Ivydene Gardens Plants:
Poisonous Plants List

Ivydene Gardens Wild Flower Gallery:
Wild Flowers Poisonous Plants

"The Symbol P denotes a plant poisonous in greater or less degree to man in one or more of its parts at one or more seasons" from The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers by David McClintock and R.S.R Fitter assisted by Francis Rose. Eleventh Impression 1978. (ISBN 0 00 219363 9). The plants with the Symbol P at the end of the line with their name on it in that book are shown in the following list.

Flora of the British Isles by A.R. Clapham, T.G. Tutin and E.F. Warburg. Cambridge at the University Press 1952. This book details the poisonous parts and toxicity of those poisonous plants native to the UK.

The Poison Garden website originated from John Robertson's role as the first Poison Garden Warden at the Alnwick Garden.

All the plants in this linked list are poisonous to animals.

Is your home poisoning you and your pet?

Plants, household items and foods poisonous to dogs.

Plants that are toxic to cats.

Plants that are poisonous to horses:-

High Risk: 

Black Nightshade, Box, Bracken, Cowbane, Cuckoo Pint, Deadly Nightshade, Foxglove, Hellebore, Hemlock, Hemlock Water-Dropwort, Henbane, Herb-Paris, Horsetail, Iris, Laburnum, Larkspur, Lily of the Valley, Linseed, Lupin, Meadow Saffron, Monkshood, Potato, Privet, Ragwort, Rhododendron, Yew.

Low Risk: 

Acorns, Alder Buckthorn, Black Bryony, Broom, Buckthorn, Buckwheat, Buttercup, Greater Celandine, Charlock, Cherry Laurel, Chickweed, Clover, Columbine, Corncockle, Darnel, Ground Ivy, Hemp Nettle, Horse Radish, Marsh Marigold, Melilot, Mercury, Oak, Pimpernel, Poppy, Rhubarb, Rush, St John's Wort, Sorrel, Spurge, Thorn Apple, White Bryony, Woody Nightshade.

Prevention is better than cure:

  • Pull out Ragwort and remove any acorns from paddocks.
  • Check paddock boundaries for evidence of poisonous plants, check in hedges and on the other side of the boundary to a distance a horse could reach.
  • Make sure that your boundaries are secure.
  • Break open hay bales and discard any plants that you cannot identify.

It is useful if your garden boundary is where horses could reach, that you avoid having any of the above plants in that area.

Direct link table for Poisonous to Humans Wild Flower Plants of Great Britain:-

Plant Family Name
linked to its Family Page

Plant Name
linked to its Plant Description Page and to photos in Wikimedia Commons

Poisonous Parts

Toxicity

 

A

 

 

Buckthorn

Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus)

Deze foto toont de stam van de gewone vuilboom of het sporkehout. Ik nam de foto op 2 maart 2006 in arboretum heempark in Delft. This picture shows the trunk of Rhamnus frangula. By TeunSpaans, via Wikimedia Commons
 

Purgative. Bark contains emetic fragularoside. The  fresh bark causes violent griping pains, emesis and nausea.

frangulacbarkalnuswikimediacommons

Poisonous

 

B

 

 

Buttercup

Baneberry (Actaea spicata)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

The berries contain cardiogenic toxins which can have an immediate sedative effect on human cardiac muscle tissue, and are the most poisonous part of the plant. Ingestion of the berries can lead to cardiac arrest and death. The berries are harmless to birds, the plants' primary seed dispersers.

Very poisonous

Nightshade

Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

The poisons are the alkaloid solanine and the amorphous glucoside Dulcamarine. Solanine acts narcotically; in large doses it paralyses the central nervous system, without affecting the peripheral nerves or voluntary muscles. It slows the heart and respiration, lessens sensibility, lowers the temperature and causes vertigo and delirium, terminating in death with convulsions.
The berries have proved poisonous to a certain degree to children.

Very Poisonous

Yam

Black Bryony (Dioscorea communis, Tamus communis)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

The large, fleshy root high in starch is black on the outside, very acrid, and extremely poisonous. Literature usually states that 15 red berries could be fatal to a child.

Very Poisonous

Nightshade

Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

Like Bittersweet above, this plant contains the alkaloid solanine, which is very poisonous even in small amounts. It also contains atropine. These poisons produce the following symptoms:-

• Eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and throat
◦ Dry mouth
◦ Enlarged (dilated) pupils

• Gastrointestinal
◦ Diarrhea
◦ Stomach pain
◦ Vomiting

• Heart and blood
◦ Pulse - slow or rapid
◦ Shock

• Lungs
◦ Slowed breathing

• Nervous system
◦ Delirium
◦ Fever
◦ Hallucinations
◦ Headache
◦ Loss of sensation
◦ Paralysis

• Whole body
◦ Sweating

Very poisonous

Buttercup

Buttercup Family (Ranunculus species):-

Adderstongue Spearwort (Ranunculus ophioglossifolius)
Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus)
Celery-leaved Buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus)
Corn Buttercup (Ranunculus arvensis)
Creeping Buttercup (Ranunculus repens)
Creeping Spearwort (Ranunculus reptans)
Greater Spearwort (Ranunculus lingua)
Hairy Buttercup (Ranunculus sardous)
Ivy-leaved Crowfoot (Ranunculus hederceus)
Jersey Buttercup (Ranunculus flabellatus)
Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria)
Lesser Spearwort (Ranunculus flammula)
Meadow Buttercup (Ranunculus acris)
Scilly Buttercup (Ranunculus muricatus)
Small-flowered Buttercup (Ranunculus parviflorus)
Thread-leaved Crowfoot (Ranunculus trichophyllus)
Various-leaved Crowfoot (Ranunculus heterophyllus)
Water Crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis)
Wood Goldilocks (Ranunculus auricomus)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

All Ranunculus species are acrid, poisonous and are dangerous to cattle, but are ordinarily avoided by all grazing animals. The poisonous constituent is probably anemonin.

Whole plant of Ranunculus arvensis (Corn Crowfoot) is poisonous, particularly the seeds. The seeds are mainly dangerous when ground among the wheat. Millers look out for it.

Poisonous

 

C

 

 

Buttercup

Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

Its seeds and roots contain cardiogenic toxins, which cause both severe gastroenteritis and heart palpitations if consumed as food. Columbine poisonings may be fatal. Member of the poisonous Ranunculus family and Buttercup Wildflower family.

Highly Poisonous

Buckthorn

Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

The seeds and leaves are mildly poisonous for people and animals. The toxins cause stomach cramps and laxative effects that may function in seed dispersal. The chemical compounds responsible for this laxative effect are anthraquinone and emodin.

Poisonous

Umbellifer

Cowbane (Cicuta virosa)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

The plant contains cicutoxin, which causes death by disruption of the central nervous system. In humans, cicutoxin rapidly produces symptoms of nausea, emesis and abdominal pain, typically within 60 minutes of ingestion. Poisoning can lead to tremors and seizures. A single bite of the root (which has the highest concentration of cicutoxin) can be sufficient to cause death. One gram of water hemlock per kilogram of weight will kill a sheep and 230 grams is sufficient to kill a horse. Due to the rapid onset of symptoms, treatment is usually unsuccessful.

Highly Poisonous

 

D

 

 

Nightshade

Deadly Nightshade (Atropa bella-donna)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

 

The plant is harmless to rabbits, but people eating the rabbits die; hence rabbits are unsafe from May to September, when the plant is growing and fruiting.

Belladonna is one of the most toxic plants found in the Western hemisphere. All parts of the plant contain tropane alkaloids. The berries pose the greatest danger to children because they look attractive and have a somewhat sweet taste. The consumption of two to five berries by children and ten to twenty berries by adults can be lethal. The root of the plant is generally the most toxic part, though this can vary from one specimen to another. Ingestion of a single leaf of the plant can be fatal to an adult.

The active agents in Belladonna, atropine, hyoscine (scopolamine), and hyoscyamine, have anticholinergic properties. The symptoms of belladonna poisoning include:-
dilated pupils, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, tachycardia, loss of balance, staggering, headache, rash, flushing, dry mouth and throat, slurred speech, urinary retention, constipation, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, and convulsions.
In 2009, atropa belladonna that was mistaken for blueberries with six berries ingested by an adult woman was documented to result in severe anticholinergic syndrome. The plant's deadly symptoms are caused by atropine's disruption of the parasympathetic nervous system's ability to regulate non-volitional/subconscious activities such as sweating, breathing, and heart rate. The antidote for belladonna poisoning is physostigmine or pilocarpine, the same as for atropine.

Lethal

Spurge

Dog's Mercury (Mercurialis perennis)
Annual Mercury (Mercurialis annua)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

Dog's mercury is highly poisonous. Methylamine (mercurialine) and trimethylamine are thought to be present, together with a volatile oil and saponins. Symptoms of poisoning appear within a few hours; they can include vomiting, pain, gastric and kidney inflammation, and sometimes inflammation of the cheeks and jaw, and drowsiness. Apart from Chenopodium bonus-henricus and some other edible members of the Chenopodiaceae (also known as mercuries), the most similar-looking species is probably Mercurialis annua (annual mercury), which is also thought to be poisonous.

Highly Poisonous

 

E

 

 

Spurge

Euphorbia Family:-

Broad Spurge (Euphorbia platyphyllos)
Caper Spurge (Euphorbia lathyrus)
Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias)
Dwarf Spurge (Euphorbia exigua)
Hungarian Spurge (Euphorbia esula)
Irish Spurge (Euphorbia hyberna)
Petty Spurge (Euphorbia peplus)
Portland Spurge (Euphorbia portlandica)
Purple Spurge (Euphorbia peplis)
Sea Spurge (Euphorbia paralias)
Sun Spurge (Euphorbia heliocopia)
Tiatern Spurge (Euphorbia stricta)
Wood Spurge (Euphorbia amygdaloides)
Pencil Cactus or Milkbush (Euphorbia tirucalli)

 

View photos in Wikimedia Commons
 

The latex (milky sap) of spurges acts as a deterrent for herbivores as well as a wound healer. As it is under pressure, it runs out from the slightest wound and congeals within a few minutes of contact with the air. Among the component parts are many di- or tri-terpen esters, which can vary in composition according to species, and in some cases the variant may be typical of that species. The terpene ester composition determines how caustic and irritating to the skin it is. In contact with mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth) the latex can produce extremely painful inflammation. In experiments with animals it was found that the terpen ester resiniferatoxin had an irritating effect 10,000 to 100,000 times stronger than capsaicin, the "hot" substance found in chili peppers. Several terpen esters are also known to be carcinogenic.

Therefore spurges should be handled with caution. Latex coming in contact with the skin should be washed off immediately and thoroughly. Partially or completely congealed latex is often no longer soluble in water, but can be removed with an emulsion (milk, hand-cream). A physician should be consulted regarding any inflammation of a mucous membrane, especially the eyes, as severe eye damage including possible permanent blindness may result from acute exposure to the sap. It has been noticed, when cutting large succulent spurges in a greenhouse, that vapours from the latex spread and can cause severe irritation to the eyes and air passages several metres away. Precautions, including sufficient ventilation, are required. Small children and domestic pets should be kept from contact with spurges.

Poisonous

 

F

 

 

Umbellifer

Fool's Parsley (Aethusa cynapium)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons
 

Usually contains coniine and death is caused by respiratory paralysis. It is related to Hemlock and Water-dropwort, and like them, is poisonous, though less so than Hemlock. Poisoning from Fool's Parsley showed symptoms of heat in the mouth and throat and a post-mortem examination showed redness of the lining membrane of the gullet and windpipe and slight congestion of the duodenum and stomach. Since some toxins are destroyed by drying, hay containing the plant is not poisonous.

Poisonous

Figwort - mulleins

Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

Due to the presence of the cardiac glycoside digitoxin, the leaves, flowers and seeds of this plant are all poisonous to humans and some animals, and can be fatal if eaten.
The main toxins in Digitalis are the two chemically similar cardiac glycosides: digitoxin and digoxin. Like other cardiac glycosides, the Digitalis toxins exert their effects by inhibiting the ATPase activity of a complex of transmembrane proteins that form the sodium potassium ATPase pump, (Na+/K+-ATPase). Inhibition of the Na+/K+-ATPase in turn causes a rise not only in intracellular Na+, but also in calcium, which in turn results in increased force of myocardial muscle contractions. In other words, at precisely the right dosage, Digitalis toxin can cause the heart to beat more strongly. However, digitoxin, digoxin and several other cardiac glycosides, such as ouabain, are known to have steep dose-response curves, i.e. minute increases in the dosage of these drugs can make the difference between an ineffective dose and a fatal one.

Symptoms of Digitalis poisoning include a low pulse rate, nausea, vomiting, and uncoordinated contractions of different parts of the heart leading to cardiac arrest and finally death.

Fatal

 

G

Wikipedia.org provides a great deal of information about the poison chemicals in the plants detailed in this page.

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

 

 

Umbellifer

Hemlock (Conium maculatum)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

All plant parts are poisonous. Conium contains the piperidine alkaloids coniine, N-methylconiine, conhydrine, pseudoconhydrine and γ-coniceine (or g-coniceïne), which is the precursor of the other hemlock alkaloids. The most important and toxic of these is coniine, which has a chemical structure similar to nicotine. Coniine is a neurotoxin, which disrupts the workings of the central nervous system and is toxic to humans and all classes of livestock. Ingestion in any quantity can result in respiratory collapse and death. Coniine causes death by blocking the neuromuscular junction in a manner similar to curare; this results in an ascending muscular paralysis with eventual paralysis of the respiratory muscles which results in death due to lack of oxygen to the heart and brain. Death can easily be prevented by artificial ventilation until the effects have worn off 48–72 hours later. For an adult the ingestion of more than 100 mg of coniine (approximately 6 to 8 fresh leaves, or a smaller dose of the seeds or root) may result in fatality.

Very poisonous

Nightshade

Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

0.03-0.15% tropane alkaloids (hyoscyamine, hyoscine = scopolamine), flavonol glycosides (quercitin, rutin, kaempferol), small amounts of volatile amines (choline, methylpyrroline, pyridine). have been found in the foliage and seeds of the plant. Common effects of henbane ingestion in humans include hallucinations, dilated pupils, restlessness, and flushed skin. Less common symptoms such as tachycardia, convulsions, vomiting, hypertension, hyperpyrexia and ataxia have all been noted.
Henbane can be toxic, even fatal, to animals in low doses.
Children have been poisoned by eating the seeds.

Very poisonous

 

I

 

 

Ivy

Ivy (Hedera helix)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

Fruit is poisonous. Purplish-black berries are bitter and acrid; strong emetic. Plant contains a glucoside called hederine, which makes the mouth sore. Sap from leaves can cause severe contact dermatitis in some people.

Poisonous

 

J, K, L

 

 

Lily

Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

All parts, including the berries, are highly poisonous. Roughly 38 different cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) have been found in the plant, some among others:

  • convallarin
  • convallamarin
  • convallatoxin
  • convallotoxoloside
  • convallosid
  • neoconvalloside
  • glucoconvalloside
  • majaloside
  • convallatoxon
  • corglycon
  • cannogenol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside
  • cannogenol-3-O-β-D-allomethyloside
  • cannogenol-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-β-D-glucoside,
  • cannogenol-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside,
  • strophanthidin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside,
  • strophanthidin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-arabinoside,
  • strophanthidin-3-O-α-L-rhamnosido-2-β-D-glucoside,
  • sarmentogenin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside
  • sarmentogenin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-guloside
  • 19-hydroxy-sarmentogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside,
  • 19-hydroxy-sarmentogenin
  • arabinosido-6-deoxyallose
  • lokundjoside

The plant also contains saponins.

If the plant is touched or handled, hands should be washed before doing anything else.

Highly poisonous

Arum

Lords and Ladies (Arum maculatum)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

It contains the same oxalates as found in Arum italicum. These needle-shaped crystals can irritate the skin, mouth, tongue, and throat, resulting in throat swelling, breathing difficulties, burning pain, and stomach upset.

Though the orange berries are quite attractive, their acrid taste and the tingling in the mouth which begins quite quickly, mean that large amounts are rarely ingested and serious harm is unusual.

The plant is said to be one of the most common causes of accidental plant poisoning based on attendance at hospital A & E departments though this may be because the irritation of the tongue and mouth is more likely to result in hospital attendance than a simple stomach upset from, say, eating a daffodil bulb thinking it to be an onion.

Poisonous

 

M

 

 

Lily: Garlic

Meadow Saffron (Colchicum autumnale)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

It is poisonous in all its parts which is due to the presence of the alkaloid colchicine - This can cause hypovolemic shock due to extreme vascular damage and fluid loss through the gastrointestinal tract, which can be fatal. This molecule, the structure of which has been determined has the IUPAC name: N-((7S)-5,6,7,9-tetrahydro-1,2,3,10-tetramethoxy-9-oxobenzo(a)heptalen-7-yl)- acetamide

Poisonous

Daphne

Mezereon (Daphne mezereum)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

The fruit is a bright red berry. Daphnetoxin present in the berries and twigs is very poisonous for people, though fruit-eating birds like thrushes are immune and eat the berries, dispersing the seeds in their droppings. Handling the fresh twigs can cause rashes and eczema in sensitive individuals.

Very poisonous

Buttercup

Monkshood (Aconitum anglicum. Syn. Aconitum napellus)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

All species are highly poisonous and have often proved fatal owing to the presense of the powerful and deadly alkaloid aconitine and of other associated alkaloids. Aconitim napellus has long been officinal as a narcotic and analgesic.

Highly poisonous

 

N, O, P

 

 

Olive

Privet (Ligustrum vulgare)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

The fruits of some species are mildly poisonous to humans and to dogs.
Privet is one of several plants which are poisonous to horses - Eating Box privet is fatal to a horse.
Privet pollen is known to cause asthma and eczema in sufferers.
36% of respondents to a survey of gardeners in the UK said that that privet would put them off buying a property.

Mildly poisonous

 

Q, R

 

 

Iris

Roast-Beef Plant (Iris foetidissima)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

The rhizomes are toxic. The roots of this plant are toxic to grazing mammals. The root is anodyne, antispasmodic and cathartic.

Poisonous

 

S

 

 

Spindletree

Spindle-Tree (Euonymus europaeus and is a member of the Wildflower Spindle-Tree Family)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

The fruit is poisonous, containing, amongst other substances, the alkaloids theobromine and caffeine, as well as an extremely bitter terpene. Poisonings are more common in young children, who are enticed by the brightly coloured fruits. Ingestion can result in liver and kidney damage and even death. It has proved fatal to sheep.

Poisonous

Daphne

Spurge-Laurel (Daphne laureola)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

All parts of daphne contain toxins, but the greatest concentrations occur in the bark, sap, and berries, which are poisonous to humans. Even a single berry chewed but not swallowed typically causes intense burning in the throat and mouth. Consumption of a few berries can cause upset stomach, headaches, diarrhea, delirium, and convulsions. If the victim falls into a coma, death can ensue. The sap is known to cause skin rashes on contact, so wear gloves against this caustic sap.

Poisonous

Buttercup

Stinking Hellebore (Helleborus foetidus)
Green Hellebore (Helleborus viridis)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

All the hellebores have a burning taste and are highly poisonous owing to the presence of the glycosides helleborin and helleborein. Both Helleborus viridis and Helleborus foetidus were formerly officinal as violent cathartics and emetics, but their use has long been discontinued.

Highly Poisonous

 

T

 

 

Nightshade

Thorn-Apple (Datura stramonium)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

Tropane alkaloids are autonomic nervous system blocking agents. The level of alkaloids in individual plants varies from day to day depending on environmental conditions and stages of plant development. This can lead to problems for people who use the plant as a narcotic as higher levels of these alkaloids can cause death instead of the intended "trip." 
To learn more about these alkaloids and the toxicity of Datura check out "Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Man's Health" by Walter H. Lewis, P.F. Elvin-Lewis (A Wiley-Interscience publication) (Paperback)

Very Poisonous

Umbellifer

Tubular Water Dropwort (Oenanthe fistulosa)
Hemlock Water Dropwort (Oenanthe crocata)
Fine-Leaved Water Dropwort (Oenanthe aquatica)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

The active poison is oenanthotoxin. The root is particularly dangerous, as it lacks the unpleasant flavour of the foliage, but is equally toxic: the species is common in wet ditches and streamsides, and the roots are often exposed when drainage ditches are cleared. Livestock fatalities are frequent when these exposed roots are found and eaten in mistake for parsnips, one root being sufficient to kill a cow. Human fatalities are also known in these circumstances.

Extremely Poisonous

 

U, V, W

 

 

Melon

White Bryony (Bryonia dioica)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

Application of its juice to the skin produces inflammation with a rash or ulcers, and consumption of this juice causes intense gastrointestinal irritation including nausea and vomiting in small doses, and anxiety, paralysis, or death in larger amounts.
Rootstocks have killed cattle, from BPP.

Poisonous

 

X, Y, Z

 

 

Yew

Yew (Taxus baccata)

View photos in Wikimedia Commons

Most parts of the tree are toxic, except the bright red aril surrounding the seed, enabling ingestion and dispersal by birds. The major toxin is the alkaloid taxane. The foliage remains toxic even when wilted or dried. Horses have the lowest tolerance, with a lethal dose of 200–400 mg/kg body weight, but cattle, pigs, and other livestock are only slightly less vulnerable. Symptoms include staggering gait, muscle tremors, convulsions, collapse, difficulty breathing, coldness and eventually heart failure. However, death occurs so rapidly that many times the symptoms are missed. The wood remains poisonous after it is cut.

Fatal

General Poison Remedies from The New illustrated Gardening Encyopedia by Richard Sudell - Published in 1950:-

For most plant poisons it is safe, while waiting for doctor's arrival, to give:

  • A drink of milk, which coagulates in the stomach and may take up poison in its clot.
  • An emetic, which should bring away milk and poison together.
  • A purge, such as 1 fluid ounce (30 millilitres) of castor-oil, which should clear out any remainder of poison.
  • Some strong tea - preferably boiled, as tannin is an antidote to many poisons; or another stimulant such as brandy or sal volatile (smelling salts).

Throughout, keep the patient warm, quiet, and with plenty of fresh air.
If patient seems sleepy, keep him/her awake as some poisons induce a "sleep of death".

Emetics:-

  • A dessertspoonful of mustard in a tumbler of lukewarm water.
  • A tablespoonful of salt in a tumbler of luke-warm water.
  • For a child - A teaspoonful of ipecacuanha wine repeated twice at intervals of 15 minutes.

 

"On average, two gardeners a year die in the UK as a result of poisonous plants. There are poisonous plants lurking in almost every garden, dangerous to humans and animals alike. Those discussed in this blog are by no means exhaustive, but illustrate a range of concerns that should be foremost in the designer’s mind." from A Garden Designer's Guide to Poisonous Plants by Oxford College of Garden Design.

 

To locate mail-order nursery for plants from the UK in this gallery try using search in RHS Find a Plant.

To locate plants in the European Union (EU) try using Search Term in Gardens4You and Meilland Richardier in France.

To locate mail-order nursery for plants from America in this gallery try using search in Plant Lust.

To locate plant information in Australia try using Plant Finder in Gardening Australia.

Lion diet in Mozambique:-

africanreuse4

This list of poisonous plants is only meant to provide orientation. It is not exhaustive as knowledge of chemical composition is quite insufficient. The toxicity levels are:-

  • Slightly poisonous - These are given so that their poisonousness is not overestimated.
  • Poisonous
  • Very poisonous
  • Extremely poisonous - Their inclusion in your garden scheme should be carefully considered.

A large amount of these slightly poisonous species would have to be eaten to lead to strong symtoms. Many species in these 4 poison types have such a repulsive taste, that it is hardly imaginable that children would voluntarily eat more than a few berries. The slightly poisonous, poisonous and very poisonous will lead to diarrhoea, vomiting, dizziness or headaches if their plant parts are eaten.

Extremely poisonous will kill you if eaten. You should see a doctor in any case.

Poisoning and Drug Overdose by Kent R. Olson, Ilene B. Anderson, California Poison Control System. Published by McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. ISBN 0838581722, 9780838581728 644 pages. This may be the best manual on the diagnosis and treatment of poisoning and drug overdose. Plants by Judith A. Alsop, PharmD from pages 309 to 319 gives the common name and botanical name of the poisonous plant with its toxic effect and prehospital emergency measures.

The Poison Garden website originated from John Robertson's role as the first Poison Garden Warden at the Alnwick Garden.

A manual of poisonous plants: chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations/ by L.H. Pammel in 1910-11. This image is in the public domain because it is a mere mechanical scan or photocopy of a public domain original. Wikimedia Commons has 161 subcategories of poisonous plant with photos.

Pages 690-696 of The New Illustrated Gardening Encyclopedia by Richard Sudell, printed before May 1935 for the plant names, followed by details for culture and propagation. Those pages contain table with plant name, posonous part, name of character of poison with its antidote or Remedies and notes. See some of its data below with light blue background.

Plant Name (with Link to Species most often affected and to photos of the plant)

Poisonous Parts with Link to Toxic Principle

Toxicity

Acanthopanax sieboldianus (Eleutherococcus sieboldianus) - click on photos

Whole plant with poisonous black berries

poisonous

Aconitum anthora - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Aconitum napellus 'Newry Blue' - photo
Aconitum napellus root has been eaten in mistake for horseradish. The whole plant of all Aconitum, but especially the root contains aconitine; an alkaloid, which is highly poisonous to humans and animals like cattle and goats. Aconitum (Monkshood) is irritant to and via the skin.

Whole plant ....
All parts, especially roots and seeds, very poisonous.

very poisonous

Aconitum x cammarum 'Bressingham Spire' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Aesculus flava 'Vestita'
(humans, cattle, goats) - click on photos

Unripe fruits,
Green Husk

poisonous
slightly poisonous

Aesculus hippocastanum - horse chestnut - photo and diagram ,
A. h. 'Baumannii' - click on photos , A. h. 'Pyramidalis' - photo ,
A. h. 'Umbraculifera' (humans, cattle, goats) (pigs) - click on detailed images

Unripe fruits,
Green Husk

poisonous
slightly poisonous

Chondrodendron tomentosum - Tubocurare Arrow Poison is a powerful alkaloid called d-tubocurarine that acts as a muscle relaxant. Death comes within a few hours as paralysis reaches the respiratory system after poisoned arrow tip punctures your skin.

Roots and stems cooked and applied to arrow tip

Fatal

Strophanthus kombe - an arrow poison that contains a cardiac glycoside which directly affects the heart - photos - Roots, flowers and seeds cooked and applied to arrow tip which punctures skin

Roots, flowers and seeds

Fatal

Antiaris toxicaria - The latex of "arrow poison wood" contains intensely toxic cardenolides, in particular a cardiac glycoside named antiarin. Photos

Latex from its bark

Fatal

Aesculus parviflora
(humans, cattle, goats) - click on photos

Unripe fruits,
Green Husk

poisonous
slightly poisonous

Aethusa cynapium (Poison Parsley) - Poisoning from fool's parsley results in symptoms of heat in the mouth and throat and a post-mortem examination has shown redness of the lining membrane of the gullet and windpipe and slight congestion of the duodenum and stomach. It is related to Hemlock and Water-dropwort, and like them it is poisonous, though less so than hemlock.

Dangerous because sometimes found among true parsley.

very poisonous

Agrostemma githago - Corn Cockle - Poisonous to poultry, cattle, hogs, young birds, humans and goats. Photos. The saponins githagin and agrostemmic acid are reported to be absorbable from the alimentary canal and may produce systemic poisoning, including gastrointestinal irritation, severe muscle pain and twitching, followed by depression and coma.

Seeds

Fatal

Ailanthus altissima - photos . Ailanthus leaks toxins into the ground which prevent the germination and establishment of other species in its vicinity. Leaves are toxic to domestic animals. The pollen can cause hay fever.

bark, seeds.

poisonous

Amsinckia - The seeds and foliage of fiddlenecks are poisonous to livestock, particularly cattle, because they contain alkaloids and high concentrations of nitrates.

seeds, foliage

poisonous

Aralia elata - click on photos . This tree creates a canopy of shade so dense and a root system so interconnected that native trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants are left to die in the wake of this aggressive alien species.

bark, seeds

poisonous

Aralia elata 'Variegata' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Aristolochia macrophylla - see both images . Aristolochic acid can cause urological cancers as well as permanent kidney failure.
Arum creticum - photos
Arum italicum 'Marmoratum' - click on photo

Whole plant
Whole plant - Arum is a skin and eye irritant
Whole plant

poisonous
poisonous
poisonous

Arnica montana - the entire plant is toxic if ingested, so use the medical cream for bruises on your body but not where the skin is broken and the cream would then get directly under your skin - photos . Helanin present in arnica is cardiac-toxic and may cause severe gastroenteritis.

Whole plant -

poisonous

Berberis buxifolia 'Nana' - click on photos - Eating its berries causes diarrhea and vomiting.

bark, root, berries

poisonous

Berberis candidula - click on detailed images , B. frikartii 'Verrucandi' - click on photo

bark, root, berries

poisonous

Berberis gagnepainii lanceifolia - click on photo, B. julianae - click on more pictures

bark, root, berries

poisonous

Berberis ottawensis 'Superba' - click on photos, B. stenophylla - photos

bark, root, berries

poisonous

Berberis thunbergeii - click on photo, B. thunbergeii 'Atropurpurea' - click on images

bark, root, berries

poisonous

Berberis thunbergeii 'Atropurpurea Nana' - click on photos, B. verruculosa - click on detailed images

bark, root, berries

poisonous

Physostigma venenosum - eating beans containing alkaloid physostigmine leads to asphyxiation.

Calabar bean

Fatal

Strychnos nux-vomica - Strychnine and brucine in its seeds cause death by asphyxiation.

Seeds

Fatal

Karwinskia humboldtiana - seeds and leaves contain the quinones eleutherin and 7-methoxyeleutheri; and chrysophanol and β-amyrin in the fruits that are toxic to humans and livestock, which induce paralysis, which is often followed by death. However, it often takes days or even weeks after consumption for the symptoms to manifest.

Seeds, leaves, fruit

Fatal

Lathyrus sativus - Grass Pea has beta-N-oxalyl-diamino propionic acid which paralyzes from the waist down. If pea is soaked in water for a long time before eating, it poses little risk.

Eating raw Peas can lead to death

Fatal

Zea mays - if maize is without calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) before cooking them, then niacin in corn cannot be absorbed by humans leading to pellagra - dermatitis, diarrhea and death.

Cooked maize without slaked lime

Fatal

Buddleja 'Cardinal' - click on photo

seeds, leaves

slightly poisonous

Buddleja 'Empire Blue' - click on photos

seeds, leaves

slightly poisonous

Buddleja 'Fascination' - click on photo

seeds, leaves

slightly poisonous

Buddleja 'Nanho Blue' - photo

seeds, leaves

slightly poisonous

Buddleja 'Nanho Purple' - photo

seeds, leaves

slightly poisonous

Buddleja 'Peace' - click on photo

seeds, leaves

slightly poisonous

Buddleja 'Purple Prince' - photo

seeds, leaves

slightly poisonous

Buddleja 'Royal Red' - click on photo

seeds, leaves

slightly poisonous

Buddleja davidii - click on photos

Bulbs - lily-of-the-valley - photo , amaryllis - photos , hyacinth - photos , iris - photos , tulip - photos , daffodil - click on photos , jonquil and narcissus (pets including birds and dogs, cattle, humans)

seeds, leaves

bulb

slightly poisonous

very poisonous

Buxus microphylla 'Faulkner' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Buxus sempervirens (North Carolina State University states for this plant that " it causes only low toxicity if eaten, and, Symptoms - respiratory failure." - click on photos in Gallery and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buxus_sempervirens . Contains the alkaloid buxine which causes nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. The leaves are poisonous to humans.

Whole plant .

very poisonous

Buxus sempervirens 'Blauer Heinz' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Buxus sempervirens 'Bullata' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Buxus sempervirens 'Handsworthiensis' - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Buxus sempervirens 'Rotundifolia' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Buxus sempervirens 'Suffruticosa' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Buxus sempervirens arborescens - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Calycanthus floridus - click on thumbnail photos

seeds, Whole plant

slightly poisonous

Caragana arborescens - photos and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caragana

Whole plant

slightly poisonous

Catalpa bignonioides - click on photos

Whole plant

slightly poisonous

Celastrus orbiculatus - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Alumigold' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Alumii' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Columnaris' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Ellwood's Gold'

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Ellwoodii' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Glauca Spek'

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Golden Wonder' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Kelleriis Gold' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Lane' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Minima Glauca' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Stewartii' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Tharandtensis Caesia' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 'Pendula' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Nana Gracilis' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis pisifera - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Boulevard' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Filifera Aurea Nana' - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Filifera Aurea' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Filifera Nana'- click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Plumosa Aurea' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Sungold' - see video

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis - click on photos and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clematis

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Baron Veillard' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Bees Jubilee' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Blue Gem' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Comtesse de Bouchard' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Dr Ruppel' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Duchess of Edinburgh' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Ernest Markham' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Gipsy Queen' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Hagley Hybrid' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Henryi' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Hybrida Sieboldii' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Jackmanii' - photo

 

"A woman is like a tea-bag.
You only know how strong she is
when she is put in hot water" from Eleanor Roosevelt

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Jackmanii Superba' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Jackmanii Alba' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Konigskind' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Lady Betty Balfour' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Lady Northcliffe' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Lasurstern' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Madame le Coultre' - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Miss Bateman' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Mrs Cholmondeley' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Mrs N. Thompson' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Multi Blue' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Nelly Moser' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Niobe' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Perle d'Azur' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Pink Fantasy' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Romantica' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Rouge Cardinal' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'The President' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Ville de Lyon' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'Vyvyan Pennell' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis 'William Kennett' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis Hybriden - see video

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis alpina - click on varieties

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis alpina 'Francis Rivis' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis durandii - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis integrifolia - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis macropetala - click on varieties

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis macropetala 'Markham's Pink' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis montana - click on varieties

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis montana 'Elizabeth' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis montana 'Grandiflora' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis montana 'Rubens' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis montana 'Superba' - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis montana 'Tetrarose' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis orientalis 'Orange Peel' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis paniculata - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis tangutica - click on varieties

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis texensis - click on varieties

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis texensis 'Etoile Rose' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis texensis 'Gravetye Beauty' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis vitalba - photo . . Contains protoanemonin. Ingestion leads to severe abdominal pain, gastrointestinal irritation and has caused death in cattle.

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis viticella - click on varieties

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis viticella 'Etoile Violette' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis viticella 'Huldine' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis viticella 'Kermesina' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Clematis viticella 'Madame Julia Correvon' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Collutea arborescens - photo and diagram and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Colutea_arborescens

seeds, leaves

poisonous

Cornus sanguinea - photo
Cornus florida has purplish-black berries which are acrid with glucoside cornine

seeds, leaves

slightly poisonous

Cotinus coggygria - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

slightly poisonous

Cotinus coggygria 'Royal Purple'- photo

Whole plant

slightly poisonous

Cupressocyparis - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Cupressocyparis leylandii - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Cupressocyparis leylandii 'Castlewellan Gold' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus Hybriden

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus beanii - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus decumbens - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus kewensis - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus nigricans 'Cyni' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus praecox - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus praecox 'Allgold' - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus praecox 'Hollandia' - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus purpureus - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius - click on thumbnail photos . 25 lbs of the plant eaten by a horse would poison it, from BPP

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius 'Andreanus Splendens' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius 'Burkwoodii' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius 'Butterfly' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius 'Daisy Hill' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius 'Dorothy Walpole' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius 'Dragonfly' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius 'Erlkonig' - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius 'Firefly' - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius 'Goldfinch' - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius 'Luna' - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius 'Palette' - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Cytisus scoparius 'Roter Favorit' - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Daphne burkwoodii 'Somerset' (cats, dogs, humans)

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Daphne cneorum (cats, dogs, humans) - click on Thumbnail photos

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Daphne mezereum 'Rubra Select' (cats, dogs, humans) - click on photos
Daphne mezereum has glucoside, called daphnine and malic acid in its red fruits. It is harmless to birds. Mezerein, an acrid resin producing a severe skin irritation; and daphnin, a bitter, poisonous glycoside.

Whole plant .

extremely poisonous

Daphne mezereum alba (cats, dogs, humans) - photo

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Equisetum palustre is poisonous to herbivorous animals, but not to humans. It contains a vitamin B1-destroying enzyme which can lead to severe lack of coordination in horses, and the piperidine alkaloid palustrine, which leads to lameness in cattle. Photos. Marsh Horsetail is a member of Wildflower Horsetail Family.

Whole plant

poisonous

Euonymus alatus - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus alatus 'Compactus' - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus europaeus (humans, goats, horses, sheep) - click on thumbnail photos
Euonymus europaeus leaves, flowers and pink-orange berries contain a toxic glucoside called euonymine, which is a violent poison to man. All of Euonymus species are poisonous in all parts. When ingested, then vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, chills, coma and convulsions can occur.

Whole plant .

very poisonous

Euonymus europaeus 'Red Cascade' (humans, goats, horses, sheep) - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus fortunei - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus fortunei 'Coloratus' - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus fortunei 'Dart's Blanket' - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus fortunei 'Emerald Gaiety' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus fortunei 'Emerald And Gold' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus fortunei 'Minimus' - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus fortunei 'Sunspot' - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus fortunei 'Variegatus' - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus fortunei 'Vegetus' - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus fortunei radicans - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus japonicus - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus japonicus 'Aureomarginatus' - see video, which includes reversion back to green

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus phellomanus - click on images

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus planipes - click on images

Whole plant

very poisonous

Euonymus yedoensis - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Fagus sylvatica - click on thumbnail photos . Ingestion of unripe, raw nuts causes stomach upset from saponic glucoside.

beechnuts .

slightly poisonous

Genista - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Genista lydia - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Genista radiata - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Genista sagittalis - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Genista tinctoria - photos . The FDA Poisonous Plant database provides access to references in the scientific literature describing studies and reports of the toxic properties and effects of plants and plant parts.

Whole plant.
"Sometimes nothing makes a difference".

poisonous

Genista tinctoria 'Plena' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Gleditsia triacanthos - click on thumbnail photos

leaves

poisonous

Gleditsia triacanthos 'Shademaster' - click on photos

leaves

poisonous

Gleditsia triacanthos 'Skyline' - click on photos

leaves

poisonous

Gleditsia triacanthos 'Sunburst' - photo

leaves

poisonous

Gleditsia triacanthos inermis - click on photos

leaves

poisonous

Gymnocladus dioicus (humans, cattle) - click on thumbnail photos

seeds, leaves

poisonous

Hedera - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Hedera colchica - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Hedera colchica 'Arborescens' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Hedera colchica 'Dentata' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Hedera colchica 'Dentata Variegata' - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Hedera helix (cattle, dogs, sheep, humans) - click on thumbnail photos
Purplish-black berries are bitter and acrid; strong emetic. Plant contains a glucoside called hederine, which makes the mouth sore. View photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hedera_helix

Whole plant

poisonous

Hedera helix 'Arborescens' (cattle, dogs, sheep, humans) - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Hedera helix 'Conglomerata' (cattle, dogs, sheep, humans) - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Hedera helix 'Gloire de Marengo' (cattle, dogs, sheep, humans) - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Hedera helix 'Goldheart' (cattle, dogs, sheep, humans) - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Hedera helix 'Woerner' (cattle, dogs, sheep, humans) - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Hedera helix hibernica (cattle, dogs, sheep, humans) - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Helleborus niger (Christmas Rose) Fatal to humans and cattle - Photo . Helleborus niger contains protoanemonin, or ranunculin, which has an acrid taste and can cause burning of the eyes, mouth and throat, oral ulceration, gastroenteritis and hematemesis.

Rootstock and leaves

extremely poisonous

Ilex - click on photos click on photo in ilex photo collection or individual ilex

Whole plant

poisonous

Ilex 'Washington'

Whole plant

poisonous

Ilex altaclerensis 'Golden King' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Ilex aquifolium (children) - click on photos . The fruits and leaves contain ilicin, ilexanthin and ilicic acid and a tannin plus cyanogenic glycosides. The berries are poisonous but a small dose has been used as a purgative. A large dose, of the order of 30 or so berries, can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and then death.

Whole plant - Contains saponins.

very poisonous

Ilex aquifolium 'Alaska' (children) - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex aquifolium 'Argentea Marginata' (children) - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex aquifolium 'J.C. Van Tol' (children) - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex aquifolium 'Pyramidalis' (children) - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex aquifolium 'Sharpy' (children) - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex crenata - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex crenata 'Convexa' - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex crenata 'Glorie Gem' - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex crenata 'Golden Gem' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex crenata 'Green Lustre' - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex crenata 'Rotundifolia' - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex crenata 'Stokes' - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex meserveae - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex meserveae 'Blue Angel' - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex meserveae 'Blue Maid' - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex meserveae 'Blue Prince' - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex meserveae 'Blue Princess' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Ilex verticillata - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Juniperus horizontalis - click on thumbnail photos . Volatile oils, particularly alpha-pinene, myrcene and sabinene which are monoterpenes can be extracted from the plant, which cause gastrointestinal upset. Gin which is flavoured with isocupressic acid, which is within this juniper - and all parts of Pinus ponderosa, Pinus contorta, Pinus jeffreyi and Pinus radiata, which induces abortion in cattle - is called 'Mother's Ruin' to aid abortion.

Whole plant

Birds are very fond of Juniper berries.

very poisonous

Juniperus horizontalis 'Andorra Compact' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Juniperus horizontalis 'Prince of Wales' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Juniperus horizontalis 'Wiltonii' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Juniperus media - click on detailed images

Whole plant

very poisonous

Juniperus media 'Hetzii' - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Juniperus media 'Mint Julep' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Juniperus media 'Old Gold' - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Juniperus media 'Pfitzeriana' - photo

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Juniperus media 'Pfitzeriana Aurea' - photo

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Juniperus sabina - click on thumbnail photos and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Juniperus_sabina

Whole plant.

extremely poisonous

Juniperus sabina 'Femina' - click on photos . In Spain it has been decided that batches of juniper berries contaminated with sabina berries will be subject to confiscation.

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Juniperus sabina 'Mas' - photo . Oil of sabina has an irritant effect on the mucosal lining of the intestinal tract, causes congestion of the kidneys with haematuria, congestion of other abdominal viscera, menorrhagia and abortion.

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Juniperus sabina 'Rockery Gem' - click on photo

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Juniperus sabina 'Tamariscifolia' - photo

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Juniperus virginiana - click on thumbnail photos . The needles and cones contain volatile oils, such as thujone. Ingesting berries and foliage can lead to diarrhea. Also contains a poisonous antitumor compound known as podophyllotoxin.

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Juniperus virginiana 'Canaertii' - click on photos

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Juniperus virginiana 'Glauca' - photo

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Juniperus virginiana 'Grey Owl' - photo

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Kalmia angustifolia 'Rubra' (cattle, goats, sheep, humans) - click on photos

Whole Plant

poisonous

Kalmia latifolia - click on thumbnail photos

Whole Plant

poisonous

Kalmia latifolia 'Elf' - photo . Mountain laurel is poisonous to several different animals, including horses, goats, cattle, deer, monkeys, and humans, due to grayanotoxin and arbutin.

Whole Plant Honey produced by bees from Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) is toxic to humans.

poisonous

Kalmia latifolia 'Heart of Fire' - click thumbnails

Whole Plant

poisonous

Kalmia latifolia 'Heart's Desire' - photo from European Kalmia Society

Whole Plant

poisonous

Kalmia latifolia 'Nipmuk' - click on photos

Whole Plant

poisonous

Kalmia latifolia 'Olympic Fire' - click on photos

Whole Plant

poisonous

Kalmia latifolia 'Ostbo Red' - click on photos

Whole Plant

poisonous

Kalmia latifolia 'Pink Surprise' - photo from European Kalmia Society

Whole Plant

poisonous

Kalmia latifolia 'Pinwheel' - photo

Whole Plant

poisonous

Kalmia latifolia 'Quinnipiac' - photo from European Kalmia Society

Whole Plant

poisonous

Kalmia latifolia 'Richard Jaynes' - photo

Whole Plant

poisonous

Laburnum anagyroides (cattle, dogs, horses, humans, swine) - photos
Laburnum seeds cause violent emetic. Seeds contain 1.8-3% of cytisine, a highly poisonous alkaloid to cats and sheep as well.

Whole plant .

See further details in BPP.

extremely poisonous

Laburnum wateri 'Vossii' - click on photos

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Ledum palustre (Rhododendron tomentosum) - click on photo . Plants contain a narcotic toxin called Ledel. This toxin only causes problems if the leaves are cooked for a long period in a closed container.

Whole plant.

poisonous

Ligustrum delavayanum - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Ligustrum japonicum - click on thumbnail photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Ligustrum obtusifolium regelianum - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Ligustrum ovalifolium - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Ligustrum ovalifolium 'Aureum' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Ligustrum vulgare (children) - click on thumbnail photos
Ligustrum vulgare has tannic acid in its bark.

Whole plant

poisonous

Ligustrum vulgare 'Atrovirens' (children) - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Ligustrum vulgare 'Lodense' (children) - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Liriodendron tulipifera - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Liriodendron tulipifera 'Fastigiatum' - click on thumbnails

Whole plant

poisonous

Lonicera - click on photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera brownii 'Dropmore Scarlet' - click on photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera caerulea - photo

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera caprifolium - click on photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera heckrottii - click on thumbnail photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera heckrottii 'Gold Flame' - photo

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera henryii - photo

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera japonica 'Aureoreticulata' - photo

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera japonica 'Halliana' - photo

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera japonica repens - click on photo

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera korolkowii zabelii - photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera ledebourii - click on photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera maackii - click on thumbnail photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera nitida 'Elegant' - click on photo

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera nitida 'Maigrun' - click on photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera periclymenum - click on thumbnail photos
Berries and leaf are acrid and bitter, since they contain a glucoside. Strongly emetic; makes mouth sore.

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera pileata - click on photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera tatarica - click on thumbnail photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera tellmanniana - photo

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera xylosteoides 'Clavey's Dwarf' - click on photo

berries

slightly poisonous

Lonicera xylosteum - click on thumbnail photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Lycium barbarum - click on photos and diagram and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lycium_barbarum

Whole plant

very poisonous

Mahonia aquifolium - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Microbiota decussata - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Myrica gale - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Pachysandra terminalis - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Paeonia suffruticosa - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Paeonia suffruticosa 'Baronne d'Ales' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Paeonia suffruticosa 'Beaute de Twicket' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Paeonia suffruticosa 'Blanche de His' - scroll down page to photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Paeonia suffruticosa 'Jeanne d'Arc' - scroll down page to photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Paeonia suffruticosa 'Louise Mouchelet'

Whole plant

poisonous

Paeonia suffruticosa 'Madame Laffay'

Whole plant

poisonous

Paeonia suffruticosa 'Madame Stuart Low'

Whole plant

poisonous

Paeonia suffruticosa 'Reine Elisabeth' - scroll down page to photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Paeonia suffruticosa 'Souvenir de Bucher'

Whole plant

poisonous

Pernettya mucronata - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Pernettya mucronata 'Alba' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Pernettya mucronata 'Coccinea' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Pernettya mucronata 'Lilian' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Pernettya mucronata 'Purpurea' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Pernettya mucronata 'Rosea' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Phytolacca americana (cattle, sheep, humans, turkeys, swine, horses) - photos and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phytolacca_americana

berries. phytolaccatoxin, phytolaccigenin

very poisonous

Pieris floribunda - click on thumbnail photos and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pieris_floribunda

Whole plant

poisonous

Pieris japonica - click on thumbnail photos and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pieris_japonica

Whole plant

poisonous

Pieris japonica 'Debutante' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Pieris japonica 'Forest Flame' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Pieris japonica 'Purity' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Pieris japonica 'Red Mill' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Pieris japonica 'Valley Valentine' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Pieris japonica 'Variegata' - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Pieris japonica 'White Cascade' - photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Pieris japonica 'White Pearl' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Prunus amygdalus (Almond) - photo - The acute oral lethal dose of cyanide for adult humans is reported to be 0.5–3.5 mg/kg of body weight (approximately 50 bitter almonds), whereas for children, consuming 5–10 bitter almonds may be fatal.

Essential oil of kernels of bitter almonds. Contains Amygdaline, from which prussic acid is split off

poisonous

Prunus laurocerasus (horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats) - click on thumbnail photos
Prunus laurocerasus contains prussic acid (Hydrogen cyanide), split off from amygdalin. Moth collectors know that laurel leaves put in a bottle will kill moths merely by their presence.

Whole plant

poisonous

Prunus laurocerasus 'Caucasica' (horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats) - click on photos

seeds, leaves

poisonous

Prunus laurocerasus 'Cherry Brandy' (horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats) - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Prunus laurocerasus 'Herbergii' (horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats) - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Prunus laurocerasus 'Mano' (horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats) - photo

seeds, leaves

poisonous

Prunus laurocerasus 'Mount Vernon' (horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats) - click on photos

seeds, leaves

poisonous

Prunus laurocerasus 'Otto Luyken' (horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats) - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Prunus laurocerasus 'Rotundifolia' (horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats) - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Prunus laurocerasus 'Schipkaensis Macrophylla' (horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats) - click on photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Prunus laurocerasus 'Zabeliana' (horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats) - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Prunus serotina (horses, cattle, moose, sheep, swine, goats) - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Pteridium aquilinum - bracken - The plant contains the carcinogenic compound ptaquiloside, and communities (mainly in Japan) where the young stems are used as a vegetable have some of the highest stomach cancer rates in the world. Photos

The spores have also been implicated as carcinogens. Toxins within bracken eaten by sheep create blindness.

Very poisonous

Rhamnus catharticus (humans) - click on thumbnal photos and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rhamnus_cathartica

Whole plant . The fruit is dangerous to childlren. If eaten. it cause super-purgation and collapse, from BPP.

poisonous

Rhamnus frangula (cattle, children) - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Rhus glabra - click on thumbnail photos

milky sap

poisonous

Rhus typhina - click on thumbnail photos and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rhus_typhina

milky sap

poisonous

Rhus typina 'Dissecta' - photos

milky sap

poisonous

Robinia 'Casque Rouge' - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Robinia hispida 'Macrophylla' - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Robinia pseudoacacia (horses, cattle, humans, poultry, sheep, goats) (children) - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant. Roots contain Robine, poisonous proteid (1.6%) and phasin

very poisonous

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Bessoniana' (horses, cattle, humans, poultry, sheep, goats) (children) - click on photos
Roots taste and smell like liquorice, but are a dangerous poison - Robine, poisonous proteid, 1.6%

Whole plant

very poisonous

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Frisia' (horses, cattle, humans, poultry, sheep, goats) (children) - photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Monophylla' (horses, cattle, humans, poultry, sheep, goats) (children) - photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Pyramidalis' (horses, cattle, humans, poultry, sheep, goats) (children) - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Sandaudiga' (horses, cattle, humans, poultry, sheep, goats) (children)

Whole plant

very poisonous

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Semperflorens' (horses, cattle, humans, poultry, sheep, goats) (children) - click on photo

Whole plant

very poisonous

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Tortuosa' (horses, cattle, humans, poultry, sheep, goats) (children) - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Umbraculifera' (horses, cattle, humans, poultry, sheep, goats) (children) - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Sambucus canadensis 'Aurea' (cattle, humans, goats) (children) - click on photo

Whole plant

slightly poisonous

Sambucus canadensis 'Maxima' (cattle, humans, goats) (children) - click on photo

Whole plant. Poison is sambunigrin

slightly poisonous

Sambucus nigra (swine, cattle, turkeys, humans) - photo

Whole plant

slightly poisonous

Sambucus racemosa - click on thumbnail photos and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sambucus_racemosa

Whole plant

slightly poisonous

Senecio species - Senecio, Groundsels, Ragwort (horse, cattle, goats, sheep and humans). Some species produce natural biocides (especially alkaloids) to deter or even kill animals that would eat them. Photos.

Leaves - Poisons are jacobine and seneciphylline .They are cumulative poisons and are not affected by drying or storage, from BPP.

Fatal

Skimmia japonica - photo

Whole plant

slightly poisonous

Skimmia japonica 'Rubella' - photos

Whole plant

slightly poisonous

Sophora japonica - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Sophora japonica 'Pendula' - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Sophora japonica 'Regent' - click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Symphoricarpos - photo

berries

slightly poisonous

Symphoricarpos albus laevigatus (children) - click on photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Symphoricarpos albus laevigatus 'White Hedge' (children) - click on photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Symphoricarpos chenaultii - click on photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Symphoricarpos chenaultii 'Hancock' - click on photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Symphoricarpos doorenbosii 'Magic Berry' - click on photos

berries

slightly poisonous

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus - photo

berries

slightly poisonous

Taxus baccata (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - click on thumbnail photos
Taxus baccata leaves and seeds contain an alkaloid called Taxine, which acts as a cardiac depressant, interferes with respiration. Death occurs from suffocation. Fatal to men and animals. It was used as a vermifuge until it was found to kill the patient as well as the worms!

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Aureovariegata' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - photo

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Dovastoniana' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - click on photos

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Dovastonii Aurea' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - click on photos

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - photo

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata Aureomarginata' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - click on photo

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata Robusta' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - click on photo

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Nissens Corona' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - click on images

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Nissens President' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - photos

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Overeynderi' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - photo

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Repandens' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - photo

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Semperaurea' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - click on photos

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Summergold' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - photo

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus baccata 'Washingtonii' (cattle, horses, humans, all animals) - click on thumbnails

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus cuspidata 'Nana' (affects all species) - click on photos

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus media - click on thumbnail photos

poisondartfrog

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus media 'Brownii' - click on photo

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus media 'Farmen' - photo

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus media 'Hicksii' - photo

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Taxus media 'Hillii' - photo

seeds, whole plant

extremely poisonous

Thuja occidentalis - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Thuja occidentalis 'Columna' - photo

Poison Dart Frog being looked up at by brassed-off Tree frog

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Thuja occidentalis 'Smaragd' - photo

treefrog

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Thuja plicata 'Aurescens' - click on thumbnail

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Thuja plicata 'Excelsa' - see video

Whole plant

extremely poisonous

Pages 690-696 of The New Illustrated Gardening Encyclopedia by Richard Sudell, printed before May 1935 for the plant names, followed by details for culture and propagation. Those pages contain table with plant, poisonous part, name or character of poison with its Antidote or Remedies and notes. Always go to your doctor in cases of poison.

Ulex europaeus - diagram and click on photos

Whole plant

very poisonous

Plant: Arum - Arum maculatum.
Poisonous Part: Berries, leaves, rootstock.
Name or Character of Poison: Contains saponine presence of an alkaloid.
Antidotes or Remedies: Give drinks of milk, send for doctor.
Notes: Thrushes and Pheasants can eat the berries with impunity.

Arnica - Arnica montana. Whole plant. The acrid juice contains arnicin, tannins, and malic acid. Give an emetic, and a purge such as castor-oil. Keep patient warm. Brandy if necessary. Arnica is useful to heal bruises when the skin is unbroken.

Barberry - Berberis vulgaris. Berries. Oxalic and malic acid, in small quantities, makes the berries a strong astringent. Unripe berries contain an alkaloid, berberine. Magnesia and milk, or chalk whitening, or ceiling plaster. Give full dose castor-oil. Cooked, some species are harmless and make a pleasant preserve.

Buttercup - Ranunculus acer. Seeds and stems. Acrid and irritant compound about 0.45%. Emetic, then castor-oil; use some emollient cream for skin. Blisters cattle's mouths and children's hands; tramps produce sores with it to excite pity.

Brooklime - Veronica beccabunga. Leaves. Acrid and irritant. Emetic, purge. Stimulant if needed (Caffeine is a stimulant compound belonging to the xanthine class of chemicals naturally found in coffee, tea, and (to a lesser degree) cocoa or chocolate.) . Leaves gathered in mistake for watercress.

Bryony, black - Bryonia didica. Red and orange berries. Acrid; glucoside, rich in potassium nitrate. Use a mustard emetic; give a sal volatile; keep the patient warm. Unwholesome, but not fatal.

Bryony, white - Bryonia alba. Yellow and crimson berries; root. Acrid and unpleasant; Glucoside. Use a mustard emetic; give a sal volatile; keep the patient warm. Root may prove fatal.

Christmas rose (Black Hellebore) - Helleborus niger. Whole plant; root especially. Plant contains 2 glucosides - helleborin and helleboreine; the latter violently the heart. Use a mustard emetic; give a sal volatile; keep the patient warm; artificial respiration may be necessary, and black coffee useful. Fatal to humans and to cattle.

Corn crowfoot - Ranunculus arvensis. Whole plant, particularly seeds. Acrid and irritant, probably contains a compound from which prussic acid is split off. Use a mustard emetic; give sal volatile; keep the patient warm; artificial respiration necessary; black coffee useful. Mainly dangerous when ground among the wheat; millers look out for it.

Daisy (specially Moon Daisy - Leucanthemum vulgare) - Bellis perennis. Whole plant. An acrid juice. Skin rash; use emollient cream; if eaten use emetic, then castor-oil. Children get bad hands with gathering Moon Daisies; it is not virulent poison.

Dandelion - Taraxacum officinalis. Yellow juice of stem and root. Strong aperient (Gently stimulating evacuation of the bowels; laxative.); use emetic and stimulant. Leaves wholesome in salad.

Darnel - Lolium temulentum. Whole plant; especially seeds. Narcotic alkaloid called temuline. Emetic, followed by strong tea. The plant produces vertigo and drowsiness, and the danger is of its being found among the corn.

Deadly nightshade or belladonna - Atropa belladonna. Whole plant, specially the "attractive" fruits like black cherries, and sweet in taste. Hyoscyamine - a violent poison, producing delerium and death. A mustard emetic, then magnesia; flick face with wet towel, give sal volatile, black coffee, strong boiled tea or stimulants, and artificial respiration if coma intervenes; doctor may give opium injection. The plant is harmless to rabbits, but people eating the rabbits die; hence rabbits are unsafe from May to September, when the plant is growing and fruiting.

Fool's Parsley - Aethusa cynapium. Whole plant. Acrid, contains an alkaloid in minute quantity, probaly coniine. Give emetic; purge; follow by necessary stimulants. Dangerous because sometimes found among true parsley, but it is annual and flowers too early for true parsley and its leaves are bluish-green.

Foxglove - Digitalis purpurea. Leaves. Digitalin, digitoxine, digitonine, digitakine. Salt or mustard emetic; 30 grains tannin; brandy, hot black coffee, or strong tea; apply warmth externally and keep lying down until pulse is normal; doctor may give aconite. A very useful heart medicine but poisonous in excess.

Greater Celandine - Chelidonium majus. Yellow juice. Contains about 5 alkaloids, the most important is Chererythrine, which is rather poisonous - it paralyses the central nervous system. Give emetic; purge; follow by necessary stimulants. Useful as wart destroyer.

Henbane - Hyoscyamus niger. Leaves, capsule, juices of plant. Narcotic and emetic; Hyoscyamine and hyoscine, dangerous. Flick face and chest with wet towel; dash on alternate hot and cold water; hot flannels to abdomen; black coffee and sal volatile. Produces fainting and delerium and a "deadly unquiet sleep".

Hemlock - Conium maculatus. Whole plant. Alkaloids, chiefly coniine, very dangerous. Mustard emetic, give sal volatile and strong tea, as tannin is an antidote; doctor may give strychine hypodermically.

Holly - Ilex aquifolium. Berries. Strongly emetic. Warmth; warm salt water to assist in vomiting; a dose of castor-oil; follow by stimulant. Birds can eat berries without any evil effects.

Honeysuckle - Lonicera periclymenum. Berries, leaf. Acrid and bitter, contains a glucoside; strongle emetic; makes mouth sore. Warmth; warm salt water to assist in vomiting; a dose of castor-oil; follow by stimulant.

Ivy - Hedera helix. Purplish-black berries. Bitter and acrid; strong emetic; plant contains a glucoside, called hederine. Warm water to stimulate vomiting.

Laurel - Prunus lauracerasus. Whole plant especially leaves. Prussic acid, split off from amygdaline. Strong smelling salts; cold water dashed on head and face; sal volatile or brandy - Send for doctor. Moth collectors know that laurel leaves put in a bottle will kill moths merely by their presence.

Meadow Saffron - Colchicum autumnale. Seeds and corms. CVontains the highly poisonous alkaloid colchicine. Induce vomiting; purge of castor-oil, keep up warmth. Stimulant if needed. The saffron of commerce is the dried stigma of the flower.

Mezereon - Daphne mezereum. Red fruits. Glucoside, called daphnine, malic acid. Give emetic anmd keep warm. Harmless to birds.

Plumbago (Herbe du Diable) - Plumbago europaea. Kernel, leaves and blossoms. Prussic acid (very small amount); a blistering agent; if eaten, a strong emetic; contains a glucoside called plumbagine, and gallic acid. Purge, warmth. Ulcers have been produced by its means, when beggars wished to excite pity.

Primula - Primula officinalis. Hairs on leaves and stalks. Use an emollient oitment. Produces skin irritation.

 

Continued at bottom of page.

Viburnum - click on photos

berries

poisonous

Viburnum 'Pragense' - click on photos

berries

poisonous

Viburnum bodnantense 'Dawn' - photo

berries

poisonous

Viburnum burkwoodii - photo

berries

poisonous

Viburnum carlcephalum - photo

berries

poisonous

Viburnum carlesii - click on thumbnail photos

berries

poisonous

Viburnum carlesii 'Aurora' - photo

berries

poisonous

Viburnum davidii - photo

berries

poisonous

Viburnum farreri - photo

berries

poisonous

Viburnum lantana - click on thumbnail photos

berries

poisonous

Viburnum opulus (humans) - click on thumbnail photos

berries

poisonous

Viburnum opulus 'Roseum' (humans) - click on photos

berries

poisonous

Viburnum plicatum - click on thumbnail photos

berries

poisonous

Viburnum plicatum 'Mariesii' - photo

berries

poisonous

Viburnum plicatum 'Watanabe' - click on photos

berries

poisonous

Viburnum plicatum tomentosum - click on thumbnail photos

berries

poisonous

Viburnum rhytidophyllum - click on thumbnail photos

berries

poisonous

Viburnum tinus - photo

berries

poisonous

Vinca major - click on photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Vinca minor - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Vinca minor 'Alba' - photo

Whole plant

poisonous

Wisteria floribunda (humans) (children) - click on thumbnail photos

Whole plant

poisonous

Wisteria sinensis (humans) - click on photo and view photos in https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wisteria_sinensis

Whole plant

poisonous

A Guide To The Poisonous Plants And Weed Seeds Of Canada And The Northern United States by Robert Boyd Thomson, H. B. Sifton. University of Toronto Press, Published 1922. The primary reason for this publication is the long-felt need of a text-book to accompany the course on poisonous plants which is given the students of the Ontario Veterinary College. This object has been kept constantly in mind. It has necessitated the preparation of a book at a price within the reach of every student, and yet one that contains in easily available form an up-to-date knowledge of our common poisonous plants, the characteristics by which they may be recognized, the symptoms produced by them and the remedial treatment required. It is hoped that the book will also prove useful to the veterinarian who is in practice, the farmer, the stockman and, to a more limited extent, the medical practitioner and the public generally.

Poisonous Plants of Pakistan by Abid Askari will be published in August 2010 about 158 poisonous plants. The author has collected, in one volume, information about the poisonous plants that can be found in Pakistan, which previously could only be found in scattered, specialized scientific papers. Detailed descriptions of the plants and how to avoid injury from them are accompanied by the authors own accurate illustrations which highlight the poisonous parts of each plant. There is also useful information on how to recognise the symptoms of poisoning and provide first aid.

Poisonous Plants of North Carolina website by:-
"Dr. Alice B. Russell, Department of Horticultural Science; In collaboration with: Dr. James W. Hardin, Department of Botany; Dr. Larry Grand, Department of Plant Pathology; and Dr. Angela Fraser, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences; North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University.
Disclaimer-- The list of poisonous plants on this web site does not necessarily include every poisonous plant that is known, or that might be found in an urban landscape or home. North Carolina State University does not advise eating any of the plants included in this web site. The information concerning edibility is taken from the literature, and the degree of reliability is unknown. We discourage the use of any of these plants for self medication. In cases of accidental exposure or ingestion, contact the Poison Control Center 1-800-222-1222."

with Other Links of Interest:

 

 

See Poisonous Cultivated and UK Wildflower Plants with Photos Page for combination of

Wicked Plants - The A-Z of Plants that kill, maim, intoxicate and otherwise offend by Amy Stewart. Published by Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill in 2010. Sixth printing 2016. ISBN-13: 978-1-60469-127-6 - "Wear gloves in the garden; think twice before sampling a berry from a hedgerow or throwing a root into the saucepan. If you have small children, teach them not to put plants in their mouths. If you have pets, remove the temptation of poisonous plants from their environment."

See other plants described as poisonous in America in the Table below:-

Site design and content copyright ©December 2006. Page structure changed September 2012. Height x Spread in feet changed to Height x Spread in inches (cms) May 2015. Data added to existing pages December 2017. Photo links added August 2013. Poisonous Wildflower plants added September 2016. Selected Poisonous plants added in table below November 2017. Page structure changed and plants added in sections with blue background January 2019. Chris Garnons-Williams.

DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site.  

From Selected Poisonous Plants list in Just the Facts : Dozens of Garden Charts - Thousands of Garden Answers by the Editors of Garden Way Publishing (ISBN 0-88266-867-6). Copyright 1993 by Storey Communications, Inc., which is based in Vermont - a state in the northeastern United States.
Some of the plants below may also be in the University of California Toxic Plants (by scientific name) list and its toxicity class

Botanical Name

Common Name

Poisonous Part of Plant

Botanical Name

Common Name

Poisonous Part of Plant

Botanical Name

Common Name

Poisonous Part of Plant

Abrus precatorius with photos

Rosary pea

A single rosary pea seed causes death because of abrin . One on toxic plant list for rabbits.

Buxus sempervirens with photos of box from Box Wildflower Family

Common box

All parts of the tree are toxic and may irritate the skin or cause a stomach upset if ingested. Leaves are Toxic to rabbits.

Cytisus laburnum (Laburnum anagyroides)

Common laburnum, golden chain, golden rain

All parts of the plant contain cytisine and are poisonous if consumed. Toxic to rabbits.

Acokanthera species with photos

bushman's poison

Its sap contains the deadly cardiotoxic glycoside ouabain. The sap is among the most commonly used in arrow poisons, including those used for poaching elephant

Calonyction species

Moonflower

Seeds

Daphne species

Daphne

Bark, leaves and fruit fatal. A few berries can kill a child. Highly Toxic to rabbits.

Aconitum species

Monkshood. Poisoning of animals can still occur if this plant is thrown out of a garden into a field as the poison persists after any parts of the plant have been cut and dried, from BPP.

The whole plant of all Aconitum, but especially the root contains aconitine; an alkaloid, which is highly poisonous to humans and animals like cattle, goats and rabbits.

Cephalanthus occidentalis

Buttonbush

Leaves

Datura species

All parts are Highly Toxic to rabbits.

Angel's trumpet, jim-sonweed. Datura stramonium - thorn apple - seeds eaten in hay or fresh state induce fatal symtoms similar to deadly nightshade as described above.

All parts cause abnormal thirst, distorted sight, delerium, incoherence and coma. Has proved fatal. All parts of the plant contain tropane alkaloids.

Adonis aestivalis

Summer adonis

Leaves and stem. Toxic to rabbits.

Cestrum species

Cestrum, night-bloom-ing jasmine

Leafy shoots

Delpinium species . All parts are highly Toxic to rabbits.

Larkspur.contains two alkaloids. ajacine and ajaconine.

Young plants and seeds cause digestive upset; may be fatal

Aesculus species

Horse chestnut, buckeye

Leaves and fruit. Toxic to rabbits.

Cicuta

Water hemlock contains cicutoxin, from BPP. Toxic to rabbits.

All parts fatal, cause violent and painful convulsions

Dicentra species

Dutchman's breeches, bleeding-heart. All parts are Toxic to rabbits.

Leaves and tubers may be poisonous in large amounts; fatal to cattle

Ailanthus altissima

Tree of heaven

Leaves, flowers; may cause rash

Clematis vitalba

Traveller's joy.
All parts are mildly Toxic to rabbits.

All parts are poisonous, the active principle resembling proto- anemonin. It is a severe irritant and the juice, if applied to rthe skin, causes blistering. If eaten it causes enteritis and severe abdominal pain with diarrhoea, which in the end may be fatal from BPP.

Dieffenbachia seguine

Dieffenbachia foliage and stems are highly Toxic to rabbits.

Dumb cane

Stems and leaves cause intense burning and irritation of mouth and tongue. Death can occur if base of tongue swells enought to block the throat.

Amaryllis belladonna

Belladonna lily

Bulbs. Toxic to rabbits.

Colchicum autumnale

Autumn crocus, meadow saffron

Leaves are very poisonous. Bulbs are Toxic to rabbits.

Digitalis purpurea
All parts of Digitalis are highly Toxic to rabbits.

Foxglove

Leaves cause digestive upset and mental confusion; may be fatal in large amounts

Anemone patens

Pasque flower

Young plants and flowers. Mildly Toxic to rabbits.

Conium maculatus

Poison hemlock has toxins coniine, methyl-coniine, coniceine. and conhydrine causing -->

death by respiratory failure, from BPP.
All parts. Highly Toxic to rabbits.

Duranta repens

Golden dewdrop

Fruits and leaves

Arisaema triphyllum

Jack-in-the-pulpit

All parts, especially roots, (like dumb cane) contain small needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate that cause intense irritation and burning of the mouth and tongue.

Convallaria majalis

Lily-of-the-valley

Leaves and flowers very poisonous. All parts are highly Toxic to rabbits.

Echium vulgare

Blue weed

Leaves and stems; may cause rash

Asclepias species

Milkweeds

Eating leaves and stems cause vomiting in people and kills grazing animals

Corynocarpus laevigata

Karaka nut

Seeds

Euonymus europa

European burning bush

Leaves and fruit. All parts are Toxic to rabbits.

Asparagus officinalis

Asparagus

Spears contain mercaptan, a substance which may cause kidney irritation if eaten in large amounts; young stems; may cause rash

Crinum asiaticum

Crinum lily

Bulbs

Eupatorium rugosum

White snakeroot

Leaves and stems

Baileya multiradiata

Desert marigold

Whole plant

Crotalaria species

Canary bird bush

Seeds

Euphorbia species. All parts are mildly Toxic to rabbits.

Euphorbias, snow-on-the-mountain, poisettia

Milky sap; may cause rash. Leaves of poisettia can kill a child.

Brunsvigia rosea

Garden amarylis, naked lady

Bulbs

Cypripedium species

Lady Slipper orchid

Hairy stems and leaves; may cause rash

Ficus species

Figs

Milky sap; may cause rash

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fragaria species

Strawberry

Fruit; may cause rash

Ilex aquifolium.
All parts of Ilex species are Toxic to rabbits.

English holly

Berries

Malus

Apple

Seeds contain cyanic acid

Gelsemium semper-virens

Yellow jessamine. Bees poisoned by the flowers

Flowers and leaves; roots; may cause rash

Impatiens species

Impatiens

Young stems and leaves

Melia azedarach

Chinaberry. Fruits are Toxic to rabbits.

Fruit, flowers and bark

Ginkgo biloba

ginkgo, maidenhair tree

Fruit juice; may cause rash.

Iris species

Iris

Rhizomes; may cause rash. If eaten causes digestive upset but not usually serious.

Menispermum

Moonseed

Berries (resemble small wild grapes) may be fatal if eaten

Gloriosa species

Climbing lily

All parts

Jasminium

Jessamine

Berries fatal

Myoporum laetum

Ngaio

Leaves very poisonous

Hedera helix

English ivy

Leaves and berries. All parts are Toxic in high quantities to rabbits.

Juglans species

Walnut

Green hull juice; may cause rash

Narcissus species

Narcissus, daffodil. All parts are Toxic to rabbits.

Bulbs cause nausea, vomiting, may be fatal.

Helenium species

Sneezeweed

Whole plant

Kalmia latifolia

Mountain laurel

Leaves

Nepeta hederacea

Ground ivy

Leaves and stems

Helleborus niger. Toxins helleborein and helleborin, which are persistent in the plant after drying and storage from BPP.

Christmas rose. All parts are Toxic to rabbits. All parts of the hellebores are poisonous to men and animals from BPP.

Rootstock and leaves; may cause rash

Laburnum vulgare

Golden chain

Leaves and seeds cause severe poisoning

Nerium oleander

Oleander. Nectar taken to the hive concentrates as it dries out, which increases the amount of toxins and results in a mass beehive wipeout.

All parts extremely poisonous, affecting the heart.

Heracleum lanatum

Cow parsnip

Leaves and root slightly poisonous; dangerous to cattle

Lantana species

Lantana

Foliage and green berries may be fatal

Nicotiana species

Tobaccos

Foliage

Heteromeles arbutifolia

Toyon, Christmas berry

Leaves

Laurus

Laurels

All parts fatal

Ornithogalum umbellatum

Star-of-Bethlehem. Bulbs and flowers are Toxic to rabbits.

All parts cause vomiting and nervous excitement

Hyacinthus. All parts are Toxic to rabbits in high quantities.

Hyacinth

Bulb causes nausea, vomiting; may be fatal

Ligustrum species

Privet. Berries are highly Toxic to rabbits.

Leaves and berries. Eating leaves and flowers from privet kills horses, from BPP.

Oxalis cernua

Bermuda buttercup

Leaves

Hydrangea macrophylla

Hydrangea

Leaves. All parts are highly Toxic to rabbits.

Linum usitatissimum

Flax contains linamarin, and linamarase, from BPP

Whole plant, especially immature seed pods

Papaver somniferum

Opium poppy. Juice and legumes are highly Toxic to rabbits.

Unripe seed pod very poisonous

Hymenocallis americana

Spider-lily

Bulbs

Lobelia species

Lobelia. All parts are highly Toxic to rabbits.

Leaves, stems, and fruit; may cause rash

Pastinaca sativa

Parsnip

Hairs on leaves and stems; may cause rash

Hypericum perforatum

St John's Wort. Photo-sensitivity is often seen in animals that have been allowed to graze on this plant.

All parts when eaten; may cause rash. Yellow juice is a purgative and astringent. Not very dangerous. Give an emetic and purge. Stimulant if needed

Lupinus species

Lupines. Seeds are Toxic to rabbits. Lupinosis in sheep which have been folded upon crops after pods were well formed from BPP

Leaves, pods and especially seeds

Philodendron species - many are grown as ornamental or indoor plants.

Philodendron. All parts are Toxic to rabbits. All parts contain calcium oxalates. Nibbling a leaf causes mild burning in the mouth.

Stems and leaves. Ingesting could lead to severe abdominal pain, skin contact may cause severe allergic reactions.

 

The castor seed contains ricin, a toxic enzyme. Heating during the oil extraction process denatures and deactivates the enzyme. However, harvesting castor beans may not be without risk. Allergenic compounds found on the plant surface can cause permanent nerve damage, making the harvest of castor beans a human health risk. India, Brazil, and China are the major crop producers, and the workers suffer harmful side effects from working with these plants. I wonder if the outstanding benefits outweigh the collection cost by humans.

Lycium halimifolium

Matrimony vine

Leaves and young shoots

Phoradendron species

Common mistletoe

Berries fatal

Macademia ternifolia

Queensland nut

Young leaves

Pittosporum species

Pittosporum

Leaves, stem and fruit very poisonous

Maclura pomifera

Osage orange

Milky sap, may cause rash

Podophyllum

May apple

Apple, foliage and roots contains at least 16 active toxic principles, primarily in the roots. Children often eat the apple with no ill effects but several may cause diarrhea

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Primula species

Primrose

Leaves and stems; may cause rash

Senecio mikanioides

German-ivy

Leaves and stems

Rhododendron poniticum "All the rhododendrons grown here in the UK are poisonous to livestock, who have access to garden refuse, clippings and the growing evergreen shrub or hedge. They contain a neutral principle - andromedo-toxin - which is also present in azaleas and kalmias. Symptoms of poisoning are similar in all animals --salivation, distressing attempts to vomit. colic, slow and difficu1t breathlng, staggering gait, great debility and death from failure of respiration. Post-mortem examination revea1s the presence of the leaves in the stomach. There is little, if any, inflammation, the vomiting being caused by the action of the poison on the nerve endings in the stomaoh walls" from BPP. Eating its honey leads to Mad Honey Disease.

 


healthremedies

Prunus species

Cherries, peaches, plums

Seeds and leaves; seeds contain cyanic acid

Solanum dulcamara

European bittersweet. All parts are Lethal to rabbits.

Leaves and berries

Quercus

Oak

Foliage and acorns. Takes a large amount to poison

Solanum nudiflorum

Black nightshade

Green berries poisonous but apparently harmless when full ripe.

Ranunculus species.
All parts are Toxic to rabbits.

Buttercup.
Ranunculus ficaria (Lesser Celandine) has poisoned sheep and cattle from BPP

Leaves; may cause rash. If eaten, irritant juices may severely injure the digestive system

Solanum nigrum

Garden huckleberry nightshade. Unripe berries are Lethal to rabbits.

Unripe berries and leaves

Rhamnus species

Coffee berry, buckthorn

Sap and fruit; may cause rash

Solanum pseudo-capsicum - indoor ornamental pepper plant

Jerusalem cherry. All parts are Lethal to rabbits.

Fruit contains solan-capsine, which causes gastric problems

Rheum rhaponticum
Leaves of Reheum species contain poisonous amounts of oxalic acid and so are Toxic to rabbits.

Rhubarb

Leaves; may cause rash. Large amounts of raw or cooked leaves (contain oxalic acid) can cause convulsions, coma, followed by death.

Solanum tuberosum

Irish potato. Unripe fruits, leaves and stems are Lethal to rabbits.

Green skin on tubers

Rhododendron

Rhododendron, Azalea nectar is toxic to bees

Eating leaves is fatal.

Tanacetum vulgare

Common tansy

Leaves

Rhus diversiloba

Poison oak

Leaves

Taxus baccata

Yew. Foliage and berries contain taxine and taxicatoside which are Fatal to rabbits and humans.

Foliage, bark and seeds fatal; foliage more toxic than berries.

Ricinus communis

Castor bean - 3 or 4 seeds can kill a person.

Seeds fatal due to ricin. Seeds and oilcakes are Lethal to rabbits.

Thevetia peruviana

Yellow oleander

All parts

Robinia pseudo-acacia
Roots taste and smell like liquorice, but are a dangerous poison.

Black locust.
Bark, leaves, seeds are highly Toxic to rabbits.

Young shoots, bark and seeds. Roots - Robine - an emetic of salt and warm water, a purge, and then stimulant.

Urtica species

Nettles

Leaves; may cause rash.

British Poisonous Plants. Bulletine No. 161 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office in 1954. Treatise on the effects on livestock of plants known or reputed to be poisonous with First-Aid Treatment. Information from this is credited in this table with BPP.

Rumex acetosa

Sour dock, Common sorrel

Leaves. All parts are Toxic to rabbits.

Veronica virginica

Culvers root

Roots

Sambucus canadensis

Elderberry.
All parts are Toxic to rabbits.

Shoots, leaves and bark. Children have been poisoned by using the pithy stems for blowguns

Wisteria

Wisteria.
Seeds and legumes are Toxic to rabbits.

Mild to severe digestive upset. Children sometimes poisoned by this plant.

Senecio jacobaea is Ragwort, Ben Weed and Curley Doddies.
"As ragwort poisoning takes the form of a slow but certain destruction of a vital organ, the liver, recovery is impossible. Prevention of poisoning lies in control of the weed in pastures and in crops intended for hay or artificial drying. By the time any animal (dog, cat, sheep, horse, cattle, pig) dies of ragwort poisoning; the plant parts will have passed out of the stomach and bowels, and the poisonous alkaloids will not be found in the tissues in sufficient quantity to make a definite chemical diagnosis" from BPP.
Where I live, I am surrounded by livery stables, whose fields contain this poison. In some of these fields; the grass has mostly been eaten due to there being too many horses for too little pasture, leaving only this weed for the horses to eat. We in England have such a caring nature in displaying fields with pretty yellow flowers, which can kill grazing animals!

Saponaria vaccaria. Hypericin causes sensitivity to light killing sheep and cattle in tropical and sub-tropical countries from BPP.

Cow cockle

Seeds

Zephy-ranthes species

Zephyr-lily

Leaves and bulbs

Sativus

Autumn crocus

Vomiting and nervous excitement

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nova Scotia Museum
The Poison Plant Patch

Poison Ivy, Monkshood, Buttercup, Destroying Angel are all examples of toxic plants or mushrooms that can cause vomiting, convulsions, diarrhea, heart failure, contact dermatitis or death.

The deadly beauty of common wildflowers of the Northeast is illustrated here, in addition to the medical symptoms of poisoning. Learn more about the alkaloids, resins, oils and toxic proteins found in house plants, annuals, perennials or native wildflowers. More than 50 plants, mushrooms and algae are included. Did you know that only a few microscopic algae are responsible for the closure of shellfish to harvesting seasonally?

The website contains but a sample of potential poison plants, not all known toxic plants are identified, nor are all known plant toxins included. It is not intended to replace medical consultation, but is intended as an introduction to the possibilities.

POISON CENTRE INFORMATION
in Canada and Continental United States.
Plant ingestion is a major cause of poisoning in children under the age of six. Children are not the only victims: adults, pets and even farm animals also suffer the consequences of toxic plant ingestion.
To prevent such accidents, everyone should be aware of the potential dangers of indoor and outdoor plants.

PLANT POISON GUIDE
A plant is poisonous (Toxic) if it causes chemical injury to a person who either touches or swallows it, or in rare cases, breathes its scent. Harmful substances (Toxins) in plants are commonly classified by their effects upon victims, or their chemical structure:-

 

Alcohol
Intoxication from imbibing beer, wine, or distilled liquor to the point of inebriation is one form of alcohol poisoning.
The breakdown of cabohydrates produces alcohol, although there are a few plants that produce toxic alcohols.
2 plants are found in Nova Scotia to contain toxic alcohols, water hemlock and white snakeroot (a rarely seen plant). Some consider the water hemlock to be the most poisonous plant of temperate North America.

Alkaloids

Alkaloids are nitrogen-bearing alkaline chemicals that originate in plants. They are derived from amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, which especially affect the nervous system. At least 40% of all plant families include plants that contain these compounds.

Continued in next column --->
 

Alkaloids

Many plants have different alkaloids present, each with a specific activity. Some alkaloids are useful medicines; others are harmful, even fatal. Most are bitter tasting. The liver, with the assistance of enzymes, processes the alkaloids that enter the body, rendering some harmless there, while making others more toxic.
One common alkaloid, which many of us seek daily, is caffeine.

Carcinogens and
co-carcinogens
A plant is identified as carcinogenic when it is shown to cause cancer in persons touching or eating it.
A plant is said to be co-carcinogenic when it causes cancer only in conjunction with some other substance. Roquefort and camembert cheese moulds, daphne, and poinsettias, for example, can cause cancer only if the victim eats them while taking certain prescription drugs.

Glycosides
Glycosides are toxins in which at least one sugar molecule is linked with oxygen to another compound, often nitrogen-based. They become harmful when the sugar molecule is stripped off, as in the process of digestion.

Hay Fever allergens

Some people develop sensitivities to the physical properties of some plants, especially seeds or pollen.
Pollen is produced by all flowering plants; it is essential to the fertilization of flowers. Some plants depend upon the wind to pollinate the flowers. Buoyant pollen grains, especially from trees and grasses, blow from plant to plant.
Not all wind-pollinated plants are toxic, but they tend to produce copious amounts of dust-like pollen.

Continued in next column --->

Hay Fever allergens

In susceptible people, this irritating pollen causes hay fever. Many plants cause hay fever—grasses, alders, poplars, birches, elms, and maples, to name a few. Not everyone reacts to all allergenic plants.
Hay fever results in influenza- or cold-like symptoms, with a definite seasonality to the condition. Spring sufferers of hay fever are probably allergic to tree pollen; early summer brings on reactions to grasses; and fall sufferers probably can’t tolerate ragweed.

Oxalates
Oxalates are unstable salts of oxalic acid. When eaten, they break down to release the highly poisonous acid.
The sour flavour of sorrel (Rumex species), wood sorrel (Oxalis), and even rhubarb is due to the presence of the acid.
Some plants may contain differing amounts of potassium or calcium salts, rendering them unsafe, particularly in the buckwheat and goosefoot families.

Phenols
Phenols are acidic compounds that can stop all functions of living cells by altering or binding proteins. The most notorious phenol plant poison in Nova Scotia is the irritant found in poison ivy and its relatives, but phenols are also found in nettles.

Phototoxins
Phototoxins are chemical substances that make the skin very sensitive to the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight and other light sources.

Proteins and Amino
Acids
Proteins and amino acids are complex chemicals necessary to all living cells; most are highly beneficial, not harmful. Chains of amino acids form proteins; if more than two are joined, they are called peptides, rings of amino acids joined together make cyclopeptides like amanitins, some of which are the most deadly poisons known.

Resins and Volatile
Oils
Resins and volatile oils are derived mostly from hydrocarbons—chemicals composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. This group of poisons is very diverse.

Shellfish Poisons
Shellfish poisoning occurs when filter-feeding shellfish (mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops) eat certain kinds of tiny marine algae. Toxins produced by the algae accumulate in the shellfish, making them poisonous when eaten.
In Nova Scotia, three main types of shellfish poisoning are known to occur: amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Generally, these are caused by marine algae called diatoms.

Pages 690-696 of The New Illustrated Gardening Encyclopedia by Richard Sudell, printed before May 1935 for the plant names, followed by details for culture and propagation. Those pages contain table with plant, poisonous part, name or character of poison with its Antidote or Remedies and notes.

Thornapple - Datura stramonium. Whole plant very deadly. Hyoscyamine - produces madness and death. A mustard emetic, then magnesia; flick face with wet towel, give sal volatile, black coffee, strong boiled tea or stimulants, and artificial respiration if coma intervenes.

General Poison Remedies
For most plant poisons it is safe, while waiting for doctor's arrival, to give:-

1. A drink of milk, which coagulates in the stomach and may take up poison in its clot.
2. An emetic, which should bring away milk and poison together.
3. A purge, such as 1-ounce of castor-oil, which should clear out any remainder of poison of the stomach through the mouth.
4. Some strong tea - preferably boiled, as tannin is an antidote to many poisons; or another stimulant such as brandy or sal volatile.
Throughout keep the patient warm, quiet, and with plenty of fresh air.
If patient seems sleepy, keep him awake as some poisons induce a "sleep of death". Specific remedies are given in this list for more virulent and rapid poisons, but as some of the antidotes are as fatal as the original poison, it is nececessary always to send for a doctor to prescribe the correct dose.

Emetics.
1. A dessertspoonful of mustard in a tumbler of lukewarm water.
2. A tablespoonful of salt in a tumbler of luke-warm water.

For a Child.
3. A teaspoonful of ipecacuanha wine repeated twice at intervals of 15 minutes.

Topic
Plants detailed in this website by
Botanical Name
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Bulb
A1, 2, 3, B, C1, 2,
 D, E, F, G, Glad,
H, I, J, K, L1, 2,
 M, N, O, P, Q, R,
 S, T, U, V, W, XYZ ,
Evergreen Perennial
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Herbaceous Perennial
A1, 2, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P1, 2, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ,
Diascia Photo Album,
UK Peony Index
Wildflower
Botanical Names,
Common Names ,
will be compared in:- Flower colour/month
Evergreen Perennial,
Flower shape Wildflower Flower Shape and
Plant use
Evergreen Perennial Flower Shape,
Bee plants for hay-fever sufferers
Bee-Pollinated Index
Butterfly
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis, Butterfly Usage of Plants.
Chalk
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, QR, S, T, UV,
WXYZ
Companion Planting
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R , S, T,
U ,V, W, X, Y, Z,
Pest Control using Plants
Fern Fern
1000 Ground Cover A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, XYZ ,
Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
NO, PQ, R, S, T,
UVWXYZ
Rose Rose Use
These 5 have Page links in rows below
Bulbs from the Infill Galleries (next row), Camera Photos,
Plant Colour Wheel Uses,
Sense of Fragrance, Wild Flower

Case Studies
...Drive Foundations
Ryegrass and turf kills plants within Roadstone and in Topsoil due to it starving and dehydrating them.
CEDAdrive creates stable drive surface and drains rain into your ground, rather than onto the public road.
8 problems caused by building house on clay or with house-wall attached to clay.
Pre-building work on polluted soil.

Companion Planting
to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected plant or deter its pests

Garden
Construction
with ground drains

Garden Design
...How to Use the Colour Wheel Concepts for Selection of Flowers, Foliage and Flower Shape
...RHS Mixed
Borders
......Bedding Plants
......Her Perennials
......Other Plants
......Camera photos of Plant supports
Garden
Maintenance
Glossary with a tomato teaching cauliflowers
Home
Library of over 1000 books
Offbeat Glossary with DuLally Bird in its flower clock.

Plants
...in Chalk
(Alkaline) Soil
......A-F1, A-F2,
......A-F3, G-L, M-R,
......M-R Roses, S-Z
...in Heavy
Clay Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Lime-Free
(Acid) Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Light
Sand Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z.
...Poisonous Plants.
...Extra Plant Pages
with its 6 Plant Selection Levels

Soil
...Interaction between 2 Quartz Sand Grains to make soil
...How roots of plants are in control in the soil
...Without replacing Soil Nutrients, the soil will break up to only clay, sand or silt
...Subsidence caused by water in Clay
...Use water ring for trees/shrubs for first 2 years.

Tool Shed with 3 kneeling pads
Useful Data with benefits of Seaweed

Topic -
Plant Photo Galleries
If the plant type below has flowers, then the first gallery will include the flower thumbnail in each month of 1 of 6 colour comparison pages of each plant in its subsidiary galleries, as a low-level Plant Selection Process
Aquatic
Bamboo
Bedding
...by Flower Shape

Bulb
...Allium/ Anemone
...Autumn
...Colchicum/ Crocus
...Dahlia
...Gladiolus with its 40 Flower Colours
......European A-E
......European F-M
......European N-Z
......European Non-classified
......American A,
B, C, D, E, F, G,
 H, I, J, K, L, M,
 N, O, P, Q, R, S,
 T, U, V, W, XYZ
......American Non-classified
......Australia - empty
......India
......Lithuania
...Hippeastrum/ Lily
...Late Summer
...Narcissus
...Spring
...Tulip
...Winter
...Each of the above ...Bulb Galleries has its own set of Flower Colour Pages
...Flower Shape
...Bulb Form
...Bulb Use
...Bulb in Soil

Further details on bulbs from the Infill Galleries:-
Hardy Bulbs
...Aconitum
...Allium
...Alstroemeria
...Anemone
...Amaryllis
...Anthericum
...Antholyzas
...Apios
...Arisaema
...Arum
...Asphodeline
...Asphodelus
...Belamcanda
...Bloomeria
...Brodiaea
...Bulbocodium
...Calochorti
...Cyclobothrias
...Camassia
...Colchicum
...Convallaria 
...Forcing Lily of the Valley
...Corydalis
...Crinum
...Crosmia
...Montbretia
...Crocus
...Cyclamen
...Dicentra
...Dierama
...Eranthis
...Eremurus
...Erythrnium
...Eucomis
...Fritillaria
...Funkia
...Galanthus
...Galtonia
...Gladiolus
...Hemerocallis
...Hyacinth
...Hyacinths in Pots
...Scilla
...Puschkinia
...Chionodoxa
...Chionoscilla
...Muscari
...Iris
...Kniphofia
...Lapeyrousia
...Leucojum
...Lilium
...Lilium in Pots
...Malvastrum
...Merendera
...Milla
...Narcissus
...Narcissi in Pots
...Ornithogalum
...Oxalis
...Paeonia
...Ranunculus
...Romulea
...Sanguinaria
...Sternbergia
...Schizostylis
...Tecophilaea
...Trillium
...Tulip
...Zephyranthus
Half-Hardy Bulbs
...Acidanthera
...Albuca
...Alstroemeri
...Andro-stephium
...Bassers
...Boussing-aultias
...Bravoas
...Cypellas
...Dahlias
...Galaxis,
...Geissorhizas
...Hesperanthas
...Gladioli
...Ixias
...Sparaxises
...Babianas
...Morphixias
...Tritonias
...Ixiolirions
...Moraeas
...Ornithogalums
...Oxalises
...Phaedra-nassas
...Pancratiums
...Tigridias
...Zephyranthes
...Cooperias
Uses of Bulbs:-
...for Bedding
...in Windowboxes
...in Border
...naturalized in Grass
...in Bulb Frame
...in Woodland Garden
...in Rock Garden
...in Bowls
...in Alpine House
...Bulbs in Green-house or Stove:-
...Achimenes
...Alocasias
...Amorpho-phalluses
...Arisaemas
...Arums
...Begonias
...Bomareas
...Caladiums
...Clivias
...Colocasias
...Crinums
...Cyclamens
...Cyrtanthuses
...Eucharises
...Urceocharis
...Eurycles
...Freesias
...Gloxinias
...Haemanthus
...Hippeastrums
...Lachenalias
...Nerines
...Lycorises
...Pencratiums
...Hymenocallises
...Richardias
...Sprekelias
...Tuberoses
...Vallotas
...Watsonias
...Zephyranthes
...Plant Bedding in
......Spring
......Summer
...Bulb houseplants flowering during:-
......January
......February
......March
......April
......May
......June
......July
......August
......September
......October
......November
......December
...Bulbs and other types of plant flowering during:-
......Dec-Jan
......Feb-Mar
......Apr-May
......Jun-Aug
......Sep-Oct
......Nov-Dec
...Selection of the smaller and choicer plants for the Smallest of Gardens with plant flowering during the same 6 periods as in the previous selection

Climber in
3 Sector Vertical Plant System
...Clematis
...Climbers
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
...Shrubs - Decid
Deciduous Tree
...Trees - Decid
Evergreen Perennial
...P-Evergreen A-L
...P-Evergreen M-Z
...Flower Shape
Evergreen Shrub
...Shrubs - Evergreen
...Heather Shrub
...Heather Index
......Andromeda
......Bruckenthalia
......Calluna
......Daboecia
......Erica: Carnea
......Erica: Cinerea
......Erica: Others
Evergreen Tree
...Trees - Evergreen
Fern
Grass
Hedging
Herbaceous
Perennial
...P -Herbaceous
...Peony
...Flower Shape
...RHS Wisley
......Mixed Border
......Other Borders
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron

Rose
...RHS Wisley A-F
...RHS Wisley G-R
...RHS Wisley S-Z
...Rose Use - page links in row 6. Rose, RHS Wisley and Other Roses rose indices on each Rose Use page
...Other Roses A-F
...Other Roses G-R
...Other Roses S-Z
Pruning Methods
Photo Index R 1, 2, 3
Peter Beales Roses
RV Roger Roses

Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
...Apple
...Cherry
...Pear
Vegetable
Wild Flower and
Butterfly page links are in next row

Topic -
UK Butterfly:-
...Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage
of Plants.
...Plant Usage by
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly.

Both native wildflowers and cultivated plants, with these
...Flower Shape,
...Uses in USA,
...Uses in UK and
...Flo Cols / month are used by Butter-flies native in UK


Wild Flower with its wildflower flower colour page, space,
data page(s).
...Blue Site Map.
Scented Flower, Foliage, Root.
Story of their Common Names.
Use of Plant with Flowers.
Use for Non-Flowering Plants.
Edible Plant Parts.
Flower Legend.
Flowering plants of Chalk and
Limestone 1, 2.
Flowering plants of Acid Soil 1.
...Brown Botanical Names.
Food for
Butterfly/Moth.
...Cream Common Names.
Coastal and Dunes.
Sandy Shores and Dunes.
...Green Broad-leaved Woods.
...Mauve Grassland - Acid, Neutral, Chalk.
...Multi-Cols Heaths and Moors.
...Orange Hedge-rows and Verges.
...Pink A-G Lakes, Canals and Rivers.
...Pink H-Z Marshes, Fens, Bogs.
...Purple Old Buildings and Walls.
...Red Pinewoods.
...White A-D
Saltmarshes.
Shingle Beaches, Rocks and Cliff Tops.
...White E-P Other.
...White Q-Z Number of Petals.
...Yellow A-G
Pollinator.
...Yellow H-Z
Poisonous Parts.
...Shrub/Tree River Banks and other Freshwater Margins. and together with cultivated plants in
Colour Wheel.

You know its
name:-
a-h, i-p, q-z,
Botanical Names, or Common Names,
habitat:-
on Acid Soil,
on Calcareous
(Chalk) Soil,
on Marine Soil,
on Neutral Soil,
is a Fern,
is a Grass,
is a Rush,
is a Sedge, or
is Poisonous.

Each plant in each WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE will have a link to:-
1) its created Plant Description Page in its Common Name column, then external sites:-
2) to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name column,
3) to see photos in its Flowering Months column and
4) to read habitat details in its Habitat Column.
Adder's Tongue
Amaranth
Arrow-Grass
Arum
Balsam
Bamboo
Barberry
Bedstraw
Beech
Bellflower
Bindweed
Birch
Birds-Nest
Birthwort
Bogbean
Bog Myrtle
Borage
Box
Broomrape
Buckthorn
Buddleia
Bur-reed
Buttercup
Butterwort
Cornel (Dogwood)
Crowberry
Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 1
Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2
Cypress
Daffodil
Daisy
Daisy Cudweeds
Daisy Chamomiles
Daisy Thistle
Daisy Catsears Daisy Hawkweeds
Daisy Hawksbeards
Daphne
Diapensia
Dock Bistorts
Dock Sorrels
Clubmoss
Duckweed
Eel-Grass
Elm
Filmy Fern
Horsetail
Polypody
Quillwort
Royal Fern
Figwort - Mulleins
Figwort - Speedwells
Flax
Flowering-Rush
Frog-bit
Fumitory
Gentian
Geranium
Glassworts
Gooseberry
Goosefoot
Grass 1
Grass 2
Grass 3
Grass Soft
Bromes 1
Grass Soft
Bromes 2
Grass Soft
Bromes 3
Hazel
Heath
Hemp
Herb-Paris
Holly
Honeysuckle
Horned-Pondweed
Hornwort
Iris
Ivy
Jacobs Ladder
Lily
Lily Garlic
Lime
Lobelia
Loosestrife
Mallow
Maple
Mares-tail
Marsh Pennywort
Melon (Gourd/Cucumber)
Mesem-bryanthemum
Mignonette
Milkwort
Mistletoe
Moschatel
Naiad
Nettle
Nightshade
Oleaster
Olive
Orchid 1
Orchid 2
Orchid 3
Orchid 4
Parnassus-Grass
Peaflower
Peaflower
Clover 1
Peaflower
Clover 2
Peaflower
Clover 3
Peaflower Vetches/Peas
Peony
Periwinkle
Pillwort
Pine
Pink 1
Pink 2
Pipewort
Pitcher-Plant
Plantain
Pondweed
Poppy
Primrose
Purslane
Rannock Rush
Reedmace
Rockrose
Rose 1
Rose 2
Rose 3
Rose 4
Rush
Rush Woodrushes
Saint Johns Wort
Saltmarsh Grasses
Sandalwood
Saxifrage
Seaheath
Sea Lavender
Sedge Rush-like
Sedges Carex 1
Sedges Carex 2
Sedges Carex 3
Sedges Carex 4
Spindle-Tree
Spurge
Stonecrop
Sundew
Tamarisk
Tassel Pondweed
Teasel
Thyme 1
Thyme 2
Umbellifer 1
Umbellifer 2
Valerian
Verbena
Violet
Water Fern
Waterlily
Water Milfoil
Water Plantain
Water Starwort
Waterwort
Willow
Willow-Herb
Wintergreen
Wood-Sorrel
Yam
Yew


Topic -
The following is a complete hierarchical Plant Selection Process
dependent on the Garden Style chosen
Garden Style
...Infill Plants
...12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
...12 Foliage Colours per Month Index
...All Plants Index
...Cultivation, Position, Use Index
...Shape, Form
Index
 


Topic -
Flower/Foliage Colour Wheel Galleries with number of colours as a high-level Plant Selection Process

All Flowers 53 with
...Use of Plant and
Flower Shape - page links in bottom row

All Foliage 53
instead of redundant
...(All Foliage 212)

All Flowers
per Month 12

Bee instead of wind pollinated plants for hay-fever sufferers
All Bee-Pollinated Flowers
per Month 12
...Index

Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
Rock Plant Flowers 53 INDEX
A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L,
M, NO, PQ, R, S,
T, UVWXYZ
...Rock Plant Photos

Flower Colour Wheel without photos, but with links to photos
12 Bloom Colours
per Month Index
...All Plants Index


Topic -
Use of Plant in your Plant Selection Process

Plant Colour Wheel Uses
with
1. Perfect general use soil is composed of 8.3% lime, 16.6% humus, 25% clay and 50% sand, and
2. Why you are continually losing the SOIL STRUCTURE so your soil - will revert to clay, chalk, sand or silt.
Uses of Plant and Flower Shape:-
...Foliage Only
...Other than Green Foliage
...Trees in Lawn
...Trees in Small Gardens
...Wildflower Garden
...Attract Bird
...Attract Butterfly
1, 2
...Climber on House Wall
...Climber not on House Wall
...Climber in Tree
...Rabbit-Resistant
...Woodland
...Pollution Barrier
...Part Shade
...Full Shade
...Single Flower provides Pollen for Bees
1, 2, 3
...Ground-Cover
<60cm
60-180cm
>180cm
...Hedge
...Wind-swept
...Covering Banks
...Patio Pot
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border
...Poisonous
...Adjacent to Water
...Bog Garden
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Winter-Flowering
...Fragrant
...Not Fragrant
...Exhibition
...Standard Plant is 'Ball on Stick'
...Upright Branches or Sword-shaped leaves
...Plant to Prevent Entry to Human or Animal
...Coastal Conditions
...Tolerant on North-facing Wall
...Cut Flower
...Potted Veg Outdoors
...Potted Veg Indoors
...Thornless
...Raised Bed Outdoors Veg
...Grow in Alkaline Soil A-F, G-L, M-R,
S-Z
...Grow in Acidic Soil
...Grow in Any Soil
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Grow Bulbs Indoors

Uses of Bedding
...Bedding Out
...Filling In
...Screen-ing
...Pots and Troughs
...Window Boxes
...Hanging Baskets
...Spring Bedding
...Summer Bedding
...Winter Bedding
...Foliage instead of Flower
...Coleus Bedding Photos for use in Public Domain 1

Uses of Bulb
...Other than Only Green Foliage
...Bedding or Mass Planting
...Ground-Cover
...Cut-Flower
...Tolerant of Shade
...In Woodland Areas
...Under-plant
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Covering Banks
...In Water
...Beside Stream or Water Garden
...Coastal Conditions
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
...Fragrant Flowers
...Not Fragrant Flowers
...Indoor
House-plant
...Grow in a Patio Pot
...Grow in an Alpine Trough
...Grow in an Alpine House
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Speciman Plant
...Into Native Plant Garden
...Naturalize in Grass
...Grow in Hanging Basket
...Grow in Window-box
...Grow in Green-house
...Grow in Scree
...Naturalized Plant Area
...Grow in Cottage Garden
...Attracts Butterflies
...Attracts Bees
...Resistant to Wildlife
...Bulb in Soil:-
......Chalk
......Clay
......Sand
......Lime-Free (Acid)
......Peat

Uses of Rose
Rose Index
...Bedding 1, 2
...Climber /Pillar
...Cut-Flower 1, 2
...Exhibition, Speciman
...Ground-Cover
...Grow In A Container 1, 2
...Hedge 1, 2
...Climber in Tree
...Woodland
...Edging Borders
...Tolerant of Poor Soil 1, 2
...Tolerant of Shade
...Back of Border
...Adjacent to Water
...Page for rose use as ARCH ROSE, PERGOLA ROSE, COASTAL CONDITIONS ROSE, WALL ROSE, STANDARD ROSE, COVERING BANKS or THORNLESS ROSES.
...FRAGRANT ROSES
...NOT FRAGRANT ROSES


Topic -
Camera Photo Galleries showing all 4000 x 3000 pixels of each photo on your screen that you can then click and drag it to your desktop:-

RHS Garden at Wisley
Plant Supports -
When supporting plants in a bed, it is found that not only do those plants grow upwards, but also they expand their roots and footpad sideways each year. Pages
1, 2, 3, 8, 11,
12, 13,
Plants 4, 7, 10,
Bedding Plants 5,
Plant Supports for Unknown Plants 5,
Clematis Climbers 6,
the RHS does not appear to either follow it's own pruning advice or advice from The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by George E. Brown.
ISBN 0-571-11084-3 with the plants in Pages 1-7 of this folder. You can see from looking at both these resources as to whether the pruning carried out on the remainder of the plants in Pages 7-15 was correct.
Narcissus (Daffodil) 9,
Phlox Plant Supports 14, 15

Coleus Bedding Foliage Trial - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, Index

National Trust Garden at Sissinghurst Castle
Plant Supports -
Pages for Gallery 1
with Plant Supports
1, 5, 10
Plants
 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,
11, 12
Recommended Rose Pruning Methods 13
Pages for Gallery 2
with Plant Supports
2,
Plants 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Dry Garden of
RHS Garden at
Hyde Hall
Plants - Pages
without Plant Supports
Plants 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Nursery of
Peter Beales Roses
Display Garden
Roses Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Nursery of
RV Roger
Roses - Pages
A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,
A6,A7,A8,A9,A10,
A11,A12,A13,A14,
B15,
B16,B17,B18,B19,
B20,
B21,B22,B23,B24,
B25,
B26,B27,B28,B29,
B30,
C31,C32,C33,C34,
C35,
C36,C37,C38,C39,
C40,
C41,CD2,D43,D44,
D45,
D46,D47,D48,D49,
E50,
E51,E52,F53,F54,
F55,
F56,F57,G58,G59,
H60,
H61,I62,K63,L64,
M65,
M66,N67,P68,P69,
P70,
R71,R72,S73,S74,
T75,
V76,Z77, 78,

Damage by Plants in Chilham Village - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4

Pavements of Funchal, Madeira
Damage to Trees - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13
for trees 1-54,
14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
for trees 55-95,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37,
for trees 95-133,
38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
for trees 133-166

Chris Garnons-Williams
Work Done - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Identity of Plants
Label Problems - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11

Ron and Christine Foord - 1036 photos only inserted so far - Garden Flowers - Start Page of each Gallery
AB1 ,AN14,BA27,
CH40,CR52,DR63,
FR74,GE85,HE96,

Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187
A 1, 2, Photos - 43
B 1, Photos - 13
C 1, Photos - 35
D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Photos - 411
with Plants causing damage to buildings in Chilham Village and Damage to Trees in Pavements of Funchal
E 1, Photos - 21
F 1, Photos - 1
G 1, Photos - 5
H 1, Photos - 21
I 1, Photos - 8
J 1, Photos - 1
K 1, Photos - 1
L 1, Photos - 85
with Label Problems
M 1, Photos - 9
N 1, Photos - 12
O 1, Photos - 5
P 1, Photos - 54
Q 1, Photos -
R 1, 2, 3,
Photos - 229
S 1, Photos - 111
T 1, Photos - 13
U 1, Photos - 5
V 1, Photos - 4
W 1, Photos - 100
with Work Done by Chris Garnons-Williams
X 1 Photos -
Y 1, Photos -
Z 1 Photos -
Articles/Items in Ivydene Gardens - 88
Flower Colour, Num of Petals, Shape and
Plant Use of:-
Rock Garden
within linked page

 

 

Topic -
Fragrant Plants:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an Acid Soil
1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil
1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil
1, 2, 3
Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3
Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves
1, 2
Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit
1, 2, 3
Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2
Night-scented Flowering Plants
1, 2
 


Topic -
Website User Guidelines

My Gas Service Engineer found Flow and Return pipes incorrectly positioned on gas boilers and customers had refused to have positioning corrected in 2020.
 


PERENNIAL - EVERGREEN GALLERY
compares the use and flower shape of plants including the ones from a section of the 1000 Ground Cover Plants detailed in this page of the PLANTS Topic

 


7 Flower Colours per Month in Colour Wheel below

  • for Evergreen Perennials only prior to July 2022,
  • from July 2022 it will compare every plant with flowers in this website
    in this EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery.

Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month.

 

I have updated the plant type and plant use for the Evergreen Perennials by February 2023,

then, I will continue from September 2023 to insert all the 1000 Ground-cover Plants using 'Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places' by John Cushnie ISBN 1 85626 326 6
into the relevant 3 Galleries:-
 
1. Flower Colour Month Comparison Page within Evergreen Perennial Gallery including those of foliage only in January Unusual Flower.

 
colormonthbulb9a1a1a1
 
Ground Cover from PLANTS is within the text box under the thumbnail, and by clicking on the centre of the thumbnail, the page shall be changed
 
  • to its descriptive row within one of these pages in PLANTS Topic -
    1000 Ground
    ...Cover     A, B, C,
    ...    D, E, F, G, H, I,
    ... J, K, L, M, N,
    ...O, P, Q, R, S, T,
    ...U, V, W, XYZ
    ...with Ground
    ...Cover for 14
    ...Situation    s
    1 Dry Shade
    2 Damp Shade
    3 Full Sun
    4 Banks and Terraces
    5 Woodland
    6 Alkaline Sites
    7 Acid Sites
    8 Heavy Clay Soil
    9 Dry Sandy Soil
    10 Exposed Sites
    11 Under Hedges
    12 Patios and Paths
    13 Formal Gardens
    14 Swimming Pools and Tennis Courts.
    Also, Use
    ...Ground Cover
    ...in Landscape
    ...noise reducti    on
     
2. into Wildflower Shape Gallery pages in this Table:-
 

EVERGREEN PERENNIAL FLOWER SHAPE in Royal Blue -
WILDFLOWER FLOWER SHAPE in Blue -
Click on Text link

Number of Flower Petals

lessershape1meadowrue1a1

cosmoscflobipinnatuspuritygarnonswilliams1a1

irishcflobladderwort1a1

ajugacflo1genevensisfoord1a1

aethionemacfloarmenumfoord1a2

anemonecflo1hybridafoord1a2

anemonecflo1blandafoord1a2

Petal-less
Petal-less

1
1

2
2

3
3

4
4 and could be cross-shaped

5
5

Above 5
Above 5

 

Flower Shape - Simple

anthericumcfloliliagofoord1a1

argemonecflomexicanaflowermissouriplants1a1

geraniumcinereumballerinaflot9a1a

paeoniamlokosewitschiiflot1a1

magnoliagrandifloracflogarnonswilliams1a1

acantholinumcflop99glumaceumfoord1a1a

stachysflotmacrantha1a1

Stars
Stars

Bowls
Bowls

Cups and Saucers

Globes
Globes

Goblets and Chalices

Trumpets
Trumpet

Funnels
Funnels

campanulacochlearifoliapusillacflofoord1a1

clematiscflodiversifoliagarnonswilliams1a1

Ericacarneaspringwoodwhitecflogarnonswilliams1a1

phloxflotsubulatatemiskaming1a1

 

 

 

Bells
Bells

Thimbles
Thimbles

Urns
Urns

Salver-form
Salver-form

 

 

 

 

Flower Shape - Elab--orated

prunellaflotgrandiflora1a2

aquilegiacfloformosafoord1a2

lilliumcflomartagonrvroger1a1

laburnumcflowaterivossiistandardpage1a1

brachyscomecflorigidulakevock1a1

scabiosacflo1columbariawikimediacommons1a1

melancholycflothistle1a1

Tubes, Lips and Straps

Slippers, Spurs and Lockets

Hats, Hoods and Helmets

Stan-dards , Wings and Keels

Discs and Florets

Pin-Cushions

Tufts
Tufts

androsacecforyargongensiskevock1a2

androsacecflorigidakevock1a2

argyranthemumfloc1madeiracrestedyellow1a1

agapanthuscflosafricanusbluekevock1a1

 

 

Flower stem termin-ating with
a Single Flower

Cushion
Cushion

Umbel
Umbel

Buttons
Buttons

Pompom
Pompom

 

 

 

Natural Arrange--ments

bergeniamorningredcforcoblands1a1

ajugacfloreptansatropurpurea1a2

morinacfloslongifoliapershape1a1

eremuruscflo1bungeipershapefoord1a1

amaranthuscflos1caudatuswikimediacommons1a1

clematiscformontanaontrellisfoord1a1

androsacecfor1albanakevock1a2

Bunches, Posies and Sprays

Columns, Spikes and Spires

Whorls, Tiers and Candle-labra

Plumes and Tails

Chains and Tassels

Cloud, Garland and Cascade

Spheres, Domes and Plates

 

Evergreen Perennial Name Index

Herbaceous Perennial Name Index <---

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

 

 

 

and
3. into the following pages in the EVERGREEN PERENNIAL FLOWER SHAPE Gallery:-

shown in the next column --->

followed by continuing to insert all the plants with flowers from Camera Photo Galleries as indicated by
"Plant with Photo Index" from
Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187 A 1, 2, Index
into the Colour Wheel comparison pages above of EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery in Blue
having started in January 2023.

I will continue to insert all the plants planted in chalk as indicated by
"from Chalk Garden" from
GARDEN CONSTRUCTION Index using
'A Chalk Garden' by F C Stern. Published by Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd in 1960
into the Colour Wheel Comparison Pages above of EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery in black.

then the following plants shall be added from

  • Aquatic,
  • Bamboo,
  • Bedding,
  • Bulb,
  • Climber,
  • Conifer,
  • Deciduous Shrub,
  • Deciduous Tree,
  • Evergreen Shrub,
  • Evergreen Tree,
  • Fern,
  • Grass,
  • Hedging,
  • Herbaceous Perennial,
  • Herb,
  • Odds and Sods,
  • Rhododendron,
  • Rose,
  • Soft Fruit,
  • Top Fruit,
  • Vegetable and
  • Wildflower

    Both native wildflowers and cultivated plants, with these
    ...Flower Shape,
    ...    Uses in USA,

    - after the entries have been completed in the Landscaping List Pages.
     

finally - I am inserting these from February 2023, I will continue to insert all the plants
from the following book on planting sites for perennials, which include most plant types except Annuals and Biennials. She is writing about perennials for use in America.
into the Landscaping List Pages of this Wildflower Shape Gallery and
into the Flower Colour per Month Colour Wheel Comparison Pages above of EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery in royal blue.
Landscaping with Perennials by Emily Brown. 5th printing 1989 by Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-063-0.
 

 

The following is from the current Site Map of Evergr Perenn Gallery in October 2023:-
 

104 from the 1000 Ground Cover Plants (up to Aster novi-belgii in Plant Selection Level 5 Plant Name - A Index page of Plants Topic) as indicated by
Ground Cover from PLANTS within the text box under the thumbnail, and
described in rows in PLANTS Topic by clicking on the centre of the thumbnail in the relevant Flower Colour Month Comparison Page within this gallery. This number represents the number of 1000 Ground Cover Plants with flowers
plus
those of foliage only in January Unusual Flower.
See 1000 Ground Cover Name Index from Plants Topic in the extreme right Table.
then, I will continue from September 2023 to insert all the 1000 Ground-cover Plants using 'Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places' by John Cushnie
ISBN 1 85626 326 6
into the Colour Wheel comparison pages above of EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery in Brown,

into Wildflower Shape Gallery and

into EVERGREEN PERENNIAL FLOWER SHAPE Gallery:-

  • Load Plants and transfer table of Groundcover plants B to this table in Plants Name A page within Evergr Per Gallery. Then, close Plants.
  • Load Evergr Perenn Gallery and load Plants Name A page from it onto Safari. Then load Wildflower Shape Gallery. Do 3 plants from the Groundcover plants in Plants Name A page in Evgr Per Gallery by updating them from the internet and changing each plant row to brown when updated. Put the plants flower thumbnail into the relevant pages in these flower colour/month pages and then into the relevant flower shape comparison pages in Wildflower Shape Gallery. Then close Wildflower Shape Gallery and load Plants. Copy the 3 changed and updated brown text rows to the respective rows in Ground cover Plants B page of Plants Topic. Repeat this row until all the plants in that groundcover plant page have been done.
  • When Page B has been done above then, close Wildflower Shape Gallery and load Evgr Per Shape Gallery and using the thumbnails from this gallery copy them to the relevant plant use pages in the Evgr per shape gallery.
  • When the above has been done, then close Evgr per Shape Gallery and open up the relevant plant type gallery to copy the thumbnail to the valid flower colour/month or flower colour comparison pages in that gallery.
    Aquatic
    Bamboo
    Bedding
    Bulb
    Climber     in 3 Sector Vertical Plant System
    Conifer
    Deciduous Shrub
    Deciduous Tree
    Evergreen Perennial
    Evergreen Shrub
    Evergreen Tree
    Fern
    Grass
    Hedging
    Herbaceous
    Perennial
    Herb
    Odds and Sods
    Rhododendron
    Rose
    Soft Fruit
    Top Fruit
    Vegetable
    Wild Flower
  • When that has been done, then repeat the process for the next groundcover plant page letter.
     

 

 


Landscaping with Perennials by Emily Brown. 5th printing 1989 by Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-063-0 for planting sites for perennials, which include most plant types except Annuals and Biennials.

Perennials & Ephemerals chapter of Plants for Dry Gardens by Jane Taylor. Published by Frances Lincoln Limited in 1993. ISBN 0-7112-0772-0 for plants that are drought tolerant.
 

Wood-land Site

Shady Places
Site

Rock
Garden in Sun Site.
In Shade Site.

Planting on a Sloping Site

Bog Site

Large Peren-nial Site

Cut Flower Site

Outdoor Room
Site

Strip
Site

Plans for Beds and Borders
Site

Beds
Site

Borders Site

 

 

 

Long Bloom-ers

White Flower Colour

Blue or Almost Blue Flower Colour

Lavender Flower Colour

Lavender , called Blue Flower Colour

Yellow Flower Colour

Orange Flower Colour

Pink Flower Colour

Red & Scarlet Flower Colour

Maroon Flower Colour

Flowering Stem between 24-48 inches (60-120 cms)

Flowering Stem over 48 inches (120 cms)

Bloom by Season
Jan-Feb

Bloom by Season
Mar-Apr
 

Bloom by Season
May-Jun

Bloom by Season
Jul-Aug

Bloom by Season
Sep-Dec

Foliage
Blue-Green

Foliage Grey-Green

Foliage Grey

Foliage Varie-gated

 

Foliage Height
1-7 inches (2.5-17.5 cms)

Foliage Height
8-23 inches (20-57.5 cms)

Foliage Height
24- inches
(60 and over cms)

Foliage
Bold

Foliage Finely Cut, Delicate or Comp-ound
+
Finely Cut

Foliage Aromatic

 

Peren-nials for Ground Covering in the Full Sun
+
 1, 2

Peren-nials for Ground Covering in Shade

and 3

 

Long Lived

Bulbs to Combine with Peren-nials including Corms

Grasses to Grow with Peren-nials

Sub-shrubs to Grow with Peren-nials

Annuals to Use with Peren-nials

Herbs for Decor-ation as well as Culinary

 

Annuals, Biennials and Peren-nials to grow Annually

Peren-nials which Self Sow

Neat Growers - Good for Beds

 

Peren-nials which prefer Moisture

Peren-nials which do best on Margins of Water

Peren-nials which are Drought Tolerant

Peren-nials which tolerate Dense Shade

Peren-nials for Poor Soil, Full Sun

Tough Peren-nials (or easy Maint-enance)


Alpines without a Garden by Lawrence D. Hills. Published by Faber and Faber Limited in 1953 for cultivation of alpines in pans, troughs and window-boxes, particularly in towns, for gardeners who have only windw-sills or verandas, or flat roof spaces.

Colour All The Year in My Garden by C.H. Middleton. Published by Ward, Lock & Co. for culture.

Perennials The Gardener's Reference by Susan Carter, Carrie Becker and Bob Lilly. Published by Timber Press in 2007 for plants for Special Gardens. It also gives details of species and cultivars for each genus.
 

Ever-green Perennial Form

Mat-forming

Prostrate or Trailing.

Climbing

Cushion or Mound-forming

Spread-ing or Creeping

Clump-forming

Stem-less. Sword-shaped Leaves

Erect or Upright.

Arching

Evergreen Perennial Use

Other than Only Green Foliage +
 1, 2

Bedding or Mass Planting

Ground-Cover

In Water

Coastal Condit-ions
+
Coastal

Speci-man Plant

Under-plant

Indoor House-plant

Grow in an Alpine House

Grow in Hanging Basket +
Basket

Grow in Window-box

Grow in Green-house

Fragrant Flowers

Not Fragrant Flowers

Attracts Butter-flies
+ Butterfly Usage
of Plants

Attracts Bees +
 1, 2, 3
and Forage Calendar

Grow in Scree

Grow in a Patio Pot

Grow in an Alpine Trough +

Rock Plant

Edging Borders

Back of Border or Back-ground Plant

Into Native Plant Garden

Naturalize in Grass

Natural-ized Plant Area

Resistant to Wildlife

 

Early Spring Border Special Garden

Spring Epheme-rals Special Garden

Summer Border Special Garden

Cottage Garden Special Garden

Late Summer Border Special Garden

Autumn Border Special Garden

Shade Border and Wood-land Garden Special Garden

Back of Border, Alley, and Too Tall for Words Special Garden

Meadow Garden Special Garden

Ever-green Perennial in Soil

Chalk +
A-F, A-F,
A-F, G-L,
M-R, S-Z

Clay +

A-F, G-L,
M-R, S-Z

Sand +
A-F, A-F,
A-F, G-L,
M-R, S-Z

Lime-Free (Acid) +
A-F, A-F,
A-F, G-L,
M-R, S-Z

Peat +

A-F, G-L,
M-R, S-Z

Any +

A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z

+ Ever-green Peren-nials in Pages in Plants

Peony Use
of Peonies in

UK Peony Index

Fragrant Flowers

Flower Arrangers

Hedge

Growing Tree Peonies in Pots

Front of Border

Rest of Border

Not Green Foliage

Rock Garden

Seaside / Coastal

Tree

Collins Aura Garden Handbooks Trees for Small Gardens by Susan Conder. Published by William Collins Sons & Co Ltd in 1988.
On page 17 , it shows how to plant a tree in a lawn, but:-

  • Only 1 stake should have been used at 45 degrees and meeting the trunk at about 50 cms (20 inches) with that stake inserted into the ground on the side where the wind usually comes from. It's purpose is to stop the tree from being blown out of the ground and for the tree finding out about the weather, so that it then decides whether to strengthen its trunk before going on to extend its trunk and its branches. When stakes support the tree at 6 feet from the ground and stop it moving, then when that support is removed after 2 or 3 years, the first gale may well snap the tree at that point.
  • The tree is surrounded by grass which will rapidly grow back next to the trunk. Grass will absorb all the rain and any nutrients supplied. Thus like the disaster at Gloucester Council, this planting would have been a total waste of time. The root system of a tree extends to the tips of the branches as shown by their diagram on page 21, so no grass should be allowed from the trunk to this width, but bulbs and a 3 inch (7.5cm) depth of mulch like mown leaves should replace that grass. See further details on the right hand side of the Welcome Page in Table 4.
    Below that above description in Table 4; there is a photo of a tree planted in Chatham in a pavement in June 2023. Tarmac was compacted round that tree. By January 2024, that level tarmac had dipped.

    Conclusion:-
  • the roots of the tree had been killed due to using up all the water in its locality,
  • it had used up what nutrients there were within the scope of its roots,
  • it had its access to receiving oxygen or excreting carbon dioxide blocked by the tarmac above it
  • its soil organisms had died due to lack of water, food and oxygen because their access to it had been blocked by the tarmac above it.
  • so the tree roots had died and rotted away - for those which had not already been killed by the compaction above when the tarmac was laid and compacted.
  • When the Type I Roadstone had been pressed down using a whacker plate, a layer of soil laid; the tree planted in that soil, then the tarmac laid over its roots and also pressed down to level that area with the surrounding pavement, then those remaining tree's roots had been killed.
    Could you survive the pressure of a small plate compactor providing 2,400 (1088.622 Kilogrammes) pounds of force per square foot (12 x 12 inches = 144 square inches = 929.03 square centimetres) with compaction going as deep as 8 inches (20cm) on you?
    RuggedMade's largest plate compactor model can deliver 9,000 pounds per square foot and compact to a depth of 34 inches (85 cms), which is below the roots of this tree that was planted. The vibrating plate compactor will get rid of the airspaces between the solids that it is compacting. That means that no water, air, or organisms to make soil can move between those solids and that soil is dead and will continue that way. That means that gradually we are killing the ground round where we live, work and play including that whackered down drive, patio, artificial grass area and paths in your garden contribute their nails in your coffin.
  • Living organisms like humans need to breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Plants convert that carbon dioxide back to oxygen. Why is that humans are intent on commiting suicide by destroying plants in putting concrete/ tarmac/ bricks over the landscape and not providing the replacement plant material to provide that oxygen?

On page 23 it has diagrams showing how to remove a large limb. The fourth diagram is incorrect and below is why - you should leave the branch collar on the tree instead of cutting it off. In the centre of each trunk and branch there is a section of nerves used by the tree to get information from all of its branches and trunk and then sending replies of what to do about it. You could say that the Branch Collar is like a junction box, where you cut off after it but not before; otherwise the tree still thinks that branch is still there and then will make invalid decisions. These nerve fibres are the last item in the branches/trunk that rot away.

Branch Collar

thumbbranchcollarriverside1

Most gardens of new houses in England in 2023 are too small for trees, and I would recommend using top fruit and soft fruit trained onto the boundaries. If you add a chainlink fence, then you will have plenty of places to tie cordons, espaliers, fans and blackberries. If you want trees, then you can follow their method of putting them into containers as shown on pages 18 and 19, or train the trees as a a 80 (200cm) high hedge and allow 36 inches (90) from the boundary to the lawn for the hedge to grow in with bulbs and mulch between the lawn and the hedge.

 

From Annuals and Biennials chapter in Plants for Ground-cover by Graham Stuart Thomas - Gardens consultant to the National Trust. Published by J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd in 1970, Reprinted (with further revisions) 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1:-

"I think there is a case to be considered for annuals and biennials in ground-cover schemes so long as they will sow themselves freely.
These suggestions may be useful for large areas outside our gardens where a 'show' for a summer or two is needed, while shrubs and perennial ground-covers are being increased for later permanent planting.. They are easy to control if one studies the life-cycle with a view to allowing seed to develop if required or to remove it before it is shed.

Use

Plant

Comments

Lawn and ground-cover under conifer trees

Poa annua

The needles under a cedar tree were weekly swept away and the grass, despite fertilizers, top dressing, re-seading and re-turfing, simply would not grow. The needles were left alone and within 12 months the area became self-sown with a close and permanent sward of Poa nnua. This little grass regenerates itself constantly so that it makes a lawn, though each plant has only a short life.

Oxalis rosea

This is highly successful in the shade of conifers or any other tree

Cyclamen hederifolium

This is a perennial, though sowing itself freely when suited and it is here because plants to grow under cedars and yews, somewhat away from the trunks, are very few.

Temporary ground-cover under trees

Tropaeolum or Eschscholtzia

A sheet of 'Gleam' nasturtiums or eschscholtzia; both are free-flowering and easily pulled up, though like all annuals it may be a year or two later before all dispersed seeds have germinated.

Silene armeria and Iberis amara are equally successful, with Sett Alyssum (Lobularia maritima) creating a dwarf ground-cover carpet in late summer.

Ground-cover under trees with high rainfall

Claytonia sibirica (Montia sibirica)

This grows under trees where the grass is thin at high altitude and high rainfall. It covers the area - interpersed with primroses and Oxalia acetosella - with a mass of pinky-white stars a few inches (cms) above the ground.

Claytonia perfoliata is an annual; it is usually classed as a weed but is excellent cover in cool, acid soil, but far less conspicuous in flower

Streamsides, river banks and fringes of boggy ground

Impatiens glandulifera (Impatiens roylei, Annual Balsam)

It is a rapid colonizer because its seeds are ejected with some force from the ripe pods. It seeds with great abandon and grows to 72 (180) or more; its many pink flowers make a great show.

Full sun and drier soils than by streamsides

Angelica archangelica

It very quickly produces great green heads in spring, ripening quickly, with the result that the ground is thickly covered with seedlings in late summer.

Oenothera biennis (Evening Primrose) will colonize any sunny waste place and produce yellow blooms for weeks in the summer

Lychnis coronaria is a prolific seeder with rosettes of silvery basal leaves.

Erysimum linifolium (Wallflower) produces lilac flowers

Plants that seed about with abandon

 
  • Phytolacca american Poke Weed) has great spikes of shing black seeds
  • Geranium pratense, a soft blue flower, 36 (90) high, with a basal clump of divided leaves
  • Myrrhis odorata (Sweet Cicely), old garden herb
  • Borago laxiflora with pale blue flowers
  • on neutral, well-drained soil, Lupinus hartwegii and Lupinus polyphyllus, with Lupinus arboreus (Tree Lupin) are useful
  • temporary ground-cover of Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus luteus, which are used agriculturally to enrich the land as a 'green manure'.
  • Verbascum nigrum, produces yellow or white 36 (90) high spikes in summer and it makes good basal rosetttes while it sows itself freely.
  • Foxgloves (Digitalis) and honesty (Lumaria) seed themselves freely and in a way will act as a ground-cover on account of their large basal leaves.

 

 

 

 

From Appendix II Lists of plants for special conditions in Plants for Ground-cover by Graham Stuart Thomas - Gardens consultant to the National Trust. Published by J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd in 1970, Reprinted (with further revisions) 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1:-

Plant

Plant

Plant

 

1. Plants requiring lime-free soils


On limy soils it is wiser not to attempt to grow the genera in this list. They are mainly woodland plants and thrive best in soil in which humus has been mixed.
Species of Ceanothus, Berberis, Chaenomeles, Cytisus, Iris, Lupinus, Pimelia and Myosotideum are not so dependent on humus so long as the soil is acid or neutral.

Arctostaphylos.
Azalea - this is poisonous to bees and its honey to humans.
Berberis thunbergii and varieties.
Blechnum.
Boykinia.
Bruckenthalia.
Calluna.
Camelia.
Carex pendula.
Cassiope.
Chaenomeles.
Claytonia sibirica.
Clethra.
Comptonia.
Cornus canadensis.
Cyathodes.
Cytisus scoparius prostratus (Sarothamnus).
Daboecia.
Dicentra.
Empetrum.
Epigaea.

Erica.
Galax.
Gaultheria.
Gaylussacia.
Houstonia.
Hydrangea macrophylla.
Iris douglasiana.
Iris innominata.
Leiophyllum.
Leucothoe.
Linnaea.
Lithospermum diffusum.
Lupinus.
Luzula.
Meconopsis.
Mitchella.
Myosotideum.
Ourisia.
Pachysandra.
Paxistima.
Pernettya.

Philesia.
Pieris.
Pimelia.
Pyrola.
Rhododendron - this is poisonous to bees and its honey to humans.
Sarothamnus, see Cytisus.
Schizocodon.
Shortia.
Skimmia.
Smilacina.
Soldanella.
Tanakaea.
Vaccinium.
Woodwardia.

 

2. Plants which will thrive in limy soils


While it may be taken that any genus not mentioned in 1 will tolerate lime, many, such as Rosa, prefer the soil to be neutral. The following will thrive in soil that is actively limy, even over chalk, though they will grow equally well without lime.

Acaena.
Acanthus.
Achillea.
Adiantum.
Ajuga.
Alchemilla.
Alyssum saxatile.
Anaphalis.
Anchusa.
Anemone.
Antennaria.
Arabis.
Armeria.
Asplenium.
Athyrium.
Aubretia.
Aucuba.
Ballota.
Berberis (except Berberis thunbergii and varieties).
Bergenia.
Brunnera macrophylla.
Caltha.
Campanula.
Cardamine.
Ceanothus.
Centaurea.
Cerastium.
Ceratostigma.
Choisya.
Cistus.
Clematis.
Convallaria.
Convolvulus.
Cornus alba.
Cotoneaster.

Cotula.
Crambe.
Crataegus.
Cyclamen.
Daphne.
Dianthus.
Dryas.
Dryopteris.
Epimedium.
Erigeron.
Erodium.
Euonymus fortunei.
Euphorbia.
Festuca.
Forsythia.
Fuchsia.
Genista hispanica.
Geranium.
Gymnocarpium.
Gypsophila.
Halimum.
Hebe.
Hedera.
Helianthemum.
Helleborus.
Hemerocallis.
Houttuynia.
Hydrangea villosa.
Hypericum.
Hyssopus.
Iris foetidissima.
Jasminum.
Juniperus.
Lamium.
Lathyrus.
Lavandula.
Liriope.
Lonicera.
Mahonia.
Nepeta.
Osmanthus.
Othonnopsis.

Paeonia.
Peltiphyllum (Darmera).
Phlomis.
Phlox.
Polygonatum.
Polygonum.
Potentilla.
Primula.
Prunus.
Pulmonaria.
Pulsatilla.
Pyracantha.
Pyrus.
Reynoutria.
Ribes.
Rodgersia.
Rosmarinus.
Rubus.
Salvia.
Sambucus.
Santolina.
Sarcooca.
Scabiosa.
Sedum.
Senecio.
Sorbaria.
Spiraea.
Stachys.
Symphoricarpos.
Symphytum.
Taxus.
Tellima.
Teucrium.
Thymus.
Vancouveria.
Viburnum.
Vinca.
Viola.
Waldsteinia.
Zauschneria.

 

3. Plants which tolerate clay.


Few plants establish quickly on very heavy soils over clay, though many of the following will luxuiriate in maturity, provided the area is reasonably well-drained.

Acanthus.
Aesculus.
Ajuga.
Alchemilla.
Anemone x hybrida.
Anemone tomentosa.
Aruncus.
Asarum.
Astilboides.
Aucuba.
Berberis.
Bergenia.
Brunnera.
Caltha.
Chaenomeles.
Clematis.
Convallaria.
Cornus alba.
Cornus stolonifera.
Cotoneaster.
Crataegus.
Daphne.
Epimedium.

Euonymus fortunei.
Forsythia.
Geranium.
Hedera.
Helleborus.
Hemerocallis.
Hosta.
Lamium.
Lonicera.
Mahonia.
Malus.
Peltiphyllum.
Petasites.
Phillyrea.
Polygonatum.
Polygonum.
Prunella.
Prunus.
Pyrus.
Reynoutria.
Ribes.

Rodgersia.
Rosa.
Rubus.
Salix.
Sambucus.
Sarcocca.
Sorbaria.
Spiraea.
Symphoricarpus.
Symphytum.
Telekia.
Tellima.
Trachystemon.
Vancouveria.
Viburnum.
Vinca.
Waldsteinia.

 

4. Plants which will grow satisfactorily in dry, shady places.

Apart from ill-drained clay, this combination of conditions is the most difficult to cope with in the garden.

* indicates those which will not tolerate lime.

Alchemilla conjuncta.
*Arctostaphylos.
Arundinaria.
Asperula.
Asplenium.
Aster macrophyllus.
Aucuba.
*Blechnum spicant.
*Camellia.
*Carex.
*Cornus canadensis.
Cyclamen.
Dryopteris filix-mas.
Duchesnea.
Epimedium.
Euphorbia robbiae.
Fatshedera.

Fragaria.
*Gaultheria shallon.
Geranium nodosum.
Hedera.
Hypericum. androsaemum.
Iris foetidissima.
*Linnaea.
Lonicera nitida.
Lonicera pileata.
Lunaria.
Mahonia.
Myrrhis.
Pachyphragma.
*Pachysandra.
Phyllostachys.
Polypodium.
Prunus laurocerausus varieties.

Reynoutria.
Ribes.
Rubus.
Sarcocca.
Skimmia.
Thalictrum.
Trachystemon.
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea.
Vancouveria.
Vinca minor.
Walsteinia.
Xanthorhiza.

 

5. Plants which thrive on moist soils.

Genera marked * are suitable for boggy positions.

Ajuga.
Aruncus.
*Astilbe.
Astilboides.
Athyrium.
Blechnum chilense.
*Caltha.
Clethra (no lime).
Cornus alba.

Cornus stolonifera.
Filipendula palmata.
Filipendula purpurea.
Gunnera.
Heracleum.
Houttuynia.
*Ligularia.
*Lysichitum.
Matteuccia.

*Onoclea.
Osmunda.
Peltiphyllum (Darmera).
Petasites japonicus.
*Primula florindae.
Primula various.
Ranunculus.
Rheum.
Rodgersia.
*Trollius

 

6. Plants which grow well in shady positions.

The bulk of these are woodland plants, growing well under shrubs and trees, but those marked * are not so satisfactory under trees, though thriving in the shade given by buildings. For those requiring lime-free soil, compare with List 1.

Adiantum.
Aegopodium.
Anemone.
*Arabis.
Arundinaria.
Asarum.
Asperula.
Asplenium.
Athyrium.
Aucuba.
*Berberis.
*Bergenia.
Blechnum.
Boykinia.
Brunnera.
Camellia.
Cardamine.

Carex.
Cassiope.
Chiastophyllum.
*Choisya.
Claytonia.
Comptonia.
Convallaria.
Cornus canadensis.
Cortusa.
Corydalis.
*Cotoneaster.
Cyathodes.
Cyclamen.
Cystopteris.
Dicentra.
Dryopteris.
Duchesnia.

Epigaea.
Epimedium.
Euonymus.
Euphorbia robbiae.
Fragaria.
*Fuchsia.
Galax.
Gaultheria.
Gaylussacia.
Geranium, most.
Gymnocarpium.
*Hebe.
Hedera.
Helleborus.

Helxine.
X Heucherella.
Hosta.
Houstonia.
Hydrangea.
Hypericum androsaemum.
Hypericum calycinum.
*Iberis sempervirens.
Iris foetidissima.
Jasminum nudiflorum.
*Jasminum others.
Juniperus x media.
Lamium.
Leucothoe.
Linnaea.
Lomaria.
Lonicera pileata.
Lunaria.
Luzula.
Lysimachia.
Mahonia.
Maianthemum.
Matteuccia.
Meconopsis.
Milium.
Mitchella.
Myrrhis.
Omphalodes.

Onoclea.
Ourisia.
Oxalis.
Pachyphragma.
Pachysandra.
Paxistima.
Patrinia.
Petasites.
Philesia.
Phyllostachys.
Pieris.
Polygonatum.
Polygonum.
Polypodium.
Polystichum.
Prunus laurocerasus.
Pseudosasa.
Pulmonaria.
Pyrola.
Rhododendron, larger-leaved kinds, it is toxic to bees and the honey from it is toxic to humans.
Ribes.
Rubus.
Sarcocca.
Saxifraga.
Schizocodon.
Selaginella.
 

Shortia.
Skimmia.
Smilacina.
*Soldanella.
Symphytum.
Tanakea.
Tellima.
Thalictrum minus.
Tiarella.
Tolmeia.
Trachystemon.
Vaccinium macrocarpum.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea.
Vancouveria.
*Viburnum davidii.
Vinca.
Viola.
Waldsteinia.
Woodwardia.

 

7. Plants which will thrive in hot, sunny places on dry soils.

Those marked * require lime-free soil.

Acaena.
Acantholimon.
Acanthus.
Achillea.
Alyssum.
Ampelopsis.
Antennaria.
Anthemis.
Arabis.
*Arctostaphylos.
Armeria.
Artemisia.
Aubretia.
Ballota.
Bolax.
Bupleurum.
Calamintha.
Campanula alliariifolia.
Campsis.
Ceanothus.
Centaurea.
Cerastium.
Ceratostigma.
*Chaenomeles.
Choisya.
Cissus.
Cistus.
Clematis flammula.
Clematis x jouiniana.
Convolvulus.
Coronilla.
Cotula.
Crambe.
*Cytisus.
Dianthus

Dimorphotheca.
Elaeagnus.
Elymus.
Ephedra.
Erigeron glaucus.
Erodium.
Erysimum.
Eschscholtzia.
Fascicularia.
Festuca.
Filipendula hexapetala.
Genista.
Geranium x magnificum.
Geranium renardii.
Gypsophila.
Halimocistus.
Halimium.
Hebe.
Helianthemum.
Hypericum calycinum.
Hypericum rhodopeum.
Hyssopus.
Iberis amara.
Iberis sempervirens.
Iris graminea.
*Iris innominata.
Iris japonica.
Iris ruthenica.
Jasminum parkeri.
Juniperus.
Lathyrus.
Lavandula.
Leptospermum.
Limonium.
Lupinus arboreus.

Lychnis coronaria.
Moltkia.
Muehlenbeckia.
Nepeta.
Oenothera biennis.
Ophiopogon.
Osteospermum, (see Dimporphotheca).
Othonnopsis.
Oxalis rubra.
Paronychia.
Parthenocissus.
Pennisetum.
Pterocephalus.
Ptilotrichum.
Raoulia.
Reynoutria.
Romneya.
Rosmarinus.
Ruta.
Salvia'
Santolina.
Saponaria.
Satureia.
Scabiosa graminifolia.
Sedum.
Senecio.
Silene.
Stachys olympica.
Teucrium.
Thymus.
Trachystemon.
*Vaccinium oxycoccus.
Viola labradorica.
Zauschneria.

 

8. Plants which thrive in maritime districts.

Many of the following will stand wind and salt-spray, particularly those marked *.

Those marked ** will provide shelter for others and shelter is highly important in seaside gardening.

For genera requiring, lime-free soil, compare with List 1.

Acaena.
Acantholimon.
Achillea.
Alchemilla.
Alyssum.
Antennaria.
Anthemis.
Arabis.
*Arctostaphylos.
*Armeria.
*Artemisia.
Arundinaria.
Asperula.
Asplenium.
Athyrium.
 

Aubretia.
*Aucuba.
*Berberis.
Bergenia.
Beschorneria.
Betula.
Blechnum.
Bolax.
Bruckenthalia.
**Bupleurum.
Calamintha.
*Calluna.
Camellia.
Campanula.
Campsis.

Ceanothus.
Centaurea.
*Cerastium.
Ceratostigma.
Choisya.
**Cistus.
Clematis.
Convolvulus.
Coprosma.
Cornus alba.
Cornus stolonifera.
Coronilla.
**Cotoneaster.
*Crambe.
**Crataegus.
*Cytisus.
*Daboecia.
*Dianthus.
*Dimorphotheca.
Dryas.
Dryopteris.
*Elaeagnus.
*Elymus.
Ephedra.
*Erica.
*Erigeron glaucus.
*Eriogonum.
*Eryngium.
Erysimum.
**Escallonia.
*Euonymus.
Euphorbia.
Fascicularia.
Festuca.
Filipendula hexapetala.
Forsythia.
*Fuchsia.
Garrya.

*Genista.
Geranium.
*Gypsophila.
Halimiocistus.
*Halimium.
**Hebe.
Hedera.
Helianthemum.
Hemerocallis.
Heuchera.
*Hydrangea.
Hypericum.
Hyssopus.
Iberis.
Ilex.
Iris.
Jasminum.
*Juniperus.
Lathyrus.
Lavandula.
*Leptospermum.
*Limonium.
Liriope.
**Lonicera.
*Lupinus arboreus.
Mahonia.
Myosotideum.
Osteospermum, (see Dimorphotheca).
*Othonnopsis.
Oxalis.
Penstemon.
Petasites fragrans.
Phlox.
Phyllostachys.
Polygonum.
Polypodium.
Polystichum.
*Potentilla.

Pulsatilla.
Pyrus.
Reynoutria.
*Romneya.
*Rosa.
*Rosmarinus.
Rubus.
Ruta.
**Salix.
Salvia.
Santolina.
Satureia.
Saxifraga.

*Sedum.
**Senecio.
Silene.
Skimmia.
Sorbaria.
Spiraea.
Stachys.
Symphoricarpus.
Teucrium.
Thymus.
Vaccinium.
Vinca.
Waldsteinia.

 

9. Plants which create barriers.

The following by their dense or prickly character will deter small animals and human beings as well as weeds.

Arundinaria anceps.
Berberis.
Chaenomeles.
Clematis montana.
Clethra.
Cornus alba.
Cornus stolonifera.
Cotoneaster conspicuus.
Cotoneaster conspicuus 'Decorus'.
Crataegus.
Forsythia suspensa sieboldii.
Gaultheria shallon.
Juniperus x media.
Lonicera nitida.

Mahonia japonica.
Pernettya.
Pyrus.
Rosa 'Macrantha'.
Rosa 'Max Graf'.
Rosa x paulii.
Rosa x polliniana.
Rosa 'Raubritter'.
Rosa rugosa.
Rosa virginiana.
Rosa woodsii fendleri.
Spiraea douglasii.
Spiraea menziesii.

 

 

10. Plants for town gardens.

Genera marked * prefer acid soil;

those marked £ will thrive in impoverished soils. Soil in towns is usually deficient in humus.

£Acanthus.
£Alchemilla.
Anemone.
£Asperula odorata.
£Aucuba.
£Bergenia.
Campanula.
Clematis montana.
Corydalis.
*Dicentra.
£Epimedium.

Euonymus.
£Fatshedera.
£Ferns.
£Geranium.
£Hebe.
£Hedera.
*Hosta.
Nepeta.
Parthenocissus.
Polygonatum.
£Potentilla.

Ribes.
Salix.
Saxifraga, Robertsonia section.
Spiraea.
Tellima.
£Vancouveria.
£Vinca.
Waldsteinia.

 

EXPLAINATION OF WHY SOIL IN UK TOWNS IS USUALLY DEFICIENT IN HUMUS.
That is because when a flower bed is weeded, then the weeds are thrown away. This means that the minerals that weed used up from the soil are also thrown away, and the soil has not received any replacement.

 

Humus is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays.
When plants drop leaves, twigs, and other material to the ground, it piles up. This material is called leaf litter. When animals die, their remains add to the litter. Over time, all this litter decomposes. This means it decays, or breaks down, into its most basic chemical elements. Many of these chemicals are important nutrients for the soil and organisms that depend on soil for life, such as plants. The thick brown or black substance that remains after most of the organic litter has decomposed is called humus. Earthworms often help mix humus with minerals in the soil. Humus contains many useful nutrients for healthy soil. One of the most important is nitrogen. Nitrogen is a key nutrient for most plants. Agriculture depends on nitrogen and other nutrients found in humus.When humus is in soil, the soil will crumble. Air and water move easily through the loose soil, and oxygen can reach the roots of plants. Humus can be produced naturally or through a process called composting. When people compost, they collect decaying organic material, such as food and garden scraps, that will be turned into soil.

soil15casestudies

 

The humus provides the organic polymers to interact with the clay domains and bacterium to stick the 2 grains of sand together. This soil molecule of 2 grains of sand, organic polymers, clay domains and bacterium will disintegrate by the action of the bacterium or fungal enymatic catalysis on the organic polymers. So if a continuous supply of humus is not present, then the soil molecules will break up into sand and clay.
Because the idiots in the UK do not know about this, this is why they weed a bed, throw away the weed, not provide anything in return and expect the soil to take care of itself.
When you go to view gardens open to the public how many times can you see bare earth between plants in a flower bed? There needs to be either a green manure or an organic mulch between the plants, so that leaf litter etc can decompose and become humus to provide the minerals and humus for the plants. That is what you see when you visit a forest where the fallen leaves, branches, animals and birds are left to their own devices, except when a newly qualified university student came to look after a local authority controlled wooded park, when she got the local population to help her and her staff to remove all the undergrowth, leaving bare earth!

 

Cultural Needs of Plants
from Chapter 4 in Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran. Revised and Expanded Edition. Published in 2001 by Timber Press, Inc. Reprinted 2002, 2006. ISBN-13:978-0-88192-495-4.

"Understanding Fern Needs
Ferns have the same basic growing requirements as other plants and will thrive when these are met. There is nothing mysterious about the requirements - they are not something known only to people with green thumbs - but the best gardeners are those who understand plant requirements and are careful about satisfying them.
What, then, does a fern need?
 

  1. Water - All plants need water. Water in the soil prevents roots from drying, and all mineral nutrients taken up by the roots must be dissolved in the soil water. Besides water in the soil, most plants need water in the air. Adequate humidity keeps the plant from drying out. Leaves need water for photosynthesis and to keep from wilting.
  2. Light - All green plants need light to manufacture food (sugars) by photosynthesis. Some plants need more light than others, and some can flourish in sun or shade. Most ferns, however, prefer some amount of shade.
  3. Photosynthesis - For photosynthesis, plants require carbon dioxide, a gas that is exhaled by animals as waste. Carbon dioxide diffuses into plants through tiny pores, called stomata, that abound on the lower surface of the leaves. In the leaf, carbon dioxide is combined with the hydrogen from water to form carbohydrates, the plant's food. This process takes place only in the presence of light and chlorophyll, a green pigment found in plant cells. To enhance growth, some commercial growers increase the carbon dioxide level in their greenhouses to 600ppm (parts per million), or twice the amount typically found in the air.
  4. Oxygen - Plants need oxygen. The green plants of a plant do not require much oxygen from the air because plants produce more oxygen by photosynthesis than they use. The excess oxygen liberated from the plants is used by all animals, including humans. What do plants do with oxygen? They use it just as we do, to release the energy stored in food. We use energy to move about, to talk, to grow, to think - in fact, for all our life processes. Although plants don't talk or move much, they do grow and metabolize and must carry on all their life processes using oxygen to release the stored energy in their food.
  5. Air with roots - Roots need air all the time. They get it from the air spaces between the soil particles. Overwatering displaces the air between soil particles with water, thereby removing the oxygen needed by the roots. This reduces the root's ability to absorb mineral nutrients and can foster root-rot. These gases need free access to the roots:-
    • Nitrogen Cycle -
      Nitrogen is the most commonly limiting nutrient in plants. Legumes use nitrogen fixing bacteria, specifically symbiotic rhizobia bacteria, within their root nodules to counter the limitation. Rhizobia bacteria fix nitrogen which is then converted to ammonia. Ammonia is then assimilated into nucleotides, Amino Acids, vitamins and flavones which are essential to the growth of the plant. The plant root cells convert sugar into organic acids which then supply to the rhizobia in exchange, hence a symbiotic relationship between rhizobia and the legumes.
    • Oxygen Cycle -
      No nutrient absorption occurs at the root zone unless oxygen is present.
    • Carbon Dioxide -
      Plant roots uptake carbon dioxide to provide carbon for parts of the foliage.
  6. Minerals - Plants need minerals to grow properly. The minerals are mined from the soil by the plant's root system. If a certain mineral is missing, such as calcium needed for developing cell walls, then the plant will be stunted, discoloured, or deformed.
  7. Temperature - Some plants tolerate a wide range of temperatures, whereas others are fussy. If the temperature is too high or low, the machinery of the plant will not operate satisfactorily or will cease entirely.

    The basic needs of plants are not hard to supply, but growing success depends on attending to these needs with care and exactitude. The remainder of this chapter is devoted to a discussion of these requirements, with the exception of mineral needs, which are discussed in Chapter 5."

 

Only Earthworms provide the tunnels which transport water, gas and nutrients to and from roots.

When the roots of the plant requires the mineral nutrients dissolved in soil water, oxygen and nitrogen intake and waste gases output, it gets it through the action of the earthworm continously making tunnels to provide the transport system.
6000 species of Earthworm have no special respiratory organs. Gases are exchanged through the moist skin and capillaries, where the oxygen is picked up by the hemoglobin dissolved in the blood plasma and carbon dioxide is released. Water, as well as salts, can also be moved through the skin by active transport.
When the earthworms are denied access to the air above ground as in the case of pavements, driveways and patios; then they die and the system round them dies as well. Since the roots are not getting their requirements; then they also die off, and you are left with insufficient live root to support the tree or other plants.

 

11. Plants suitable for covering rose-beds.

The following are all small plants that will not be strong-growing for the purpose, and will help to make the beds more attractive during the 7 months when Hybrid Teas and Floribundas are not in flower. Small spring-flowering bulbs can be grown through them. The more vigorous shrub roses will tolerate many others among the shorter growing plants in this 1000 ground cover table.

Acaena.
Alyssum saxatile.
Arabis.
Aubretia.
Campanula carpatica.
Campanula portenschlagiana.

Cardamine trifolia.
Corydalis lutea.
Corydalis ochroleuca.
Dianthus.
Lysimachia nummularia.
Phlox subulata.

Primula auricula.
Primula vulgaris sibthorpii.
Pulsatilla.
Saponaria ocymoides.
Saxifraga.
Viola.

 

 

 

PLANTS PAGE
MENU
Introduction
Site Map
 

PLANT USE
Plant Selection
Level 1
Bee Forage Plants
Attracts Bird/Butterfly
Photos - Butterfly

Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in
Bee Pollinated Calendar and Index Galleries
0-24 inches
(0-60 cms)
24-72 inches
(60-180 cms)
Above 72 inches
(180 cms)
Photos - Bee Pollinated Plant Bloom per Month
Blooms Nov-Feb
Blooms Mar-May
Blooms Jun-Aug 1, 2
Blooms Sep-Oct

Ground-cover Height
See Ground-cover Height in Plant Selection Level 5
 

Poisonous Cultivated and UK Wildflower Plants with Photos
or
Cultivated Poisonous Plants
or
Wildflower Poisonous Plants
Rabbit-Resistant Plant
Flower Arranging
Wildflower
Photos - Wildflowers

 


PLANTS FOR SOIL
Plant Selection
Level 2
Info - Any Soil
Any Soil A-F
Any Soil G-L
Any Soil M-R
Any Soil S-Z

Info - Chalky Soil
Chalky Soil A-F 1
Chalky Soil A-F 2
Chalky Soil A-F 3
Chalky Soil G-L
Chalky Soil M-R
Chalky Soil Roses
Chalky Soil S-Z
Chalky Soil Other

Info - Clay Soil
Clay Soil A-F
Clay Soil G-L
Clay Soil M-R
Clay Soil S-Z
Clay Soil Other

Info - Lime-Free (Acid) Soil
Lime-Free (Acid) A-F 1
Lime-Free (Acid) A-F 2
Lime-Free (Acid) A-F 3
Lime-Free (Acid) G-L
Lime-Free (Acid) M-R
Lime-Free (Acid) S-Z

Info - Sandy Soil
Sandy Soil A-F 1
Sandy Soil A-F 2
Sandy Soil A-F 3
Sandy Soil G-L
Sandy Soil M-R
Sandy Soil S-Z

Info - Peaty Soils
Peaty Soil A-F
Peaty Soil G-L
Peaty Soil M-R
Peaty Soil S-Z

Following parts of Level 2a,
Level 2b,
Level 2c and
Level 2d are included in separate columns
together with
Acid Soil,
Alkaline Soil,
Any Soil,
Height and Spread,
Flowering Months and
Flower Colour in their Columns,
and also
Companion Plants to aid this plant Page,
Alpine Plant for Rock Garden Index Page
Native to UK WildFlower Plant in its Family Page in this website
and/or
Level 2cc
in the Comment Column
within each
of the Soil Type Pages of
Level 2

Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources)

To see what plants that I have described in this website see
Plant Botanical Index
...A, B, C, D, E,
...F, G, H, I, J, K,
...L, M, N, O, P, Q,
...R, S, T, U, V, W,
...X, Y, Z

THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:-


PLANTS PAGE MENU

Plant Selection by Plant Requirements
Level 2a
Sun aspect, Moisture


Plant Selection by Form
Level 2b
Tree Growth Shape
Columnar
Oval
Rounded / Spherical
Flattened Spherical
Narrow Conical
Broad Pyramidal
Ovoid / Egg
Broad Ovoid
Narrow Vase
Fan
Broad Fan
Narrow Weeping
Broad Weeping
Single-stem Palm
Multi-stem Palm
Shrub/Perennial Growth Habit
Mat
Prostrate / Trailing
Cushion / Mound
Spreading / Creeping
Clump
Stemless
Erect or Upright
Climbing
Arching


Plant Selection by Garden Use
Level 2c
Bedding
Photos - Bedding
Bog Garden
Coastal Conditions
Containers in Garden
Front of Border
Edibles in Containers
Hanging Basket
Hedge
Photos - Hedging
Pollution Barrier 1, 2
Rest of Border
Rock Garden
Photos - Rock Garden
Thorny Hedge
Windbreak
Woodland


Plant Selection by Garden Use
Level 2cc Others
Aquatic
Back of Shady Border
Crevice Garden
Desert Garden
Raised Bed
Scree Bed
Specimen Plant
Trees for Lawns
Trees for Small Garden
Wildflower
Photos - Wildflowers


Plant Selection by Plant Type
Level 2d
Alpine
Photos - Evergr Per
Photos - Herbac Per
Photos - RHS Herbac
Photos - Rock Garden
Annual
Bamboo
Photos - Bamboo
Biennial
Bulb
Photos - Bulb
Climber
Photos - Climber
Conifer
Deciduous Rhizome
Deciduous Shrub
Photos - Decid Shrub
Evergreen Perennial
Photos - Evergr Per

Evergreen Shrub
0-24 inches 1, 2, 3
24-72 inches 1, 2, 3
Above 72 inches 1, 2

Semi-Evergreen Shrub
Photos - Evergr Shrub
Fern
Photos - Fern
Fruit Plant
Grass
Herb
Herbaceous Perennial
Photos - Herbac Per
Remaining Top Fruit
Soft Fruit
Sub-Shrub
Top Fruit
Tuber
Vegetable
Photos - Vegetable

 

Photos - with its link; provides a link to its respective Plant Photo Gallery in this website to provide comparison photos.
Click on required comparison page and then centre of selected plant thumbnail. Further details on that plant will be shown in a separate Plant Description webpage.
Usually the Available from Mail Order Plant Nursery link will link you to the relevant page on that website.
I started this website in 2005 - it is possible that those particular links no longer connect, so you may need to search for that plant instead.

When I started, a click on the centre of the thumbnail ADDED the Plant Description Page, now I CHANGE the page instead. Mobile phones do not allow ADDING a page, whereas stand alone computers do. The User Guidelines Page shows which Plant Photo Galleries have been modified to CHANGE rather than ADD. All have been changed February 2024.

------------

Ground-cover Height
Ground Cover. How to use flowering and foliage plants to cover areas of soil by Mineke Kurpershoek.
ISBN 1 901094 41 3
Plant combinations for normal garden soil,
Plant combinations for sandy soil,
Plant combinations for clay soil,
Woodland, heaths and wet soil and
Shrubs for slopes and large beds chapters are useful
0-24 inches
(0-60 cms) 1,2,3
24-72 inches
(60-180 cms) 4,5,6
Above 72 inches
(180 cms) 7 --->


PLANTS PAGE MENU

REFINING SELECTION
Plant Selection by
Flower Colour
Level 3a
Blue Flowers
Photos -
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Evergr Per
Evergr Shrub
Wild Flower

Orange Flowers
Photos -
Bedding
Wild Flower

Other Colour Flowers
Photos -
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Evergr Per
Evergr Shrub
Wild Flower

Red Flowers
Photos -
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Decid Shrub
Evergr Per
Evergr Shrub
Herbac Per
Rose
Wild Flower

White Flowers
Photos -
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Decid Shrub
Decid Tree
Evergr Per
Evergr Shrub
Herbac Per
Rose
Wild Flower

Yellow Flowers
Photos -
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Decid Shrub
Evergr Per
Evergr Shrub
Herbac Per
Rose
Wild Flower

Photos - 53 Colours in its Colour Wheel Gallery
Photos - 12 Flower Colours per Month in its Bloom Colour Wheel Gallery

Plant Selection by Flower Shape
Level 3b
Photos -
Bedding
Evergr Per
Herbac Per

Plant Selection by Foliage Colour
Level 3c
Aromatic Foliage
Finely Cut Leaves
Large Leaves
Other
Non-Green
Foliage 1
Non-Green
Foliage 2
Sword-shaped Leaves


PRUNING
Plant Selection by Pruning Requirements
Level 4
Pruning Plants


GROUNDCOVER PLANT DETAIL
Plant Selection Level 5
Plant Name - A from Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places by John Cushnie
ISBN 1 85626 326 6
Plant Name - B
Plant Name - C
Plant Name - D with Ground Cover. How to use flowering and foliage plants to cover areas of soil by Mineke Kurpershoek.
ISBN 1 901094 41 3
Plant combinations for normal garden soil.
Plant combinations for sandy soil.
Plant combinations for clay soil.
Woodland, heaths and wet soil.
Shrubs for slopes and large beds.
Plant Name - E
Plant Name - F
Plant Name - G
Plant Name - H
Plant Name - I with How about using staging in your unheated greenhouse and stock it with bulbs and ferns for looking at from the house from autumn to spring, before using it for salads during the spring/summer from The Culture of Bulbs, Bulbous Plants and Tubers Made Plain by Sir J. L. Cotter.
Plant Name - J
Plant Name - K
Plant Name - L If you have no garden but only a concrete or tarmac area why not use 1 of the 8 Garden on a Roll garden borders and then maintain your garden using their Maintaining your border instructions.
Plant Name - M Importance of providing a mulch with the ground cover
Plant Name - N
Plant Name - O
Plant Name - P
Plant Name - Q
Plant Name - R
Plant Name - S
Plant Name - T
Plant Name - U
Plant Name - V
Plant Name - W
Plant Name - XYZ with Ground cover plants for 14 Special Situations:-
1 Dry Shade
2 Damp Shade
3 Full Sun
4 Banks and Terraces
5 Woodland
6 Alkaline Sites
7 Acid Sites
8 Heavy Clay Soil
9 Dry Sandy Soil
10 Exposed Sites
11 Under Hedges
12 Patios and Paths
13 Formal Gardens
14 Swimming Pools and Tennis Courts
Why grass/lawn should never be used as a groundcover
and
Why seaweed is a necessary ingredient for gardens
The 1000 Ground Cover plants detailed above will be compared in the Comparison Pages of this Wildflower Shape Gallery and in the flower colour per month comparison pages of Evergreen Perennial Gallery starting in November 2022


Then, finally use
COMPANION PLANTING to
aid your plant selected or to
deter Pests
Plant Selection Level 6


THE REASON WHY FLOWERS WHICH ARE NOT SINGLE ARE NO USE TO BEES:-

  • In some double-flowered varieties all of the reproductive organs are converted to petals — as a result, they are sexually sterile and must be propagated through cuttings. Many double-flowered plants have little wildlife value as access to the nectaries is typically blocked by the mutation.

The following details come from Cactus Art:-

"A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female).    

Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds.

Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube.

partsofaflowersmallest1a1a

 

Androecium (male Parts or stamens)
It is made up of the filament and anther, it is the pollen producing part of the plant.
Anther This is the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen. 
Filament This is the fine hair-like stalk that the anther sits on top of.
Pollen This is the dust-like male reproductive cell of flowering plants.

Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil)
 It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures.
Stigma
This is the part of the pistil  which receives the pollen grains and on which they germinate. 
Style
This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of ovary. 
Ovary
The part of the plant that contains the ovules. 
Ovule
The part of the ovary that becomes the seeds. 

Petal 
The colorful, often bright part of the flower (corolla). 
Sepal 
The parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower bud (calix). 
(Undifferentiated "Perianth segment" that are not clearly differentiated into sepals and petals, take the names of tepals.)"

 

The following details come from Nectary Genomics:-
"NECTAR. Many flowering plants attract potential pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. The primary solutes found in most nectars are varying ratios of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which can range from as little a 8% (w/w) in some species to as high as 80% in others. This abundance of simple sugars has resulted in the general perception that nectar consists of little more than sugar-water; however, numerous studies indicate that it is actually a complex mixture of components. Additional compounds found in a variety of nectars include other sugars, all 20 standard amino acids, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, vitamins, organic acids, oils, free fatty acids, metal ions and proteins.

NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate.

WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and rely almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%."

The following details about DOUBLE FLOWERS comes from Wikipedia:-
"Double-flowered" describes varieties of flowers with extra petals, often containing flowers within flowers. The double-flowered trait is often noted alongside the scientific name with the abbreviation fl. pl. (flore pleno, a Latin ablative form meaning "with full flower"). The first abnormality to be documented in flowers, double flowers are popular varieties of many commercial flower types, including roses, camellias and carnations. In some double-flowered varieties all of the reproductive organs are converted to petals — as a result, they are sexually sterile and must be propagated through cuttings. Many double-flowered plants have little wildlife value as access to the nectaries is typically blocked by the mutation.

There is further photographic, diagramatic and text about Double Flowers from an education department - dept.ca.uky.edu - in the University of Kentucky in America.

"Meet the plant hunter obsessed with double-flowering blooms" - an article from The Telegraph.
 

 

Top ten plants that are bad for bees from Countryfile Magazine

"Lavender, alliums, fuschias, sweet peas - keen gardeners know the very best flowers to entice bees to their gardens. But what about plants that are  bad for bees? Here is our expert guide to the top ten plants that you should avoid to keep bees happy and buzzing, plus the perfect alternatives.

1. Rhododendron
Spectacular and beautiful, not many people know the common rhododendron hides a poisonous secret – its nectar is toxic to bees. It’s common practice for beekeepers to keep their hives closed until the flowering season is over. The resulting honey from rhododendrons has also been known to contaminate honey, making it unsafe for humans to eat.
Alternative: Clematis have beautiful, wide flowers and are 100 per cent bee-friendly.

2. Azalea
Rhododendron’s sister, azaleas are also toxic to bees.
Alternative: Foxgloves (Digitalis) are a bee favourite and despite being poisonous if consumed by humans, they are both honey and bee safe.

3. Trumpet flower, or angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens)
Though ornamental and sweet smelling, the trumpet flower’s nectar can cause brood death in bees and is best avoided.
Alternative: Try honeysuckle (Lonicera) instead for deliciously scented results.

4. Oleander (Nerium oleander)
Harmful to butterflies as well as bees, oleander has a severe effect on hives. Nectar taken to the hive concentrates as it dries out, which increases the amount of toxins and usually results in a mass hive wipeout. 
Alternative: Snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus) are equally as bright and arguably more attractive in small or large gardens.

5. Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens)
Pleasantly aromatic and attractive as they are, bees are often poisoned by the vines and flowers of the yellow jessamine and its toxins are said to be as severe as hemlock.
Alternative: Plant Black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia hirta) in tubs and along fences for a pretty, easy-to-grow substitute.

6. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia)
Part of the blueberry family, the mountain laurel is an evergreen shrub with sweet, white or pink flowers when in bloom. Pretty they may be, but the honey produced by mountain laurel is toxic to humans and is often bitter tasting.
Alternative: Lilacs (Syringa) are both beautiful and wonderfully sweet smelling. Easy to grow and are loved by bees and butterflies. 

7. Stargazer lily (Lilium 'Stargazer')
Stunning but deadly to cats, stargazer lilies’ pollen is poisonous to bees.
Alternative: Hollyhocks (Alcea) are impressive and just as beautiful as the stargazer but bee-friendly.

8. Heliconia Exotic and interesting, heliconia, or lobster-claws as its sometimes called, is very toxic to bees. You should not prune your heliconias, as the 'stem' is actually made up of rolled leaf bases and the flowers emerge from the top of these 'pseudostems'. However, each stem will only flower once, so after flowering you can cut that stem out. This is recommended, to encourage more flowering, to increase airflow in between the stems of your plant, and also to generally tidy it up and improve the appearance.
Alternative: Although not quite as exotic, hyacinths are fragrant, gorgeous and easy to grow. Hyacinth bulbs are poisonous; they contain oxalic acid. Handling hyacinth bulbs can cause mild skin irritation. Protective gloves are recommended.

9. Bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia -
All parts of the plant contain andromedotoxin and are considered poisonous)
Not to be confused with the herb, bog rosemary is acutely poisonous and the honey produced from the nectar of Andromeda polifolia contains high enough levels of grayanotoxin to cause full body paralysis and potentially fatal breathing difficulties due to diaphragm paralysis.
Alternative: Why not try planting a classic rosemary bush (Rosmarinus officinalis) – aromatic, resilient and favoured by bees.

10. Amaryllis (Hippeastrum)
Now most commonly recognised as decorative Christmas flowers, amaryllis are gorgeous in bloom but their pollen produces toxic honey. Bulbs, chewing or ingestion of the bulbs, leaves or flowers poisons goats and sheep with Lycorine (An emetic) and small amounts of alkaloids.
Alternative: Dahlias are a highlight of late summer gardens. Beautiful and simple to grow, dahlias often flower until the first frosts of the year."

This is another list of Plants toxic to bees, which includes:-
Aesculus californica,
Angelica triqueta,
Asclepias species,
Astralagus species,
Astralagus lentiginosus,
Camellia thea,
Corynocarpus laevigata,
Astralagus miser v. serotibus,
Cuscuta species,
Cyrilla racemiflora,
Ochrama lagopus,
Solanum nigram,
Sophora microphylla,
Tillia species,
Veratrum cailfornicum,
Zygadenus cenesosus.


There is always room in a garden for bulbs, especially the ones for bees for butterflies:-

BULB FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES

lessershapemeadowrue2a1a1a1a1

alliumcflohaireasytogrowbulbs1a1a

berberisdarwiniiflower10h3a14c2a1a1

irisflotpseudacorus1a1a

aethionemacfloarmenumfoord1a1a

anemonecflo1hybridafoord1a1a

anemonecflo1blandafoord1a1a

Number of Flower Petals

Petal-less

1

2

3

4

5

Above 5

anthericumcfloliliagofoord1a1a1

alliumcflo1roseumrvroger1a1a

geraniumflocineremuballerina1a1a1a1a1a1

paeoniamlokosewitschiiflot1a1a1

paeoniaveitchiiwoodwardiiflot1a1a

acantholinumcflop99glumaceumfoord1a

stachysflotmacrantha1a1a1

Flower Shape - Simple

Stars with Single Flowers

Bowls

Cups and Saucers

Globes

Goblets and Chalices

Trumpets

Funnels

 

digitalismertonensiscflorvroger1a1a

fuchsiaflotcalicehoffman1a1a1

ericacarneacflosspringwoodwhitedeeproot1a1a1a

phloxflotsubulatatemiskaming1a1a1

 

 

 

Flower Shape - Simple

Bells

Thimbles

Urns

Salverform

 

 

 

 

prunellaflotgrandiflora1a1a

aquilegiacfloformosafoord1a1a

acanthusspinosuscflocoblands1a1a

lathyrusflotvernus1a1a

anemonecflo1coronariastbrigidgeetee1a1a

echinaceacflo1purpurealustrehybridsgarnonswilliams1a1a

centaureacfloatropurpureakavanagh1a1a

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated

Tubes, Lips and Straps

Slippers, Spurs and Lockets

Hats, Hoods and Helmets

Stan-dards, Wings and Keels

Discs and Florets

Pin-Cushions

Tufts and Petal-less Cluster

 

androsacecforyargongensiskevock1a1a

androsacecflorigidakevock1a1a

argyranthemumflotcmadeiracrestedyellow1a1a

armeriacflomaritimakevock1a1a

anemonecflonemerosaalbaplenarvroger1a1a

 

 

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated

Cushion

Umbel

Buttons with Double Flowers

Pompoms

Stars with Semi-Double Flowers

 

 

 

bergeniamorningredcforcoblands1a1a1

ajugacfloreptansatropurpurea1a1a

lamiumflotorvala2a1a1

astilbepurplelancecflokevock1a1a1

berberisdarwiniiflower10h3a1433a1a1a1a1

berberisdarwiniiflower10h3a1434a1a1a1a1

androsacecfor1albanakevock1a1a

Natural Arrange-ments

Bunches, Posies and Sprays (Group)

Columns, Spikes and Spires

Whorls, Tiers and Cande-labra

Plumes and Tails

Chains and Tassels

Clouds, Garlands and Cascades

Sphere, Dome (Clusters), Drumstick and Plate

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FURTHER BULB FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES


Bulbs - a complete handbook of bulbs, corms and tubers by Roy Genders. Published in 1973 by Robert Hale & Company.
Contents

History, Culture and Characteristics

  • Early History
  • Botanical Characteristics of Bulbs, Corms and Tubers
  • Propagation
  • Bulbs in the Woodland Garden
  • Bulbs in Short Grass is detailed in Ivydene Gardens Bulb, Corm, Rhizome and Tuber Gallery Site Map
  • Bulbs in the Shrubbery
  • Spring Bedding
  • Summer Bedding
  • A border of bulbs
  • Bulbs for the alpine garden
  • Bulbs for trough garden and window box-
  • Bulbs for alpine house and frame
  • Bulbs in the home
  • Scent in bulbs
  • Diseases and pests of bulbs and corms

Alphabetical Guide - Pages 154-543 provides an Alphabetical Guide to these bulbs, with each genus having a description with details of culture, propagation and details of each of its species and varieties:-
"Cardiocrinum (Liliaceae)
A genus of three species, native of the Himalayas and eastern Asia, which at one time were included in the genus Lilium. They differ in that their bulbs have few scales, while the seed capsules are toothed. They are plants of dense woodlands of Assam and Yunnan, where the rainfall is the highest in the world and they grow best in shade and in a moist humus-laden soil. The basal leaves are cordate, bright-green and glossy; the flowers trumpet-like with reflexed segments. They are borne in umbels of 10 to 20 on stems 10 to 12 ft (120-144 inches, 300 to 360 centimetres) tall. In their native land they are found growing with magnolias and rhododendrons.
Culture
The bulbs are dark green and as large as a hockey ball. Plant 24 (60) apart early in spring, away from a frost pocket, and with the top part exposed. Three bulbs planted together in a spinney or in a woodland clearing will present a magnificent site when in bloom. They require protection from the heat of summer and a cool root run; they are also gross feeders so the soil should be enriched with decayed manure and should contain a large amount of peat or leaf-mould. The bulbs will begin to grow in the warmth of spring, and by early June the flower stems will have attained a height of 96 (240) or more and will be bright green with a few scattered leaves. The basal leaves will measure 10 (25) wide, like those of the arum. The flowers appear in July and last only a few days to be replaced by attractive large seed pods, while the handsome basal leaves remain green until the autumn. The flower stems are hollow.
Propagation
After flowering and the dying back of the leaves, the bulb also dies. Early in November it should be dug up, when it will be seen that three to 5 small bulbs are clustered around it. These are replanted 24 (60) apart with the nose exposed and into soil that has been deeply worked and enriched with leaf mould and decayed manure. They will take two years to bear bloom, but if several are planted each year there will always be some at the flowering stage. To protect them from frost, the newly planted bulbs should be given a deep mulch either of decayed leaves or peat shortly after planting, while additional protection may be given by placing fronds of bracken or hurdles over the mulch.
Plants may be raised from seed sown in a frame in a sandy compost or in boxes in a greenhouse. If the seed is sown in September when harvested, it will germinare in April. In autumn the seedlings will be ready to transplant into a frame or into boxes, spacing them 3 (7.5) apart. They need moisture while growing but very little during winter when dormant. In June they will be ready to move to their flowering quarters such as a clearing in a woodland where the ground has been cleaned of perennial weeds and fortified with humus and plant food. Plant 24 (60) apart and protect the young plants until established with low boards erected around them. They will bloom in about eight years from sowing time.
Species
Cardiocrinum cathayanum. Native of western and central China, it will grow 36-48 (90-120) tall and halfway up the stem produces a cluster of oblong leaves. The funnel-shaped flowers are borne three to five to each stem and appear in an umbel at the top. They are white or cream, shaded with green and spotted with brown and appear early in July. The plant requires similar conditions to Cardiocrinum giganteum and behaves in like manner.
Cardiocrinum cordatum. Native of Japan, it resembles Cardiocrinum giganteum with its heart-shaped basal leaves, which grow from the scales of the greenish-white bulb and which, like those of the paeony (with which it may be planted), first appear bronzey-red before turning green. The flowers are produced horizontally in sixes or eights at the end of a 72 (180) stem and are ivory-white shaded green on the outside, yellow in the throat and spotted with purple. They are deliciously scented.
Cardiocrinum giganteum. Native of Assam and the eastern Himalayas where it was found by Dr Wallich in 1816 in the rain-saturated forests. It was first raised from seed and distributed by the Botanical Gardens of Dublin, and first flowered in the British Isles at Edinburgh in 1852. Under conditions it enjoys, it will send up its hollow green stems (which continue to grow until autumn) to a height of 120-144 (300-360), each with as many as 10 to 20 or more funnel-shaped blooms 6 (15) long. The flowers are white, shaded green on the outside and reddish-purple in the throat. Their scent is such that when the air is calm the plants may be detected from a distance of 100 yards = 3600 inches = 9000 centimetres. Especially is their fragrance most pronounced at night. The flowers droop downwards and are at their best during July and August. The large basal leaves which surround the base of the stem are heart-shaped and short-stalked."

Agapanthus is on pages 159-160 with Anemone on pages 169-175.

with these Appendices:-
 

A -
Planting Depths (Out-doors)

B -
Bulbs and their Habitat

C -
Planting and Flowering Times for Out-door Cult-ivation

D -
Flowering Times for Indoor Bulbs

E -
Bulbs with Scented Flowers

F -
Common Names of Bulbous plants

G -
From Sowing time to Bloom


Bulbs in Cultivation including vital bulb soil preparation from

Bulbs for Small Garden by E.C.M. Haes. Published by Pan Books in 1967:-

Bulbs in the Small Garden with Garden Plan and its different bulb sections

A choice of Outdoor Bulbs

False Bulbs

Bulbs Indoors

Bulb Calendar

Planting Times and Depth

Composts

Bulb Form

Mat-Forming

Prostrate or Trailing

Cushion or Mound-forming

Spreading or Creeping

Clump-forming

Stemless. Sword-shaped Leaves

Erect or Upright

Bulb Use

Other than Only Green Foliage

Bedding or Mass Planting

Ground-Cover

Cut-Flower
1, 2

Tolerant of Shade

In Woodland Areas

Under-plant

Tolerant of Poor Soil

Covering Banks

In Water

Beside Stream or Water Garden

Coastal Conditions

Edging Borders

Back of Border or Back-ground Plant

Fragrant Flowers

Not Fragrant Flowers

Indoor House-plant

Grow in a Patio Pot
1, 2

Grow in an Alpine Trough

Grow in an Alpine House

Grow in Rock Garden

Speciman Plant

Into Native Plant Garden

Naturalize in Grass

Grow in Hanging Basket

Grow in Window-box

Grow in Green-house

Grow in Scree

 

 

Natural-ized Plant Area

Grow in Cottage Garden

Attracts Butter-flies

Attracts Bees

Resistant to Wildlife

Bulb in Soil

Chalk 1, 2

Clay

Sand 1, 2

Lime-Free (Acid)

Peat

 

 

Bulb Height from Text Border

Brown= 0-12 inches (0-30 cms)

Blue = 12-24 inches (30-60 cms)

Green= 24-36 inches (60-90 cms)

Red = 36+ inches (90+ cms)

Bulb Soil Moisture from Text Background

Wet Soil

Moist Soil

Dry Soil

Flowering months range abreviates month to its first 3 letters (Apr-Jun is April, May and June).

Click on thumbnail to change this comparison page to the Plant Description Page of the Bulb named in the Text box below that photo.
The Comments Row of that Plant Description Page links to where you personally can purchase that bulb via mail-order.

PLANT USE Plant Selection Level 1
Bee Forage Plants
Attracts Bird/Butterfly
Photos - Butterfly

Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in Bee Pollinated Calendar and Index Galleries
0-24 inches (0-60 cms)
24-72 inches (60-180 cms)
Above 72 inches (180 cms)

Photos - Bee Pollinated Plant Bloom per Month
Blooms Nov-Feb
Blooms Mar-May
Blooms Jun-Aug 1, 2
Blooms Sep-Oct

There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-

 

 


There is always room in a garden for perennials, even if there is not enough room for shrubs.

Ivydene Gardens Extra Pages of Plants
Shrub/Perennial Growth Habit List - Mat-Forming

When selecting plants, you should start by using what you already have in the garden; especially mature shrubs and some of your perennials.
Growth Habit - The way a plant grows is genetically determined. How well individual plants grow varies with:

  • availability of light,
  • exposure to wind,
  • and competition for food and space with other plants.

So, if you wish to see your plant at its best, rather than as a plant within a hedge effect, please give it room to grow to produce its natural growth habit.

Mature shrubs and perennials will have one of the following growth habits:-

Mat-forming.
Stems densely cover the ground and
the flowers extend above.
alchemillacfor1alpinafoord1
Alchemilla alpina

Prostrate or Trailing.
Stems spread out on the ground and
the flowers are borne close to the foliage.
linariafor1alpina1
Trailing Linaria alpina

Clump-forming.
Leaf-stalks and
flower stems arise at ground level to form a dense mass.
anemonecforblandawikimediacommons1
Anemone blanda

Stemless.
Leaf-stalks and
flower stems arise at ground level.
tulipaforapeldoorn1
Upright Stemless Tulipa 'Apeldoorn' 4L24R

Cushion or Mound-forming.
Tightly packed stems form a low clump and
the flowers are close to the foliage.
saxifragaforcebennensis1a
Cushion Saxifraga cebennensis

Spreading or Creeping.
Stems extend horizontally then ascend, forming a densely packed mass.
prunellaforgrandiflora1a
Spreading Prunella grandiflora

Erect or Upright.
Upright stems stand vertical, supporting leaves and
the flowers.
Ericalusitanicageorgehuntflostalkgarnonwilliams1a
Erica lusitanica 'George Hunt'

Climbing and Scandent.
Long flexible stems are supported by other plants or structures.
bomareafloscaldasii1a
Tuberous-rooted Bomarea caldesii twining climber

Arching.
Long upright stems arch over from the upright towards the ground.

The Herbaceous Perennial Gallery,
Evergreen Perennial Gallery,
Deciduous Shrub Gallery and the
Evergreen Shrub Gallery compare colour photographs of some of the following plant growth habits in thumbnail form and larger size form.

The following pages lists these
Shrub/Perennial Growth Habits:-
Mat
Prostrate / Trailing
Cushion / Mound
Spreading / Creeping
Clump
Stemless
Erect or Upright
Climbing
Arching

You may not have room in your garden for trees, but you can plant them in containers.

Ivydene Gardens Extra Pages of Plants
Tree/Shrub Growth Shape List - Oval

When selecting plants, you should start by using what you already have in the garden; especially mature trees and shrubs.
Growth Shape - The way a plant grows is genetically determined. How well individual plants grow varies with:

  • availability of light,
  • exposure to wind,
  • and competition for food and space with other plants.

So, if you wish to see your plant at its best, rather than as a plant within a hedge effect, please give it room to grow to produce its natural growth habit.

Each tree or shrub will have one of the following growth shapes:-

Rounded / Spherical

croundedshape1
 

Flattened Spherical

cflattenedsphericalshape1
 

Ovoid / Egg-shaped

ceggshapedshape1
 

Broad Ovoid

cbroadovoidshape1
 

Narrow Weeping

cnarrowweepingshape1
 

Broad Weeping

cbroadweepingshape1
 

Columnar

ccolumnarshape1a1
 

These diagrams come from a very useful book called
Van den Berk on Trees
ISBN 90-807408-8-8
written to answer customer's questions over 50 years to these Dutch growers.

Oval

covalshape1a

 

Broad Fan-shaped/ Broad Vase-shaped

cbroadfanshapedshape1a

 

Narrow Conical / Narrow Pyramidal

cnarrowconicalshape1a
 

Broad Conical / Broad Pyramidal

cbroadpyramidalshape1a
 

Narrow Vase-shaped/ Inverted Ovoid

cnarrowvaseshapedshape1a
 

Fan-shaped/ Vase-shaped

cfanshapedshape1a
 

Single-stemmed Palm , cyad, or similar tree

csinglestemgardentia1a1
Wild Date Palm

Multi-stemmed Palm, cyad, or similar tree

cmultistemmedpalmshape1a
Areca Palm

 

The Deciduous Tree Gallery,
Evergreen Tree Gallery,
Deciduous Shrub Gallery and the Evergreen Shrub Gallery compare colour photographs of some of the following plants in thumbnail shape and larger size shape.

The following pages list these shapes for the trees:-
Plant Selection by Form
Level 2b
Tree Growth Shape
Columnar
Oval
Rounded / Spherical
Flattened Spherical
Narrow Conical
Broad Pyramidal
Ovoid / Egg
Broad Ovoid
Narrow Vase
Fan
Broad Fan
Narrow Weeping
Broad Weeping
Single-stem Palm
Multi-stem Palm

If you still have not enough room for trees,
then you can create hedges with trees,
screens with topfruit and softfruit on chainlink fencing
or fruit-bearing areas using chainlink supports on walls.

Plant Selection by Garden Use
Level 2c
Coastal Conditions
Containers in Garden
Edibles in Containers
Hanging Basket
Hedge
Photos - Hedging
Pollution Barrier 1, 2
Thorny Hedge
Windbreak
Woodland


Plant Selection by Garden Use
Level 2cc Others
Specimen Plant
Trees for Lawns
Trees for Small Garden

Choose 1 of these different Plant selection Methods:-

1. Choose a plant from 1 of 53 flower colours in the Colour Wheel Gallery.
2. Choose a plant from 1 of 12 flower colours in each month of the year from 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery.
3. Choose a plant from 1 of 6 flower colours per month for each type of plant:-
Aquatic
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
Deciduous Tree
Evergreen Perennial
Evergreen Shrub
Evergreen Tree
Hedging
Herbaceous Perennial
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron nectar is toxic to bees
Rose
Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
Wild Flower
4. Choose a plant from its Flower Shape:-
Shape, Form
Index
Flower Shape
5. Choose a plant from its foliage:-
Bamboo
Conifer
Fern
Grass
Vegetable
6. There are 6 Plant Selection Levels including Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in
Plants Topic.
or
7. when I do not have my own or ones from mail-order nursery photos , then from March 2016, if you want to start from the uppermost design levels through to your choice of cultivated and wildflower plants to change your Plant Selection Process then use the following galleries:-
Create and input all plants known by Amateur Gardening inserted into their Sanders' Encyclopaedia from their edition published in 1960 (originally published by them in 1895) into these
Stage 1 - Garden Style Index Gallery,
then
Stage 2 - Infill Plants Index Gallery being the only gallery from these 7 with photos (from Wikimedia Commons) ,
then
Stage 3 - All Plants Index Gallery with each plant species in its own Plant Type Page followed by choice from Stage 4a, 4b, 4c and/or 4d REMEMBERING THE CONSTRAINTS ON THE SELECTION FROM THE CHOICES MADE IN STAGES 1 AND 2
Stage 4a - 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery,
Stage 4b - 12 Foliage Colours per Month Index Gallery with
Stage 4c - Cultivation, Position, Use Index Gallery and
Stage 4d - Shape, Form Index Gallery
Unfortunately, if you want to have 100's of choices on selection of plants from 1000's of 1200 pixels wide by up to 16,300 pixels in length webpages, which you can jump to from almost any of the pages in these 7 galleries above, you have to put up with those links to those choices being on
the left topic menu table,
the header of the middle data table and on
the page/index menu table on the right of every page of those galleries.

Pruning

Pruning Made Easy - A gardener's Visual Guide to when and how to prune everything, from flowers to trees by Lewis Hill. Published by Storey Publishing as one of its Storey's Gardening Skills Illustrated Series in 1997.
ISBN 1-58017-007-2. Lewis Hill owned Berryhill Nursery.

The illustrations combined with the text tell you precisely what to do in the above book.

I have spent a long time investigating the state of the trees in pavements within Funchal in Madeira and I have taken 100's of photos to show what happens when any tree is pruned and allowed to rot followed by the inside rot being set light to. You can look at the welcome page, and below this leads on to the start page of the 100's of photos linked to in the comments on cavity repair, for further details.
 

Chapter

Contents

Comments

Reasons to prune

Pruning with a purpose.
Pruning when planting or transplanting.
Pruning to train.
Pruning to control size.
Pruning for appearance.
Pruning for health.
Pruning for production.
Pruning for rejuvenation.
Pruning to create a barrier.

 

Tools and Equipment

Clippers and loppers.
Sharpening pruning shears.
Shearing equipment.
Tree paints and sealers.
Tool storage.

 

Pruning Methods

A proper pruning cut.
Pruning at different life stages.
When to prune.
Training.
Shearing.
Pinching.
Removing large limbs.
Beheading.
Disbudding.
Thinning fruit.
Basal pruning.
Root pruning.

 

Ornamental trees and shrubs

Pruning a bare-root shrub.
Pruning container-grown or balled-and-burlapped plants.
Pruning flowering trees.
Pruning Flowering Shrubs.
Pruning a viburnum.
Pruning a lilac.
Restoring an old flowering tree or shrub.
Turning a shrub into a tree.
Pruning shrubs that produce fruit or berries.
Plants with coloured bark.
Shrubs and trees that need special care in pruning.
Pruning roses.
General rose maintenance.
Pruning a hybrid tea rose.
Pruning shrub and species roses.
Pruning climbers and ramblers.
Pruning tree roses.
Choosing a tree or shrub.

 

Shade trees

Basic tree shapes.
Choosing the proper tree.
Pruning at planting time.
Maintenance pruning.
Basal pruning.
Care of mature trees.
Tree surgery.
Cavity repair.

Cavity repair.
"1. Clean out the cavity carefully. Remove all dirt, old bark, insects, and rotten wood right down to soil wood, much as a dentist cleans out a tooth prior to filling it, If possible, flush out the area with clean water." Fine.

"2. Smooth out the rough edges with a heavy-grit file" No, that would tend to remove the remains of the branch collar and further damage the tree.

"3. Fill the hole with a good tree-cavity sealer. Asphalt compounds, such as those used in patching driveways and roofs, are suitable..."
No, asphalt as well as concrete are solid and may shrink slightly as they dry out leaving a gap where the water, insects can get back in and rot the tree.

I suggest the following:-
"Solution to holes in trees.
Remove ... rot within the hole. Then blast the remaining rot with a high pressure water hose to try and clear more of the rot. Spray with Boron (a water based preservative kills only wood boring insects - not spiders, birds or bats) as a treatment for insect, wet and dry rot attack. While it is still wet, apply a layer of Expanding Foam to the bottom of the hole. Immediately place bottles on this and allow to set for 5 minutes. Apply another layer of expanding foam and another layer of bottles. The aim of the bottles is to occupy space, they are not there as a deterrent. That is why the foam has to be in contact with the inside of the tree not the glass bottle. The poisons in the foam will kill anything eating it and the foam does stick better when wet with water. Keep up this operation until the hole is covered. 
Leave to set and then paint the foam surface twice with a recommended water-based, but not oil-based, sealant.

Solutions to stop creating holes in trees.
When a branch is cut off, remember to cut it off on the other side of the Branch Collar. (See Figure 1 - Optimum position of the final pruning cut in "Guide to Tree Pruning" by the Arboricultural Association which shows the branch collar within and outside the tree. My Comments: I disagree with their recommendation not to apply wound paint as you can see the result if you do not paint trees which are dehydrated, starved and gassed as these trees in the pavements of Madeira are.) 
Once that is done, then immediately apply Boron and 2 coats of protective sealant as used for holes in trees above." from Photo Damage to Trees in Madeira Page 1.

I also saved the yew tree in my local churchyard.

Pruning evergreens

What is an evergreen.
Needled evergreens.
Shearing basics.
How to shear.
Shearing specimen evergreens.
A shearing timetable.
Shearing dwarf evergreens.
Creating a dwarf evergreen.
Shearing windbreaks and screens.
Pruning needled evergreens.
Broadleaf evergreens.
Renewal pruning.

 

Pruning hedges

Starting a new hedge.
Shearing a hedge.
Making an arch in your hedge.
Reviving an old hedge.
Formal hedges.
Hedges for barriers.
Flower- and berry-producing hedge plants.
Hedges needing careful maintenance.
Annual hedges.
Low-maintenance hedges.

 

Artistic pruning

Topiary.
Topiary frames.
Espalier.
Creating a cordon.
English fences.
Pollarding and coppicing.
Pruning a Japanese-style garden.

 

Pruning fruit trees

Pruning a bare-root fruit tree at planting time.
Pruning a young fruit tree.
Fruit-tree pruning styles.
Prune for quality fruit.
Repair pruning.
Prune to manage your tree's size.
Prune to keep your tree healthy.
Managing suckers.
Dealing with sunscald.
When to prune fruit trees.
Pruning dwarf fruit trees.
Pruning to make trees bear.
The old orchard.
Pruning sanitation.
Pruning spur-type fruit trees.
Specific trees: apple; apricot; cherry; citrus; fig; peach and nectarine; pear; plum; quince; tropical and semitropical fruits.
Cutting grafting wood.

A solution for grass round trees depriving them of water and nutrients; using the expertise of DLF.
If the turf was uplifted during August/September using a fork for a distance of 24 inches (60 cms) round the base of the tree trunk in the grass and placed upside down beyond that 24 inches, that would expose the roots of that tree. 10 grammes of PM105 which is equal parts of Alsike White Clover, Red Clover, White Clover, Yellow Trefoil and Birdsfoot Trefoil could be added to a bucket, with 50 grammes of Rehofix MK1500 Bulking Granules (these are corn skin granules and biodegradable and used as a carrier for the PM105). This mixture could be mixed with 12 grammes of Groweb Tackifier (a gelling agent that when mixed with water, swells becoming highly viscous, binding the seed and the Rehofix and sand to the soil surface. It also stops anybody else from taking the seeds, whether it is wind, bird, or human). This is then distributed onto the exposed soil between the trunk and the water ring created by the overturned turf slabs. Then 2 bags of sharp sand are spread over the sown seed to prevent birds from eating the seeds and to cover the exposed roots of the tree. This is followed by spraying 2 gallons of water on top of the sand, and the wildflower seeds can then grow through the sand with the clover. The clover are legumes and would fertilise the tree roots. Since there is usually quite a bit of rain from October to March, irrigation of these wildflowers would be unnecessary and having grown during that autumn/winter period, these plants would probably be okay for the following spring/summer growing conditions. The replacement of the turf with these wildflowers would stop that area of turf from drinking all the rain that falls on it and if any fertiliser was applied on top of it, from it using all of it and the tree getting none.

Pruning small fruits

Grapes.
Pruning bare-root grapes at planting time.
The Kniffen system.
Pruning an old grapevine. The bush fruits: blueberry, cranberry, currant and gooseberry, elderberry.
The bramble fruits.
Maintenance pruning of brambles.
Strawberries.

 

Nut trees

Planting a nut tree.
Early training of nut trees.
Almond.
Black Walnut and Butternut.
Chestnut.
Filbert.
Hickory.
Pecan.
Walnut.

 

Vines and ground covers

Pruning a woody vine.
Pruning a wisteria.
Pruning clematis.
Climbing roses.
Rejuvenating an overgrown vine.
Working a remodeling or painting job around a vine.
Twining vine.
Clinging vines.
Annual vines.
Pruning ground covers.

 

Garden plants and houseplants

Reasons to prune perennials.
Perennial herb plants.
Perennial food plants.
Pruning Houseplants.
Prune to rejuvenate.
Hanging baskets.
Pruning for winter storage.
Root pruning.

 

Bonsai

Choosing your specimen.
Containers.
Equipment.
Soil mixture.
Planting.
Pruning at planting time.
Early training.
Maintenance pruning.
Care of your bonsai.
Root pruning and repotting.

 
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