C32,C33,C34,
C35,
C36,C37,C38,C39,
C40,
C41,CD2,D43,D44,
D45,
D46,D47,D48,D49,
E50,
E51,E52,F53,F54,
F55,
F56,F57,G58,G59,
H60,
H61,I62,K63,L64,
M65,
M66,N67,P68,P69,
P70,
R71,R72,S73,S74,
T75,
V76,Z77, 78,

Damage by Plants in Chilham Village - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4

Pavements of Funchal, Madeira
Damage to Trees - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13
for trees 1-54,
14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
for trees 55-95,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37,
for trees 95-133,
38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
for trees 133-166

Chris Garnons-Williams
Work Done - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Identity of Plants
Label Problems - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11

Ron and Christine Foord - 1036 photos only inserted so far - Garden Flowers - Start Page of each Gallery
AB1 ,AN14,BA27,
CH40,CR52,DR63,
FR74,GE85,HE96,

Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187
A 1, 2, Photos - 43
B 1, Photos - 13
C 1, Photos - 35
D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Photos - 411
with Plants causing damage to buildings in Chilham Village and Damage to Trees in Pavements of Funchal
E 1, Photos - 21
F 1, Photos - 1
G 1, Photos - 5
H 1, Photos - 21
I 1, Photos - 8
J 1, Photos - 1
K 1, Photos - 1
L 1, Photos - 85
with Label Problems
M 1, Photos - 9
N 1, Photos - 12
O 1, Photos - 5
P 1, Photos - 54
Q 1, Photos -
R 1, 2, 3,
Photos - 229
S 1, Photos - 111
T 1, Photos - 13
U 1, Photos - 5
V 1, Photos - 4
W 1, Photos - 100
with Work Done by Chris Garnons-Williams
X 1 Photos -
Y 1, Photos -
Z 1 Photos -
Articles/Items in Ivydene Gardens - 88
Flower Colour, Num of Petals, Shape and
Plant Use of:-
Rock Garden
within linked page

Topic -
Fragrant Plants:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an Acid Soil
1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil
1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil
1, 2, 3
Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3
Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves
1, 2
Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit
1, 2, 3
Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2
Night-scented Flowering Plants
1, 2

Topic -
Website User Guidelines

My Gas Service Engineer found Flow and Return pipes incorrectly positioned on gas boilers and customers had refused to have positioning corrected in 2020.

From Annuals and Biennials chapter in Plants for Ground-cover by Graham Stuart Thomas - Gardens consultant to the National Trust. Published by J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd in 1970, Reprinted (with further revisions) 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1:- "I think there is a case to be considered for annuals and biennials in ground-cover schemes so long as they will sow themselves freely. These suggestions may be useful for large areas outside our gardens where a 'show' for a summer or two is needed, while shrubs and perennial ground-covers are being increased for later permanent planting.. They are easy to control if one studies the life-cycle with a view to allowing seed to develop if required or to remove it before it is shed.
Use	Plant	Comments
Lawn and ground-cover under conifer trees	Poa annua	The needles under a cedar tree were weekly swept away and the grass, despite fertilizers, top dressing, re-seading and re-turfing, simply would not grow. The needles were left alone and within 12 months the area became self-sown with a close and permanent sward of Poa nnua. This little grass regenerates itself constantly so that it makes a lawn, though each plant has only a short life.
	Oxalis rosea	This is highly successful in the shade of conifers or any other tree
	Cyclamen hederifolium	This is a perennial, though sowing itself freely when suited and it is here because plants to grow under cedars and yews, somewhat away from the trunks, are very few.
Temporary ground-cover under trees	Tropaeolum or Eschscholtzia	A sheet of 'Gleam' nasturtiums or eschscholtzia; both are free-flowering and easily pulled up, though like all annuals it may be a year or two later before all dispersed seeds have germinated. Silene armeria and Iberis amara are equally successful, with Sett Alyssum (Lobularia maritima) creating a dwarf ground-cover carpet in late summer.
Ground-cover under trees with high rainfall	Claytonia sibirica (Montia sibirica)	This grows under trees where the grass is thin at high altitude and high rainfall. It covers the area - interpersed with primroses and Oxalia acetosella - with a mass of pinky-white stars a few inches (cms) above the ground. Claytonia perfoliata is an annual; it is usually classed as a weed but is excellent cover in cool, acid soil, but far less conspicuous in flower
Streamsides, river banks and fringes of boggy ground	Impatiens glandulifera (Impatiens roylei, Annual Balsam)	It is a rapid colonizer because its seeds are ejected with some force from the ripe pods. It seeds with great abandon and grows to 72 (180) or more; its many pink flowers make a great show.
Full sun and drier soils than by streamsides	Angelica archangelica	It very quickly produces great green heads in spring, ripening quickly, with the result that the ground is thickly covered with seedlings in late summer. Oenothera biennis (Evening Primrose) will colonize any sunny waste place and produce yellow blooms for weeks in the summer Lychnis coronaria is a prolific seeder with rosettes of silvery basal leaves. Erysimum linifolium (Wallflower) produces lilac flowers
Plants that seed about with abandon		Phytolacca american Poke Weed) has great spikes of shing black seeds Geranium pratense, a soft blue flower, 36 (90) high, with a basal clump of divided leaves Myrrhis odorata (Sweet Cicely), old garden herb Borago laxiflora with pale blue flowers on neutral, well-drained soil, Lupinus hartwegii and Lupinus polyphyllus, with Lupinus arboreus (Tree Lupin) are useful temporary ground-cover of Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus luteus, which are used agriculturally to enrich the land as a 'green manure'. Verbascum nigrum, produces yellow or white 36 (90) high spikes in summer and it makes good basal rosetttes while it sows itself freely. Foxgloves (Digitalis) and honesty (Lumaria) seed themselves freely and in a way will act as a ground-cover on account of their large basal leaves.

From Appendix II Lists of plants for special conditions in Plants for Ground-cover by Graham Stuart Thomas - Gardens consultant to the National Trust. Published by J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd in 1970, Reprinted (with further revisions) 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1:-
Plant	Plant	Plant
1. Plants requiring lime-free soils On limy soils it is wiser not to attempt to grow the genera in this list. They are mainly woodland plants and thrive best in soil in which humus has been mixed. Species of Ceanothus, Berberis, Chaenomeles, Cytisus, Iris, Lupinus, Pimelia and Myosotideum are not so dependent on humus so long as the soil is acid or neutral.
Arctostaphylos. Azalea - this is poisonous to bees and its honey to humans. Berberis thunbergii and varieties. Blechnum. Boykinia. Bruckenthalia. Calluna. Camelia. Carex pendula. Cassiope. Chaenomeles. Claytonia sibirica. Clethra. Comptonia. Cornus canadensis. Cyathodes. Cytisus scoparius prostratus (Sarothamnus). Daboecia. Dicentra. Empetrum. Epigaea.	Erica. Galax. Gaultheria. Gaylussacia. Houstonia. Hydrangea macrophylla. Iris douglasiana. Iris innominata. Leiophyllum. Leucothoe. Linnaea. Lithospermum diffusum. Lupinus. Luzula. Meconopsis. Mitchella. Myosotideum. Ourisia. Pachysandra. Paxistima. Pernettya.	Philesia. Pieris. Pimelia. Pyrola. Rhododendron - this is poisonous to bees and its honey to humans. Sarothamnus, see Cytisus. Schizocodon. Shortia. Skimmia. Smilacina. Soldanella. Tanakaea. Vaccinium. Woodwardia.
2. Plants which will thrive in limy soils While it may be taken that any genus not mentioned in 1 will tolerate lime, many, such as Rosa, prefer the soil to be neutral. The following will thrive in soil that is actively limy, even over chalk, though they will grow equally well without lime.
Acaena. Acanthus. Achillea. Adiantum. Ajuga. Alchemilla. Alyssum saxatile. Anaphalis. Anchusa. Anemone. Antennaria. Arabis. Armeria. Asplenium. Athyrium. Aubretia. Aucuba. Ballota. Berberis (except Berberis thunbergii and varieties). Bergenia. Brunnera macrophylla. Caltha. Campanula. Cardamine. Ceanothus. Centaurea. Cerastium. Ceratostigma. Choisya. Cistus. Clematis. Convallaria. Convolvulus. Cornus alba. Cotoneaster.	Cotula. Crambe. Crataegus. Cyclamen. Daphne. Dianthus. Dryas. Dryopteris. Epimedium. Erigeron. Erodium. Euonymus fortunei. Euphorbia. Festuca. Forsythia. Fuchsia. Genista hispanica. Geranium. Gymnocarpium. Gypsophila. Halimum. Hebe. Hedera. Helianthemum. Helleborus. Hemerocallis. Houttuynia. Hydrangea villosa. Hypericum. Hyssopus. Iris foetidissima. Jasminum. Juniperus. Lamium. Lathyrus. Lavandula. Liriope. Lonicera. Mahonia. Nepeta. Osmanthus. Othonnopsis.	Paeonia. Peltiphyllum (Darmera). Phlomis. Phlox. Polygonatum. Polygonum. Potentilla. Primula. Prunus. Pulmonaria. Pulsatilla. Pyracantha. Pyrus. Reynoutria. Ribes. Rodgersia. Rosmarinus. Rubus. Salvia. Sambucus. Santolina. Sarcooca. Scabiosa. Sedum. Senecio. Sorbaria. Spiraea. Stachys. Symphoricarpos. Symphytum. Taxus. Tellima. Teucrium. Thymus. Vancouveria. Viburnum. Vinca. Viola. Waldsteinia. Zauschneria.
3. Plants which tolerate clay. Few plants establish quickly on very heavy soils over clay, though many of the following will luxuiriate in maturity, provided the area is reasonably well-drained.
Acanthus. Aesculus. Ajuga. Alchemilla. Anemone x hybrida. Anemone tomentosa. Aruncus. Asarum. Astilboides. Aucuba. Berberis. Bergenia. Brunnera. Caltha. Chaenomeles. Clematis. Convallaria. Cornus alba. Cornus stolonifera. Cotoneaster. Crataegus. Daphne. Epimedium.	Euonymus fortunei. Forsythia. Geranium. Hedera. Helleborus. Hemerocallis. Hosta. Lamium. Lonicera. Mahonia. Malus. Peltiphyllum. Petasites. Phillyrea. Polygonatum. Polygonum. Prunella. Prunus. Pyrus. Reynoutria. Ribes.	Rodgersia. Rosa. Rubus. Salix. Sambucus. Sarcocca. Sorbaria. Spiraea. Symphoricarpus. Symphytum. Telekia. Tellima. Trachystemon. Vancouveria. Viburnum. Vinca. Waldsteinia.
4. Plants which will grow satisfactorily in dry, shady places. Apart from ill-drained clay, this combination of conditions is the most difficult to cope with in the garden. * indicates those which will not tolerate lime.
Alchemilla conjuncta. Arctostaphylos. Arundinaria. Asperula. Asplenium. Aster macrophyllus. Aucuba. Blechnum spicant. Camellia. Carex. *Cornus canadensis. Cyclamen. Dryopteris filix-mas. Duchesnea. Epimedium. Euphorbia robbiae. Fatshedera.	Fragaria. Gaultheria shallon. Geranium nodosum. Hedera. Hypericum. androsaemum. Iris foetidissima. Linnaea. Lonicera nitida. Lonicera pileata. Lunaria. Mahonia. Myrrhis. Pachyphragma. *Pachysandra. Phyllostachys. Polypodium. Prunus laurocerausus varieties.	Reynoutria. Ribes. Rubus. Sarcocca. Skimmia. Thalictrum. Trachystemon. *Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Vancouveria. Vinca minor. Walsteinia. Xanthorhiza.
5. Plants which thrive on moist soils. Genera marked * are suitable for boggy positions.
Ajuga. Aruncus. Astilbe. Astilboides. Athyrium. Blechnum chilense. Caltha. Clethra (no lime). Cornus alba.	Cornus stolonifera. Filipendula palmata. Filipendula purpurea. Gunnera. Heracleum. Houttuynia. Ligularia. Lysichitum. Matteuccia.	Onoclea. Osmunda. Peltiphyllum (Darmera). Petasites japonicus. Primula florindae. Primula various. Ranunculus. Rheum. Rodgersia. *Trollius
6. Plants which grow well in shady positions. The bulk of these are woodland plants, growing well under shrubs and trees, but those marked * are not so satisfactory under trees, though thriving in the shade given by buildings. For those requiring lime-free soil, compare with List 1.
Adiantum. Aegopodium. Anemone. Arabis. Arundinaria. Asarum. Asperula. Asplenium. Athyrium. Aucuba. Berberis. *Bergenia. Blechnum. Boykinia. Brunnera. Camellia. Cardamine.	Carex. Cassiope. Chiastophyllum. Choisya. Claytonia. Comptonia. Convallaria. Cornus canadensis. Cortusa. Corydalis. Cotoneaster. Cyathodes. Cyclamen. Cystopteris. Dicentra. Dryopteris. Duchesnia.	Epigaea. Epimedium. Euonymus. Euphorbia robbiae. Fragaria. Fuchsia. Galax. Gaultheria. Gaylussacia. Geranium, most. Gymnocarpium. Hebe. Hedera. Helleborus.
Helxine. X Heucherella. Hosta. Houstonia. Hydrangea. Hypericum androsaemum. Hypericum calycinum. Iberis sempervirens. Iris foetidissima. Jasminum nudiflorum. Jasminum others. Juniperus x media. Lamium. Leucothoe. Linnaea. Lomaria. Lonicera pileata. Lunaria. Luzula. Lysimachia. Mahonia. Maianthemum. Matteuccia. Meconopsis. Milium. Mitchella. Myrrhis. Omphalodes.	Onoclea. Ourisia. Oxalis. Pachyphragma. Pachysandra. Paxistima. Patrinia. Petasites. Philesia. Phyllostachys. Pieris. Polygonatum. Polygonum. Polypodium. Polystichum. Prunus laurocerasus. Pseudosasa. Pulmonaria. Pyrola. Rhododendron, larger-leaved kinds, it is toxic to bees and the honey from it is toxic to humans. Ribes. Rubus. Sarcocca. Saxifraga. Schizocodon. Selaginella.	Shortia. Skimmia. Smilacina. Soldanella. Symphytum. Tanakea. Tellima. Thalictrum minus. Tiarella. Tolmeia. Trachystemon. Vaccinium macrocarpum. Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Vancouveria. Viburnum davidii. Vinca. Viola. Waldsteinia. Woodwardia.
7. Plants which will thrive in hot, sunny places on dry soils. Those marked * require lime-free soil.
Acaena. Acantholimon. Acanthus. Achillea. Alyssum. Ampelopsis. Antennaria. Anthemis. Arabis. Arctostaphylos. Armeria. Artemisia. Aubretia. Ballota. Bolax. Bupleurum. Calamintha. Campanula alliariifolia. Campsis. Ceanothus. Centaurea. Cerastium. Ceratostigma. Chaenomeles. Choisya. Cissus. Cistus. Clematis flammula. Clematis x jouiniana. Convolvulus. Coronilla. Cotula. Crambe. *Cytisus. Dianthus	Dimorphotheca. Elaeagnus. Elymus. Ephedra. Erigeron glaucus. Erodium. Erysimum. Eschscholtzia. Fascicularia. Festuca. Filipendula hexapetala. Genista. Geranium x magnificum. Geranium renardii. Gypsophila. Halimocistus. Halimium. Hebe. Helianthemum. Hypericum calycinum. Hypericum rhodopeum. Hyssopus. Iberis amara. Iberis sempervirens. Iris graminea. *Iris innominata. Iris japonica. Iris ruthenica. Jasminum parkeri. Juniperus. Lathyrus. Lavandula. Leptospermum. Limonium. Lupinus arboreus.	Lychnis coronaria. Moltkia. Muehlenbeckia. Nepeta. Oenothera biennis. Ophiopogon. Osteospermum, (see Dimporphotheca). Othonnopsis. Oxalis rubra. Paronychia. Parthenocissus. Pennisetum. Pterocephalus. Ptilotrichum. Raoulia. Reynoutria. Romneya. Rosmarinus. Ruta. Salvia' Santolina. Saponaria. Satureia. Scabiosa graminifolia. Sedum. Senecio. Silene. Stachys olympica. Teucrium. Thymus. Trachystemon. *Vaccinium oxycoccus. Viola labradorica. Zauschneria.
8. Plants which thrive in maritime districts. Many of the following will stand wind and salt-spray, particularly those marked . Those marked * will provide shelter for others and shelter is highly important in seaside gardening. For genera requiring, lime-free soil, compare with List 1.
Acaena. Acantholimon. Achillea. Alchemilla. Alyssum. Antennaria. Anthemis. Arabis. Arctostaphylos. Armeria. *Artemisia. Arundinaria. Asperula. Asplenium. Athyrium.	Aubretia. Aucuba. Berberis. Bergenia. Beschorneria. Betula. Blechnum. Bolax. Bruckenthalia. *Bupleurum. Calamintha. Calluna. Camellia. Campanula. Campsis.	Ceanothus. Centaurea. Cerastium. Ceratostigma. Choisya. Cistus. Clematis. Convolvulus. Coprosma. Cornus alba. Cornus stolonifera. Coronilla. Cotoneaster. Crambe. *Crataegus. Cytisus. Daboecia. Dianthus. Dimorphotheca. Dryas. Dryopteris. Elaeagnus. Elymus. Ephedra. Erica. Erigeron glaucus. Eriogonum. Eryngium. Erysimum. Escallonia. Euonymus. Euphorbia. Fascicularia. Festuca. Filipendula hexapetala. Forsythia. *Fuchsia. Garrya.
Genista. Geranium. Gypsophila. Halimiocistus. Halimium. Hebe. Hedera. Helianthemum. Hemerocallis. Heuchera. Hydrangea. Hypericum. Hyssopus. Iberis. Ilex. Iris. Jasminum. Juniperus. Lathyrus. Lavandula. Leptospermum. Limonium. Liriope. Lonicera. Lupinus arboreus. Mahonia. Myosotideum. Osteospermum, (see Dimorphotheca). Othonnopsis. Oxalis. Penstemon. Petasites fragrans. Phlox. Phyllostachys. Polygonum. Polypodium. Polystichum. Potentilla.	Pulsatilla. Pyrus. Reynoutria. Romneya. Rosa. Rosmarinus. Rubus. Ruta. *Salix. Salvia. Santolina. Satureia. Saxifraga.	Sedum. *Senecio. Silene. Skimmia. Sorbaria. Spiraea. Stachys. Symphoricarpus. Teucrium. Thymus. Vaccinium. Vinca. Waldsteinia.
9. Plants which create barriers. The following by their dense or prickly character will deter small animals and human beings as well as weeds.
Arundinaria anceps. Berberis. Chaenomeles. Clematis montana. Clethra. Cornus alba. Cornus stolonifera. Cotoneaster conspicuus. Cotoneaster conspicuus 'Decorus'. Crataegus. Forsythia suspensa sieboldii. Gaultheria shallon. Juniperus x media. Lonicera nitida.	Mahonia japonica. Pernettya. Pyrus. Rosa 'Macrantha'. Rosa 'Max Graf'. Rosa x paulii. Rosa x polliniana. Rosa 'Raubritter'. Rosa rugosa. Rosa virginiana. Rosa woodsii fendleri. Spiraea douglasii. Spiraea menziesii.
10. Plants for town gardens. Genera marked * prefer acid soil; those marked £ will thrive in impoverished soils. Soil in towns is usually deficient in humus.
£Acanthus. £Alchemilla. Anemone. £Asperula odorata. £Aucuba. £Bergenia. Campanula. Clematis montana. Corydalis. *Dicentra. £Epimedium.	Euonymus. £Fatshedera. £Ferns. £Geranium. £Hebe. £Hedera. *Hosta. Nepeta. Parthenocissus. Polygonatum. £Potentilla.	Ribes. Salix. Saxifraga, Robertsonia section. Spiraea. Tellima. £Vancouveria. £Vinca. Waldsteinia.
EXPLAINATION OF WHY SOIL IN UK TOWNS IS USUALLY DEFICIENT IN HUMUS. That is because when a flower bed is weeded, then the weeds are thrown away. This means that the minerals that weed used up from the soil are also thrown away, and the soil has not received any replacement. Humus is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays. When plants drop leaves, twigs, and other material to the ground, it piles up. This material is called leaf litter. When animals die, their remains add to the litter. Over time, all this litter decomposes. This means it decays, or breaks down, into its most basic chemical elements. Many of these chemicals are important nutrients for the soil and organisms that depend on soil for life, such as plants. The thick brown or black substance that remains after most of the organic litter has decomposed is called humus. Earthworms often help mix humus with minerals in the soil. Humus contains many useful nutrients for healthy soil. One of the most important is nitrogen. Nitrogen is a key nutrient for most plants. Agriculture depends on nitrogen and other nutrients found in humus.When humus is in soil, the soil will crumble. Air and water move easily through the loose soil, and oxygen can reach the roots of plants. Humus can be produced naturally or through a process called composting. When people compost, they collect decaying organic material, such as food and garden scraps, that will be turned into soil. The humus provides the organic polymers to interact with the clay domains and bacterium to stick the 2 grains of sand together. This soil molecule of 2 grains of sand, organic polymers, clay domains and bacterium will disintegrate by the action of the bacterium or fungal enymatic catalysis on the organic polymers. So if a continuous supply of humus is not present, then the soil molecules will break up into sand and clay. Because the idiots in the UK do not know about this, this is why they weed a bed, throw away the weed, not provide anything in return and expect the soil to take care of itself. When you go to view gardens open to the public how many times can you see bare earth between plants in a flower bed? There needs to be either a green manure or an organic mulch between the plants, so that leaf litter etc can decompose and become humus to provide the minerals and humus for the plants. That is what you see when you visit a forest where the fallen leaves, branches, animals and birds are left to their own devices, except when a newly qualified university student came to look after a local authority controlled wooded park, when she got the local population to help her and her staff to remove all the undergrowth, leaving bare earth!
Cultural Needs of Plants from Chapter 4 in Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran. Revised and Expanded Edition. Published in 2001 by Timber Press, Inc. Reprinted 2002, 2006. ISBN-13:978-0-88192-495-4. "Understanding Fern Needs Ferns have the same basic growing requirements as other plants and will thrive when these are met. There is nothing mysterious about the requirements - they are not something known only to people with green thumbs - but the best gardeners are those who understand plant requirements and are careful about satisfying them. What, then, does a fern need? Water - All plants need water. Water in the soil prevents roots from drying, and all mineral nutrients taken up by the roots must be dissolved in the soil water. Besides water in the soil, most plants need water in the air. Adequate humidity keeps the plant from drying out. Leaves need water for photosynthesis and to keep from wilting. Light - All green plants need light to manufacture food (sugars) by photosynthesis. Some plants need more light than others, and some can flourish in sun or shade. Most ferns, however, prefer some amount of shade. Photosynthesis - For photosynthesis, plants require carbon dioxide, a gas that is exhaled by animals as waste. Carbon dioxide diffuses into plants through tiny pores, called stomata, that abound on the lower surface of the leaves. In the leaf, carbon dioxide is combined with the hydrogen from water to form carbohydrates, the plant's food. This process takes place only in the presence of light and chlorophyll, a green pigment found in plant cells. To enhance growth, some commercial growers increase the carbon dioxide level in their greenhouses to 600ppm (parts per million), or twice the amount typically found in the air. Oxygen - Plants need oxygen. The green plants of a plant do not require much oxygen from the air because plants produce more oxygen by photosynthesis than they use. The excess oxygen liberated from the plants is used by all animals, including humans. What do plants do with oxygen? They use it just as we do, to release the energy stored in food. We use energy to move about, to talk, to grow, to think - in fact, for all our life processes. Although plants don't talk or move much, they do grow and metabolize and must carry on all their life processes using oxygen to release the stored energy in their food. Air with roots - Roots need air all the time. They get it from the air spaces between the soil particles. Overwatering displaces the air between soil particles with water, thereby removing the oxygen needed by the roots. This reduces the root's ability to absorb mineral nutrients and can foster root-rot. These gases need free access to the roots:- Nitrogen Cycle - Nitrogen is the most commonly limiting nutrient in plants. Legumes use nitrogen fixing bacteria, specifically symbiotic rhizobia bacteria, within their root nodules to counter the limitation. Rhizobia bacteria fix nitrogen which is then converted to ammonia. Ammonia is then assimilated into nucleotides, Amino Acids, vitamins and flavones which are essential to the growth of the plant. The plant root cells convert sugar into organic acids which then supply to the rhizobia in exchange, hence a symbiotic relationship between rhizobia and the legumes. Oxygen Cycle - No nutrient absorption occurs at the root zone unless oxygen is present. Carbon Dioxide - Plant roots uptake carbon dioxide to provide carbon for parts of the foliage. Minerals - Plants need minerals to grow properly. The minerals are mined from the soil by the plant's root system. If a certain mineral is missing, such as calcium needed for developing cell walls, then the plant will be stunted, discoloured, or deformed. Temperature - Some plants tolerate a wide range of temperatures, whereas others are fussy. If the temperature is too high or low, the machinery of the plant will not operate satisfactorily or will cease entirely. The basic needs of plants are not hard to supply, but growing success depends on attending to these needs with care and exactitude. The remainder of this chapter is devoted to a discussion of these requirements, with the exception of mineral needs, which are discussed in Chapter 5." Only Earthworms provide the tunnels which transport water, gas and nutrients to and from roots. When the roots of the plant requires the mineral nutrients dissolved in soil water, oxygen and nitrogen intake and waste gases output, it gets it through the action of the earthworm continously making tunnels to provide the transport system. 6000 species of Earthworm have no special respiratory organs. Gases are exchanged through the moist skin and capillaries, where the oxygen is picked up by the hemoglobin dissolved in the blood plasma and carbon dioxide is released. Water, as well as salts, can also be moved through the skin by active transport. When the earthworms are denied access to the air above ground as in the case of pavements, driveways and patios; then they die and the system round them dies as well. Since the roots are not getting their requirements; then they also die off, and you are left with insufficient live root to support the tree or other plants.
11. Plants suitable for covering rose-beds. The following are all small plants that will not be strong-growing for the purpose, and will help to make the beds more attractive during the 7 months when Hybrid Teas and Floribundas are not in flower. Small spring-flowering bulbs can be grown through them. The more vigorous shrub roses will tolerate many others among the shorter growing plants in this 1000 ground cover table.
Acaena. Alyssum saxatile. Arabis. Aubretia. Campanula carpatica. Campanula portenschlagiana.	Cardamine trifolia. Corydalis lutea. Corydalis ochroleuca. Dianthus. Lysimachia nummularia. Phlox subulata.	Primula auricula. Primula vulgaris sibthorpii. Pulsatilla. Saponaria ocymoides. Saxifraga. Viola.

PLANTS PAGE MENU Introduction Site Map PLANT USE Plant Selection Level 1 Bee Forage Plants Attracts Bird/Butterfly Photos - Butterfly Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in Bee Pollinated Calendar and Index Galleries 0-24 inches (0-60 cms) 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) Above 72 inches (180 cms) Photos - Bee Pollinated Plant Bloom per Month Blooms Nov-Feb Blooms Mar-May Blooms Jun-Aug 1, 2 Blooms Sep-Oct Ground-cover Height See Ground-cover Height in Plant Selection Level 5 Poisonous Cultivated and UK Wildflower Plants with Photos or Cultivated Poisonous Plants or Wildflower Poisonous Plants Rabbit-Resistant Plant Flower Arranging Wildflower Photos - Wildflowers PLANTS FOR SOIL Plant Selection Level 2 Info - Any Soil Any Soil A-F Any Soil G-L Any Soil M-R Any Soil S-Z Info - Chalky Soil Chalky Soil A-F 1 Chalky Soil A-F 2 Chalky Soil A-F 3 Chalky Soil G-L Chalky Soil M-R Chalky Soil Roses Chalky Soil S-Z Chalky Soil Other Info - Clay Soil Clay Soil A-F Clay Soil G-L Clay Soil M-R Clay Soil S-Z Clay Soil Other Info - Lime-Free (Acid) Soil Lime-Free (Acid) A-F 1 Lime-Free (Acid) A-F 2 Lime-Free (Acid) A-F 3 Lime-Free (Acid) G-L Lime-Free (Acid) M-R Lime-Free (Acid) S-Z Info - Sandy Soil Sandy Soil A-F 1 Sandy Soil A-F 2 Sandy Soil A-F 3 Sandy Soil G-L Sandy Soil M-R Sandy Soil S-Z Info - Peaty Soils Peaty Soil A-F Peaty Soil G-L Peaty Soil M-R Peaty Soil S-Z Following parts of Level 2a, Level 2b, Level 2c and Level 2d are included in separate columns together with Acid Soil, Alkaline Soil, Any Soil, Height and Spread, Flowering Months and Flower Colour in their Columns, and also Companion Plants to aid this plant Page, Alpine Plant for Rock Garden Index Page Native to UK WildFlower Plant in its Family Page in this website and/or Level 2cc in the Comment Column within each of the Soil Type Pages of Level 2 Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources)	PLANTS PAGE MENU Plant Selection by Plant Requirements Level 2a Sun aspect, Moisture Plant Selection by Form Level 2b Tree Growth Shape Columnar Oval Rounded / Spherical Flattened Spherical Narrow Conical Broad Pyramidal Ovoid / Egg Broad Ovoid Narrow Vase Fan Broad Fan Narrow Weeping Broad Weeping Single-stem Palm Multi-stem Palm Shrub/Perennial Growth Habit Mat Prostrate / Trailing Cushion / Mound Spreading / Creeping Clump Stemless Erect or Upright Climbing Arching Plant Selection by Garden Use Level 2c Bedding Photos - Bedding Bog Garden Coastal Conditions Containers in Garden Front of Border Edibles in Containers Hanging Basket Hedge Photos - Hedging Pollution Barrier 1, 2 Rest of Border Rock Garden Photos - Rock Garden Thorny Hedge Windbreak Woodland Plant Selection by Garden Use Level 2cc Others Aquatic Back of Shady Border Crevice Garden Desert Garden Raised Bed Scree Bed Specimen Plant Trees for Lawns Trees for Small Garden Wildflower Photos - Wildflowers Plant Selection by Plant Type Level 2d Alpine Photos - Evergr Per Photos - Herbac Per Photos - RHS Herbac Photos - Rock Garden Annual Bamboo Photos - Bamboo Biennial Bulb Photos - Bulb Climber Photos - Climber Conifer Deciduous Rhizome Deciduous Shrub Photos - Decid Shrub Evergreen Perennial Photos - Evergr Per Evergreen Shrub 0-24 inches 1, 2, 3 24-72 inches 1, 2, 3 Above 72 inches 1, 2 Semi-Evergreen Shrub Photos - Evergr Shrub Fern Photos - Fern Fruit Plant Grass Herb Herbaceous Perennial Photos - Herbac Per Remaining Top Fruit Soft Fruit Sub-Shrub Top Fruit Tuber Vegetable Photos - Vegetable Photos - with its link; provides a link to its respective Plant Photo Gallery in this website to provide comparison photos. Click on required comparison page and then centre of selected plant thumbnail. Further details on that plant will be shown in a separate Plant Description webpage. Usually the Available from Mail Order Plant Nursery link will link you to the relevant page on that website. I started this website in 2005 - it is possible that those particular links no longer connect, so you may need to search for that plant instead. When I started, a click on the centre of the thumbnail ADDED the Plant Description Page, now I CHANGE the page instead. Mobile phones do not allow ADDING a page, whereas stand alone computers do. The User Guidelines Page shows which Plant Photo Galleries have been modified to CHANGE rather than ADD. ------------ Ground-cover Height Ground Cover. How to use flowering and foliage plants to cover areas of soil by Mineke Kurpershoek. ISBN 1 901094 41 3 Plant combinations for normal garden soil, Plant combinations for sandy soil, Plant combinations for clay soil, Woodland, heaths and wet soil and Shrubs for slopes and large beds chapters are useful 0-24 inches (0-60 cms) 1,2,3 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) 4,5,6 Above 72 inches (180 cms) 7 --->	PLANTS PAGE MENU REFINING SELECTION Plant Selection by Flower Colour Level 3a Blue Flowers Photos - Bedding Bulb Climber Evergr Per Evergr Shrub Wild Flower Orange Flowers Photos - Bedding Wild Flower Other Colour Flowers Photos - Bedding Bulb Climber Evergr Per Evergr Shrub Wild Flower Red Flowers Photos - Bedding Bulb Climber Decid Shrub Evergr Per Evergr Shrub Herbac Per Rose Wild Flower White Flowers Photos - Bedding Bulb Climber Decid Shrub Decid Tree Evergr Per Evergr Shrub Herbac Per Rose Wild Flower Yellow Flowers Photos - Bedding Bulb Climber Decid Shrub Evergr Per Evergr Shrub Herbac Per Rose Wild Flower Photos - 53 Colours in its Colour Wheel Gallery Photos - 12 Flower Colours per Month in its Bloom Colour Wheel Gallery Plant Selection by Flower Shape Level 3b Photos - Bedding Evergr Per Herbac Per Plant Selection by Foliage Colour Level 3c Aromatic Foliage Finely Cut Leaves Large Leaves Other Non-Green Foliage 1 Non-Green Foliage 2 Sword-shaped Leaves PRUNING Plant Selection by Pruning Requirements Level 4 Pruning Plants GROUNDCOVER PLANT DETAIL Plant Selection Level 5 Plant Name - A from Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places by John Cushnie ISBN 1 85626 326 6 Plant Name - B Plant Name - C Plant Name - D with Ground Cover. How to use flowering and foliage plants to cover areas of soil by Mineke Kurpershoek. ISBN 1 901094 41 3 Plant combinations for normal garden soil. Plant combinations for sandy soil. Plant combinations for clay soil. Woodland, heaths and wet soil. Shrubs for slopes and large beds. Plant Name - E Plant Name - F Plant Name - G Plant Name - H Plant Name - I with How about using staging in your unheated greenhouse and stock it with bulbs and ferns for looking at from the house from autumn to spring, before using it for salads during the spring/summer from The Culture of Bulbs, Bulbous Plants and Tubers Made Plain by Sir J. L. Cotter. Plant Name - J Plant Name - K Plant Name - L If you have no garden but only a concrete or tarmac area why not use 1 of the 8 Garden on a Roll garden borders and then maintain your garden using their Maintaining your border instructions. Plant Name - M Importance of providing a mulch with the ground cover Plant Name - N Plant Name - O Plant Name - P Plant Name - Q Plant Name - R Plant Name - S Plant Name - T Plant Name - U Plant Name - V Plant Name - W Plant Name - XYZ with Ground cover plants for 14 Special Situations:- 1 Dry Shade 2 Damp Shade 3 Full Sun 4 Banks and Terraces 5 Woodland 6 Alkaline Sites 7 Acid Sites 8 Heavy Clay Soil 9 Dry Sandy Soil 10 Exposed Sites 11 Under Hedges 12 Patios and Paths 13 Formal Gardens 14 Swimming Pools and Tennis Courts Why grass/lawn should never be used as a groundcover and Why seaweed is a necessary ingredient for gardens The 1000 Ground Cover plants detailed above will be compared in the Comparison Pages of this Wildflower Shape Gallery and in the flower colour per month comparison pages of Evergreen Perennial Gallery starting in November 2022 Then, finally use COMPANION PLANTING to aid your plant selected or to deter Pests Plant Selection Level 6
To locate mail-order nursery for plants from the UK in this gallery try using search in RHS Find a Plant. To locate plants in the European Union (EU) try using Search Term in Gardens4You and Meilland Richardier in France. To locate mail-order nursery for plants from America in this gallery try using search in Plant Lust. To locate plant information in Australia try using Plant Finder in Gardening Australia. To see what plants that I have described in this website see Plant Botanical Index ...A, B, C, D, E, ...F, G, H, I, J, K, ...L, M, N, O, P, Q, ...R, S, T, U, V, W, ...X, Y, Z
Top ten plants that are bad for bees from Countryfile Magazine "Lavender, alliums, fuschias, sweet peas - keen gardeners know the very best flowers to entice bees to their gardens. But what about plants that are bad for bees? Here is our expert guide to the top ten plants that you should avoid to keep bees happy and buzzing, plus the perfect alternatives. 1. Rhododendron Spectacular and beautiful, not many people know the common rhododendron hides a poisonous secret – its nectar is toxic to bees. It’s common practice for beekeepers to keep their hives closed until the flowering season is over. The resulting honey from rhododendrons has also been known to contaminate honey, making it unsafe for humans to eat. Alternative: Clematis have beautiful, wide flowers and are 100 per cent bee-friendly. 2. Azalea Rhododendron’s sister, azaleas are also toxic to bees. Alternative: Foxgloves (Digitalis) are a bee favourite and despite being poisonous if consumed by humans, they are both honey and bee safe. 3. Trumpet flower, or angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) Though ornamental and sweet smelling, the trumpet flower’s nectar can cause brood death in bees and is best avoided. Alternative: Try honeysuckle (Lonicera) instead for deliciously scented results. 4. Oleander (Nerium oleander) Harmful to butterflies as well as bees, oleander has a severe effect on hives. Nectar taken to the hive concentrates as it dries out, which increases the amount of toxins and usually results in a mass hive wipeout. Alternative: Snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus) are equally as bright and arguably more attractive in small or large gardens. 5. Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) Pleasantly aromatic and attractive as they are, bees are often poisoned by the vines and flowers of the yellow jessamine and its toxins are said to be as severe as hemlock. Alternative: Plant Black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia hirta) in tubs and along fences for a pretty, easy-to-grow substitute. 6. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) Part of the blueberry family, the mountain laurel is an evergreen shrub with sweet, white or pink flowers when in bloom. Pretty they may be, but the honey produced by mountain laurel is toxic to humans and is often bitter tasting. Alternative: Lilacs (Syringa) are both beautiful and wonderfully sweet smelling. Easy to grow and are loved by bees and butterflies. 7. Stargazer lily (Lilium 'Stargazer') Stunning but deadly to cats, stargazer lilies’ pollen is poisonous to bees. Alternative: Hollyhocks (Alcea) are impressive and just as beautiful as the stargazer but bee-friendly. 8. Heliconia Exotic and interesting, heliconia, or lobster-claws as its sometimes called, is very toxic to bees. You should not prune your heliconias, as the 'stem' is actually made up of rolled leaf bases and the flowers emerge from the top of these 'pseudostems'. However, each stem will only flower once, so after flowering you can cut that stem out. This is recommended, to encourage more flowering, to increase airflow in between the stems of your plant, and also to generally tidy it up and improve the appearance. Alternative: Although not quite as exotic, hyacinths are fragrant, gorgeous and easy to grow. Hyacinth bulbs are poisonous; they contain oxalic acid. Handling hyacinth bulbs can cause mild skin irritation. Protective gloves are recommended. 9. Bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia - All parts of the plant contain andromedotoxin and are considered poisonous) Not to be confused with the herb, bog rosemary is acutely poisonous and the honey produced from the nectar of Andromeda polifolia contains high enough levels of grayanotoxin to cause full body paralysis and potentially fatal breathing difficulties due to diaphragm paralysis. Alternative: Why not try planting a classic rosemary bush (Rosmarinus officinalis) – aromatic, resilient and favoured by bees. 10. Amaryllis (Hippeastrum) Now most commonly recognised as decorative Christmas flowers, amaryllis are gorgeous in bloom but their pollen produces toxic honey. Bulbs, chewing or ingestion of the bulbs, leaves or flowers poisons goats and sheep with Lycorine (An emetic) and small amounts of alkaloids. Alternative: Dahlias are a highlight of late summer gardens. Beautiful and simple to grow, dahlias often flower until the first frosts of the year." This is another list of Plants toxic to bees, which includes:- Aesculus californica, Angelica triqueta, Asclepias species, Astralagus species, Astralagus lentiginosus, Camellia thea, Corynocarpus laevigata, Astralagus miser v. serotibus, Cuscuta species, Cyrilla racemiflora, Ochrama lagopus, Solanum nigram, Sophora microphylla, Tillia species, Veratrum cailfornicum, Zygadenus cenesosus.
The following details come from Cactus Art:- "A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female). Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds. Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube. Androecium (male Parts or stamens) It is made up of the filament and anther, it is the pollen producing part of the plant. Anther This is the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen.  Filament This is the fine hair-like stalk that the anther sits on top of. Pollen This is the dust-like male reproductive cell of flowering plants. Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil)  It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures. Stigma This is the part of the pistil which receives the pollen grains and on which they germinate.  Style This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of ovary.  Ovary The part of the plant that contains the ovules.  Ovule The part of the ovary that becomes the seeds.   Petal  The colorful, often bright part of the flower (corolla).  Sepal  The parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower bud (calix).  (Undifferentiated "Perianth segment" that are not clearly differentiated into sepals and petals, take the names of tepals.)" The following details come from Nectary Genomics:- "NECTAR. Many flowering plants attract potential pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. The primary solutes found in most nectars are varying ratios of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which can range from as little a 8% (w/w) in some species to as high as 80% in others. This abundance of simple sugars has resulted in the general perception that nectar consists of little more than sugar-water; however, numerous studies indicate that it is actually a complex mixture of components. Additional compounds found in a variety of nectars include other sugars, all 20 standard amino acids, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, vitamins, organic acids, oils, free fatty acids, metal ions and proteins. NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate. WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and rely almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%."
The following details about DOUBLE FLOWERS comes from Wikipedia:- "Double-flowered" describes varieties of flowers with extra petals, often containing flowers within flowers. The double-flowered trait is often noted alongside the scientific name with the abbreviation fl. pl. (flore pleno, a Latin ablative form meaning "with full flower"). The first abnormality to be documented in flowers, double flowers are popular varieties of many commercial flower types, including roses, camellias and carnations. In some double-flowered varieties all of the reproductive organs are converted to petals — as a result, they are sexually sterile and must be propagated through cuttings. Many double-flowered plants have little wildlife value as access to the nectaries is typically blocked by the mutation. There is further photographic, diagramatic and text about Double Flowers from an education department - dept.ca.uky.edu - in the University of Kentucky in America. "Meet the plant hunter obsessed with double-flowering blooms" - an article from The Telegraph.
THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:- THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE 2 QUARTZ GRAIN SIBLINGS, and HOW ROOTS OF PLANTS ARE IN CONTROL IN THE SOIL before continuing in this website. Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources)
Choose 1 of these different Plant selection Methods:- 1. Choose a plant from 1 of 53 flower colours in the Colour Wheel Gallery. 2. Choose a plant from 1 of 12 flower colours in each month of the year from 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery. 3. Choose a plant from 1 of 6 flower colours per month for each type of plant:- Aquatic Bedding Bulb Climber Conifer Deciduous Shrub Deciduous Tree Evergreen Perennial Evergreen Shrub Evergreen Tree Hedging Herbaceous Perennial Herb Odds and Sods Rhododendron nectar is toxic to bees Rose Soft Fruit Top Fruit Wild Flower 4. Choose a plant from its Flower Shape:- Shape, Form Index Flower Shape 5. Choose a plant from its foliage:- Bamboo Conifer Fern Grass Vegetable 6. There are 6 Plant Selection Levels including Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in Plants Topic. or 7. when I do not have my own or ones from mail-order nursery photos , then from March 2016, if you want to start from the uppermost design levels through to your choice of cultivated and wildflower plants to change your Plant Selection Process then use the following galleries:- Create and input all plants known by Amateur Gardening inserted into their Sanders' Encyclopaedia from their edition published in 1960 (originally published by them in 1895) into these Stage 1 - Garden Style Index Gallery, then Stage 2 - Infill Plants Index Gallery being the only gallery from these 7 with photos (from Wikimedia Commons) , then Stage 3 - All Plants Index Gallery with each plant species in its own Plant Type Page followed by choice from Stage 4a, 4b, 4c and/or 4d REMEMBERING THE CONSTRAINTS ON THE SELECTION FROM THE CHOICES MADE IN STAGES 1 AND 2 Stage 4a - 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery, Stage 4b - 12 Foliage Colours per Month Index Gallery with Stage 4c - Cultivation, Position, Use Index Gallery and Stage 4d - Shape, Form Index Gallery Unfortunately, if you want to have 100's of choices on selection of plants from 1000's of 1200 pixels wide by up to 16,300 pixels in length webpages, which you can jump to from almost any of the pages in these 7 galleries above, you have to put up with those links to those choices being on the left topic menu table, the header of the middle data table and on the page/index menu table on the right of every page of those galleries.
There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:- 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Plants Blue, Orange, Red, Yellow, White, Other Colours which lead on to other pages Colour Wheel - All Flowers per Month 12 Bedding Bulb Climber Deciduous Shrub Deciduous Tree Evergreen Perennial Evergreen Shrub Evergreen Tree Herbaceous Perennial Rhododendron Rose Wild Flower	Plants for Cut Flowers in January February March April May June July August September October November December Climber 3 sector Vertical Plant System with flowers in Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May 1, 2 Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec	Indoor Bulbs for December January February Indoor Bulbs for March April May Indoor Bulbs for June July August Indoor Bulbs for September October November Plant Bloom Dec-Jan Feb-Mar Plant Bloom Apr-May Jun-Aug Plant Bloom Sep-Oct Nov-Dec
Pruning Pruning Made Easy - A gardener's Visual Guide to when and how to prune everything, from flowers to trees by Lewis Hill. Published by Storey Publishing as one of its Storey's Gardening Skills Illustrated Series in 1997. ISBN 1-58017-007-2. Lewis Hill owned Berryhill Nursery. The illustrations combined with the text tell you precisely what to do in the above book. I have spent a long time investigating the state of the trees in pavements within Funchal in Madeira and I have taken 100's of photos to show what happens when any tree is pruned and allowed to rot followed by the inside rot being set light to. You can look at the welcome page, and below this leads on to the start page of the 100's of photos linked to in the comments on cavity repair, for further details. This information about pruning is very useful to people not living in England in 2023, since by 2030 much of England is going to run out of water and therefore the English population that it affects will have to move out of their existing homes into another country; leading to a major financial mortgage and housing value crash in England. Southern Water Authority is responsible for water undertakings in Medway from 1973. "Twenty-five years from now we will have lost a third of our water sources through climate change, seen a reduction in the amount of water we are allowed to take from rivers and underground sources, and our population will have grown by 15%. Without action, we predict a supply and demand deficit by 2030 equivalent to around 50% of our current supply. Our Plan proposes 43 performance commitments for the five-year period from 2020 to 2025, directly aligned to 10 key outcomes to create a resilient water future." from Southern Water. Southern Water has £5,100,000,000 of debt, so how does it intend to execute these performance commitments? Medway has a population of 274,015 in 2014, which has grown to 280,000 by January 2023. So Medway has increased its population by more than 2% in 9 years where our water supply has shrunk by more than 18%. See further details about 'Lack of drinking water from Southern Water by 2030' in Mission Statement page. Since West Midlands, London, Parts of the South West, East Midlands, East of England and South East regions of England are at risk of running out of water by 2030, cemeteries and churchyards in England will then be abandoned as its 35,000,000 population has to leave. From South East Rivers Trust report on Water, water everywhere ... or is it? - "By 2050, the South East of England will need to find at least an additional one billion litres of water per day to meet demand in the region. That is about a fifth of the water used in the region today, and equivalent to the water use of seven million people per day. Demand for water will exceed supply by 2030." Since the privatised water companies in England are so much in debt (due to asset stripping and borrowing to pay the high dividends and payments in salary and bonuses to their staff during the 30 years of privatisation), it is extremely doubtful if anything has been done about it for the last 30 years or for the next 7. They and the government blame the increasing population in overusing the decreasing a) by 33% of the rainfall water resource plus b) the reduction that the water companies will be allowed to take from rivers and underground sources plus c) the reduction in the rainfall being allowed into the ground by the new buildings, roads etc covering it. Further details concerning the involvement of the government in this fraud; is on the Welcome Page; for those from America, Canada and other countries who will experience the loss in their retirement pension value from this future market crash in the UK.
Chapter	Contents	Comments
Reasons to prune	Pruning with a purpose. Pruning when planting or transplanting. Pruning to train. Pruning to control size. Pruning for appearance. Pruning for health. Pruning for production. Pruning for rejuvenation. Pruning to create a barrier.
Tools and Equipment	Clippers and loppers. Sharpening pruning shears. Shearing equipment. Tree paints and sealers. Tool storage.
Pruning Methods	A proper pruning cut. Pruning at different life stages. When to prune. Training. Shearing. Pinching. Removing large limbs. Beheading. Disbudding. Thinning fruit. Basal pruning. Root pruning.
Ornamental trees and shrubs	Pruning a bare-root shrub. Pruning container-grown or balled-and-burlapped plants. Pruning flowering trees. Pruning Flowering Shrubs. Pruning a viburnum. Pruning a lilac. Restoring an old flowering tree or shrub. Turning a shrub into a tree. Pruning shrubs that produce fruit or berries. Plants with coloured bark. Shrubs and trees that need special care in pruning. Pruning roses. General rose maintenance. Pruning a hybrid tea rose. Pruning shrub and species roses. Pruning climbers and ramblers. Pruning tree roses. Choosing a tree or shrub.	From shrubs and trees for the smaller garden by Frances Perry. Published by C. Arthur Pearson Ltd in 1961:- When pruning trees. Never leave dead, damaged or diseased branches. Remove these as soon as possible or the trouble may spread. Paint with a wood preservative such as Stockholm Tar any cuts over 0.5 inch (1 cm) in diameter. Pine tar is a product from our trees. By treating wood with pine tar, you are adding natural substances that the tree itself uses to protect itself from e.g. mildew and algae. Impregnation with pine tar also prevents moisture penetration like Imprex 845, instead allowing the wood to breathe. This helps prevent the wood from drying out and cracking. Remember cherries, prunus and even rhododendrons can contract Silver Leaf disease. Never leave dead wood lying about and in an infected area paint the wounds and prune between May and July (when the spores of Silver Leaf are inactive). Remove large branches in at least two sections to prevent damage farther down to the trunk or lower branches. NEVER LEAVE STUMPS. Shrub pruning. Shrubs should be carefully examined once a year. Start by checking over the bush and removing broken, dead or diseased branches. Old, worn-out and weak shoots should next receive attention and must be taken out entirely or shortened back to a younger or stronger shoot. One important object of thinning is to admit light and air and many shrubs which have become leggy grow out again freely from the older stems when cut hard back at the right season. Further pruning of deciduous shrubs will be closely related to their method and time of flowering, a point on which the gardener must satisfy himself with every species he grows. a. Shrubs flowering in early spring on wood made the previous year. Examples - Jsminum nudiflorum, Forsthia suspensa, Clematis montana and Prunus triloba plena. As soon as the blooms fade, cut back the flowering shoots, almost to the old wood. New shoots will soon break and thus receive the longest possible season in which to grow and ripen. These in turn will carry the next season's flowers. b. Shrubs flowering from April to July on wood made the previous year. Examples - Lilacs, ribes, spiraeas and philadelphus. These require very little pruning and often flower well for years with little attention. Thin crowded shoots and remove weak twigs, and if the bush is traggly and over-tall (a common fault with lilacs and philadelphus) remove a few of the worn-out branches at ground level and shorten back the top flowering shoots to strong young growths on the main branches. This may spoil next season's flowers but the plant will eventually benefit and be brought back to more reasonable proportions. c. Shrubs flowering in late summer on growths of the current year. Examples - Bufddleia davidii, Tamarix pentandra, Clematis jackmannii and Ceanothus 'Gloire de Versailles.' In order to encourage strong flower shoots, cut back all last year's flowering stems to within a few inches (cms) of the old wood in January or February, that is before growth commences. Evergreen shrubs. Do not prune evergreens in winter, but in spring, just before the recommencement of growth, or, with plants like Berberis stenophylla (which blooms in April) immediately after the flowers fade. Autumn flowering heaths may be improved by having the old flowering shoots trimmed back in spring. Cutting them over with shears is usually sufficient. Pruning and clipping hedges. Freshly planted hedges must not be allowed to run up until a thick dense bottom has formed. Cut the plants back hard and repeatedly until this is achieved. Height will come later but in future years it will be found difficult to induce new shoots from the bottom of a thin hedge. Prune evergreen hedges hard in spring when the fresh new growths quickly mask the scars of cutting. Very old yew or holly hedges should not be treated too drastically. Reduce them gradually, the top one year and one side in each of the next 2 years. Young, fast-growing hedges need 3 or 4 clippings during the season, and mature hedges 1 or 2 - in spring and late summer. The clipping of beech, hornbeam and similar deciduous hedges is best performed in winter or in August. At the latter season beech produces short new growths which retain their leaves during the winter. Ivy on walls or fences may be clipped with shears or a hedge trimmer in April, but it is better to use secateurs in August to remove any long, loose shoots. Shrubs grown for the beauty of their stems in winter, notably Salix britzensis, Salix vitellina and certain Cornus species should be treated like the deciduous shrubs in category c. The object is to obtain as much new growth as possible each year and to that end the previous year's shoots are spurred back hard in March to within 1 or 2 eyes of the old wood. Pruning hints. Prune so that the maximum time is allowed for fresh growth before a new flowering season comes round. All tools used for pruning should be kept very sharp."
Shade trees	Basic tree shapes. Choosing the proper tree. Pruning at planting time. Maintenance pruning. Basal pruning. Care of mature trees. Tree surgery. Cavity repair.	Cavity repair. "1. Clean out the cavity carefully. Remove all dirt, old bark, insects, and rotten wood right down to soil wood, much as a dentist cleans out a tooth prior to filling it, If possible, flush out the area with clean water." Fine. "2. Smooth out the rough edges with a heavy-grit file" No, that would tend to remove the remains of the branch collar and further damage the tree. "3. Fill the hole with a good tree-cavity sealer. Asphalt compounds, such as those used in patching driveways and roofs, are suitable..." No, asphalt as well as concrete are solid and may shrink slightly as they dry out leaving a gap where the water, insects can get back in and rot the tree. I suggest the following:- "Solution to holes in trees. Remove ... rot within the hole. Then blast the remaining rot with a high pressure water hose to try and clear more of the rot. Spray with Boron (a water based preservative kills only wood boring insects - not spiders, birds or bats) as a treatment for insect, wet and dry rot attack. While it is still wet, apply a layer of Expanding Foam to the bottom of the hole. Immediately place bottles on this and allow to set for 5 minutes. Apply another layer of expanding foam and another layer of bottles. The aim of the bottles is to occupy space, they are not there as a deterrent. That is why the foam has to be in contact with the inside of the tree not the glass bottle. The poisons in the foam will kill anything eating it and the foam does stick better when wet with water. Keep up this operation until the hole is covered.  Leave to set and then paint the foam surface twice with a recommended water-based, but not oil-based, sealant. Solutions to stop creating holes in trees. When a branch is cut off, remember to cut it off on the other side of the Branch Collar - see figure in next row. (See Figure 1 - Optimum position of the final pruning cut in "Guide to Tree Pruning" by the Arboricultural Association which shows the branch collar within and outside the tree. My Comments: I disagree with their recommendation not to apply wound paint as you can see the result if you do not paint trees which are dehydrated, starved and gassed as these trees in the pavements of Madeira are.)  Once that is done, then immediately apply Boron and 2 coats of protective sealant as used for holes in trees above." from Photo Damage to Trees in Madeira Page 1. I also saved the yew tree in my local churchyard.
Branch Collar
Pruning evergreens	What is an evergreen. Needled evergreens. Shearing basics. How to shear. Shearing specimen evergreens. A shearing timetable. Shearing dwarf evergreens. Creating a dwarf evergreen. Shearing windbreaks and screens. Pruning needled evergreens. Broadleaf evergreens. Renewal pruning.
Pruning hedges	Starting a new hedge. Shearing a hedge. Making an arch in your hedge. Reviving an old hedge. Formal hedges. Hedges for barriers. Flower- and berry-producing hedge plants. Hedges needing careful maintenance. Annual hedges. Low-maintenance hedges.
Artistic pruning	Topiary. Topiary frames. Espalier. Creating a cordon. English fences. Pollarding and coppicing. Pruning a Japanese-style garden.
Pruning fruit trees	Pruning a bare-root fruit tree at planting time. Pruning a young fruit tree. Fruit-tree pruning styles. Prune for quality fruit. Repair pruning. Prune to manage your tree's size. Prune to keep your tree healthy. Managing suckers. Dealing with sunscald. When to prune fruit trees. Pruning dwarf fruit trees. Pruning to make trees bear. The old orchard. Pruning sanitation. Pruning spur-type fruit trees. Specific trees: apple; apricot; cherry; citrus; fig; peach and nectarine; pear; plum; quince; tropical and semitropical fruits. Cutting grafting wood.	A solution for grass round trees depriving them of water and nutrients; using the expertise of DLF. If the turf was uplifted during August/September using a fork for a distance of 24 inches (60 cms) round the base of the tree trunk in the grass and placed upside down beyond that 24 inches, that would expose the roots of that tree. 10 grammes of PM105 which is equal parts of Alsike White Clover, Red Clover, White Clover, Yellow Trefoil and Birdsfoot Trefoil could be added to a bucket, with 50 grammes of Rehofix MK1500 Bulking Granules (these are corn skin granules and biodegradable and used as a carrier for the PM105). This mixture could be mixed with 12 grammes of Groweb Tackifier (a gelling agent that when mixed with water, swells becoming highly viscous, binding the seed and the Rehofix and sand to the soil surface. It also stops anybody else from taking the seeds, whether it is wind, bird, or human). This is then distributed onto the exposed soil between the trunk and the water ring created by the overturned turf slabs. Then 2 bags of sharp sand are spread over the sown seed to prevent birds from eating the seeds and to cover the exposed roots of the tree. This is followed by spraying 2 gallons of water on top of the sand, and the wildflower seeds can then grow through the sand with the clover. The clover are legumes and would fertilise the tree roots. Since there is usually quite a bit of rain from October to March, irrigation of these wildflowers would be unnecessary and having grown during that autumn/winter period, these plants would probably be okay for the following spring/summer growing conditions. The replacement of the turf with these wildflowers would stop that area of turf from drinking all the rain that falls on it and if any fertiliser was applied on top of it, from it using all of it and the tree getting none.
Pruning small fruits	Grapes. Pruning bare-root grapes at planting time. The Kniffen system. Pruning an old grapevine. The bush fruits: blueberry, cranberry, currant and gooseberry, elderberry. The bramble fruits. Maintenance pruning of brambles. Strawberries.
Nut trees	Planting a nut tree. Early training of nut trees. Almond. Black Walnut and Butternut. Chestnut. Filbert. Hickory. Pecan. Walnut.
Vines and ground covers	Pruning a woody vine. Pruning a wisteria. Pruning clematis. Climbing roses. Rejuvenating an overgrown vine. Working a remodeling or painting job around a vine. Twining vine. Clinging vines. Annual vines. Pruning ground covers.
Garden plants and houseplants	Reasons to prune perennials. Perennial herb plants. Perennial food plants. Pruning Houseplants. Prune to rejuvenate. Hanging baskets. Pruning for winter storage. Root pruning.
Bonsai	Choosing your specimen. Containers. Equipment. Soil mixture. Planting. Pruning at planting time. Early training. Maintenance pruning. Care of your bonsai. Root pruning and repotting.

BULB FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES
Number of Flower Petals	Petal-less	1	2	3	4	5	Above 5

Flower Shape - Simple	Stars with Single Flowers	Bowls	Cups and Saucers	Globes	Goblets and Chalices	Trumpets	Funnels

Flower Shape - Simple	Bells	Thimbles	Urns	Salverform

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Tubes, Lips and Straps	Slippers, Spurs and Lockets	Hats, Hoods and Helmets	Stan-dards, Wings and Keels	Discs and Florets	Pin-Cushions	Tufts and Petal-less Cluster

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Cushion	Umbel	Buttons with Double Flowers	Pompoms	Stars with Semi-Double Flowers

Natural Arrange-ments	Bunches, Posies and Sprays (Group)	Columns, Spikes and Spires	Whorls, Tiers and Cande-labra	Plumes and Tails	Chains and Tassels	Clouds, Garlands and Cascades	Sphere, Dome (Clusters), Drumstick and Plate

FURTHER BULB FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES	Bulbs - a complete handbook of bulbs, corms and tubers by Roy Genders. Published in 1973 by Robert Hale & Company. Contents History, Culture and Characteristics Early History Botanical Characteristics of Bulbs, Corms and Tubers Propagation Bulbs in the Woodland Garden Bulbs in Short Grass is detailed in Ivydene Gardens Bulb, Corm, Rhizome and Tuber Gallery Site Map Bulbs in the Shrubbery Spring Bedding Summer Bedding A border of bulbs Bulbs for the alpine garden Bulbs for trough garden and window box- Bulbs for alpine house and frame Bulbs in the home Scent in bulbs Diseases and pests of bulbs and corms Alphabetical Guide - Pages 154-543 provides an Alphabetical Guide to these bulbs, with each genus having a description with details of culture, propagation and details of each of its species and varieties:- "Cardiocrinum (Liliaceae) A genus of three species, native of the Himalayas and eastern Asia, which at one time were included in the genus Lilium. They differ in that their bulbs have few scales, while the seed capsules are toothed. They are plants of dense woodlands of Assam and Yunnan, where the rainfall is the highest in the world and they grow best in shade and in a moist humus-laden soil. The basal leaves are cordate, bright-green and glossy; the flowers trumpet-like with reflexed segments. They are borne in umbels of 10 to 20 on stems 10 to 12 ft (120-144 inches, 300 to 360 centimetres) tall. In their native land they are found growing with magnolias and rhododendrons. Culture The bulbs are dark green and as large as a hockey ball. Plant 24 (60) apart early in spring, away from a frost pocket, and with the top part exposed. Three bulbs planted together in a spinney or in a woodland clearing will present a magnificent site when in bloom. They require protection from the heat of summer and a cool root run; they are also gross feeders so the soil should be enriched with decayed manure and should contain a large amount of peat or leaf-mould. The bulbs will begin to grow in the warmth of spring, and by early June the flower stems will have attained a height of 96 (240) or more and will be bright green with a few scattered leaves. The basal leaves will measure 10 (25) wide, like those of the arum. The flowers appear in July and last only a few days to be replaced by attractive large seed pods, while the handsome basal leaves remain green until the autumn. The flower stems are hollow. Propagation After flowering and the dying back of the leaves, the bulb also dies. Early in November it should be dug up, when it will be seen that three to 5 small bulbs are clustered around it. These are replanted 24 (60) apart with the nose exposed and into soil that has been deeply worked and enriched with leaf mould and decayed manure. They will take two years to bear bloom, but if several are planted each year there will always be some at the flowering stage. To protect them from frost, the newly planted bulbs should be given a deep mulch either of decayed leaves or peat shortly after planting, while additional protection may be given by placing fronds of bracken or hurdles over the mulch. Plants may be raised from seed sown in a frame in a sandy compost or in boxes in a greenhouse. If the seed is sown in September when harvested, it will germinare in April. In autumn the seedlings will be ready to transplant into a frame or into boxes, spacing them 3 (7.5) apart. They need moisture while growing but very little during winter when dormant. In June they will be ready to move to their flowering quarters such as a clearing in a woodland where the ground has been cleaned of perennial weeds and fortified with humus and plant food. Plant 24 (60) apart and protect the young plants until established with low boards erected around them. They will bloom in about eight years from sowing time. Species Cardiocrinum cathayanum. Native of western and central China, it will grow 36-48 (90-120) tall and halfway up the stem produces a cluster of oblong leaves. The funnel-shaped flowers are borne three to five to each stem and appear in an umbel at the top. They are white or cream, shaded with green and spotted with brown and appear early in July. The plant requires similar conditions to Cardiocrinum giganteum and behaves in like manner. Cardiocrinum cordatum. Native of Japan, it resembles Cardiocrinum giganteum with its heart-shaped basal leaves, which grow from the scales of the greenish-white bulb and which, like those of the paeony (with which it may be planted), first appear bronzey-red before turning green. The flowers are produced horizontally in sixes or eights at the end of a 72 (180) stem and are ivory-white shaded green on the outside, yellow in the throat and spotted with purple. They are deliciously scented. Cardiocrinum giganteum. Native of Assam and the eastern Himalayas where it was found by Dr Wallich in 1816 in the rain-saturated forests. It was first raised from seed and distributed by the Botanical Gardens of Dublin, and first flowered in the British Isles at Edinburgh in 1852. Under conditions it enjoys, it will send up its hollow green stems (which continue to grow until autumn) to a height of 120-144 (300-360), each with as many as 10 to 20 or more funnel-shaped blooms 6 (15) long. The flowers are white, shaded green on the outside and reddish-purple in the throat. Their scent is such that when the air is calm the plants may be detected from a distance of 100 yards = 3600 inches = 9000 centimetres. Especially is their fragrance most pronounced at night. The flowers droop downwards and are at their best during July and August. The large basal leaves which surround the base of the stem are heart-shaped and short-stalked." Agapanthus is on pages 159-160 with Anemone on pages 169-175. with these Appendices:-
	A - Planting Depths (Out-doors)	B - Bulbs and their Habitat	C - Planting and Flowering Times for Out-door Cult-ivation	D - Flowering Times for Indoor Bulbs	E - Bulbs with Scented Flowers	F - Common Names of Bulbous plants	G - From Sowing time to Bloom

	Bulbs in Cultivation including vital bulb soil preparation from Bulbs for Small Garden by E.C.M. Haes. Published by Pan Books in 1967:-
	Bulbs in the Small Garden with Garden Plan and its different bulb sections	A choice of Outdoor Bulbs	False Bulbs	Bulbs Indoors	Bulb Calendar	Planting Times and Depth	Composts
Bulb Form	Mat-Forming	Prostrate or Trailing	Cushion or Mound-forming	Spreading or Creeping	Clump-forming	Stemless. Sword-shaped Leaves	Erect or Upright
Bulb Use	Other than Only Green Foliage	Bedding or Mass Planting	Ground-Cover	Cut-Flower 1, 2	Tolerant of Shade	In Woodland Areas	Under-plant
	Tolerant of Poor Soil	Covering Banks	In Water	Beside Stream or Water Garden	Coastal Conditions	Edging Borders	Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
	Fragrant Flowers	Not Fragrant Flowers	Indoor House-plant	Grow in a Patio Pot 1, 2	Grow in an Alpine Trough	Grow in an Alpine House	Grow in Rock Garden
	Speciman Plant	Into Native Plant Garden	Naturalize in Grass	Grow in Hanging Basket	Grow in Window-box	Grow in Green-house	Grow in Scree
			Natural-ized Plant Area	Grow in Cottage Garden	Attracts Butter-flies	Attracts Bees	Resistant to Wildlife
Bulb in Soil	Chalk 1, 2	Clay	Sand 1, 2	Lime-Free (Acid)	Peat

Bulb Height from Text Border		Brown= 0-12 inches (0-30 cms)	Blue = 12-24 inches (30-60 cms)		Green= 24-36 inches (60-90 cms)		Red = 36+ inches (90+ cms)
Bulb Soil Moisture from Text Background		Wet Soil		Moist Soil		Dry Soil
Flowering months range abreviates month to its first 3 letters (Apr-Jun is April, May and June). Click on thumbnail to change this comparison page to the Plant Description Page of the Bulb named in the Text box below that photo. The Comments Row of that Plant Description Page links to where you personally can purchase that bulb via mail-order.

PERENNIAL - EVERGREEN GALLERY
compares the use and flower shape of plants including the ones from a section of the 1000 Ground Cover Plants detailed in this page of the PLANTS Topic

7 Flower Colours per Month in Colour Wheel below

for Evergreen Perennials only prior to July 2022,
from July 2022 it will compare every plant with flowers in this website
in this EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery.

Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month.

I have updated the plant type and plant use for the Evergreen Perennials by February 2023,

then, I will continue from September 2023 to insert all the 1000 Ground-cover Plants using 'Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places' by John Cushnie ISBN 1 85626 326 6
into the relevant 3 Galleries:-

1. Flower Colour Month Comparison Page within Evergreen Perennial Gallery including those of foliage only in January Unusual Flower.

Ground Cover from PLANTS is within the text box under the thumbnail, and by clicking on the centre of the thumbnail, the page shall be changed

to its descriptive row within one of these pages in PLANTS Topic -
1000 Ground
...Cover A, B, C,
...D, E, F, G, H, I,
... J, K, L, M, N,
...O, P, Q, R, S, T,
...U, V, W, XYZ
...with Ground
...Cover for 14
...Situations
1 Dry Shade
2 Damp Shade
3 Full Sun
4 Banks and Terraces
5 Woodland
6 Alkaline Sites
7 Acid Sites
8 Heavy Clay Soil
9 Dry Sandy Soil
10 Exposed Sites
11 Under Hedges
12 Patios and Paths
13 Formal Gardens
14 Swimming Pools and Tennis Courts.
Also, Use
...Ground Cover
...in Landscape
...noise reduction

2. into Wildflower Shape Gallery pages in this Table:-

EVERGREEN PERENNIAL FLOWER SHAPE in Royal Blue - WILDFLOWER FLOWER SHAPE in Blue - Click on Text link
Number of Flower Petals
Number of Flower Petals	Petal-less Petal-less	1 1	2 2	3 3	4 4 and could be cross-shaped	5 5	Above 5 Above 5

Flower Shape - Simple
	Stars Stars	Bowls Bowls	Cups and Saucers	Globes Globes	Goblets and Chalices	Trumpets Trumpet	Funnels Funnels

	Bells Bells	Thimbles Thimbles	Urns Urns	Salver-form Salver-form

Flower Shape - Elab--orated
	Tubes, Lips and Straps	Slippers, Spurs and Lockets	Hats, Hoods and Helmets	Stan-dards , Wings and Keels	Discs and Florets	Pin-Cushions	Tufts Tufts
							Flower stem termin-ating with a Single Flower
	Cushion Cushion	Umbel Umbel	Buttons Buttons	Pompom Pompom

Natural Arrange--ments
Natural Arrange--ments	Bunches, Posies and Sprays	Columns, Spikes and Spires	Whorls, Tiers and Candle-labra	Plumes and Tails	Chains and Tassels	Cloud, Garland and Cascade	Spheres, Domes and Plates

Evergreen Perennial Name Index Herbaceous Perennial Name Index <---	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
	H	I	J	K	L	M	N
	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U
	V	W	X	Y	Z

and

3. into the following pages in the EVERGREEN PERENNIAL FLOWER SHAPE Gallery:-

shown in the next column --->

followed by continuing to insert all the plants with flowers from Camera Photo Galleries as indicated by
"Plant with Photo Index" from
Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187 A 1, 2, Index
into the Colour Wheel comparison pages above of EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery in Blue
having started in January 2023.

I will continue to insert all the plants planted in chalk as indicated by
"from Chalk Garden" from
GARDEN CONSTRUCTION Index using
'A Chalk Garden' by F C Stern. Published by Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd in 1960
into the Colour Wheel Comparison Pages above of EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery in black.

then the following plants shall be added from

Aquatic,
Bamboo,
Bedding,
Bulb,
Climber,
Conifer,
Deciduous Shrub,
Deciduous Tree,
Evergreen Shrub,
Evergreen Tree,
Fern,
Grass,
Hedging,
Herbaceous Perennial,
Herb,
Odds and Sods,
Rhododendron,
Rose,
Soft Fruit,
Top Fruit,
Vegetable and
Wildflower

Both native wildflowers and cultivated plants, with these
...Flower Shape,
...Uses in USA,

- after the entries have been completed in the Landscaping List Pages.

finally - I am inserting these from February 2023, I will continue to insert all the plants
from the following book on planting sites for perennials, which include most plant types except Annuals and Biennials. She is writing about perennials for use in America.
into the Landscaping List Pages of this Wildflower Shape Gallery and
into the Flower Colour per Month Colour Wheel Comparison Pages above of EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery in royal blue.
Landscaping with Perennials by Emily Brown. 5th printing 1989 by Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-063-0.

The following is from the current Site Map of Evergr Perenn Gallery in October 2023:-

104 from the 1000 Ground Cover Plants (up to Aster novi-belgii in Plant Selection Level 5 Plant Name - A Index page of Plants Topic) as indicated by
Ground Cover from PLANTS within the text box under the thumbnail, and
described in rows in PLANTS Topic by clicking on the centre of the thumbnail in the relevant Flower Colour Month Comparison Page within this gallery. This number represents the number of 1000 Ground Cover Plants with flowers
plus
those of foliage only in January Unusual Flower.
See 1000 Ground Cover Name Index from Plants Topic in the extreme right Table.
then, I will continue from September 2023 to insert all the 1000 Ground-cover Plants using 'Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places' by John Cushnie
ISBN 1 85626 326 6
into the Colour Wheel comparison pages above of EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery in Brown,

into Wildflower Shape Gallery and

into EVERGREEN PERENNIAL FLOWER SHAPE Gallery:-

35 (up to ajuga atropurpurea ) within
Plant Selection by Garden Use
Level 2c
Bedding
Bog Garden
Coastal Conditions
Containers in Garden
Front of Border
Edibles in Containers
Hanging Basket
Hedge and Attracts Bees
Pollution Barrier 1, 2
Rest of Border
Rock Garden
Thorny Hedge
Windbreak
Woodland
Plant Selection by Garden Use
Level 2cc Others
Aquatic
Back of Shady Border
Crevice Garden
Desert Garden and Attracts Butterflies
Raised Bed
Scree Bed
Specimen Plant
Trees for Lawns
Trees for Small Garden
Wildflower
Plant Selection by Foliage Colour
Level 3c
Aromatic Foliage and Fragrant Flowers
Finely Cut Leaves
Large Leaves
Other Garden and Cut Flowers
Non-Green Foliage 1
Non-Green Foliage 2
Sword-shaped Leaves and Animal Resistant Plants

My procedure to compare these 1000 ground cover plants in flower/foliage colour, flower shape and plant use, from September 2023 is this:-

Load Plants and transfer table of Groundcover plants B to this table in Plants Name A page within Evergr Per Gallery. Then, close Plants.
Load Evergr Perenn Gallery and load Plants Name A page from it onto Safari. Then load Wildflower Shape Gallery. Do 3 plants from the Groundcover plants in Plants Name A page in Evgr Per Gallery by updating them from the internet and changing each plant row to brown when updated. Put the plants flower thumbnail into the relevant pages in these flower colour/month pages and then into the relevant flower shape comparison pages in Wildflower Shape Gallery. Then close Wildflower Shape Gallery and load Plants. Copy the 3 changed and updated brown text rows to the respective rows in Ground cover Plants B page of Plants Topic. Repeat this row until all the plants in that groundcover plant page have been done.
When Page B has been done above then, close Wildflower Shape Gallery and load Evgr Per Shape Gallery and using the thumbnails from this gallery copy them to the relevant plant use pages in the Evgr per shape gallery.
When the above has been done, then close Evgr per Shape Gallery and open up the relevant plant type gallery to copy the thumbnail to the valid flower colour/month or flower colour comparison pages in that gallery.
Aquatic
Bamboo
Bedding
Bulb
Climber in 3 Sector Vertical Plant System
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
Deciduous Tree
Evergreen Perennial
Evergreen Shrub
Evergreen Tree
Fern
Grass
Hedging
Herbaceous
Perennial
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron
Rose
Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
Vegetable
Wild Flower
When that has been done, then repeat the process for the next groundcover plant page letter.

Landscaping with Perennials by Emily Brown. 5th printing 1989 by Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-063-0 for planting sites for perennials, which include most plant types except Annuals and Biennials. Perennials & Ephemerals chapter of Plants for Dry Gardens by Jane Taylor. Published by Frances Lincoln Limited in 1993. ISBN 0-7112-0772-0 for plants that are drought tolerant.
Wood-land Site	Shady Places Site	Rock Garden in Sun Site. In Shade Site.	Planting on a Sloping Site	Bog Site	Large Peren-nial Site	Cut Flower Site	Outdoor Room Site
Strip Site	Plans for Beds and Borders Site	Beds Site	Borders Site				Long Bloom-ers
White Flower Colour	Blue or Almost Blue Flower Colour	Lavender Flower Colour	Lavender , called Blue Flower Colour	Yellow Flower Colour	Orange Flower Colour	Pink Flower Colour	Red & Scarlet Flower Colour
Maroon Flower Colour	Flowering Stem between 24-48 inches (60-120 cms)	Flowering Stem over 48 inches (120 cms)	Bloom by Season Jan-Feb	Bloom by Season Mar-Apr	Bloom by Season May-Jun	Bloom by Season Jul-Aug	Bloom by Season Sep-Dec
Foliage Blue-Green	Foliage Grey-Green	Foliage Grey	Foliage Varie-gated		Foliage Height 1-7 inches (2.5-17.5 cms)	Foliage Height 8-23 inches (20-57.5 cms)	Foliage Height 24- inches (60 and over cms)
Foliage Bold	Foliage Finely Cut, Delicate or Comp-ound + Finely Cut	Foliage Aromatic		Peren-nials for Ground Covering in the Full Sun + 1, 2	Peren-nials for Ground Covering in Shade and 3		Long Lived
Bulbs to Combine with Peren-nials including Corms	Grasses to Grow with Peren-nials	Sub-shrubs to Grow with Peren-nials	Annuals to Use with Peren-nials	Herbs for Decor-ation as well as Culinary		Annuals, Biennials and Peren-nials to grow Annually	Peren-nials which Self Sow
Neat Growers - Good for Beds		Peren-nials which prefer Moisture	Peren-nials which do best on Margins of Water	Peren-nials which are Drought Tolerant	Peren-nials which tolerate Dense Shade	Peren-nials for Poor Soil, Full Sun	Tough Peren-nials (or easy Maint-enance)
Alpines without a Garden by Lawrence D. Hills. Published by Faber and Faber Limited in 1953 for cultivation of alpines in pans, troughs and window-boxes, particularly in towns, for gardeners who have only windw-sills or verandas, or flat roof spaces. Colour All The Year in My Garden by C.H. Middleton. Published by Ward, Lock & Co. for culture. Perennials The Gardener's Reference by Susan Carter, Carrie Becker and Bob Lilly. Published by Timber Press in 2007 for plants for Special Gardens. It also gives details of species and cultivars for each genus.
Ever-green Perennial Form	Mat-forming	Prostrate or Trailing. Climbing	Cushion or Mound-forming	Spread-ing or Creeping	Clump-forming	Stem-less. Sword-shaped Leaves	Erect or Upright. Arching
Evergreen Perennial Use	Other than Only Green Foliage + 1, 2	Bedding or Mass Planting	Ground-Cover	In Water	Coastal Condit-ions + Coastal	Speci-man Plant	Under-plant
	Indoor House-plant	Grow in an Alpine House	Grow in Hanging Basket + Basket	Grow in Window-box	Grow in Green-house	Fragrant Flowers	Not Fragrant Flowers
	Attracts Butter-flies + Butterfly Usage of Plants	Attracts Bees + 1, 2, 3 and Forage Calendar	Grow in Scree	Grow in a Patio Pot	Grow in an Alpine Trough + Rock Plant	Edging Borders	Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
	Into Native Plant Garden	Naturalize in Grass	Natural-ized Plant Area	Resistant to Wildlife		Early Spring Border Special Garden	Spring Epheme-rals Special Garden
	Summer Border Special Garden	Cottage Garden Special Garden	Late Summer Border Special Garden	Autumn Border Special Garden	Shade Border and Wood-land Garden Special Garden	Back of Border, Alley, and Too Tall for Words Special Garden	Meadow Garden Special Garden
Ever-green Perennial in Soil	Chalk + A-F, A-F, A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	Clay + A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	Sand + A-F, A-F, A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	Lime-Free (Acid) + A-F, A-F, A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	Peat + A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	Any + A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	+ Ever-green Peren-nials in Pages in Plants
Peony Use of Peonies in UK Peony Index	Fragrant Flowers	Flower Arrangers Hedge	Growing Tree Peonies in Pots	Front of Border	Rest of Border	Not Green Foliage Rock Garden	Seaside / Coastal Tree

Topic
Table of this page has moved to the right hand side

Look for:-
Topic - Camera Photo Galleries showing all 4000 x 3000 pixels of each photo on your screen that you can then click and drag to your desktop:-
in the bottom row of the Topic Table on the right hand side for more than 2000 informative photos to aid your plant choice using the:-
Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens
- 1187
A 1, 2, Photos - 43
B 1, Photos - 13
C 1, Photos - 35
D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Photos - 411
with Plants causing damage to buildings in Chilham Village and Damage to Trees in Pavements of Funchal
E 1, Photos - 21
F 1, Photos - 1
G 1, Photos - 5
H 1, Photos - 21
I 1, Photos - 8
J 1, Photos - 1
K 1, Photos - 1
L 1, Photos - 85
with Label Problems
M 1, Photos - 9
N 1, Photos - 12
O 1, Photos - 5
P 1, Photos - 54
Q 1, Photos -
R 1, 2, 3,
Photos - 229
S 1, Photos - 111
T 1, Photos - 13
U 1, Photos - 5
V 1, Photos - 4
W 1, Photos - 100
with Work Done by Chris Garnons-Williams
X 1 Photos -
Y 1, Photos -
Z 1 Photos -
Articles/Items in Ivydene Gardens - 88
Flower Colour, Num of Petals, Shape and
Plant Use of:-
Rock Garden
within linked page

There are 180 families in the Wildflowers of the UK and they have been split up into 22 Galleries to allow space for up to 100 plants per gallery.

Each plant named in each of the Wildflower Family Pages may have a link to:-

its Plant Description Page in its Common Name in one of those Wildflower Plant Galleries and will have links

to external sites to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name,

to see photos in its Flowering Months and

to read habitat details in its Habitat Column.

It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:-

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot91a1a1a1a

Closed Bud

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot92a1a1a1a

Opening Bud

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot93a1a1a1a

Juvenile Flower

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot94a1a1a1a

Older Juvenile Flower

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot95a1a1a1a

Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its
Rose Description Page is
"Buff Yellow, with a very slight pink tint at the edges in May-October."

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot96a1a1a1a1

Mature Flower

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot97a1a1a1a1

Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot98a1a1a1a1

Form of Rose Bush

There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page.

So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!!

Plant Selection by Flower Colour

Blue Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Wild Flower.

Orange Flowers

Bedding.
Wild Flower.

Other Colour Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Wild Flower.

Red Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Decid Shrub.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Herbac Per.
Rose.
Wild Flower.

White Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Decid Shrub.
Decid Tree.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Herbac Per.
Rose.
Wild Flower.

Yellow Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Decid Shrub.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Herbac Per.
Rose.
Wild Flower.

Fragrant Plants adds the use of another of your 5 senses in your garden:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers.

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Leaves.

Trees and Shrubs with Aromatic Bark.

Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an
Acid Soil.

Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil.

Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil.

Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers.

Herbaceous Plants with Scented Leaves.

Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves.

Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers.

Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit.

Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers.

Night-scented Flowering Plants.

Scented Aquatic Plants.

Plants with Scented Fruits.

Plants with Scented Roots.

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Wood.

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Gums.

Scented Cacti and Succulents.

Plants bearing Flowers or Leaves of Unpleasant Smell.

Flower Perfume Group:-

Indoloid Group.

Aminoid Group with scent - Hawthorn.

Heavy Group with scents -
Jonquil and
Lily.

Aromatic Group with scents - Almond,
Aniseed, Balsamic,
Carnation, Cinnamon, Clove,
Spicy and
Vanilla.

Violet Group.

Rose Group.

Lemon Group with scent -
Verbena.

Fruit-scented Group with scents -
Apricot,
Fruity,
Green Apple,
Orange, Pineapple,
Ripe Apple , Ripe Banana and
Ripe Plum.

Animal-scented Group with scents -
Cat,
Dog,
Ferret,
Fox,
Goat,
Human Perspiration,
Musk,
Ripe Apple and
Tom Cat.

Honey Group.

Unpleasant Smell Group with scents -
Animal,
Fetid,
Fishy,
Foxy,
Fur-like,
Garlic,
Hemlock,
Manure,
Nauseating,
Perspiration,
Petrol,
Putrid,
Rancid,
Sickly,
Skunk,
Stale Lint,
Sulphur and
Urinous.

Miscellaneous Group with scents -
Balm,
Brandy,
Cedar,
Cloying,
Cowslip,
Cucumber,
Damask Rose, Daphne,
Exotic,
Freesia,
Fur-like,
Gardenia,
Hay-like,
Heliotrope, Honeysuckle,
Hops,
Hyacinth,
Incense-like, Jasmine,
Laburnham,
Lilac,
Lily of the Valley, Meadowsweet, Mignonette,
Mint,
Mossy,
Muscat,
Muscatel,
Myrtle-like,
Newly Mown Hay, Nutmeg,
Piercing,
Primrose,
Pungent,
Resinous, Sandalwood, Sassafras,
Seductive,
Slight,
Soft,
Stephanotis,
Sulphur,
Starch,
Sweet,
Sweet-briar,
Tea-rose,
Treacle and
Very Sweet.