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READING THE TEXT IN RED ON THIS PAGE WILL MAKE IT EASIER FOR YOU TO USE EACH PAGE in my educational website.
THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 17,000:-
Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources) |
HOME PAGES Welcome - Ivydene Gardens informs you how to design, construct and maintain your private garden using organic methods and companion planting. Sub Menu to each Page of this Topic of the HOME PAGES, with normally a * after Page you are viewing.
Damage to Tree Trunks 1, 2, 3, 4 caused by people, Camera Photo Galleries:- Will visitors to Madeira worry about having branches or trees in public places fall on them? No; according to Engineer Francisco Pedro Freitas Andrade of Est. Marmeleiros, No 1, Jardins & Espaces Verdes who is Chef de Diviso Câmara Municipal do Funchal; Departamento de Ciência e de Recursos Naturais; Divisão de Jardins e Espaços Verdes Urbanos in charge of the trees within the pavements within the area controlled by Funchal Municipality - See Monitoring of Trees in pavements in Funchal, Madeira from September 2019 to February 2010 1, 2 pages by his department. PROBLEMS WITH TREES IN PAVEMENTS IN ST. PETER PORT, GUERNSEY IN SEPTEMBER 2019 |
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This is "Photo 2 - flower bed from low road by promenade IMG_6116.JPG View towards the Forum from the same position as the above photo was taken." from Public Gardens alongside pavements in Funchal, Madeira Page. This also shows the new trees from here towards the Forum. These trees have been planted further away from the road than tree 56 in Death of Tree Roots in Madeira caused by people Page. Photo 1 - tree 85 from pestana promenade to forum view previous road section IMG_6004.JPG This shows the other end of these new trees back towards the Pestana Promenade Hotel. These trees have been planted even further from the road and it would then appear that the lateral roots of these trees would be able to surround the pavement area round the tree. Photo 2 - tree 85 from pestana promenade to forum with irrigation pipe and growing tree IMG_6003.JPG This black pipe looks like irrigation pipe. |
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Photo 3 - tree 85 from pestana promenade to forum with irrigation pipe and growing tree IMG_6003.JPG Note the light brown bark on the tree trunk. This is new bark and indicates that this tree is being irrigated on a regular basis, which is sufficiently often to keep these weeds growing and healthy. I suspect the grey shale in this tree planting pit has come from the sea-shore further along the coast,been washed and then used as a mulch to prevent the soil underneath from drying out due to either the sun's rays on it or the wind. Melcourt Industries Limited did an experiment some years ago. They planted young fruit trees into a field in April. They then soaked the field with water. Then over a half of that field, they applied a thick mulch of Melcourt Bark. Then each month they recorded the moisture content in the soil and the condition of the trees only. The fruit trees without the mulch in August after the hottest year in a long time were very distressed and the ground was dry. The fruit trees with the mulch were quite happy and there was still moisture in the ground. An organic mulch is better than an inorganic mulch like this grey shale. |
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Photo 4 - tree 81 from pestana promenade pavement pavers with gaps IMG_5994.JPG It would appear that there is a small gap between these new pavers where irrigation water can enter if the pavement is irrigated regularly and gaseous exchange can occur. New roots could then form under these gaps. These pavers could be replaced with altered shape pavers as described in Solution to tree problems Page:- |
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Photo 5 - tree 85 from pestana promenade to forum view previous road section IMG_6004.JPG These trees look like proper trees which have not been pollarded as soon as they were planted. These trees may have some watersprouts coming from branches rather than the stumps of cut branches. which if they were cut off would be better for the tree, but no tree is perfect!! |
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Photo 6 - tree 85 from pestana promenade to forum with crossing branch IMG_6002.JPG You can see light brown bark in the trunk of this tree indicating that because of irrigation, this tree is growing this year. |
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Photo 7 - tree 85 from pestana promenade to forum with crossing branch IMG_6002.JPG The right hand branch at the bottom is crossing over a horizontal branch. In windy conditions this branch will cause damage to the branch under it. At some point it was probably decided that that the middle branch was going over the road and so it was decided that it would be cut off. It was not cut back to the branch it came from and the cut sealed with black masonry paint, so it produced 2 now large watersprouts, a new small branch coming towards the left and and an older branch going to the right. The correct tree/shrub pruning technique is shown on the Ivydene Gardens informs you how to design, construct and maintain your provate garden using organic methods and companion planting Page and then you would leave a branch growing that would at least grow in the desired direction naturally rather than producing watersprouts which seems to be the system adopted in maintaining trees in this road's pavements. Can Madeira afford to train it's staff? |
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Photo 8 - Grundfos.jpg This is page 5 of the installation pamphlet supplied with every Grundfos circulating pump. If the current pump fails and your central heating/hot water system fails to transfer the heat generated by the boiler, then the circulator needs replacing. Assuming that your qualified UK plumber cannot read, since only the privileged majority can, hopefully he/she is not blind as well and can see the diagram for correctly replacing a pump on a horizontal pipe. I am afraid that one the one's I employed could not and installed the new one as in figure 2 third in that row. It duly failed 4 months later and the next plumber was persuaded to install the next new one correctly. So if UK qualified gas engineers practicing terrorism on their unsuspecting clients, because they could not read the instructions, |
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Photo 9 - Glow-worm.jpg When the replacement boiler has been fitted, then the client should receive the book about the boiler, which should have the following diagram in it, so that you can check that the boiler has been correctly fitted.
Remember to use the excellent quality of the service by UK workers:-
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Photo 10 - tree 30 from end of 2 road junction root disturbance IMG_6257.JPG The lateral roots have raised the metal barrier and some of the concrete pavers, but not sure where the irrigation came from - unless one or more of the lateral roots is under the flower bed between the road and the bicycle track. Is it perhaps a leak from a mains water pipe as I had seen on either side of the last concrete staircase between this upper road and the lower road from the Lido. When I informed the hotel opposite it, I was told that that irrigation system was under the control of the civil service government in Funchal. Photo 11 - tree 60 from pestana promenade past lido IMG_6359.JPG Concrete replaces the concrete pavers which have been raised by the lateral roots of this tree. It is good to know that we quite happily put a toxic substance on tree roots!!! Photo 12 - tree 59 from pestana promenade past lido roots lifting pavement and pushing out kerb edge IMG_6357.JPG Lateral roots can get quite long in their search for water/nutrients etc. Has the grass gone brown between these pavers because it has been killed off by the sun or was it sprayed with a herbicide? The herbicide will also reach the tree roots which is not beneficial to the tree. Photo 13 - tree 60 from pestana promenade past lido in road IMG_6360.JPG Same tree as in Photo 11 |
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Photo 14 - tree 61 from pestana promenade past lido in road by zebra crossing IMG_6362.JPG This is not tree 60 or 61 but a different one with its own problems.
Laterals girdling this tree only get irrigated from the water flowing along the road to get to road drains. Further concrete has been laid round tree to stabilise concrete pavers but not to help the tree. Photo 16 - tree 61 from pestana promenade past lido in road IMG_6363.JPG Poor tree has not only to deal with tarmac, concrete, concrete pavers but also traffic pounding its roots and hitting the exposed trunk - while that part of the trunk is in the road - as well as girdling roots. I do get concerned when I see the roadside warning stating "Workmen in Road". I know that housing space is low, but not quite to that extent where that workforce could be run over while mantaining that road!!!! |
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This website is being created by Chris Garnons-Williams of Ivydene Horticultural Services from it's start in 2005. I am requesting free colour photographs of any plants grown in or sold in the United Kingdom to add to the plants in the Plant Photographic Galleries and Butterfly photographs for the Butterfly on Plant Photographic Galleries. |
Site design and content copyright ©April 2007. Page structure amended October 2012. Page structure changed February 2019 for pages concerning Trees in pavements alongside roads in Madeira. Chris Garnons-Williams. |
It should be remembered that nothing is sold from this educational site, it simply tries to give you the best advice on what to use and where to get it (About Chris Garnons-Williams page details that no payment or commision to or from any donor of photos or adverts I place on the site in the Useful Data or other sections is made to Chris Garnons-Williams or Ivydene Horticultural Services). This website is a hobby and not for direct commercial gain for Ivydene Horticultural Services. There is no Google Adscenes or Search Facility in this website. The information on this site is usually Verdana 14pt text (from December 2023, this is being changed from 14pt to 10pt) and all is in tabular form. This can be downloaded and sorted using WORD or other word-processing software into the order that you personally require, especially for soil subsidence, the Companion Planting Tables and the pages in the Plants section. This would be suitable for use in education as well. I put jokes in at various places to give you a smile. |
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The following is from "Some time around 600 million years ago, green algae began to move out of shallow fresh waters and onto the land. They were the ancestors of all land plants... Today, plants make up to 80% of the mass of all life on Earth and are the base of the food chains that support nearly all terrestrial organisms.... But the algal ancestors of land plants had no roots, no way to store or transport water, and no experience in extracting nutrients from solid ground. How did they manage the fraught passage onto dry land? ... It was only by striking up new relationships with fungi that algae were able to make it onto land. These early alliances evolved into what we now call mycorrhizal relationships. Today, more than 90% of all plant species depend on mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal associations are the rule not the exception: a more fundamental part of planthood than fruit, flowers, leaves, wood or even roots.... For the relationship to thrive, both plant and fungus must make a good metabolic match. In photosynthesis, plants harvest carbon from the atmosphere and forge the energy-rich carbon compounds - sugars and lipids - on which much of the rest of life depends. By growing within plant roots, mycorrhizal fungi acquire privileged access to these sources of energy: they get fed. However, photosynthesis is not enough to support life. Plants and fungi need more than a source of energy. Water and minerals must be scavenged from the ground - full of textures and micropores, electrically charged cavities and labyrinthine rot-scapes. Fungi are deft rangers in this wilderness and can forage in a way that plants can not. By hosting fungi within their roots, plants gain hugely improved access to these sources of nutrients. They, too, get fed. By partnering, plants gain a prosthetic fungus, and fungi gain a prosthetic plant. Both use the other to extend their reach.... By the time the first roots evolved, the mycorrhizal association was already some 50 million years old. Mycorrhizal fungi are the roots of all subsequent life on land. Today, hundreds of millions of years later, plants have evolved, faster-growing, opportunistic roots that behave more like fungi. But even these roots cannot out-manoeuvre fungi when it comes to exploring the soil. Mycorrhizal hyphae are 50 times finer than the finest roots and can exceeed the length of a plant's roots by as much as a 100 times. Their mycelium makes up between a third and a half of the living mass of soils. The numbers are astronomical. Globally, the total length of mycorrhizal hyphae in the top 10 centimetres (4 inches) of soil is around half the width of our galaxy (4.5 x 10 to the power 17 kilometres versus 9.5 x 10 to the power 17 kilometres). If these hyphae were ironed into a flat sheet, their combined surface area would cover every inch of dry land on Earth 2.5 times over.... In their relationship, plants and mycorrhizal fungi enact a polarity: plant shoots engage with the light and air, while the fungi and plant roots engage with the solid ground. Plants pack up light and carbon dioxide into sugars and lipids. Mycorrhizal fungi unpack nutrients bound up in rock and decomposing material. These are fungi with a dual niche: part of their life happens within the plant, part in the soil. They are stationed at the entry point of carbon into terrestrial life cycles and stitch the atmosphere into relation with the ground. To this day, mycorrhizal fungi help plants cope with drought, heat and many other stresses life on land has presented from the very beginning, as do the symbiotic fungi that crowd into plant leaves and stems. What we call 'plants' are in fact fungi that have evolved to farm algae, and algae that have evolved to farm fungi.... Mycorrhizal fungi can provide up to 80% of a plant's nitrogen, and as much as 100% of its phosphorus. Fungi supply other crucial nutrients to plants, such as zinc and copper. They also supply plants with water, and help them to survive drought as they have done since the earliest days of life on land. In return, plants allocate up to 30% of the carbon they harvest to their mycorrhizal partners.... And yet mycorrhizal fungi do more than feed plants. Some describe them as keystone organisms; others prefer the term 'ecosystem engineers'. Mycorrhizal mycelium is a sticky living seam that holds soil together; remove the fungi, and the ground washes away. Mycorrhizal fungi increase the volume of water that the soil can absorb, reducing the quantity of nutrients leached out of the soil by rainfall by as much as 50%. Of the carbon that is found in soils - which, remarkably, amounts to twice the amount of carbon found in plants and the atmosphere combined - a substantial proportion is bound up in tough organic compounds produced by mycorrhizal fungi. The carbon that floods into the soil through mycorrhizal channels supports intricate food webs. Besides the hundreds or thousands of metres of fungal mycelium in a teaspoon of healthy soil, there are more bacteria, protists, insects and arthropods than the number of humans who have ever lived on Earth. Mycorrhizal fungi can increase the quality of a harvest. They can also increase the ability of crops to compete with weeds and enhance their resistance to diseases by priming plant's immune systems. They can make crops less susceptible to drought and heat, and more resistant to salinity and heavy metals. They even boost the ability of plants to fight off attacks from insect pests by stimulating the production of defensive chemicals... But over the course of the twentieth century, our neglect has led us into trouble. In viewing soils as more or less lifeless places, industrial agricultural practices have ravaged the undergound communities that sustain the life we eat.... A large study published in 2018 suggested that the 'alarming deterioration' of the health of trees across Europe was caused by a disruption of their mycorrhizal relationships, brought about by nitrogen pollution." from Before Roots chapter by Merlin Sheldrake.
"We do know, that this fragile, generative world has been damaged by intensive farming, pollution, deforestation and global heating. A third of the planet's land has been severely degraded and 24 billion tons of fertile soil are destroyed every year through intensive farming, according to the Global Land Outlook. Topsoil is where 95% of the planet's food is grown and is very delicate. It takes more than 100 years to build 5mm of soil, and it can be destroyed shockingly easily. This destruction and degradation of the soil is created by intensive farming practices such as heavy mechanised soil tilling, which loosens and rips away any plant cover, leaving the soil bare. It is also caused by the overgrazing of animals, as well as forest fires and heavy construction work. These factors disturb the soil and leave it exposed to erosion from wind and water, damaging the complicated systems underneath its top layer... We are losing good soil at an estimated 100 times faster rate than we can remake and heal it. The world's soils are thought to store approximately 15 thousand million tonnes of carbon - 3 times as much as all of our planet's terrestrial vegetation combined. Soils hold twice as much carbon as the atmosphere, and when soil disintegrates, the carbon is released. In the last 40 years the soil in the UK's croplands lost 10% of the carbon it could store. In a time of climate crisis, soil's quiet potency, its ability to store carbon safely, is utterly essential to our future survival.... We know that soils are being destroyed, and that with that comes a higher risk of floods, and a more unpredictable and unreliable food and water system. An Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecostem Services report in 2018 told us clearly that land degradationis already putting the welfare of two-fifths of humanity at risk, and that urgent action is needed to avoid further danger. There are many things we can do to protect soils, and the organisms, plants and connections that thrive within them. Actions that can support and heal soil structure include
Such regimes allow soil structure to remain intact, and protect the soil by allowing crop residues to stay on the surface. " from Strange Soil chapter by Rebecca Tamas. |
Due to intensive farming techniques and chemical fertilisers this has occurred:- The BBC has produced an article as to why modern food as lost its nutrients. |
The following about trees in pavements show why when the roots are denied access to air, water and nutrients even the fungi cannot work to support the trees. Pavements of Funchal, Madeira |
The following addition of this mulch improved the clay soil, so that A 150mm deep mulch of mixed peat, sharp washed sand and horticultural grit was applied on top of a heavy clay soil to improve its structure, and stop the plants therein from drowning, at £10 a square metre. The mix was:
The following was then sent to me:-
and the following was sent to me in October 2004:- An unsuccessful planting scheme had left bare areas of garden as plants failed to survive winter in the waterlogged clay soil. The loss of numerous plants and the cost of replacing them had left us disheartened. It was evident that remedial action was need in the form of a mixture of gravel, sand and peat to create an organic loam. Approximately six inches was added in April and left to settle and do its job. By July there was a noticeable difference in the quality of the soil and the plants. Shrubs with sparse, mottled leaves were looking glossy and robust, overall growth had increased (including the weeds!) and the soil was holding its moisture well. But the biggest difference came in the confidence it gave us to transform the garden. The borders used to be a no-go area between May and September as the clay baked and cracked, but the new soil was easy to handle and weeds could be successfully removed. We realised that there are no quick fixes - the key to a healthy garden is rich, nutritous soil. Once our plants began to thrive we were optimistic that, with good advice, we could create a garden to be proud of. |
More Details |
Cultural Needs of Plants "Understanding Fern Needs |
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It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:- |
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Closed Bud |
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Opening Bud |
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Juvenile Flower |
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Older Juvenile Flower |
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Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its |
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Mature Flower |
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Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower |
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Form of Rose Bush |
There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page. So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!! |
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There are 180 families in the Wildflowers of the UK and they have been split up into 22 Galleries to allow space for up to 100 plants per gallery. Each plant named in each of the Wildflower Family Pages may have a link to:- its Plant Description Page in its Common Name in one of those Wildflower Plant Galleries and it does have links:- to external sites to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name, to see photos in its Flowering Months and to read habitat details in its Habitat Column. |
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Links to external websites like the link to "the Man walking in front of car to warn pedestrians of a horseless vehicle approaching" would be correct when I inserted it after March 2007, but it is possible that those horseless vehicles may now exceed the walking pace of that man and thus that link will currently be br My advice is Google the name on the link and see if you can find the new link. If you sent me an email after clicking Ivydene Horticultural Services text under the Worm Logo on any page, then; as the first after March 2010 you would be the third emailer since 2007, I could then change that link in that 1 of the 15,743 pages. Currently (August 2016). Other websites provide you with cookies - I am sorry but I am too poor to afford them. If I save the pennies from my pension for the next visitor, I am almost certain in March 2023, that I could afford to make that 4th visitor to this website a Never Fail Cake. I would then be able to save for more years for the postage. |
