Ivydene Gardens Plants: Ground-Cover Plant Name: P
The following Extra Index of Wildflowers is created in the Borage Wildflower Gallery, to which the Wildflowers found in the above list will have that row entry copied to. Having transferred the Extra Index row entry to the relevant Extra Index row for the same type of plant in a gallery below; then
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The plants normally selected by most landscapers and designers are by nature low-growing, rampant, spreading, creep-crawly things and yet the concept of ground cover demands no such thing. The ideal description of a groundcover plant includes:-
Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places by John Cushnie (ISBN 1 85626 326 6) provides details of plants that fulfill the above requirements. Using these groundcover plants in your planting scheme (either between your trees/shrubs in the border or for the whole border) will - with mulching your beds to a 4 inch depth and an irrigation system - provide you with a planted garden with far less time required for border maintenance. Plants for Dry Gardens by Jane Taylor. Published by Frances Lincoln Limited in 1993. ISBN 0-7112-0772-0. Jane Taylor and her husband grew plants in their garden of 2.5 acres of acidic shale mine waste on ground most of which could not retain water or nutrients and would scarcely sustain even the most tenacious of weeds.
Each ground cover plant of this 1000 has further details from her book, if it is in there. Plants for Ground-Cover by Graham Stuart Thomas. Published by J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd in 1970 - reprinted (with further revisions) in 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1. This gives details on many more ground cover plants with inclusion (in the Index) of figures denoting the Hardiness Zones for each species in the United States of America. |
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Plant Name Major source of honey in the UK Yes/No |
Type The key ingredients a bird needs from your garden are |
Height x Spread in inches (cms) Spacing distance between plants of same species in inches (cms) |
Foliage Some poisonous ground cover plants are indicated, but there are others in Cultivated Poisonous Plants and |
Flower Colour in Month(s). Use Pest Control using Plants to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected groundcover plant or deter its pests |
Comments United States Department of Agriculture |
Pachyphragma macrophyllum |
Semi-Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 24 (30 x 60) |
Glossy Dark Green |
Scented White in |
Slow-growing ground cover. |
Pachysandra terminalis |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
8 x indefinite (20 x indefinite) |
Glossy Dark Green |
Scented White in spikes in |
"Japanese Spurge, Japanese Pachysandra". This is the perfect ground cover to use as a large-scale planting under trees or, on a small scale, in the shade of evergreen shrubs. |
Pachysandra terminalis 'Green Carpet' |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
6 x 24 |
Glossy Dark Green |
Scented White in spikes in |
Good spreading / creeping ground cover Whole plant of Pachysandra terminalis is poisonous. |
Pachysandra terminalis "Variegata' |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
10 x 24 (25 x 60) |
Glossy Dark Green margined-White |
Scented White in spikes in |
Good spreading / creeping ground cover |
Paeonia 'Dresden' See other Paeonia in Paeonia species - only the single-flower peony cultivars are of use to the bee |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
32 x 32 (80 x 80) |
Deep Green, turn Red in Autumn |
Ivory-White in |
"Peony". The Peony Group is a specialist group of the Hardy Plant Society formed in 1987, and exists to stimulate greater and more specialist interest in growing all types of peonies; bringing together amateur and professional enthusiasts worldwide. It also provides members with information about less well-known species, and aims to make peonies in general available to a wider audience. Paeonia companions - aquilegia, campanula persicifolia, digitalis, iris sibirica, spring bulbs, viola, chaerophyllum, astrantia maxima; the spring cottage garden |
Paeonia emodi |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
30 x 30 (75 x 75) |
Dark Green |
Fragrant, Pure White in |
"Himalayan Peony". Associations with this plant are trollius, smilacinas, dicentras, columbines, corydalis, epimdiums and earl-flowering canesbills, together with shrubs like early-flowering yellow roses, Potentilla cultivars, and kerrias. Some shade is preferred, but full sun is tolerated where summers are cool. |
Paeonia lactiflora |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 24 (60 x 60) |
Dark Green |
White in |
"Peony". Paeonia lactiflora is the parent of several thousand cultivars in a wide range of floral forms - single, semi-double, double and 'Imperial' cultivars; and in flower colours from white to deep red and soft yellow. Remember that if you wish to attract bees only the single floral form is the form that they can use to get at the pollen or nectar. The rich spring leaf tints of this paeonia associate with forget-me-nots and make a setting for gold foliage and bright spring bulbs, especially crown imperials and tulips. |
Paeonia lactiflora |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 24 (60 x 60) |
Dark Green |
Pink in |
"Peony". |
Paeonia lutea var. ludlowii |
Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
96 x 96 (240 x 240) |
Bright Green |
Yellow in |
"Tree Peony". |
Paeonia mascula |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
30 x 30 (75 x 75) |
Bluish-Green above, paler Green below |
Deep Purplish-Red in |
"Male Peony". From southern Europe |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
30 x 30 (75 x 75) |
Bluish-Green |
Lemon-Yellow in |
"Caucasian Peony, Molly the Witch". Erect, short flowering season, good seedpods. Orange-brown autumn foliage |
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Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
30 x 30 (75 x 75) |
Deep Green |
Crimson in July |
"Common Peony, Female Peony, Pianet". |
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Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
84 x 84 (210 x 210) |
Dark Green above, Blue-Green beneath |
Scented White, Pink, Red or Purple in |
"Moutan". Whole plant of Paeonia suffruticosa is poisonous. |
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Paeonia x lemoinei |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
60 x 60 (150 x 150) |
Dark Green |
White to Yellow in |
"Tree Peony". |
Papaver species |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 30 (60 x 75) |
Mid-Green |
Orange-Scarlet in |
"Oriental Poppy" with hairy foliage that quickly dies down. |
Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 6 |
Blue-Green |
White-and-Yellow in July-September |
"Ice Poppy". Needs partial shade in pasture, meadows, rocky slopes and landfill areas. Papaver perennials hate disturbance and should not be lifted oftener than every 3 or 4 years. |
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Parahebe catarractae |
Evergreen Sub-Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 12 (30 x 30) |
Dark Green tinged Purple when young |
White in |
Companions - grasses, artemisia. Plant on a wall or small bank, or atop a rock garden. In a perfect year, these make good container plants, but do not allow them to dry out. |
Parahebe hookeriana |
Evergreen Sub-Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
6 x 20 |
Mid-Green |
White to Lavender-Blue in |
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Parahebe lyallii |
Evergreen Sub-Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
10 x 20 (25 x 50) |
Dark Green |
White to Pink in |
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Parahebe perfoliata |
Evergreen Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
30 x 18 (75 x 45) |
Blue or Grey-Green |
Blue in |
"Diggers Speedwell". Arching stems, will sprawl but looks odd if staked, semi-evergreen |
Parahebe x bidwillii 'Kea' |
Evergreen Sub-Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
4 x 6 |
Dark Green |
White in |
|
Paris polyphilla |
Deciduous Rhizome Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
30 x 12 (75 x 30) |
Mid-Green |
Green and Yellowish-Green in |
Deep Shade Companions - trillium, helleborus, omphalodes, polygonatum, and other woodlanders. Slugs attack new growth. |
Paronychia capitata |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
2 x 12 |
Silvery Grey-Green |
Green in |
"Whitlow-wort" ia a carpeting plant making good ground-cover among dry rocks. |
Paronychia kapela subsp. serpyllifolia |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
2 x 10 |
Silvery Bluish-Green |
Greenish-White in |
"Whitlow-wort". |
Deciduous Climber above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
840 x 240 (2100 x 600) |
Bright Green then Red-Purple in Autumn |
... |
"Boston Ivy". If a newly planted Boston Ivy is unwilling to cling to its intended support, the suckers tipping the tendrils may have dried up; cut it back hard to encourage soft new growth. It readily climbs trellises and drapes over walls, attaching itself to objects by means of adhesive discs. Do not plant where it can smother shrubs or trees. It is best used to cover large, barren, rocky areas where little else grows and makes an excellent slope cover. |
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Evergreen Climber above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
360 x indefinite (900 x indefinite) |
Rich Green |
White in |
"Blue Passion Flower". The Spanish priests fancied that the blooms of the Passion Flower, growing in South America, represented the instruments of Christ's passion. The 10 teals are 10 apostles, the corona or ring of filaments within the tepals is the crown of thorns, the 5 stamens stand for the 5 wounds and the 3 stigmas the 3 nails. This plant will grow in dry soil in Zone 7 |
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Passiflora mollissima |
Evergreen Climber above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
160 x indefinite (150 x indefinite) |
Mid-Green |
Coral-Pink in |
"Banana Passion Flower". |
Paxistima canbyi |
Evergreen Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
16 x 36 (40 x 90) |
Glossy, tiny, Dark Green, bronzed in winter |
Greenish-White in |
"Canby, Pachistima". Native hummocks in the mountains of Virginia and the Carolinas of USA. |
Pelargonium zonal horticultural group |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 12 (30 x 30) |
Dark Green |
Scarlet, Purple, Pink, White, Orange, Yellow in |
"Zonal Pelargonium, Bedding Geranium". The Zonal Pelargoniums are normally used for Summer bedding in pots or beds, since they are frost-tender. |
Penstemon cardwellii Penstemon species |
Evergreen Sub-Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
6 x 12 |
Mid-Green |
Deep Purple in |
Use as edging in the short or low border. Bee Forage Plants and UK Butterfly with Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants. |
Penstemon davidsonii |
Evergreen Sub-Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
8 x 16 |
Mid-Green |
Deep Pink to Purple in |
Use as edging in the short or low border. This is a small, woody-stemmed penstemon for rock gardens and raised beds, where its blooms are very large in proportion to the plant. Grows on dry soil. |
Penstemon digitalis |
Semi-Evergreen Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 18 (90 x 45) |
Mid-Green |
White in |
"Foxglove Beardtongue". Dense clumps. |
Penstemon fruticosus |
Evergreen Sub-Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
16 x 16 (40 x 40) |
Glossy |
Purplish-Blue in |
"Shrubby Penstemon". |
Penstemon rupicola |
Evergreen Alpine below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
4 x 18 |
Blue-Green |
Deep reddish-Pink in |
"Rock Penstemon". Evergreen sub-shrub. Use as edging in the short or low border. |
Perovskia atriplicifolia Flowering takes place in late summer at a time when there are few other sources for bees. It is drought resistant. |
Deciduous Sub-Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 36 (120 x 90) |
Silver-Grey |
Violet-Blue in |
"Russian Sage" is a soft-wooded shrub with turpentine-aromatic, toothed, grey-green leaves, white beneath, and 48 (120) open steeples of bright violet-blue flowers. 'Blue Spire' is a hybrid; it has dissected leaves and branching spikes of violet-blue flowers. Upright and grows on dry soil. It likes full sun and a well-drained garden loam with leaf-mould. February and early March are the best times for planting. The best flower spikes are produced when the growths of the previous year are cut well back each year in February or March, all dead wood being at the same time removed. Put dead wood cuttings on lawn, mow them and use mowings as a mulch in other parts of the garden. |
Persicaria affinis Persicaria species |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
10 x 24 (25 x 60) |
Dark Green turning Red-Bronze in Autumn |
Bright Rose-Red in |
"Himalayan Fleeceflower". Vigorous and Mat-forming - a good edger. |
Persicaria amplexicaulis |
Semi-Evergreen Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 48 (120 x 120) |
Mid-Green |
Bright Red to Purple or White in |
"Bistort, Mountain Fleece". Strong clumps, long-blooming. |
Persicaria capitata |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
3 x 20 |
Dark Green; each with a Purple V-shaped band |
Pink in |
Good ground cover, which is a fast-spreading / creeping, prostrate plant with rooting stems. |
Persicaria vaccinifolia |
Semi-Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
8 x 20 |
Glossy Mid-Green turning Red in Autumn |
Deep Pink in |
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Petasites fragrans Honeybees visit the flowers when the weather is suitable |
Deciduous Rhizome Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 60 (30 x 150) |
Light Green, large, rounded leaves |
Scented Pale Lilac daisies in |
"Winter Heliotrope" because of its scent. It is a spreader / creeper. Good cut flower. |
Petasites japonicus |
Deciduous Rhizome Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
42 x 60 (105 x 150) |
Light Green |
Yellowish-White daisies in dense cone on 6 (15) stem in |
Petasites grow in full sun or shade. They are rampageous spreaders / creepers in damp soil, preferably heavy (clay). Not fit for use in gardens: ideal where large areas are to be covered and where a vigorous colonizer can be given an area to beautify and save all work |
Petrophytum caespitosum |
Evergreen Sub-Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
2 x 12 |
Bluish-Green |
Creamy-White in |
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Petrophytum hendersonii |
Evergreen Sub-Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
4 x 8 |
Blue-Green |
White to Creamy-White in |
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Phalaris arundinacea 'Feesey' |
Evergreen Grass 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
60 x indefinite (150 x indefinite) |
Light Green with broad White stripes |
Pale Green Spikelets in |
"Reed Canary Grass" is best in soil that does not dry out in the summer. In a garden, plant Phalaris arundinacea in containers such as a section of concrete or clay pipe 30 inches (75 cm) long (width depends on the size of the clump required, which blocks the runners and prevents the plant from taking over. Once established, it is difficult to eradicate, unless contained. Use as backdrop for other plants, since the foliage is striking from spring to midsummer. |
Phalaris arundinacea var. picta |
Evergreen Grass 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 12 (90 x 30) |
Green with White Stripes |
Brown spikelets in |
"Gardeners' Garters" is best in soil that does not dry out in the summer. |
Philadelphus Philadelphus species with 'single flowers' |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 96 (120 x 240) |
Mid-Green |
Very Fragrant White in |
"Mock Orange". Narrow, tall shrub with stems that arch at the top. |
Philadelphus |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
30 x 60 (75 x 150) |
Pale to Mid-Green |
Very Fragrant Creamy-White in |
"Mock Orange". This has fragrant, fully double blooms and is no use to bees. |
Philadelphus No HB, ST, LT |
Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
96 x 60 (240 x 150) |
Golden-Yellow in Spring, Yellow-Green in Summer, Greenish-Yellow in Autumn |
Creamy-White in |
"Mock Orange". Philadelphus ‘Aureus’ is an upright mock orange cultivar with foliage that is yellow when young, maturing to an apple green. It bears fragrant single blooms, which make it particularly well suited to growing in a large container or in the ground near a path or seating area. For best results grow in moist but well-drained soil in full sun or partial shade. To keep philadelphus in shape, cut back flowered shoots to a strong buds every year after flowering. |
Phlomis fruticosa |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 60 (90 x 150) |
Golden-Yellow in |
"Jerusalem Sage". From southern Europe. New shoots white. Invaluable in mixed herbaceous border, and tolerates coastal areas. The Mediterranean species are found in the driest areas where few other shrubs persist. This plant has greyish, woolly foliage, and whorls of hooded, bright yellow flowers in spiky frills. Plant in March or October. Cut out dead shoots and trim back to shape in March. |
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Phlomis italica |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
12 x 24 (30 x 60) |
Grey-Green |
Lilac-Pink in |
Erect. Invaluable in mixed herbaceous border. A suckering, soft-wooded shrub with white-woolly foliage and whorls of hooded, pink flowers in spiky frills. |
Phlomis purpurea |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 24 (60 x 60) |
Grey-Green |
Purple to Pink in |
It has narrow, grey-felted foliage, white beneath, and whorls of hooded, rose-purple flowers in spiky frills. There is also a white form. |
Phlox paniculata 'Sandringham' |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 36 (120 x 90) |
Dark Green |
Pale Pink in |
"Border Phlox". Use in middle or back of border. |
Phlox bifida |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
8 x 6 |
Dark Green |
Fragrant Lavender-Blue to White in |
"Sand Phlox". |
Phlox carolina |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 18 (120 x 45) |
Dark Green |
Purple to Pink in |
"Thick-leaf Phlox, Carolina Phlox". Lance-shaped long pointed leaves on tall straight stems. |
Phlox divaricata |
Semi-Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
14 x 20 (35 x 50) |
Dark Green |
Lavender-Blue to Pale Violet and White in |
"Blue Phlox, Wild Sweet William". Cut back in early spring. Use in woodland garden like under rhododendrons and other woodland shrubs |
Phlox douglasii |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
8 x 12 |
Dark Green, tiny, narrow leaves |
White, Lavender-Blue or Pink flowers, singly borne in |
The border ploxes need rich living to do well, looking miserable in dry soils, but some of the smaller species commonly grown in rock gardens are tolerant of drought. |
Phlox nana |
Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
8 x 12 |
Grey-Green |
Pink, Purple or White in |
"Santa Fe Phlox". Phlox requires perfect drainage and an open position sheltered from strong winds. |
Phlox paniculata |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 24 (120 x 60) |
Deep Green |
Orange-Red in |
Use in middle or back of border. |
Phlox stolonifera |
Herbaceous Alpine Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
6 x 12 |
Dark Green |
Pale to deep Purple in |
"Creeping Phlox". |
Phlox subulata |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
4 x 20 |
Bright Green, small, narrow leaves |
Purple or Red in |
"Moss Phlox" is a Mat-forming perennial that produces a carpet of brilliant flower colour from late spring to midsummer, which cover the needlike foliage completely. Individual plants grow in clumps, spreading / creeping rapidly by trailing stems. Different cultivars are available including 'White Delight', Red Wings' and 'Emerald Blue'. In spring set out new plants 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) apart. To stimulate growth and keep plants compact, mow them about halfway to the ground after flowering. |
Phormium cookianum 'Sundowner' |
Evergreen Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
72 x 72 (180 x 180) |
Green with Red margin |
Yellow-Green in |
"Mountain Flax" has upright arching sword-like foliage. |
Phormium tenax |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
30 x 30 (75 x 75) |
Wine-Red in Spring and Summer, Bronze in Autumn and Winter |
Red in |
"New Zealand Flax". |
Phormium tenax |
Evergreen Perennial above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
84 x 36 (210 x 90) |
Reddish-Purple in Spring, Dark Copper in Summer, Reddish-Purple in Autumn, Bronze-Purple in Winter |
Red in |
"New Zealand Flax". |
Phormium tenax |
Evergreen Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
144 x 72 (360 x 180) |
Yellow-Green with Mid-Green Stripe |
Red in |
"New Zealand Flax". |
Phygelius capensis |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 60 (120 x 150) |
Dark Green |
Dusty Pink in |
"Cape Figwort, Cape Fuchsia". Sprawling, vigorous. |
Phygelius x rectus |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
60 x 60 (150 x 150) |
Dark Green |
Pale Red in |
This plant and its cultivars tend to be fairly compact plants with large sprays of flowers. Best choice for gardens as they combine toughness with heavy flowering in compact, non-invasive plants. |
Phygelius x rectus |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
60 x 60 (150 x 150) |
Pale Creamy-Yellow in |
Extremely vigorous. 5 petals in trumpet shape |
|
Phyllodoce aleutica |
Evergreen Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
8 x 10 |
Bright Dark Green |
Pale Yellow-Green in June-July |
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Phyllodoce caerulea |
Evergreen Alpine below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
9 x 12 |
Glossy Dark Green |
Purplish Pink in |
"Mountain Heath". Upright Shrub with bell-shaped flowers. |
Phyllodoce empetriformis |
Evergreen Alpine below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 16 (30 x 40) |
Glossy Bright Green |
Purple-Pink |
"Pink Mountain Heather". Carpet-forming with bell-shaped flowers on long stems. |
Physalis alkekengii |
Deciduous Rhizome Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 36 (60 x 90) |
Mid-Green |
Cream in |
"Chinese Lantern, Japanese Lantern". Bright Orange-Scarlet berries fully ripe is edible. Invasive so only grow in a pot. |
Physocarpus opulifolius |
Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
84 x 96 (210 x 240) |
Bright Yellow juvenile becoming Mid-Green |
White/Pink in |
"Ninebark". From eastern USA Purple foliage plants nearby produce a dramatic colour contrast. It also associates well with other yell-leaved plants such as euphorbias and decorative grasses. |
Picea abies |
Evergreen Ground-cover Conifer 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
60 x 144 (150 x 360) |
Dark Green |
... |
"Christmas Tree, Norway Spruce, Common Spruce". From Scandinavia. Shallow rooted, this tree can be upended by strong winds. |
Picea pungens glauca |
Evergreen Bushy Conifer 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
600 x 180 (1500 x 450) |
Grey-Blue |
... |
"Colorado Spruce". From west coast of USA. Pyramid shape. Prune regularly as fresh growth will not bud from dead wood. |
Picea pungens glauca |
Evergreen Columnar Conifer above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
600 x 180 (1500 x 450) |
Silvery-Blue |
... |
"Colorado Spruce". |
Pieris japonica 'Firecrest' Pieris species - it provides a useful source of early nectar for bumblebees |
Evergreen Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
144 x 72 (360 x 180) |
Brilliant Red in Spring, Dark Green in Summer, Autumn and Winter |
White in |
"Lily-of-the-Valley, Japanese andromeda". From Japan Pieris japonica is effective in mixed borders or in large containers, and also in woodland or wild garden settings. It can be associated with spring bulbs and heathers. Whole plant of Pieris japonica is poisonous. |
Pieris floribunda |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
72 x 120 (180 x 300) |
Glossy Dark Green |
White in |
Plant Pieris from Sep-Oct. Do not prune, but keep in shape by means of "stopping" and removing dead flowers in May. Whole plant of Pieris floribunda is poisonous. |
Pieris japonica |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 24 (60 x 60) |
Pink-flushed juvenile, Green with silvery-White margins later |
White in |
"Lily-of-the-Valley". From Japan |
Pileostegia viburnoides |
Evergreen Climber above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
216 x 36 (540 x 90) |
Dark Green |
White in |
|
Pimelea prostrata |
Evergreen Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
8 x 20 |
Grey-Green with Red margins |
Fragrant, tiny, White flowers in small heads in |
"Rice Flower". From Australasia. White or Red Fruit |
Pimpinella major |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 24 (120 x 60) |
Mid-Green |
White, Greenish-White or Pink in |
"Greater Burnet Saxifrage". Best performance in its own space in clay. An effective plant for meadow plantings. Companions - grasses, campanula lactiflora, astrantia maxima, anthriscus sylvestris 'Ravenswing', cryptotaenia, geranium, astilbe (early cultivars), delphinium, aconitum, paeonia, roses. |
Pinus mugo 'Mops' |
Evergreen Ground-cover Conifer above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
132 x 132 (330 x 330) |
Green |
Dark Brown cones. |
"Dwarf Mountain Pine". From mountains of Europe. |
Pinus nigra |
Evergreen Columnar Conifer above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
1200 x 300 (3000 x 750) |
Dark Green |
Yellow-Brown female cones. |
"European Black Pine, Austrian Pine". From central and southern Europe. Open, conical habit. |
Pittosporum ralphii |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 24 (90 x 60) |
Deep Green above, White to Buff felted beneath |
Dark Red in |
"Mock Orange". Mounding growth habit. |
Pittosporum tenuifolium |
Evergreen Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
120 x 60 (300 x 150) |
Glossy |
Black-Red in |
"Kohuhu, Tawhiwhi". From New Zealand. Its flowers have an intense honey perfume at night. |
Pittosporum tenuifolium |
Evergreen Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
96 x 72 (210 x 180) |
Green with White margins in Spring, Summer and Autumn, Silvery-Grey Green in Winter |
Purple in |
Pittosporum make excellent hedges in coastal districts. |
Pittosporum tenuifolium |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 24 (90 x 60) |
Pale Green in Spring, Deep reddish-Brown in Summer, Autumn and Winter |
Purple in |
Companions for this plant are deep purple or pink Hydrangea serrata or Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars, corokias, crocosmias with smaller escallonias and phormiums. |
Podocarpus alpinus |
Ground-cover Conifer 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
72 x 72 (180 x 180) |
Dull Green |
Yellow Male Flowers,Green Female cone-like flowers in |
"Tasmanian Podocarp". A good plant for stony sites or scree beds. |
Polemonium |
Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
18 x 18 (45 x 45) |
Dark Green |
Lilac-Blue in |
"Jacob's Ladder, Sky Pilot". Reddish stems, compact mounds. Sterile so is never a nuisance. Companions - ferns, artemisia, euphorbia, campanula, hosta, helleborus, geum, potentilla, pulmonaria, brunnera. Divide clumps every 3 years to rejuvenate the plant. |
Polygala calcarea |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
2 x 8 |
Mid-Green |
Deep Blue in |
"Milkwort". |
Polygala calcarea |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
2 x 8 |
Mid-Green |
Blue in |
|
Polygonatum hirtum Polygonatum species |
Deciduous Rhizome Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 24 (120 x 60) |
Mid-Green |
Green-tipped White in |
"Solomon's Seal". Black fruit. Effective in containers with erect stems. Companions - ferns, galium odoratum, hosta, omphalodes verna, brunnera, helleborus, tiarella, trillium, paris, saruma, smilacina. Lovely cut flowers. |
Polygonatum multiflorum |
Deciduous Rhizome Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 10 (90 x 25) |
Mid-Green, smooth leaves on arching stems |
Green-tipped White in |
"Common Solomon's Seal". Blue fruit. |
Polygonatum multiflorum |
Deciduous Rhizome Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 10 (90 x 25) |
Mid-Green striped Creamy-White |
Green-tipped White in |
Black fruit |
Polygonatum x hybridum |
Deciduous Rhizome Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 36 (120 x 90) |
Mid-Green |
Green-tipped Creamy-White in |
"Common Solomon's Seal". Vigorously spreading / creeping colonies with lance-shaped mid-green leaves |
Polypodium vulgare |
Evergreen Fern below 24 inches (60 cms) in height. |
12 x indefinite (30 x indefinite) |
Dull dark Green |
|
"Common Polypody". Polypodium are hardy and drought resisting. Often spreads / creeps on tree trunks as an epiphyte. See further details and photos in Fern Nursery page and Fern Gallery. |
Polypodium vulgare |
Evergreen Fern below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
14 x indefinite (35 x indefinite) |
Bright Green and lacy |
... |
"Common Polypody". Excellent ground cover |
Polystichum aculeatum
|
Evergreen Fern 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height <--- Polystichum aculeatum sori |
24 x 36 (60 x 90) |
Dark Green |
... |
"Hard Shield Fern". |
Polystichum munitum |
36 x 48 (90 x 120) |
Dark Green |
... |
"Sword Fern". See further details and photos in Fern Nursery page and Fern Gallery. |
|
Evergreen Fern 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 36 (120 x 90) |
Dark Green |
... |
"Soft Shield Fern". Part Shade. Zone 5. Well-drained soil - Native to damp woodland and shady hedgebanks in much of Europe. |
|
Potentilla |
Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
18 x 24 (45 x 60) |
Mid-Green |
Yellow or Red-Orange in |
Clump-forming Companions - grasses, hemerocallis, iris, geranium. |
Potentilla alba Potentilla species |
Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
3 x 12 |
Deeply divided, Light Green above, Silver-Hairy beneath |
White in June-July |
Clump-forming |
Potentilla atrosanguinea |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 24 (60 x 60) |
Dark Green |
Yellow, Orange or Red in |
"Himalayan Cinquefoil". Sprawling. Full Sun. Zone 5-9. Cool, moist, well-drained, open border. Once the flower blooms have faded, remove the flower stems at ground level. |
Potentilla fruticosa |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
30 x 48 (75 x 120) |
Dark Blue-Green divided leaves, softly hairy, and dense twiggy growth |
White in |
"Bush Cinquefoil, Shrubby Cinquefoil". They do not respond to cutting back or reducing in height, so it is important to choose a variety of the right height of growth at the start. They respond to an occasional removal of old wood from the base |
Potentilla eriocarpa |
Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
3 x 12 |
Bright Green |
Deep Yellow in |
The tall border varieties of Potentilla are clump-forming and are scarcely ground-covers |
Potentilla fruticosa |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 48 (60 x 120) |
Silver-Hairy |
Golden Yellow in |
Many of the Potentilla fruticosa varieties produce rich brown seadheads to add to the winter scene. Potentilla fruticosa associates with old shrub roses, lavenders, lavender-blue or white hebes, hydrangeas, olearias, catmints, buddleias and hypericums. |
Potentilla fruticosa |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 60 (90 x 150) |
Dark Green |
Bright Yellow in |
All Potentilla do well in full sun or part shade, in the border or rock garden (dwarfs), in deep, sandy soil. The old and dead wood should be thinned out in September. |
Potentilla fruticosa |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 24 (60 x 60) |
Dark Green |
Sulphur-Yellow in |
|
Potentilla fruticosa |
Deciduous Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 30 (30 x 75) |
Silvery-Grey |
White in |
|
Potentilla fruticosa |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 36 (60 x 90) |
Dark Green |
Pale Pink in |
|
Potentilla fruticosa |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 60 (90 x 150) |
Mid-Green |
Vermilion-Red in |
|
Potentilla fruticosa |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 36 (90 x 90) |
Mid-Green |
Deep Orange in |
|
Potentilla fruticosa |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 36 (60 x 90) |
Dark Green |
Creamy-White in |
|
Primula auricula |
8 x 10 |
Pale Green to Grey Green |
Deep Yellow in |
"Auricula, Bear's Ears" |
|
Primula bulleyana |
Semi-Evergreen Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 24 (60 x 60) |
Mid-Green |
Crimson fading to Orange in |
Long-blooming, disappears in late autumn |
Primula florindae |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 36 (120 x 90) |
Fragrant Sulphur-Yellow in |
"Giant Cowslip, Tibetan Primrose, Himalayan Cowslip". Good cut flower and long lived. |
|
Primula hirsutae |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
4 x 10 |
Mid-Green |
Mauve-Pink in |
The majority of Primula thrive in deep, rich,loam, and appreciate the admixture of leaf-mould and grit with the soil. They are all moisture-lovers, but must have a well-drained soil. The majority like part shade, unless unlimited moisture is available in hot weather. Plant out in September or early October. |
Primula luteola |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
14 x 18 (35 x 45) |
Mid-Green |
Yellow in |
|
Primula veris |
Semi-Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
7 x 7 |
Mid Green |
Yellow in Spring |
"Primula, Cowslip". Long-lived. Full Sun. Zone 4-8. |
Primula vulgaris |
Semi-Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
8 x 14 |
Bright Green |
Fragrant Yellow in |
"Primrose, Common Primrose, Primula". Solitary flowers on stems |
Prostanthera cuneata |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 24 (60 x 60) |
Glossy Mid to dark Green. Strongly Aromatic when crushed |
White in |
"Alpine Mint Bush". Compact shrub from southeastern Australia. |
Semi-Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
6 x 36 |
Deep Green, hairy, small, pinnate leaves |
Purple in |
"Large Self-Heal". Forms dense, creeping patches of rooting foliage. Remove spent flowers to prevent prolific self-seeding. |
|
Prunella grandiflora |
Semi-Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
6 x 36 |
Deep Green |
Pure White in |
Prunella grandiflora and its varieties are easy in any soil not sun-baked, preferring moist positions. It has several varieties , but if the seed-heads are not removed they sow themselves and other colours are likely to occur. White flowers of above |
Prunus 'Accolade' |
Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
300 x 300 (750 x 750) |
Mid-Green in Spring and Summer, Orange-Red in Autumn |
Deep Pink in |
Prunus does best in a deeply dug and well manured soil rich in lime, or in localities with a chalk subsoil. Plant in November, in sunny positions sheltered from north and east winds. Prune out weak wood and dead flower shoots after flowering in the summer. |
Prunus blireana |
Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
Purple |
Rose-Pink in |
"Double Flowering Plum". Rounded shrub. |
Prunus cerasifera No HB, ST, SOL |
Deciduous Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
360 x 360 (900 x 900) |
Red in Spring, Deeper Red in Summer, Purple in Autumn |
Fragrant White in |
"Cherry Plum, Myrobalan, Purple-leafed Plum". Native to Turkey and the Caucasus region. Bee Forage Plants and UK Butterfly with Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants. One of the first deciduous trees to flower and is prized on this account for its nectar and pollen collected by the honeybees. This tree is cultivated on account of its foliage and often as a street tree. Use as hedge in a garden or trained on a fence or wall in a fan-shape at no higher than shoulder height to make maintenance easier. |
Prunus laurocerasus No HB, ST, LT, SOL |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
72 x 72 (180 x 180) |
Dark Green |
White in |
"Cherry Laurel, Laurel Cherry". Native to the Balkans, Turkey and the Caspian region. Commonly grown as a very dense and bushy hedge, but unclipped it can reach 600 inches (1500 cms) in height. In old woodlands it is as much a nuisance as Rhododendron ponticum. Prunus laurocerasus is poisonous to horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats. Prunus laurocerasus contains prussic acid (Hydrogen cyanide), split off from amygdalin. Moth collectors know that laurel leaves put in a bottle will kill moths merely by their presence. Humans do not fare much better. |
Prunus spinosa No HB, ST, SOL |
Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
180 x 144 (450 x 360) |
Mid to Dark Green |
White in |
"Blackthorn, Sloe". Edible Black Plum fruit. Flowers on black, leafless boughs. Common in woods, coppices and hedges throughout the UK. |
Prunus subhirtella 'Autumnalis' |
Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
300 x 300 (750 x 750) |
Dark Green in Spring and Summer, Yellow in Autumn |
White in |
"Higan Cherry, Rosebud Cherry". From Japan. |
Prunus tenella |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
72 x 72 (180 x 180) |
Dark Green |
Rose-Red in |
"Dwarf Russian Almond". |
Prunus x cistena |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
60 x 60 (150 x 150) |
Red in Spring, Reddish-Purple in Summer and Autumn |
Pinkish-White in |
|
Prunus 'Spire' |
Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
360 x 180 (900 x 450) |
Bronze in Spring, Dark Green in Summer, Brilliant Orange-Red in Autumn |
Soft Pink in |
|
Pseudowintera colorata |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 60 (90 x 150) |
Yellow-Green marked Pink and margined dark Red-Purple above, glaucous beneath |
Greenish-Yellow in |
"Alpine Pepper Tree, Horopito". Spreading / creeping bushy shrub from New Zealand. |
Pterocephalus perennis |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
3 x 8 |
Grey-Green, small and downy leaves |
Pale Pinkish-Purple in |
Papery seed heads. |
Pulmonaria angustifolia Pulmonaria species |
Deciduous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 18 (30 x 45) |
Mid to Dark Green, hairy, long, narrow leaves |
Rich Blue in |
"Blue Cowslip". Mildew resistant. Neat Clump-forming. The Pulmonaria Hardy Plant Society Group was formed in 1992. Companions - Early bulbs, dicentra, hosta, astilbe, forsythia, helleborus, polygonatum, epimedium, ranunculus ficaria, tiarella, hamamellis, corylopsis; pair the coral-coloured forms with daphne odora 'Aureomarginata', ribes sanguineum, and tulipa 'Toronto'. |
Pulmonaria longifolia |
12 x 18 (30 x 45) |
Dark Green spotted Silvery-White |
Blue in |
"Spotted Dog". Clump-forming. Full Sun |
|
Pulmonaria officinalis |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
10 x 18 (25 x 45) |
White-spotted, Bright Mid-Green, hairy and heart-shaped leaves |
Pink turning Blue in |
"Jerusalem Cowslip, Soldiers and Sailors, Spotted Dog, Common Lungwort". Clump-forming. Traditional Cottage Garden lungwort. |
Pulmonaria officinalis |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 18 (30 x 45) |
White Spotted, Bright Mid-Green |
Pure White in |
White flowers of above. Pulmonaria angustifolia, officinalis, picta, rubra and saccharata prefer shade of part shade in woodland or under shrubs, or against north walls, on any soil that remains cool and moist in summer. Somewhat spreading / creeping by roots and seeds. |
Pulmonaria saccharata |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 24 (30 x 60) |
White-Spotted, Mid-Green |
Violet or White in |
"Jerusalem Sage, Bethlehem Sage". Clumps. Part Shade. Zone 3-9. |
Pulsatilla vulgaris No HB, ST, LT, SOL |
Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
6 x 8 |
Light Green |
Deep to Pale Purple, sometimes White in |
"Pasque Flower" prefers full sun on well-drained soil in the rock garden or bed. its varieties include many different flower colours. Large feathery seedheads. Full Sun. Zone 6-8. Well-drained, fertile soil. From short grassland and mountain meadows in Europe, from eastern England to the Ukraine. Companions - viola, smaller grasses (festuca), paeonia (emerging foliage), aubretia, phlox subulata, lychnis viscaria, dwarf narcissus, crocus; a good rock garden plant, shows off well when backlit. |
Putoria calabrica |
Evergreen Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
3 x 12 |
Mid-Green |
Pink in |
"Stinking Madder". |
Pyracantha |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
72 x 120 (180 x 300) |
Glossy Dark Green |
White in |
"Firethorn". Pyracantha thrive in any good, light loam (Sand) in sunny positions and against walls and fences. Their white flowers ae followed by bright scarlet or yellow berries in the autumn. Trim to shape in early spring, but clip as little as possible. |
Pyracantha |
Evergreen Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
180 x 120 (450 x 300) |
Glossy Dark Green |
White in |
"Firethorn". |
Pyracantha |
Evergreen Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
96 x 72 (210 x 180) |
Glossy Dark Green |
White in |
"Firethorn". Red berries. Excellent as edging, rough thorny hedges or trailing down rocky slopes. The ripe fruits are edible and can be used to make a bland jelly. |
Pyracantha |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 72 (90 x 180) |
Dark Green |
White in |
"Firethorn". |
Pyracantha |
Evergreen Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
Glossy Bright Green |
White in |
"Firethorn". |
Pyracantha rogersiana Pyracantha species |
Evergreen Shrub above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
120 x 120 (300 x 300) |
Glossy Bright Green |
White in |
"Asian Firethorn". Bee Forage Plants and UK Butterfly with Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants. Nectar is usually secreted very freely by the flowers, and pollen is also collected. In prolonged drought the nectar flow may cease. Pyracantha is grown against walls and grown this way it produces its attractive fruits more freely than in the open. It provides dense cover for birds, which eat the berries. This Asian Firethorn has the advantage of flowering earlier in the spring, so with the others flowering period can be extended from April to July. |
Pyrola rotundifolia |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
8 x 6 |
Mid to Dark Green, glossy, rounded and flat leaves |
Pure White in |
"Round-leaved Winter-Green, Wild Lily-Of-The-Valley". These are choice plants taking some time to settle down and only creating spreading / creeping ground-cover when growing luxuriantly. Lime-free soil rich in humus, woodland conditions, or northern slopes of rock garden. |
Pyrus calleryana 'Chanticleer' |
Deciduous Tree above 72 inches (180 cms) in height |
480 x 240 (1200 x 600) |
Glossy Dark Green in Spring and Summer, Red in Autumn |
White in |
"Callery Pear". From China. Tolerating heat, dry conditions, wind and poor soil, it makes an ideal street tree. Also make Trees for Lawn. Narrow pyramid shape and recommended as Speciman. Plant in November in a sunny position sheltered from cold winds, in deeply dug and well-manured ordinary soil. Thin out the branches when overcrowded, and cut out dead wood and weak shoots after flowering |
Site design and content copyright ©December 2006. Chris Garnons-Williams. DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site.
I have included within these pages on 1000 Ground Cover Plants information from other pages within this PLANTS Topic like
and links to Rock Garden Plants Suitable for Small Gardens Index Gallery. |
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"Welcome to Barnhaven - the world-renowned hardy primrose specialists. |
From Annuals and Biennials chapter in Plants for Ground-cover by Graham Stuart Thomas - Gardens consultant to the National Trust. Published by J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd in 1970, Reprinted (with further revisions) 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1:- "I think there is a case to be considered for annuals and biennials in ground-cover schemes so long as they will sow themselves freely. |
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Use |
Plant |
Comments |
Lawn and ground-cover under conifer trees |
Poa annua |
The needles under a cedar tree were weekly swept away and the grass, despite fertilizers, top dressing, re-seading and re-turfing, simply would not grow. The needles were left alone and within 12 months the area became self-sown with a close and permanent sward of Poa nnua. This little grass regenerates itself constantly so that it makes a lawn, though each plant has only a short life. |
Oxalis rosea |
This is highly successful in the shade of conifers or any other tree |
|
Cyclamen hederifolium |
This is a perennial, though sowing itself freely when suited and it is here because plants to grow under cedars and yews, somewhat away from the trunks, are very few. |
|
Temporary ground-cover under trees |
Tropaeolum or Eschscholtzia |
A sheet of 'Gleam' nasturtiums or eschscholtzia; both are free-flowering and easily pulled up, though like all annuals it may be a year or two later before all dispersed seeds have germinated. Silene armeria and Iberis amara are equally successful, with Sett Alyssum (Lobularia maritima) creating a dwarf ground-cover carpet in late summer. |
Ground-cover under trees with high rainfall |
Claytonia sibirica (Montia sibirica) |
This grows under trees where the grass is thin at high altitude and high rainfall. It covers the area - interpersed with primroses and Oxalia acetosella - with a mass of pinky-white stars a few inches (cms) above the ground. Claytonia perfoliata is an annual; it is usually classed as a weed but is excellent cover in cool, acid soil, but far less conspicuous in flower |
Streamsides, river banks and fringes of boggy ground |
Impatiens glandulifera (Impatiens roylei, Annual Balsam) |
It is a rapid colonizer because its seeds are ejected with some force from the ripe pods. It seeds with great abandon and grows to 72 (180) or more; its many pink flowers make a great show. |
Full sun and drier soils than by streamsides |
Angelica archangelica |
It very quickly produces great green heads in spring, ripening quickly, with the result that the ground is thickly covered with seedlings in late summer. Oenothera biennis (Evening Primrose) will colonize any sunny waste place and produce yellow blooms for weeks in the summer Lychnis coronaria is a prolific seeder with rosettes of silvery basal leaves. Erysimum linifolium (Wallflower) produces lilac flowers |
Plants that seed about with abandon |
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From Appendix II Lists of plants for special conditions in Plants for Ground-cover by Graham Stuart Thomas - Gardens consultant to the National Trust. Published by J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd in 1970, Reprinted (with further revisions) 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1:- |
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Plant |
Plant |
Plant |
1. Plants requiring lime-free soils
|
||
Arctostaphylos. |
Erica. |
Philesia. |
2. Plants which will thrive in limy soils
|
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Acaena. |
Cotula. |
Paeonia. |
3. Plants which tolerate clay.
|
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Acanthus. |
Euonymus fortunei. |
Rodgersia. |
4. Plants which will grow satisfactorily in dry, shady places. Apart from ill-drained clay, this combination of conditions is the most difficult to cope with in the garden. * indicates those which will not tolerate lime. |
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Alchemilla conjuncta. |
Fragaria. |
Reynoutria. |
5. Plants which thrive on moist soils. Genera marked * are suitable for boggy positions. |
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Ajuga. |
Cornus stolonifera. |
*Onoclea. |
6. Plants which grow well in shady positions. The bulk of these are woodland plants, growing well under shrubs and trees, but those marked * are not so satisfactory under trees, though thriving in the shade given by buildings. For those requiring lime-free soil, compare with List 1. |
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Adiantum. |
Carex. |
Epigaea. |
Helxine. |
Onoclea. |
Shortia. |
7. Plants which will thrive in hot, sunny places on dry soils. Those marked * require lime-free soil. |
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Acaena. |
Dimorphotheca. |
Lychnis coronaria. |
8. Plants which thrive in maritime districts. Many of the following will stand wind and salt-spray, particularly those marked *. Those marked ** will provide shelter for others and shelter is highly important in seaside gardening. For genera requiring, lime-free soil, compare with List 1. |
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Acaena. |
Aubretia. |
Ceanothus. |
*Genista. |
Pulsatilla. |
*Sedum. |
9. Plants which create barriers. The following by their dense or prickly character will deter small animals and human beings as well as weeds. |
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Arundinaria anceps. |
Mahonia japonica. |
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10. Plants for town gardens. Genera marked * prefer acid soil; those marked £ will thrive in impoverished soils. Soil in towns is usually deficient in humus. |
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£Acanthus. |
Euonymus. |
Ribes. |
EXPLAINATION OF WHY SOIL IN UK TOWNS IS USUALLY DEFICIENT IN HUMUS.
Humus is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays.
The humus provides the organic polymers to interact with the clay domains and bacterium to stick the 2 grains of sand together. This soil molecule of 2 grains of sand, organic polymers, clay domains and bacterium will disintegrate by the action of the bacterium or fungal enymatic catalysis on the organic polymers. So if a continuous supply of humus is not present, then the soil molecules will break up into sand and clay. |
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Cultural Needs of Plants "Understanding Fern Needs
Only Earthworms provide the tunnels which transport water, gas and nutrients to and from roots. When the roots of the plant requires the mineral nutrients dissolved in soil water, oxygen and nitrogen intake and waste gases output, it gets it through the action of the earthworm continously making tunnels to provide the transport system. |
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11. Plants suitable for covering rose-beds. The following are all small plants that will not be strong-growing for the purpose, and will help to make the beds more attractive during the 7 months when Hybrid Teas and Floribundas are not in flower. Small spring-flowering bulbs can be grown through them. The more vigorous shrub roses will tolerate many others among the shorter growing plants in this 1000 ground cover table. |
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Acaena. |
Cardamine trifolia. |
Primula auricula. |
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Look for:- |
There are 180 families in the Wildflowers of the UK and they have been split up into 22 Galleries to allow space for up to 100 plants per gallery. Each plant named in each of the Wildflower Family Pages may have a link to:- its Plant Description Page in its Common Name in one of those Wildflower Plant Galleries and will have links to external sites to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name, to see photos in its Flowering Months and to read habitat details in its Habitat Column. |
It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:- |
Closed Bud |
Opening Bud |
Juvenile Flower |
Older Juvenile Flower |
Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its |
Mature Flower |
Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower |
Form of Rose Bush |
There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page. So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!! |
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Plant Selection by Flower Colour |
Blue Flowers |
Other Colour Flowers |
Red Flowers |
White Flowers |
Yellow Flowers |
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Fragrant Plants adds the use of another of your 5 senses in your garden:- |
Flower Perfume Group:- |
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Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month. |
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I have updated the plant type and plant use for the Evergreen Perennials by February 2023,
followed by continuing to insert all the plants with flowers from Camera Photo Galleries as indicated by I will continue to insert all the plants planted in chalk as indicated by then the following plants shall be added from
finally - I am inserting these from February 2023, I will continue to insert all the plants |
The following is from the current Site Map of Evergr Perenn Gallery in October 2023:- 104 from the 1000 Ground Cover Plants (up to Aster novi-belgii in Plant Selection Level 5 Plant Name - A Index page of Plants Topic) as indicated by
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Collins Aura Garden Handbooks Trees for Small Gardens by Susan Conder. Published by William Collins Sons & Co Ltd in 1988.
On page 23 it has diagrams showing how to remove a large limb. The fourth diagram is incorrect and below is why - you should leave the branch collar on the tree instead of cutting it off. In the centre of each trunk and branch there is a section of nerves used by the tree to get information from all of its branches and trunk and then sending replies of what to do about it. You could say that the Branch Collar is like a junction box, where you cut off after it but not before; otherwise the tree still thinks that branch is still there and then will make invalid decisions. These nerve fibres are the last item in the branches/trunk that rot away. Branch Collar Most gardens of new houses in England in 2023 are too small for trees, and I would recommend using top fruit and soft fruit trained onto the boundaries. If you add a chainlink fence, then you will have plenty of places to tie cordons, espaliers, fans and blackberries. If you want trees, then you can follow their method of putting them into containers as shown on pages 18 and 19, or train the trees as a a 80 (200cm) high hedge and allow 36 inches (90) from the boundary to the lawn for the hedge to grow in with bulbs and mulch between the lawn and the hedge. |
This table was copied from Case Studies Pages Case
3 - Drive Foundations What are the Soil Nutrients besides What types of organisms are found in the soil? and What Pysical changes occur in Soil because of weather? and what Chemical changes occur in Soil because of weather? leading to This leads to an 3b Pre-Building Work for Builders to treat polluted soil using phyto-remediation plants. Then, they could follow my following Suggested Action Plan for Builders after they have built their houses:-
And finally on the same day pour a depth of 11 inches (27.5 cms) depth of the builders soil mixture detailed below onto the remainder of the new garden areas and alongside the Instant Hedging.
A fortnight later the following type of turf containing RTF (Rhizomatous Tall Fescue), bred by Barenbrug Research USA, could be laid over the proposed lawn areas. The roots of that grass will reach the clay below and stabilise the new builders soil mix, before the proposed owners view the property a month later. The builders soil mix should within 3 months become roughly the same proportion of clay, silt and sand which is within a Sandy Clay Loam to create a sweet spot for growing plants as shown on How is material lost from the soil? Page, since it will mix with the clay below.
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Design Cases When designing a garden, it is vital to know who and for how long the resulting designed and landscaped garden is going to be maintained by. The book 'The One Hour Garden' describes what maintenance work can be done in the time that you have allotted; and therefore what besides a lawn, you can have in your garden. My redesign and construction work to be done on my 3 gardens - as shown by Case 2 - must be to reduce the maintenance time required to the time I have available. If the gardens are first weeded, pruned, mulched, mown and bare earth converted to lawns using grass seed, then construction can take place in the future - as free time allows during a week or fortnight after the maintenance has been done. In Case 4, the combination of the Structural and Planting Designs would create a garden that I would be able to maintain in one day a fortnight. I would install a 3" deep mulch in the spring on the beds, so that I can prune the shrubs/trees and hoe the odd weed; whilst the father mows the lawns, the mother tends the vegetable garden and their teenage daughters play football!! The children in Case 5 loved to look at creepy-crawlies and wildlife, so that together with low-cost the design for different areas in a terrace house garden was created.
Construction Cases Case 3 is building a drive on clay and it is important to get the part you will not see - the foundations - done correctly. Case 8 is creating a pond with its pitfalls for foundations.
Maintenance Cases If you are asking someone to maintain your garden, then do provide the complete picture. If as in Case 1, you intend to sell the property, then look at this - as not a maintenance but as a selling job - and get that job done instead. Case 6 is creating a vegetable garden in a back garden during the maintenance program of one day a fortnight to maintain it and the remainder of the back and front gardens. This was done over 7 years using a crop rotation system Concrete ponds are likely to crack open due to movement in the ground levels due to being in clay or vibration caused by road traffic if it is fairly close. Case 7 shows no planting shelves for the pond plants. |
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Section below on Problems for Houseowners and Builders when the new home is surrounded by clay and how to solve them. |
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Problems for Houseowners and Builders when the new home is surrounded clay and how to solve them. 8 problems caused by clay:-
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Builders do sell the original topsoil including
where the new building and its garden areas are to be built. The consolidated parent material (bedrock) is usually sand, chalk or clay with flint possibly. At the end of building; the builders rubble is covered with possibly only a 2 inch (5 cms) depth of imported topsoil, which might be the washings from the sugar beet in the sugar industry. This is covered with turf and the unsuspecting public is offered the result. As likely as not one of their gardens slopes towards the house and even with the modern depth of foundation wall, there is no guarantee that subsidence will not occur.
If every garden of a new house had a 12 inch depth of soil removed from its new garden area, then at the end of the building work, the Aquadyne Drainage System would be laid round the entire boundary. Next to it then plant the relevant Instant Hedge on the non-house wall sides to absorb the rainwater collected by that drainage system The mix to change clay soil into a friable useful soil in less than 4 months for the above domestic garden problem was in royal blue colour typing. Using the burgundy colour typing components, the builder could create the following soil mix for his gardens:
If water with 150 kgs of clay was first added to the Concrete TruckMixer and then the required volume of cullet followed by the required volume of waste plasterboard, the mixture is then mixed for an hour. If the cullet/waste plasterboard mixture is passed through the poultry houses to mix with the poultry litter on the litter floor before being collected into the next Concrete TruckMixer, then the houses would be cleaner and smell less. The required volume of waste from beer making could replace the Peat above and the requisite Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate of Potash could be added to the Concrete TruckMixer before that mixture from the Poultry Farm litter floor is added. That soil mixture could then be mixed for 30 minutes before applying it to the garden areas of the new houses built by the builder to an 11 inch (27.5 cms) depth. The resulting mixture would then integrate with the clay and create a deep topsoil within 3 months. All the requirements for a soil as shown in the figure above would then have mixed together and time will increase the bacteria and get a new soil structure created. The following type of turf could then be laid over the proposed lawn areas a fortnight later:- RTF (Rhizomatous Tall Fescue), bred by Barenbrug Research USA, produces rhizomes (an underground stem) that send a shoot up to the soil surface while extending new roots downwards. In fact, RTF can root to 1.5 metres deep giving it a chance to tap into water reserves that normal lawn turf cannot reach. |
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There is other compostable waste that could be used in the above mixture - The following is from a farmer who runs Riverford Organic Farmers who deliver weekly boxes of vegetables, meat etc from their farms to the homes of members of the public in Britain in his weekly epistle dated Monday 4th December 2017:- |
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"So why now, in my 57th year, have I seen the light?
So, I have seen the errors of my youth and come inside. Milan tells me we have only just started. It is shocking how much compostable material is wasted at such cost to our environment:
The reasons are:-
Time is running out; we cannot afford 100% safety when environmental destruction is 95% certain if we continue on our current path."
If the above waste was turned into compost that would last as a mulch like spent mushroom compost, which lasts for 2-3 years with 25-35% loss replenishment each year in the autumn, then it could be sold to the above home owners in bags to put alongside their hedges, in planted pots and in the flower beds throughout the year.
If you cannot be bothered to buy the commercially produced soil conditioner and collect your own seaweed to be harvested from beaches, then the following could still provide these other benefits in the same time slots as in above paragraph:- |
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China sells a lot of seaweed. The Cornish Seaweed Company sells edible Cornish Seaweed and The following is from No Dig Vegetable Garden Website:-
What's the best way to use seaweed on the garden?
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Finally, we should not forget about Noise Reduction for the new residents of the estate just built. See last row in the midlle table for further details. Nor should we forget about the changes required for the infrastructure (see Pre-Building Work for Builders with Polluted Soil Page) . |
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PLANTS PAGE PLANT USE Ground-cover Height Poisonous Cultivated and UK Wildflower Plants with Photos
Following parts of Level 2a, Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources) To see what plants that I have described in this website see THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:-
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Plant Selection by Plant Requirements
Photos - with its link; provides a link to its respective Plant Photo Gallery in this website to provide comparison photos. ------------ Ground-cover Height |
REFINING SELECTION Plant Selection by Flower Shape Plant Selection by Foliage Colour
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The following details come from Cactus Art:- "A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female). Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds. Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube.
Androecium (male Parts or stamens) Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil)
It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures.
The following details come from Nectary Genomics:- NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate. WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and rely almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%." The following details about DOUBLE FLOWERS comes from Wikipedia:- There is further photographic, diagramatic and text about Double Flowers from an education department - dept.ca.uky.edu - in the University of Kentucky in America. "Meet the plant hunter obsessed with double-flowering blooms" - an article from The Telegraph. |
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Top ten plants that are bad for bees from Countryfile Magazine "Lavender, alliums, fuschias, sweet peas - keen gardeners know the very best flowers to entice bees to their gardens. But what about plants that are bad for bees? Here is our expert guide to the top ten plants that you should avoid to keep bees happy and buzzing, plus the perfect alternatives. 1. Rhododendron 2. Azalea 3. Trumpet flower, or angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) 4. Oleander (Nerium oleander) 5. Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) 6. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) 7. Stargazer lily (Lilium 'Stargazer') 8. Heliconia Exotic and interesting, heliconia, or lobster-claws as its sometimes called, is very toxic to bees. You should not prune your heliconias, as the 'stem' is actually made up of rolled leaf bases and the flowers emerge from the top of these 'pseudostems'. However, each stem will only flower once, so after flowering you can cut that stem out. This is recommended, to encourage more flowering, to increase airflow in between the stems of your plant, and also to generally tidy it up and improve the appearance. 9. Bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia - 10. Amaryllis (Hippeastrum) This is another list of Plants toxic to bees, which includes:- |
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PLANT USE Plant Selection Level 1 |
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There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-
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You may not have room in your garden for trees, but you can plant them in containers.
If you still have not enough room for trees, Plant Selection by Garden Use
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Choose 1 of these different Plant selection Methods:-
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Pruning The illustrations combined with the text tell you precisely what to do in the above book. |
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Chapter |
Contents |
Comments |
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Reasons to prune |
Pruning with a purpose. |
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Tools and Equipment |
Clippers and loppers. |
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Pruning Methods |
A proper pruning cut. |
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Ornamental trees and shrubs |
Pruning a bare-root shrub. |
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Shade trees |
Basic tree shapes. |
Cavity repair. "2. Smooth out the rough edges with a heavy-grit file" No, that would tend to remove the remains of the branch collar and further damage the tree. "3. Fill the hole with a good tree-cavity sealer. Asphalt compounds, such as those used in patching driveways and roofs, are suitable..." I suggest the following:- Solutions to stop creating holes in trees. When a branch is cut off, remember to cut it off on the other side of the Branch Collar. (See Figure 1 - Optimum position of the final pruning cut in "Guide to Tree Pruning" by the Arboricultural Association which shows the branch collar within and outside the tree. My Comments: I disagree with their recommendation not to apply wound paint as you can see the result if you do not paint trees which are dehydrated, starved and gassed as these trees in the pavements of Madeira are.) Once that is done, then immediately apply Boron and 2 coats of protective sealant as used for holes in trees above." from Photo Damage to Trees in Madeira Page 1. I also saved the yew tree in my local churchyard. |
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Pruning evergreens |
What is an evergreen. |
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Pruning hedges |
Starting a new hedge. |
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Artistic pruning |
Topiary. |
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Pruning fruit trees |
Pruning a bare-root fruit tree at planting time. |
A solution for grass round trees depriving them of water and nutrients; using the expertise of DLF. |
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Pruning small fruits |
Grapes. |
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Nut trees |
Planting a nut tree. |
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Vines and ground covers |
Pruning a woody vine. |
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Garden plants and houseplants |
Reasons to prune perennials. |
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Bonsai |
Choosing your specimen. |
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