Ivydene Gardens Plants:
Rabbit-Resistant List

and Deer-Resistant Links

Rabbits are a serious problem in many rural gardens and in some urban ones as well.

The only way of stopping them eating your plants is to have a rabbit-resistant fence round your entire garden. A trench 1 foot deep (300mm) and 1 foot across should be dug out along the outside of the proposed fence. 0.9 metre wide with 13mm mesh galvanized wire net should be placed down the vertical 1 foot trench side where the fence posts are located and also laid 1 foot across the bottom of the trench away from your garden before the remaining 300mm is attached to the posts above the ground level. The trench should then be refilled either with the earth that came out of it or with Type I Roadstone and compacted. Another roll of 0.9 metre wide with 13mm mesh galvanized wire net should then be attached to the fence posts and overlap the first one by 6" (150mm). To make sure that they do not jump over the resulting fence, put barbed wire or razor wire on the top of the fence.

A rabbit tends to eat the bark of trees/shrubs close to the ground. If it succeeds in eating a strip of bark and the cambium layer underneath all the way round the main trunk, then the tree/shrub above will die. Late Winter/Spring is the time when the young are being produced and mum wants some extra material to help her!!!

Humane traps are available but gardeners have reported that the following plants do show some resistance, especially when mature.

The rabbit-resistant plant list is sorted in the following table under the following height of plant range:-

below 24 inches (60 cms) in height
between 24 and 72 inches (60 - 180 cms) in height
above 72 inches (180 cms) in height
* in the Height column indicates no entry in Plant Name pages

 

The Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund (RWAF) has existed since 1996 and is the combined effort of the Rabbit Welfare Association and its charity partner, the Rabbit Welfare Fund, working to improve the lives of domestic rabbits across the UK through education and communication by making people realise that rabbits are intelligent creatures that need space, exercise, companionship and stimulation and are not to be bought on a whim.

Sadly, despite being the third most popular pets in Britain, rabbits are still one of the most neglected domestic animals.

A huge proportion of rabbits live out their days in a small hutch with little or no exercise, or are unwanted and discarded onto rescue centres that are already bursting at the seams. Most cases of cruelty and neglect towards rabbits are out of ignorance; people often don't realise they are doing anything wrong because they haven’t done enough research into rabbit care and wellbeing before choosing to buy a pet rabbit.

As well as being an animal welfare agency, the RWAF also offers members the support needed to give their rabbits the best lives possible and have a huge wealth of experience to share with you.

Other plants relatively resistant to rabbits and rabbit proof plant.

Ajuga reptans 'Burgundy Glow'
Ajuga reptans 'Catlins Giant'
Ajuga reptans 'Rainbow'
Alchemilla alpina
Alchemilla erythropoda
Alchemilla mollis (Lady's Mantle)
Anemone blanda 'Atrocaerulea'
Anemone coronaria
Aquilegia alpina (Columbine)
Aster (See Plant Name A page)
Astilbe (See Plant Name A page)
Azalea (See Plant Name A page) Azalea nectar is toxic to bees
Berberis (See Plant Name B page)
Bergenia (See Plant Name B page)
Brunnera macrophylla 'Dawson's White'
Campanula (See Plant Name C page)
Cerastium tomentosum (Snow-in-Summer)
Chionodoxa (Glory-of-the-Snow)
Chrysanthemum parthenium (Feverfew)
Clematis (See Plant Name C page)
Colchicum (Autumn Crocus)
Convallaria majalis (Lily-of-the-Valley)
(See Plant Name C page)
Cotoneaster (See Plant Name C page)
Cyclamen (See Plant Name C page)
Dahlia
Daphne (See Plant Name D page)
Eranthis
Eranthis hyemalis (Winter Aconite)
Erica (Heather) (See Plant Name E page)
Euonymus (See Plant Name E page)
Euphorbia (Spurge) (See Plant Name E page)
Fuchsia 'Tom Thumb'
Galanthus
Galanthus nivalis (Common Snowdrop)
Gaultheria procumbens
Geraniums (Cranesbill) (See Plant Name G page)
Glaucium flavum (Yellow Horned Poppy)
Helianthemum (Rock Rose) (See Plant Name H page)
Helichrysum italicum subsp. serotinum
Helleborus (See Plant Name H page)
Hemerocallis 'Mini Pearl'
Hepatica nobilis
Heuchera (See Plant Name H page)
Hosta (See Plant Name H page)
Hyacinthoides (See Plant Name H page)
Hyacinthus (Hyacinth)
Hypericum (See Plant Name H page)
Impatiens
Kniphofia (See Plant Name K page)
Lamium (See Plant Name L page)
Leucojum (Snowflake)
Liriope muscari
Meconopsis quintuplinervia
Mimulus (See Plant Name M page)
Muscari (Grape Hyacinth)
Myosotis (Forget-me-not)
Narcissus (Daffodil/Narcissus)
Nepeta (Catmint) (See Plant Name N page)
Omphalodes cappadocica
Ophiopogon planiscapus 'Nigrescens'
Osteospermum jucundum
Oxalis (See Plant Name O page)
Papaver nudicaule (Iceland Poppy)
Phlox stolonifera
Phormium tenax 'Bronze Baby'
Polemonium (Jacob's Ladder)
Polygonum affine 'Donald Lowndes'
Potentilla (See Plant Name P page)
Potentilla fruticosa 'Manchu'
Primula veris (Cowslip)
Primulas (See Plant Name P page)
Pulmonaria (See Plant Name P page)
Rosmarinus officinalis 'Prostratus'
Ruscus hypoglossum
Santolina chamaecyparissus (Cotton Lavender)
Saxifraga x urbium (London Pride)
Scabiosa graminifolia
Spiraea (See Plant Name S page)
Strawberries
Symphytum (See Plant Name S page)
Tagetes (Marigold)
Thymus (Thyme) (See Plant Name T page)
Trillium (Wood Lily) (See Plant Name T page)
Tritonia
Trollius (Globe Flower)
Tulipa (Tulip)
Verbascum dumulosum
Verbena 'Sissinghurst'
Vinca (See Plant Name V page)
Yucca flaccida (See Plant Name XYZ page)

6 x 24 (15 x 60)
6 x 24 (15 x 60)
6 x 24 (15 x 60)
4 x 18 (10 x 45)
8 x 8 (20 x 20)
20 x 20 (50 x 50)
6 x 6 (15 x 15)
15 x 6 (37 x 15)
18 x 12 (45 x 30)
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18 x 24 (45 x 60)
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3 x 24 (7 x 60)
*
18 x 12 (45 x 30)*
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*
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*
2 x 3 (5 x 7)
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20 x 20 (50 x 50)
*
4 x 4 (10 x 10)
4 x 12 (10 x 30)
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*
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6 x 6 (15 x 15)
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16 x 16 (40 x 40)
*
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*
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*
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*
12 x 18 (30 x 45)
18 x 12 (45 x 30)
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*
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10 x 16 (25 x 40)
9 x 12 (23 x 30)
12 x 24 (30 x 60)
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*
6 x 12 (15 x 30)
18 x 18 (45 x 45)
*
5 x 6 (12 x 15)
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12 x 30 (30 x 75)
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6 x 12 (15 x 30)
18 x 36 (45 x 90)
20 x 36 (50 x 90)
12 x indefinite (30 x indefinite)
10 x 12 (25 x 30)
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*
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10 x 16 (25 x 40)
8 x 36 (20 x 90)
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Acanthus mollis (Bear's Breeches)
Aconitum napellus 'Newry Blue' groundcover grows on any Soil.
Aconitum x cammarum 'Bressingham Spire' groundcover grows on any Soil.
Anaphalis margaritacea (Pearl Everlasting)
Anemone x hybrida
Aster (See Plant Name A page)
Astilbe (See Plant Name A page)
Aucuba japonica (See Plant Name A page)
Azalea (See Plant Name A page)
Berberis (See Plant Name B page)
Betula (See Plant Name B page)
Borago officinalis (Borage)
Buxus spp (Box)(See range in Plant Name B page)
Campanula (Bellflower)(See Plant Name C page)
Cardiocrinum cordatum,giganteum and
var. yunnanense varieties
Ceanothus (See Plant Name C page)
Chelidonium majus 'Flore Pleno' (Greater Celandine)
Cistus (Rock Rose)(See Plant Name C page)
Clematis (See Plant Name C page)
Corydalis nobilis
Cotoneaster (See Plant Name C page)
Crocosmia (Monbretia)(See Plant Name C page)
Cynoglossum nervosum (Himalayan hound's tongue)
Dahlia
Daphne (See Plant Name D page)
Daphne mezereum
Delphinium 'Blue Jay'
Digitalis laevigata
Doronicum (Leopard's bane) (See Plant Name D page)
Echinops (Globe Thistle)
Erica (Heather) (See Plant Name E page)
Eryngium (Sea Holly) (See Plant Name E page)
Euonymus (See Plant Name E page)
Euphorbia (Spurge) (See Plant Name E page)
Fritillaria imperialis
Fuchsia 'Mrs Popple'
Geraniums (Cranesbill) (See Plant Name G page)
Hedera (Ivy) (See Plant Name H page)
Helenium autumnale (Sneezeweed)
Helianthus (Sunflower) (See Plant Name H page)
Helichrysum splendidum
Helleborus (See Plant Name H page)
Hemerocallis (Day Lily) (See Plant Name H page)
Hesperis matronalis (Sweet Rocket)
Heuchera 'Green Ivory'
Hosta (See Plant Name H page)
Hydrangea (See Plant Name H page)
Hypericum (See Plant Name H page)
Impatiens
Iris (See Plant Name I page)
Iris foetidissima (Stinking Iris)
Kniphofia (See Plant Name K page)
Lamium galeobdolon (Yellow Archangel)
Lavatera (See Plant Name L page)
Leucojum (Snowflake)
Lonicera (Honeysuckle) (See Plant Name L page)
Lunaria rediviva (Perennial Honesty)
Lupinus (Lupin) (See Plant Name L page)
Lychnis chalcedonica (Jerusalem Cross, Maltese Cross)
Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon Grape)
(See Plant Name M page)
Malva moschata (Mallow)
Meconopsis paniculata
Mimulus ringens
Mirabilis jalapa (Four O'Clock Flower, Marvel of Peru)
Nicotiana alata (Tobacco Plant)
Olearia (See Plant Name O page)
Paeonia (See Plant Name P page)
Papaver orientale (Poppy)
Philadelphus 'Manteau d'Hermine'
Phormium tenax 'Yellow Wave'
Polygonatum (See Plant Name P page)
Potentilla (See Plant Name P page)
Potentilla fruticosa (See Plant Name P page)
Primulas (See Plant Name P page)
Ranunculus (See Plant Name R page)
Rhododendron (See Plant Name R page)
Ribes (See Plant Name R page)
Rosmarinus officinalis 'Aureus'
Ruscus hypophyllum
Ruscus aculeatus (Butchers Broom)
Ruta (Rue) (See Plant Name R page)
Salvia x superba (Sage)
Santolina (See Plant Name S page)
Skimmia (See Plant Name S page)
Solidago (Golden Rod)
Spiraea (See Plant Name S page)
Symphoricarpus albus var. laevigatus(Snowberry)
Thalictrum (Meadow Rue)
Tritonia
Trollius (Globe Flower)
Verbascum (See Plant Name V page)
Viburnum (See Plant Name V page)
Viburnum opulus 'Compactum' (Guelder Rose)
Yucca flaccida 'Ivory'

60 x 36 (150 x 90)
60 x 12 (150 x 30)
...
36 x 12 (90 x 30)
...
24 x 24 (60 x 60)
48 x indefinite (120 x indefinite)
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24 x 18 (60 x 45)
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*
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24 x 8 (60 x 20)*
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24 x 18 (60 x 45)
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24 x 24 (60 x 60)*
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48 x 36 (120 x 90)
60 x 12 (150 x 30)
36 x 18 (90 x 45)
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*
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60 x 12 (150 x 30)
60 x 30 (150 x 75)
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*
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48 x 48 (120 x 120)
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36 x 18 (90 x 45)
30 x 30 (75 x 75)
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24 x 6 (60 x 15)
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24 x indefinite (60 x indefinite)
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*
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30 x 12 (75 x 30)
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*
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72 x 24 (180 x 60)
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36 x 12 (90 x 30)
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*
60 x 12 (150 x 30)
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24 x 30 (60 x 75)
30 x 60 (75 x 150)
36 x 36 (90 x 90)
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60 x 60 (150 x 150)
24 x 36 (60 x 90)
30 x 30 (75 x 75)
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60 x 60 (150 x 150)
24 x 30 (60 x 75)
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Alcea rosea (Althaea rosea) (Hollyhock)
Alnus cordata (Italian Alder)
Alnus viridis (Green Alder)
Araucaria araucana (Monkey Puzzle Tree)
Arbutus menziesii
Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree)
Azalea (See Plant Name A page)
Berberis (Barberry) (See Plant Name B page)
Betula (Birch)(See Plant Name B page)
Buddleia davidii(See Plant Name B page)
Buddleia globosa
Buddleia officinalis
Ceanothus (See Plant Name C page)
Choisya ternata (Mexican Orange Blossom)
Clematis (See Plant Name C page)
Cotoneaster (See Plant Name C page)
Crocosmia (Monbretia)(See Plant Name C page)
Echinops (Globe Thistle)
Eleagnus (See Plant Name E page)
Erica (Heather) (See Plant Name E page)
Eucalyptus (Gum Tree) (See Plant Name E page)
Euonymus (See Plant Name E page)
Hedera (Ivy) (See Plant Name H page)
Helianthus annuus (Sunflower)
Hydrangea anomala ssp. Petiolaris
Impatiens
Kalmia latifolia (Calico Bush) Honey produced by bees from Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) is toxic to humans.
Laburnum
Laurus nobilis (Sweet Bay, Bay Laurel)
Lonicera (Honeysuckle) (See Plant Name L page)
Olearia macrodonta (Daisy Bush)
Onopordon nervosum
Paeonia (Peony) (See Plant Name P page)
Philadelphus (See Plant Name P page)
Phormium tenax 'Purpureum'
Phytolacca americana (Red-ink Plant)
Pinus nigra (Black Pine)
Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn, Sloe)
Rhododendron
Sambucus (See Plant Name S page)
Syringa vulgaris (Lilac) (See Plant Name S page)
Viburnum (See Plant Name V page)
Viburnum tinus (See Plant Name V page)
 

84 x 24 (210 x 60)
960 x 240 (2400 x 600)
120 x 72 (300 x 180)
720 x 300 (1800 x 750)
300 x 300 (750 x 750)
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180 x 180 (450 x 450)
96 x 96 (240 x 240)
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96 x 96 (240 x 240)
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600 x 240 (1500 x 600)
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120 x 120 (300 x 300)
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480 x 360 (1200 x 900)
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240 x 180 (600 x 450)
108 x 36 (270 x 90)
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84 x 36 (210 x 90)
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The Monroe County Alliance for Wildlife Protection Guide to DEER PROOFING YOUR GARDEN in 5 Easy Steps provides practical deterrent procedures.

The Deer Repellent Organic Garden by keeping deer off your plants by growing this offensive to the deer mix.

Lists of Trees, Shrubs, Perennials, Annuals and Biennials that white-tailed:-

• deer generally prefer to eat
• deer sometimes eat and
• deer generally dislike.

Resistance of Ornamentals to Deer Damage by John W. Lett of the Cooperative Extension Service University of Maryland, USA.

Height in inches (cms):-

25.4mm = 1 inch
304.8mm = 12 inches
12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
914.4mm = 1 yard

I normally round this to
25mm = 1 inch
300mm = 30 cms = 12 inches =1 foot,
900 mm = 3 feet = 1 yard and
1000mm = 100 cms = 1 metre = 40 inches

To locate mail-order nursery for plants from the UK in this gallery try using search in RHS Find a Plant.

To locate plants in the European Union (EU) try using Search Term in Gardens4You and Meilland Richardier in France.

To locate mail-order nursery for plants from America in this gallery try using search in Plant Lust.

To locate plant information in Australia try using Plant Finder in Gardening Australia.

To see what plants that I have described in this website see
Plant Botanical Index
...A, B, C, D, E,
...F, G, H, I, J, K,
...L, M, N, O, P, Q,
...R, S, T, U, V, W,
...X, Y, Z

Top ten plants that are bad for bees from Countryfile Magazine

"Lavender, alliums, fuschias, sweet peas - keen gardeners know the very best flowers to entice bees to their gardens. But what about plants that are  bad for bees? Here is our expert guide to the top ten plants that you should avoid to keep bees happy and buzzing, plus the perfect alternatives.

1. Rhododendron
Spectacular and beautiful, not many people know the common rhododendron hides a poisonous secret – its nectar is toxic to bees. It’s common practice for beekeepers to keep their hives closed until the flowering season is over. The resulting honey from rhododendrons has also been known to contaminate honey, making it unsafe for humans to eat.
Alternative: Clematis have beautiful, wide flowers and are 100 per cent bee-friendly.

2. Azalea
Rhododendron’s sister, azaleas are also toxic to bees.
Alternative: Foxgloves (Digitalis) are a bee favourite and despite being poisonous if consumed by humans, they are both honey and bee safe.

3. Trumpet flower, or angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens)
Though ornamental and sweet smelling, the trumpet flower’s nectar can cause brood death in bees and is best avoided.
Alternative: Try honeysuckle (Lonicera) instead for deliciously scented results.

4. Oleander (Nerium oleander)
Harmful to butterflies as well as bees, oleander has a severe effect on hives. Nectar taken to the hive concentrates as it dries out, which increases the amount of toxins and usually results in a mass hive wipeout. 
Alternative: Snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus) are equally as bright and arguably more attractive in small or large gardens.

5. Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens)
Pleasantly aromatic and attractive as they are, bees are often poisoned by the vines and flowers of the yellow jessamine and its toxins are said to be as severe as hemlock.
Alternative: Plant Black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia hirta) in tubs and along fences for a pretty, easy-to-grow substitute.

6. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia)
Part of the blueberry family, the mountain laurel is an evergreen shrub with sweet, white or pink flowers when in bloom. Pretty they may be, but the honey produced by mountain laurel is toxic to humans and is often bitter tasting.
Alternative: Lilacs (Syringa) are both beautiful and wonderfully sweet smelling. Easy to grow and are loved by bees and butterflies. 

7. Stargazer lily (Lilium 'Stargazer')
Stunning but deadly to cats, stargazer lilies’ pollen is poisonous to bees.
Alternative: Hollyhocks (Alcea) are impressive and just as beautiful as the stargazer but bee-friendly.

8. Heliconia Exotic and interesting, heliconia, or lobster-claws as its sometimes called, is very toxic to bees. You should not prune your heliconias, as the 'stem' is actually made up of rolled leaf bases and the flowers emerge from the top of these 'pseudostems'. However, each stem will only flower once, so after flowering you can cut that stem out. This is recommended, to encourage more flowering, to increase airflow in between the stems of your plant, and also to generally tidy it up and improve the appearance.
Alternative: Although not quite as exotic, hyacinths are fragrant, gorgeous and easy to grow. Hyacinth bulbs are poisonous; they contain oxalic acid. Handling hyacinth bulbs can cause mild skin irritation. Protective gloves are recommended.

9. Bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia -
All parts of the plant contain andromedotoxin and are considered poisonous)
Not to be confused with the herb, bog rosemary is acutely poisonous and the honey produced from the nectar of Andromeda polifolia contains high enough levels of grayanotoxin to cause full body paralysis and potentially fatal breathing difficulties due to diaphragm paralysis.
Alternative: Why not try planting a classic rosemary bush (Rosmarinus officinalis) – aromatic, resilient and favoured by bees.

10. Amaryllis (Hippeastrum)
Now most commonly recognised as decorative Christmas flowers, amaryllis are gorgeous in bloom but their pollen produces toxic honey. Bulbs, chewing or ingestion of the bulbs, leaves or flowers poisons goats and sheep with Lycorine (An emetic) and small amounts of alkaloids.
Alternative: Dahlias are a highlight of late summer gardens. Beautiful and simple to grow, dahlias often flower until the first frosts of the year."

This is another list of Plants toxic to bees, which includes:-
Aesculus californica,
Angelica triqueta,
Asclepias species,
Astralagus species,
Astralagus lentiginosus,
Camellia thea,
Corynocarpus laevigata,
Astralagus miser v. serotibus,
Cuscuta species,
Cyrilla racemiflora,
Ochrama lagopus,
Solanum nigram,
Sophora microphylla,
Tillia species,
Veratrum cailfornicum,
Zygadenus cenesosus.

The following details come from Cactus Art:-

"A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female).    

Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds.

Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube.

Androecium (male Parts or stamens)
It is made up of the filament and anther, it is the pollen producing part of the plant.
Anther This is the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen. 
Filament This is the fine hair-like stalk that the anther sits on top of.
Pollen This is the dust-like male reproductive cell of flowering plants.

Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil)
 It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures.
Stigma
This is the part of the pistil  which receives the pollen grains and on which they germinate. 
Style
This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of ovary. 
Ovary
The part of the plant that contains the ovules. 
Ovule
The part of the ovary that becomes the seeds. 

Petal 
The colorful, often bright part of the flower (corolla). 
Sepal 
The parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower bud (calix). 
(Undifferentiated "Perianth segment" that are not clearly differentiated into sepals and petals, take the names of tepals.)"

The following details come from Nectary Genomics:-

"NECTAR. Many flowering plants attract potential pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. The primary solutes found in most nectars are varying ratios of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which can range from as little a 8% (w/w) in some species to as high as 80% in others. This abundance of simple sugars has resulted in the general perception that nectar consists of little more than sugar-water; however, numerous studies indicate that it is actually a complex mixture of components. Additional compounds found in a variety of nectars include other sugars, all 20 standard amino acids, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, vitamins, organic acids, oils, free fatty acids, metal ions and proteins.

NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate.

WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and rely almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%."

The following details about DOUBLE FLOWERS comes from Wikipedia:-

"Double-flowered" describes varieties of flowers with extra petals, often containing flowers within flowers. The double-flowered trait is often noted alongside the scientific name with the abbreviation fl. pl. (flore pleno, a Latin ablative form meaning "with full flower"). The first abnormality to be documented in flowers, double flowers are popular varieties of many commercial flower types, including roses, camellias and carnations. In some double-flowered varieties all of the reproductive organs are converted to petals — as a result, they are sexually sterile and must be propagated through cuttings. Many double-flowered plants have little wildlife value as access to the nectaries is typically blocked by the mutation.

There is further photographic, diagramatic and text about Double Flowers from an education department - dept.ca.uky.edu - in the University of Kentucky in America.

"Meet the plant hunter obsessed with double-flowering blooms" - an article from The Telegraph.

THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:-

• THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE 2 QUARTZ GRAIN SIBLINGS, and
• HOW ROOTS OF PLANTS ARE IN CONTROL IN THE SOIL
• before continuing in this website.

Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources)

Choose 1 of these different Plant selection Methods:-

1. Choose a plant from 1 of 53 flower colours in the Colour Wheel Gallery.

2. Choose a plant from 1 of 12 flower colours in each month of the year from 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery.

3. Choose a plant from 1 of 6 flower colours per month for each type of plant:-

Aquatic
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
Deciduous Tree
Evergreen Perennial
Evergreen Shrub
Evergreen Tree
Hedging
Herbaceous Perennial
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron nectar is toxic to bees
Rose
Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
Wild Flower

4. Choose a plant from its Flower Shape:-

Shape, Form
Index
Flower Shape

5. Choose a plant from its foliage:-

Bamboo
Conifer
Fern
Grass
Vegetable

6. There are 6 Plant Selection Levels including Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in
Plants Topic.

or

7. when I do not have my own or ones from mail-order nursery photos , then from March 2016, if you want to start from the uppermost design levels through to your choice of cultivated and wildflower plants to change your Plant Selection Process then use the following galleries:-

• Create and input all plants known by Amateur Gardening inserted into their Sanders' Encyclopaedia from their edition published in 1960 (originally published by them in 1895) into these
  • Stage 1 - Garden Style Index Gallery,
    then
  • Stage 2 - Infill Plants Index Gallery being the only gallery from these 7 with photos (from Wikimedia Commons) ,
    then
  • Stage 3 - All Plants Index Gallery with each plant species in its own Plant Type Page followed by choice from Stage 4a, 4b, 4c and/or 4d REMEMBERING THE CONSTRAINTS ON THE SELECTION FROM THE CHOICES MADE IN STAGES 1 AND 2
  • Stage 4a - 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery,
  • Stage 4b - 12 Foliage Colours per Month Index Gallery with
  • Stage 4c - Cultivation, Position, Use Index Gallery and
  • Stage 4d - Shape, Form Index Gallery
  • Unfortunately, if you want to have 100's of choices on selection of plants from 1000's of 1200 pixels wide by up to 16,300 pixels in length webpages, which you can jump to from almost any of the pages in these 7 galleries above, you have to put up with those links to those choices being on
    • the left topic menu table,
    • the header of the middle data table and on
    • the page/index menu table on the right of every page of those galleries.

There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-

• 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
• Plants Blue, Orange, Red, Yellow, White, Other Colours which lead on to other pages
• Colour Wheel - All Flowers per Month 12
• Bedding
• Bulb
• Climber
• Deciduous Shrub
• Deciduous Tree
• Evergreen Perennial
• Evergreen Shrub
• Evergreen Tree
• Herbaceous Perennial
• Rhododendron
• Rose
• Wild Flower

• Plants for Cut Flowers in
  January
  February
  March
  April
  May
  June
  July
  August
  September
  October
  November
  December
• Climber 3 sector Vertical Plant System with flowers in
  Jan,
  Feb,
  Mar,
  Apr,
  May 1, 2
  Jun,
  Jul,
  Aug,
  Sep,
  Oct,
  Nov,
  Dec

• Indoor Bulbs for
  December
  January
  February
• Indoor Bulbs for
  March
  April
  May
• Indoor
  Bulbs for
  June
  July
  August
• Indoor Bulbs for
  September
  October
  November
• Plant Bloom
  Dec-Jan
  Feb-Mar
• Plant Bloom
  Apr-May
  Jun-Aug
• Plant Bloom
  Sep-Oct
  Nov-Dec

Pruning

Pruning Made Easy - A gardener's Visual Guide to when and how to prune everything, from flowers to trees by Lewis Hill. Published by Storey Publishing as one of its Storey's Gardening Skills Illustrated Series in 1997.
ISBN 1-58017-007-2. Lewis Hill owned Berryhill Nursery.

The illustrations combined with the text tell you precisely what to do in the above book.

I have spent a long time investigating the state of the trees in pavements within Funchal in Madeira and I have taken 100's of photos to show what happens when any tree is pruned and allowed to rot followed by the inside rot being set light to. You can look at the welcome page, and below this leads on to the start page of the 100's of photos linked to in the comments on cavity repair, for further details.
 

Chapter

Contents

Comments

Reasons to prune

Pruning with a purpose.
Pruning when planting or transplanting.
Pruning to train.
Pruning to control size.
Pruning for appearance.
Pruning for health.
Pruning for production.
Pruning for rejuvenation.
Pruning to create a barrier.

Tools and Equipment

Clippers and loppers.
Sharpening pruning shears.
Shearing equipment.
Tree paints and sealers.
Tool storage.

Pruning Methods

A proper pruning cut.
Pruning at different life stages.
When to prune.
Training.
Shearing.
Pinching.
Removing large limbs.
Beheading.
Disbudding.
Thinning fruit.
Basal pruning.
Root pruning.

Ornamental trees and shrubs

Pruning a bare-root shrub.
Pruning container-grown or balled-and-burlapped plants.
Pruning flowering trees.
Pruning Flowering Shrubs.
Pruning a viburnum.
Pruning a lilac.
Restoring an old flowering tree or shrub.
Turning a shrub into a tree.
Pruning shrubs that produce fruit or berries.
Plants with coloured bark.
Shrubs and trees that need special care in pruning.
Pruning roses.
General rose maintenance.
Pruning a hybrid tea rose.
Pruning shrub and species roses.
Pruning climbers and ramblers.
Pruning tree roses.
Choosing a tree or shrub.

Shade trees

Basic tree shapes.
Choosing the proper tree.
Pruning at planting time.
Maintenance pruning.
Basal pruning.
Care of mature trees.
Tree surgery.
Cavity repair.

Cavity repair.
"1. Clean out the cavity carefully. Remove all dirt, old bark, insects, and rotten wood right down to soil wood, much as a dentist cleans out a tooth prior to filling it, If possible, flush out the area with clean water." Fine.

"2. Smooth out the rough edges with a heavy-grit file" No, that would tend to remove the remains of the branch collar and further damage the tree.

"3. Fill the hole with a good tree-cavity sealer. Asphalt compounds, such as those used in patching driveways and roofs, are suitable..."
No, asphalt as well as concrete are solid and may shrink slightly as they dry out leaving a gap where the water, insects can get back in and rot the tree.

I suggest the following:-
"Solution to holes in trees.
Remove ... rot within the hole. Then blast the remaining rot with a high pressure water hose to try and clear more of the rot. Spray with Boron (a water based preservative kills only wood boring insects - not spiders, birds or bats) as a treatment for insect, wet and dry rot attack. While it is still wet, apply a layer of Expanding Foam to the bottom of the hole. Immediately place bottles on this and allow to set for 5 minutes. Apply another layer of expanding foam and another layer of bottles. The aim of the bottles is to occupy space, they are not there as a deterrent. That is why the foam has to be in contact with the inside of the tree not the glass bottle. The poisons in the foam will kill anything eating it and the foam does stick better when wet with water. Keep up this operation until the hole is covered. 
Leave to set and then paint the foam surface twice with a recommended water-based, but not oil-based, sealant.

Solutions to stop creating holes in trees.
When a branch is cut off, remember to cut it off on the other side of the Branch Collar. (See Figure 1 - Optimum position of the final pruning cut in "Guide to Tree Pruning" by the Arboricultural Association which shows the branch collar within and outside the tree. My Comments: I disagree with their recommendation not to apply wound paint as you can see the result if you do not paint trees which are dehydrated, starved and gassed as these trees in the pavements of Madeira are.) 
Once that is done, then immediately apply Boron and 2 coats of protective sealant as used for holes in trees above." from Photo Damage to Trees in Madeira Page 1.

I also saved the yew tree in my local churchyard.

Pruning evergreens

What is an evergreen.
Needled evergreens.
Shearing basics.
How to shear.
Shearing specimen evergreens.
A shearing timetable.
Shearing dwarf evergreens.
Creating a dwarf evergreen.
Shearing windbreaks and screens.
Pruning needled evergreens.
Broadleaf evergreens.
Renewal pruning.

Pruning hedges

Starting a new hedge.
Shearing a hedge.
Making an arch in your hedge.
Reviving an old hedge.
Formal hedges.
Hedges for barriers.
Flower- and berry-producing hedge plants.
Hedges needing careful maintenance.
Annual hedges.
Low-maintenance hedges.

Artistic pruning

Topiary.
Topiary frames.
Espalier.
Creating a cordon.
English fences.
Pollarding and coppicing.
Pruning a Japanese-style garden.

Pruning fruit trees

Pruning a bare-root fruit tree at planting time.
Pruning a young fruit tree.
Fruit-tree pruning styles.
Prune for quality fruit.
Repair pruning.
Prune to manage your tree's size.
Prune to keep your tree healthy.
Managing suckers.
Dealing with sunscald.
When to prune fruit trees.
Pruning dwarf fruit trees.
Pruning to make trees bear.
The old orchard.
Pruning sanitation.
Pruning spur-type fruit trees.
Specific trees: apple; apricot; cherry; citrus; fig; peach and nectarine; pear; plum; quince; tropical and semitropical fruits.
Cutting grafting wood.

A solution for grass round trees depriving them of water and nutrients; using the expertise of DLF.
If the turf was uplifted during August/September using a fork for a distance of 24 inches (60 cms) round the base of the tree trunk in the grass and placed upside down beyond that 24 inches, that would expose the roots of that tree. 10 grammes of PM105 which is equal parts of Alsike White Clover, Red Clover, White Clover, Yellow Trefoil and Birdsfoot Trefoil could be added to a bucket, with 50 grammes of Rehofix MK1500 Bulking Granules (these are corn skin granules and biodegradable and used as a carrier for the PM105). This mixture could be mixed with 12 grammes of Groweb Tackifier (a gelling agent that when mixed with water, swells becoming highly viscous, binding the seed and the Rehofix and sand to the soil surface. It also stops anybody else from taking the seeds, whether it is wind, bird, or human). This is then distributed onto the exposed soil between the trunk and the water ring created by the overturned turf slabs. Then 2 bags of sharp sand are spread over the sown seed to prevent birds from eating the seeds and to cover the exposed roots of the tree. This is followed by spraying 2 gallons of water on top of the sand, and the wildflower seeds can then grow through the sand with the clover. The clover are legumes and would fertilise the tree roots. Since there is usually quite a bit of rain from October to March, irrigation of these wildflowers would be unnecessary and having grown during that autumn/winter period, these plants would probably be okay for the following spring/summer growing conditions. The replacement of the turf with these wildflowers would stop that area of turf from drinking all the rain that falls on it and if any fertiliser was applied on top of it, from it using all of it and the tree getting none.

Pruning small fruits

Grapes.
Pruning bare-root grapes at planting time.
The Kniffen system.
Pruning an old grapevine. The bush fruits: blueberry, cranberry, currant and gooseberry, elderberry.
The bramble fruits.
Maintenance pruning of brambles.
Strawberries.

Nut trees

Planting a nut tree.
Early training of nut trees.
Almond.
Black Walnut and Butternut.
Chestnut.
Filbert.
Hickory.
Pecan.
Walnut.

Vines and ground covers

Pruning a woody vine.
Pruning a wisteria.
Pruning clematis.
Climbing roses.
Rejuvenating an overgrown vine.
Working a remodeling or painting job around a vine.
Twining vine.
Clinging vines.
Annual vines.
Pruning ground covers.

Garden plants and houseplants

Reasons to prune perennials.
Perennial herb plants.
Perennial food plants.
Pruning Houseplants.
Prune to rejuvenate.
Hanging baskets.
Pruning for winter storage.
Root pruning.

Bonsai

Choosing your specimen.
Containers.
Equipment.
Soil mixture.
Planting.
Pruning at planting time.
Early training.
Maintenance pruning.
Care of your bonsai.
Root pruning and repotting.