FERN PLANTS GALLERY PAGES
Site Map for pages with photo content (o)

Fern Culture
from Sections 1-10 of Ferns and Fern Culture by J. Birkenhead, F.R.H.S.
Published by John Heywood in Manchester in
May, 1892 with
Rules for Fern Culture
followed by
Sections
1 Modes of Growth
2 Compost
3 Compost for various Genera, growing in pots, pans or baskets
4 Various Habits of Ferns
5 Various Modes of Cultivation
6 Light
7 Temperature
8 Ferns in Dwelling-Houses
9 Propagation (in Use in Brackish Water in Coastal District Page)

10 Selection of Ferns

with

British Ferns and their Allies comprising the Ferns, Club-mosses, Pepperworts and Horsetails by Thomas Moore, F.L.S, F.H.S., Etc. London George Routledge and Sons, Broadway, Ludgate Hill. Hardcover published in 1861 provides details on British Ferns

TYPE OF FERN TO GROW
....Aquatic
....Boston/ Fishbone/
Lace/ Sword

....Cloak/Lip/Hand
....Filmy and Crepe
....Lacy Ground
(o)Lady
....Maidenhair
(o)Miscellaneous
(o)Primitive/ Oddities
....Scrambling/ Umbrella/ Coral/ Pouch
....Selaginellas
(o)Shield/ Buckler/ Holly
....Squirrel/ Rabbit/ Hare's Foot

....Staghorn/ Elkhorn/ Epiphyte
....Tassel, Clubmoss
....The Brakes
....The Polypodies
(o)The Spleenworts
....The Tree Ferns
....Water/ Hard/ Rasp/ Chain

 

 

Where to see

UNITED STATES
San Antonio Botanical Garden.
San Diego Botanic Garden.
San Francisco Botanical Garden at Strybing Arboretum.
Sarah P. Duke Gardens.
Tyringham Cobble.
UNC at Charlotte Botanical Gardens.
University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley.
USCS Arboretum.
Whitehall Historic Home and Garden.
Wild Gardens of Acadia.
Zilker Botanical Garden.

WALES
Aberglasney Gardens.
Dewstow Gardens.
Dyffryn Gardens.

USE OF FERN
(o)Cold-hardy
(o)From Lime-hating Soil
(o)From Limestone Soil
(o)Hanging Basket
(o)Indoor Decoration
(o)Outdoor Pot
(o)Terrariums
(o)Wet Soils
(o)Ground Cover
(o)Pendulous Fronds

 

Where to see

AUSTRALIA
Adelaide Botanic Garden.
Brisbane Botanic Garden.
Mount Lofty Botanic Garden.
Royal Botanic Garden, Melbourne.
Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.

CANADA
Le Jardin Botanique de Montreal.
Les Jardins de Metis.
Van Dusen Botanical Garden.

ENGLAND
Biddulph Grange Garden.
Brodsworth Hall and Gardens.
Cambridge University Botanic Gardens.
Chelsea Physic Garden.
Harlow Carr Botanic Gardens.
RHS Garden Wisley.
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.
Savill Gardens.
Sizergh Castle and Garden.
Southport Botanic Gardens.
Tatton Park.
Tremenheere Sculpture Gardens.
University of Oxford Botanic Garden.

FRANCE
Jardin Botanique de Lyon.
Parc Phoenix-Nice.

GERMANY
Arktisch-Alpiner Garten.
Botanischer Garten und Museum.
Flora und Botanischer Garten Koln.

IRELAND
Caher Bridge Garden.
Kells Bay Gardens.

NETHERLANDS
Hortus Botanicus Leiden.

SPORE COLOUR
Spore

BED PICTURES
Garden
 

Where to see

NEW ZEALAND
Franz Fernery at the Auckland Domain Park.
Pukeiti Rhododendron Trust Garden.
Pukekura Park.

SCOTLAND
Arduaine Garden.
Ascog Hall Gardens and Victorian Fernery.
Attadale Gardens.
Benmore Botanic Garden.
Glasgow Botanic Garden.
Inverewe Garden and Estate.
Linn Botanic Gardens.
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

UNITED STATES
Atlanta Botanical Garden.
Balboa Park.
Barnes Foundation Arboretum.
Bartholomew's Cobble.
Bellevue Botanical Garden.
Berkshire Botanical Garden.
Bloedal Reserve.
Bok Tower Gardens.
Botanical Gardens at Asheville.
Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Cailfornia State Unversity at Sacramento.
Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies.
Chanticleer.
Chicago Botanic Garden.
Coastal Maine Botanical Gardens.
Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden.
Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden.
Denver Botanic Gardens.
Elandan Gardens.
Elisabeth Carey Miller Botanical Garden.
Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden.
Fern Canyon.
Ferndell Canyon in Griffith Park.
Fort Worth Botanic Garden.
Frelinghuysen Arboretum.
Garden in the Woods.
Garvan Woodland Gardens.
Ganna Walska Lotusland.
Georgeson Botanical Garden.
Georgia Perimeter College Botanical Gardens


All
Hardy Fern Foundation members have unlimited access to our spore exchange and can choose from a wide variety of ferns. Our resource pages include publications and books about ferns as well as
useful websites.

A Natural History of Britain's Ferns by Christopher N. Page. Published by William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd in 1988. ISBN 0 00 219382 5 (limpback edition) provides details of Coastal, Man-made Landscapes, Woodland, Wetland, Grassland and Rock Outcrops, Heath and Moorland, Lower Mountain Habitats, Upper Mountain Habitats and Atlantic Fringe Ferns.
I have provided a brief summary in the Ferns in Coastal District with associated plants and Ferns for Man-Made Landscapes with associated plants pages and provided you with the Chapter number for the others, since the information within this book is so comprehensive, that it would need to be completely copied to be of most use.

Tree Ferns by Mark F. Large & John E. Braggins. Published by Timber Press in 2004. ISBN 978-1-60469-176-4 is a scientifically accurate book dealing with Tree Fern species cultivated in the United States and the Pacific, but little known and rare tree ferns are also included.

The Observer's Book of Ferns, revised by Francis Rose, previous editions compiled by W.J.Stokoe. Published by Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd in 1965 provides a comprehensive guide to 45 British species of Ferns. It provides details of habitat and how to use those ferns.

The Plant Lover's Guide to Ferns by Richard Steffen & Sue Olsen. Published in 2015 by Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-60469-
474-1. It provides details on designing with ferns and details on 140 ferns for the garden in the USA.

Success with Indoor Ferns, edited by Lesley Young. Reprinted 1998. ISBN 1 85391 554 8. It details the care of indoor ferns with their position, choice and fern care.


See
Ferns in Britain and Ireland
or the

British Pteridological Society
for further details and photos.

Mail Order UK Fern Nursery
Shady Plants has ferns for
Vertical Fern Gardens and Companion Plants for growing with Ferns.

 

Where to see

UNITED STATES
Harry P. Leu Gardens.
Hawaii Tropical Botanical Garden.
Holden Arboretum.
Honolulu Botanical Gardens.
Huntington Botanical Gardens.
Huntsville-Madison County Botanical Garden.
Inniswood Metro Gardens.
Kruckeberg Botanic Garden.
Lakewold Gardens.
Leach Botanical Garden.
Leonard J. Buck Garden.
Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden.
Longwood Gardens.
Lyndhurst Gardens.
Marie Selby Botanical Gardens.
Matthaei Botanical Gardens.
Memphis Botanic Garden.
Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens.
Mercer Arboretum and Botanic Gardens.
Michigan State University.
Missouri Botanical Garden.
Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania.
Mount Pisgah Arboretum.
Mt. Cuba Center.
National Tropical Botanical Garden.
New Jersey State Botanical Garden at Skyland.
New York Botanical Garden.
Norfolk Botanical Garden.
North Carolina Botanical Garden.
Olbrich Botanical Garden.
Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens.
Planting Fields Arboretum State Historic Park.
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden.
Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden.
Rotary Gardens.

 

 

 


TYPE OF FERN - Aquatic Ferns (Azolla, Ceratopteris, Marsilea, Pilularia, Regnellidium, Salvinia)
"Truly aquatic ferns are not particularly common or popular with fern enthusiasts.
Habitat
Aquatic ferns grow in shallow fresh water which is either still or moving slowly. The may either be free floating on the surface or rooting in the mud in which case they may have either submerged, floating or emergent leaves. Those which root in the mud can only grow in water to about 80 cms (32 inches) deep. Aquatic ferns are also frequently found in low lying areas which are periodically flooded and here they may grow as annuals.
Uses
Some aquatic ferns have ornamental appeal and can be grown in aquaria, ponds and dams. They can also provide shelter and food for fish and sites for egg laying.
Their Cultivation, Soil Types, Fertilizing, Situation, Pests and Propagation details are given in Chapter 39 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1.

The following ferns come from that chapter:-"
 

Fern

Foliage Colour and
Shape/ Division

Height x Spread in inches (cms)
(1 inch =
2.5 cms,
12 inches =
1 foot
12 inches =
30 cms,
24 inches =
2 feet,
3 feet =
1 yard,
40 inches = 100 cms)
 

Type of Fern to Grow

Use of Fern

The Aquatic Plant Society has Local Fish Shop Map, Plant Archives - The Aquatic Plant Society is dedicated to promoting the science and aesthetic of the Planted Aquarium. We are committed to a responsible and environmentally conscious pursuit of the hobby, and invite all to share in and add to our knowledge.

Comments

Frond

Credit
is usually for Denver Botanic Gardens,
Wikimedia Commons,
Dana Kelley Bressette of Nativeplants PNW.com ,
Kwan with his copyright © www. NatureLoveYou.sg
or
Chris Garnons-Williams

Form

Azolla caroliniana
Carolinian Azolla, Fairy Moss, Water velvet (with the Complete guide to Aquariums), Mosquito Fern, American waterfern, Pacific mosquitofern - from Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants of University of Florida who treat this aquatic weed with herbicide or you could take out and use it as a free fertiliser on your land.

Hardy in
Zone (4)5; survives frost and ice

Tropical - Subtropical

Native to Eastern North America.

Carolina - North America. Americas, Europe and Asia.

Azollas tend to die in cold weather after forming buds, which sink to the bottom of the pond and resume growth when warm weather returns. Mosquito ferns prefer full sunlight, warm temperatures, and silty water containing organic matter. High light encourages reddish growth.

Azolla is a highly productive plant. It doubles its biomass in 3–10 days, depending on conditions, and yield can reach 8–10 tonnes fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields.

Carolina mosquitofern distribution in USA.

 

This attractive floating pond plant will grow in damp soil or on moist rocks along the ponds edge. Usually covers 1 to 2 square feet (1 foot = 12 inches = 30 cms) of surface area. Pond Plants Online also provide Water Garden Planting and Care Instructions.

Pale green, turning bright red in autumn (several weeks later they die and sink to the bottom), lacy-looking and closely overlapping. Plants are roughly circular to triangular and about the size of a dime.

 

Azolla has filamentous roots which extend down from the thread-like rhizome, which branches repeatedly and bears fronds in 2 rows.
Its name comes from azo, to dry, and olluo, to kill, presumably alluding to the fern's tendency to be killed by drying. Azolla is the world's most important economic fern because it used as an organic fertilizer in rice paddies in China and Vietnam. It is allso fed to livestock and certain fish.

The nitrogen-fixing capability of Azolla has led to Azolla being widely used as a biofertiliser, especially in parts of southeast Asia. Indeed, the plant has been used to bolster agricultural productivity in China for over a thousand years. When rice paddies are flooded in the spring, they can be inoculated with Azolla, which then quickly multiplies to cover the water, suppressing weeds. The rotting plant material releases nitrogen to the rice plants, providing up to nine tonnes of protein per hectare per year.

As the rice grows, the ferns are shaded, die and sink to the bottom, thus recycling the vital nutrient to the food crop.

Less than 1 inch (2.5 cms) in height
Leaves normally not eaten by fish; overwinter indoors; naturalized in shallow ponds, ditches and sluggish streams.

 

Azolla caroliniana mature plant floats on the still water, and has no true roots, but the small divided leaves on the underside of the stem are often mistaken for them. The spores are found amongst these so-called roots. The plants grow annually from these spores. Frequently these are lost through insufficient care. They may be preserved by placing the plants in a tank of water that is half filled with sandy loam. When the plants die in the winter, the spores remain and germinate in the following year. They are very pretty plants, and hardly rise above the surface of the water which they cover with a carpet of green that becomes bronze in summer.

Aquatic Ferns

 

Propagation: It propagates itself freely by division.

 

Water Garden Plants nursery is completely free from the invasive non-native species Crassula helmsii 
(New Zealand Pigmyweed/
Australian Swamp-Stonecrop), 
Myriophyllum aquaticum
(Parrot's Feather), 
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (Floating
Pennywort), Floating Water Primroses (Ludwigia spp.), and Water Fern (Azolla spp.).

"The above Invasive non-native species can have a devastating cost to the economy, costing £1.7 billion to control. Floating pennywort, which can grow up to eight inches a day, costs the British economy £23.5 million per year. The plants form dense mats in water, depleting oxygen and light availability, causing declines in the numbers of fish and other aquatic species. They also reduce access to waterways for boating and angling and increase flood risk which, taken together, can cost millions of pounds per year." Press release Sale of invasive water plants banned to protect wildlife of Published 29 January 2013.
From:
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Wet Soils.
Rapidly Growing Fern.

Hardy, Floating Aquatic Fern with delicate fern-like foliage.
Culture: Grow in shallow ponds or in indoor aquariums. Require no soil, merely to float on surface of water. Being very sensitive to cold, especially frosts, it may need the protection of a heated greenhouse or a well lit tropical aquarium. It grows in shallow fresh water which is either still or moving slowly.

 

They are great, attractive nutrient absorbers and the roots make excellent and attractive cover for fry.

Cordon off a small area to place Azolla.

How to grow Azolla caroliniana in aquariums.

A free floating aquatic fern which forms colonies on still water. Easily grown in ponds etc, but very cold-sensitive.

The common name - Mosquito Fern - is derived from the fern's supposed ability to discourage mosquito reproduction by densely carpeting the water's surface, thereby preventing the adults from laying eggs and preventing the larvae from getting air at the surface.

This floating fern is the best species for growing on mud.

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Closeup of this vegetation choking the lake at Jack London State Historic Park. Taken last spring. The lake is in the lengthy process of remediation by the Jack London Lake Alliance. Date: 28 April 2009, 15:33:15 File: Azolla caroliniana.jpg cropped to a 2x3 format. By Ingrid Taylar from San Francisco Bay Area - California, USA via Wikimedia Commons

Azolla caroliniana at Orto botanico di Pisa. Date: 18 January 2012, 17:55:20. By Notafly via Wikimedia Commons.

English: Carolina Mosquito Fern (Azolla caroliniana). Zamora (Spain).
Español: Helecho mosquito de Carolina (Azolla caroliniana) invasor. Zamora (España).
Date: 4 February 2012, 11:59:39. By David Perez
(DPC) via Wikimedia Commons, License cc-by-sa-4.0


 
 

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Azolla Production and Demonstration Farm involving on the 4 qualified Azolla, namely - Azolla, - Azolla microphylla Kaulf., Azolla pinnata, Azolla pinnata var pinnata, Azolla pinnata var imbricata, and Azolla caroliniana, in Philippine Rice Research Institute, PhilRice, (is a government corporate entity attached to the Department of Agriculture, created through Executive Order 1061 on 5 November 1985 (as amended), Irrigated Rice Research Consortium, and International Rice Research Institute; located in Barangay, Maligaya, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, in front of its Barangay Hall and Chapel along the Pan-Philippine Highway, also known as the Maharlika "Nobility/freeman" Highway or Asian Highway 26, in Cagayan Valley Road; or Category:Maharlika Highway (Cagayan Valley Road, Talavera-Santo Domingo-Quezon-Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija section) since its re-launch in September 2014, the museum opened 3 exhibits titled, Lovelife with Rice, Abundant Harvest, and Colors of Rice, which focuses on the health and nutrition aspects of rice, will run until Feb. 2016; per guidance of Visual Artist Consultant of the Rice Museum, Rogelio N. Bibal; under bad weather photography due to effects of Typhoon Goni (2015)). Date: 24 August 2015. By Judgefloro via Wikimedia Commons, License cc-by-sa-4.0

Azolla filiculoides (Azolla filiculoides var. rubra, Azolla rubra)
Ferny Azolla,
Fairy Moss, Mosquito Fern, Water Fern, Red Water Fern

Hardy in Zone (6)7

Tropical - Temperate

North America, Central and South America, Asia, Australia - This fern is native to lakes, ponds, streams and rivers in both North and South America.
Invasive non-native in southern England and coastal Wales, scattered mainly in coastal areas further north and in eastern Ireland.

Azollas tend to die in cold weather after forming buds, which sink to the bottom of the pond and resume growth when warm weather returns. Mosquito ferns prefer full sunlight, warm temperatures, and silty water containing organic matter. High light encourages reddish growth.

Azolla is a highly productive plant. It doubles its biomass in 3–10 days, depending on conditions, and yield can reach 8–10 tonnes fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields.

Azolla filiculoides has a surface-area doubling time of 7-10 days under favourable conditions.

Larger fronds than Azolla caroliniana, pale green tinted rose. This floating species forms dense mats on the water's surface. The plants can survive under thin ice for at least a week.

Azolla has filamentous roots which extend down from the thread-like rhizome, which branches repeatedly and bears fronds in 2 rows.
Its name comes from azo, to dry, and olluo, to kill, presumably alluding to the fern's tendency to be killed by drying. Azolla is the world's most important economic fern because it used as an organic fertilizer in rice paddies in China and Vietnam. It is also fed to livestock and certain fish.

Azolla filiculoides (red azolla) is the only member of this genus and of the family Azollaceae in Tasmania. It is a very common native aquatic plant in Tasmania. It is particularly common on farm dams and other still water bodies. The plants are small (usually only a few cm across) and float, but can be very abundant and form large mats. The plants are typically red, and have very small water repellent leaves. Azolla floats on the surface of water by means of numerous, small, closely overlapping scale-like leaves, with their roots hanging in the water. They form a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to the essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a "super-plant", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass every two to three days. The typical limiting factor on its growth is phosphorus, another essential mineral. An abundance of phosphorus, due for example to eutrophication or chemical runoff, often leads to Azolla blooms.

0.25-3 x 12-36
(0.6-7.5 x 30-90)

1-5 cm (0.5-2 inches) in diameter - Leaves are bilobed, arranged in 2 ranks, imbricate; the upper lobe about 1mm wide, ovate, obtuse, floating, densely hairy; lower lobe submerged, thinner, bearing pairs of of sori (each pair either both with megasporangia or each with mega- or microsporangia).

The species has been introduced to many regions of the Old World, grown for its nitrogen-fixing ability which can be utilized to enhance the growth rate of crops grown in water like rice, or by removal from lakes for use as green manure. It has become naturalized, sometimes also an invasive species, in several regions, including western Europe, southern Africa, tropical Asia, Australia (where it is considered native), and New Zealand.

Looking for a cheaper more effective alternative for controlling Azolla filiculoides (water fern)? Look no further - AzollaControl from CABI offers you a comprehensive natural control option for managing this most noxious of weeds.
AzollaControl makes use of the North American, weevil Stenopelmus rufinasus. This weevil is a highly effective natural enemy of Azolla filiculoides. The weevil, which can only feed and reproduce on Azolla, has proven to be an effective biological control agent in laboratory and field trials in South Africa as well as in the UK.

Aquatic Ferns

 

Propagation: By division.

 

Water Garden Plants nursery is completely free from the invasive non-native species Crassula helmsii 
(New Zealand Pigmyweed/
Australian Swamp-Stonecrop), 
Myriophyllum aquaticum
(Parrot's Feather), 
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (Floating
Pennywort), Floating Water Primroses (Ludwigia spp.), and Water Fern (Azolla spp.).

"The above Invasive non-native species can have a devastating cost to the economy, costing £1.7 billion to control. Floating pennywort, which can grow up to eight inches a day, costs the British economy £23.5 million per year. The plants form dense mats in water, depleting oxygen and light availability, causing declines in the numbers of fish and other aquatic species. They also reduce access to waterways for boating and angling and increase flood risk which, taken together, can cost millions of pounds per year." Press release Sale of invasive water plants banned to protect wildlife of Published 29 January 2013.
From:
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Rapidly Growing Fern.
Livestock Feed - which could be grown on your own land providing you with free livestock feed during the summer.

Hardy, Floating Aquatic Fern with delicate fern-like foliage.
Culture: Grow in shallow ponds or in indoor aquariums. Require no soil, merely to float on surface of water. Being very sensitive to cold, especially frosts, it may need the protection of a heated greenhouse or a well lit tropical aquarium. It grows in shallow fresh water which is either still or moving slowly.

It is found in ditches and ponds.

It is not tolerant of salinity; normal plants can't survive in greater than 1-1.6‰, and even conditioned organisms die in over 5.5‰ salinity.

It discourages algae growth and helps keep waters clear. It also tolerates swimming rabbits.

A free floating aquatic fern which forms colonies on still water such as lakes, ponds, dams, swamps, etc. Plants propagate freely by vegetative techniques and soon cover the surface of the water. Can be used as an ornamental on the surface of man-made ponds and dams or fish tanks.

The common name - Mosquito Fern - is derived from the fern's supposed ability to discourage mosquito reproduction by densely carpeting the water's surface, thereby preventing the adults from laying eggs and preventing the larvae from getting air at the surface.

The nitrogen-fixing capability of Azolla has led to Azolla being widely used as a biofertiliser, especially in parts of southeast Asia. Indeed, the plant has been used to bolster agricultural productivity in China for over a thousand years. When rice paddies are flooded in the spring, they can be inoculated with Azolla, which then quickly multiplies to cover the water, suppressing weeds. The rotting plant material releases nitrogen to the rice plants, providing up to nine tonnes of protein per hectare per year.

Azolla has been used in rice paddies as a companion plant, because of the presence of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in symbiosis with azolla, and its tendency to block out light to prevent any competition from other plants, aside from the rice, which is planted when tall enough to poke out of the water through the azolla layer.

azollafiliculoidespfol1wikimediacommons 

 

 

azollafiliculoidespfor1wikimediacommons

 

azollafiliculoidespfol2wikimediacommons

KRT3901.
Azolla filiculoides. Date:3 November 2009, 07:18. By Kevin Thiele from Perth, Australia via Wikimedia Commons, License cc-by-2.0.

Profile detail of Azolla filiculoides (Water Fern) is a species of Azolla, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Americas as well as most of the old world including Asia and Australia. Date: 7 November 2010, 12:47 (UTC). By Azolla Filiculoides Profil.JPG: Mygaia via Wikimedia Commons

Azolla filiculoides. Date 11 May 2016, 13:27:07. By Dubbeltänk via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-4.0

Red foliage of Water fern (Azolla filiculoides), botanic school of the Jardin des Plantes of Paris.
Français : Azolla fausse-fougère (Azolla filiculoides) à l'école de botanique du Jardin des Plantes de Paris. Date: 2 May 2013. By © Marie-Lan Nguyen / 
Wikimedia Commons / 
CC-BY 2.5

Azolla filiculoides carpeting a pond in 2012. By AerobicFox via Wikimedia Commons

English: Azolla filiculoides
日本語: ニシノオオアカウキクサ. Illustration from Flora Batava. Afbeelding en beschrijving der Nederlandsche Gewassen. (1915) by Jan Kops, F. W. van Eeden, L. Vuyck via Wikimedia Commons

azollafiliculoidespfol3wikimediacommons

 

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Azolla nilotica
African Azolla,
Fairy Moss, Mosquito Fern

Tropical - Subtropical

Africa, that naturally occurs in the Nile and in eastern and central Africa. The species name nilotica refers to the fact that it was collected from the river Nile.

Azollas tend to die in cold weather after forming buds, which sink to the bottom of the pond and resume growth when warm weather returns. Mosquito ferns prefer full sunlight, warm temperatures, and silty water containing organic matter. High light encourages reddish growth.

Azolla is a highly productive plant. It doubles its biomass in 3–10 days, depending on conditions, and yield can reach 8–10 tonnes fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields.

A very large species which may develop stems to 30 cm (12 inches) long. Individuals branch freely and may form sizeable clumps before the lateral growths break away as separate plants.

Azolla has filamentous roots which extend down from the thread-like rhizome, which branches repeatedly and bears fronds in 2 rows.
Its name comes from azo, to dry, and olluo, to kill, presumably alluding to the fern's tendency to be killed by drying. Azolla is the world's most important economic fern because it used as an organic fertilizer in rice paddies in China and Vietnam. It is also fed to livestock and certain fish.

Azolla has been used in rice paddies as a companion plant, because of the presence of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in symbiosis with azolla, and its tendency to block out light to prevent any competition from other plants, aside from the rice, which is planted when tall enough to poke out of the water through the azolla layer.

It is a floating aquaceous fern of up to 32 cm (13 in) long, with a long, horizontal, branched, hairy rhizome of up to 2 mm (0.079 in) thick. Side branches are alternately set. It has its roots in bundles while all other species have single roots. The plant never attains a red color, such as is often seen towards the end of the growing season in all other Azolla species. It occurs in stagnant or slowly streaming water, such as temporary pools, waterholes and lake edges, and can persist on drying mud. It occurs from sea level to an altitude of 1650 m. It is intolerant of temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F), so there is little risk that the species will become naturalised outside of the tropics. Due to its high nitrate content, the plant is used as green fertilizer, like other Azolla species.

Aquatic Ferns

 

Propagation: By division.

The nitrogen-fixing capability of Azolla has led to Azolla being widely used as a biofertiliser, especially in parts of southeast Asia. Indeed, the plant has been used to bolster agricultural productivity in China for over a thousand years. When rice paddies are flooded in the spring, they can be inoculated with Azolla, which then quickly multiplies to cover the water, suppressing weeds. The rotting plant material releases nitrogen to the rice plants, providing up to nine tonnes of protein per hectare per year.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns

Hardy, Floating Aquatic Fern with delicate fern-like foliage.
Culture: Grow in shallow ponds or in indoor aquariums. Require no soil, merely to float on surface of water. Being very sensitive to cold, especially frosts, it may need the protection of a heated greenhouse or a well lit tropical aquarium. It grows in shallow fresh water which is either still or moving slowly.

It is not tolerant of salinity; normal plants can't survive in greater than 1-1.6‰, and even conditioned organisms die in over 5.5‰ salinity.

Forms colonies on still water and on wet mud. Used as an ornamental on small ponds or aquaria.
In dams or ponds the rhizomes can be planted directly into the mud at the bottom. In aquaria the rhizomes can be planted in coarse sand or in small pots containing a soil-based potting mixture covered with a layer of fine sand.

It can also be grown in a pot of sphagnum moss or of soil-based mixture with the base of the pot submerged in 8-10 cm(3-4 inches) depth of water. The fronds will then grow emergent. If frost is likely, then transfer inside heated greenhouse to aquarium.

The common name - Mosquito Fern - is derived from the fern's supposed ability to discourage mosquito reproduction by densely carpeting the water's surface, thereby preventing the adults from laying eggs and preventing the larvae from getting air at the surface.

 

 

A way of absorbing Carbon Dioxide in freshwater ponds/lakes to reduce Climate Change
A study of Arctic paleoclimatology
reported that Azolla may have had a significant role in reversing an increase in greenhouse effect that occurred 55 million years ago that caused the region around the north pole to turn into a hot, tropical environment. This research conducted by the Institute of Environmental Biology at Utrecht University indicates that massive patches of Azolla growing on the (then) freshwater surface of the Arctic Ocean consumed enough carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for the global greenhouse effect to decline, eventually causing the formation of Ice sheets in Antarctica and the current "icehouse period" which we are still in. This theory has been termed the Azolla event.

Azolla is a unique plant that can help reduce man-made climate change and provide biofertilizer, livestock feed, food and renewable energy anywhere in the world.
The Azolla Foundation was set  up by Azolla Biosystems Ltd founders Alexandra and Jonathan Bujak to provide a platform for sharing information about Azolla and its contribution to new technologies such as space exploration and planetary colonization.
We have now finished writing our book ‘The Azolla Story’. If all goes smoothly, it will be published in December 2018 and you can read more about our book 
here.

 

 

 

Azolla can remove chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead from effluent. It can remove lead from solutions containing 1–1000 ppm.

As the rice grows, the ferns are shaded, die and sink to the bottom, thus recycling the vital nutrient to the food crop.

 

 

Water Garden Plants nursery is completely free from the invasive non-native species 
Crassula helmsii (New Zealand Pigmyweed/
Australian Swamp-Stonecrop), 
Myriophyllum aquaticum (Parrot's Feather), 
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (Floating Pennywort),
Floating Water Primroses (Ludwigia spp.), and
Water Fern (Azolla spp.).

"The above Invasive non-native species can have a devastating cost to the economy, costing £1.7 billion to control. Floating pennywort, which can grow up to eight inches a day, costs the British economy £23.5 million per year. The plants form dense mats in water, depleting oxygen and light availability, causing declines in the numbers of fish and other aquatic species. They also reduce access to waterways for boating and angling and increase flood risk which, taken together, can cost millions of pounds per year." Press release Sale of invasive water plants banned to protect wildlife of Published 29 January 2013.
From:
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs.

Azolla pinnata
Pacific Azolla,
Fairy Moss, Mosquito Fern, Ferny azolla, Water Fern

Tender

Tropical - Temperate

Africa, Asia, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia.
It is native to much of Africa, Asia (Brunei Darussalam, China, India, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines) and parts of Australia.

Azollas tend to die in cold weather after forming buds, which sink to the bottom of the pond and resume growth when warm weather returns. Mosquito ferns prefer full sunlight, warm temperatures, and silty water containing organic matter. High light encourages reddish growth.

Azolla is a highly productive plant. It doubles its biomass in 3–10 days, depending on conditions, and yield can reach 8–10 tonnes fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields.

The nitrogen-fixing capability of Azolla has led to Azolla being widely used as a biofertiliser, especially in parts of southeast Asia. Indeed, the plant has been used to bolster agricultural productivity in China for over a thousand years. When rice paddies are flooded in the spring, they can be inoculated with Azolla, which then quickly multiplies to cover the water, suppressing weeds. The rotting plant material releases nitrogen to the rice plants, providing up to nine tonnes of protein per hectare per year.

This fern forms a mass of floating material which propagates itself freely by vegetative means.
Plants in sunny situations may be bright red; those in the shade remain green.

Azolla has filamentous roots which extend down from the thread-like rhizome, which branches repeatedly and bears fronds in 2 rows.
Its name comes from azo, to dry, and olluo, to kill, presumably alluding to the fern's tendency to be killed by drying. Azolla is the world's most important economic fern because it used as an organic fertilizer in rice paddies in China and Vietnam. It is also fed to livestock and certain fish.

It is an aquatic plant, its frond floating upon the surface of the water. It grows in quiet and slow-moving water bodies, because swift currents and waves break up the plant.
It is present in New Zealand as an introduced species and an invasive weed that has crowded out a native relative, Azolla rubra. It is a pest of waterways because its dense mats reduce oxygen in the water. The weevil Stenopelmus rufinasus is used as an agent of biological pest control to manage Azolla filiculoides, and it has been found to attack A. pinnata as well.

0.39-0.98 inches wide. Leaves are 0-039-0.078 inches long.

 

This is a small fern with a triangular frond measuring up to 2.5 centimeters in length which floats on the water. The frond is made up of many rounded or angular overlapping leaves each 1 or 2 millimeters long. They are green, blue-green, or dark red in color and coated in tiny hairs, giving them a velvety appearance. The hairs make the top surface of the leaf water-repellent, keeping the plant afloat even after being pushed under. A water body may be coated in a dense layer of the plants, which form a velvety mat that crowds out other plants.

Aquatic Ferns

 

Propagation: By division.

Rice farmers sometimes keep this plant in their paddies because it generates valuable nitrogen via its symbiotic cyanobacteria. The plant can be grown in wet soil and then plowed under, generating a good amount of nitrogen-rich fertilizer. The plant has the ability to absorb a certain amount of heavy metal pollution, such as lead, from contaminated water. It is 25-30% protein and can be added to chicken feed.

Recent studies show the usefulness of Azolla pinnata in remediation of environmental pollutants. There are two main methods for utilising A. pinnata to clean up environmental pollutants. The first method is by adsorption, which required the A. pinnata to be processed into powder and agitate with the wastewater for fixed duration of time. The pollutant will adhere to the organic functional groups on the surface of the A. pinnata powder. In adsorption studies, A. pinnata were reported in the remediation of dye wastewater containing methyl violet 2B, malachite green, rhodamine B, acid red 88 and acid blue 25.
The second remediation method is phyto-remediation, where living A. pinnata suspended on the surface of the wastewater. A. pinnata were primarily studied due to its high tolerance to environmental pollutants and their ability to hyperaccumulate heavy metals. Phyto-
remediation of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals (such as zinc, lead, chromium, mercury, cadmium, copper, arsenic) as well as organic dyes such as methyl violet 2B and malachite green were reported in literature. A.pinnata was also reported to be useful for treating of wastewater (remove nitrogenous waste and phosphorus) of poultry farm.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns

Hardy, Floating Aquatic Fern with delicate fern-like foliage.
Culture: Grow in shallow ponds or in indoor aquariums. Require no soil, merely to float on surface of water. Being very sensitive to cold, especially frosts, it may need the protection of a heated greenhouse or a well lit tropical aquarium. It grows in shallow fresh water which is either still or moving slowly.

Azolla fodder is an excellent alternate feed supplement for livestock, poutry and fish. This is a boon for dairy farmers because; it drastically reduces the feed cost and results in increased milk yield. Azolla possess high protein content, amino acids, vitamins, minerals (like magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and potassium).

Great for cattle/horse/goat water troughs!

If these fern colonies cover the surface of the water, then oxygen depletion and fish kills can occur.

Commonly grows on still water. An interesting ornamental for the surface of ponds, dams, fish tanks etc.

The common name - Mosquito Fern - is derived from the fern's supposed ability to discourage mosquito reproduction by densely carpeting the water's surface, thereby preventing the adults from laying eggs and preventing the larvae from getting air at the surface.

This floating fern has been used for centuries in China and Vietnam as a green manure for growing rice. Some USA states list this plant as an aquatic weed and prohibit its import, possession, and distribution.

It is not tolerant of salinity; normal plants can't survive in greater than 1-1.6‰, and even conditioned organisms die in over 5.5‰ salinity.

 

Water Garden Plants nursery is completely free from the invasive non-native species Crassula helmsii 
(New Zealand Pigmyweed/
Australian Swamp-Stonecrop), 
Myriophyllum aquaticum
(Parrot's Feather), 
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (Floating
Pennywort), Floating Water Primroses (Ludwigia spp.), and Water Fern (Azolla spp.).

"The above Invasive non-native species can have a devastating cost to the economy, costing £1.7 billion to control. Floating pennywort, which can grow up to eight inches a day, costs the British economy £23.5 million per year. The plants form dense mats in water, depleting oxygen and light availability, causing declines in the numbers of fish and other aquatic species. They also reduce access to waterways for boating and angling and increase flood risk which, taken together, can cost millions of pounds per year." Press release Sale of invasive water plants banned to protect wildlife of Published 29 January 2013.
From:
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs.

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English: Azolla Production and Demonstration Farm involving on the 4 qualified Azolla, namely - Azolla, - Azolla microphylla Kaulf., Azolla pinnata, Azolla pinnata var pinnata, Azolla pinnata var imbricata, and Azolla caroliniana, in Philippine Rice Research Institute, PhilRice, (is a government corporate entity attached to the Department of Agriculture, created through Executive Order 1061 on 5 November 1985 (as amended), Irrigated Rice Research Consortium, and International Rice Research Institute; located in Barangay, Maligaya, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, in front of its Barangay Hall and Chapel along the Pan-Philippine Highway, also known as the Maharlika "Nobility/freeman" Highway or Asian Highway 26, in Cagayan Valley Road; or Category:Maharlika Highway (Cagayan Valley Road, Talavera-Santo Domingo-Quezon-Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija section) since its re-launch in September 2014, the museum opened 3 exhibits titled, Lovelife with Rice, Abundant Harvest, and Colors of Rice, which focuses on the health and nutrition aspects of rice, will run until Feb. 2016; per guidance of Visual Artist Consultant of the Rice Museum, Rogelio N. Bibal; under bad weather photography due to effects of Typhoon Goni (2015)). By Judgefloro via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-4.0

Français : Azolla pinnata à Antananarivo (with 2 cm distance). Date: 28 November 2005. By Tpa2067 via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-3.0,2.5, 2.0,1.0

Green Foliage in shade of Azolla pinnata. Date: 5 August 2010. By Laxskinn via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-3.0

Red foliage in sunshine of 滿江紅 Azolla pinnata R. Brown, which was taken on 23 April 2014. By lienyuan lee via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-3.0

Red foliage in sunshine at edge of pond for Azolla pinnata R.Br. on 31 December 2005. By Brownsey, Pat of Auckland Museum via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-4.0

Red azolla (Azolla pinnata), a fast growing aquatic plant - total length of this plant is 40mm. Date: 31 December 2008, 18:51:22. By graibeard via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-2.0

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Ceratopteris thalictroides
(Acrostichum thalictroides, Ceratopteris froesii, Ceratopteris gaudichaudii, Ceratopteris siliquosa )
Water Fern, Pod Fern, Oriental Water Fern, Water Sprite, Indian Fern, Water Hornfern, Water Elk's Horn

Tender in Zone 9

It is found throughout the tropics of the world, except Africa. Tropical America - Florida.

The name comes from the Greek keras, horn, and pteris, fern, alluding to the antler-like fertile leaves.

 

AC Tropical Fish (Aquatic Community.com, Aquatic Community) was founded in 2004 as a resource and meeting place for tropical aquarium fish keepers. It has since then grown into a comprehensive aquarium portal featuring information not only about tropical freshwater fish but also about all other types of aquarium fish.

Buds tend to grow on dying fronds.

The bright green, finely-cut, fertile leaves are erect and are produced above water. In Asia the foliage of this species is used in salads and is said to have a peppery taste. This genus has the distinction of having the fastest life cycle of any fern. The plants can take as little as 1 month to go from spores to mature, spore-bearing plants, though 3 or 4 months is more typical. The plants live about 1 year and are usuually perpetuated by the numerous buds that form on the blade surface, typically in margins of the sinuses. The buds detach and float away from the parent plant.

It can provide useful shade to shyer fish and small fry. The dense roots are said to take nutrients out of the water helping to prevent the growth of algae.
Small adventitious plantlets are grown on the mother plant and are then released when ready.
In small open aquariums it can grow out of the aquarium and form beautiful surface leaves.

30 x
(75 x )

Aquatic Ferns

 

Propagation: Mature plants can be propagated by division of the rhizome, which may be allowed to float or, if grown submerged, held in place by coarse gravel. If plants are to be rooted in mud, garden soil with little organic matter will do. Some growers recommend a mixture of about half peat and half sand mixed with 10% top soil. Plants that are rooted in mud need their fronds kept moist. Temperatures must be maintained close to 27C (80F) for good growth. The plants and buds decline when temperatures are below 20C (68F), and if lost, new plants must be started from spores.

Propagation: By spores sown in February on surface of compost in pan or water as for culture in next column, vivaparous forms increased by pegging down leaves into soft mud, detaching later.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Ferns for wet Soils.
Sun-Tolerant Fern.
Rapidly Growing Fern.
Fern for Acid Soils.
Fern for Conservatory or Heated Greenhouse.

Stove aquatic fern that is usually only of annual duration, but when carefully grown may be a biennial.

Culture: Soil, sifted loam and charcoal with a little leaf-mould. Position, in pots or pans submerged to rim in tank of water for floating kinds, submerged kinds in aquarium compost. Plant, spring or summer. All need subdued light, moist, warm atmosphere. Temperature, September to March 55-60F (13-15C), March to September, about 75F (24C).

It grows best in soil with a pH reading of 5-9 and in very high amounts of light. It usually grows quickly.
This plant normally grows fast, but the addition of CO2 (CO2  concentrations of under 20 mg/l are sufficient) may be necessary to promote growth.

Grows in wet garden soil. Typically, the plants root in mud.

It succeeds best in a pot of good loam, wholly submerged in a tank of warm water in a stove house. It produces spores freely, or may be propagated by the young plants that form on all the fronds.

Swampy areas, swamp forests, sago (Metroxylon) swamps, marshes, natural and man-made ponds, mostly in stagnant water bodies or in still pockets along slow flowing rivers, full sun to moderate shade, from sea level to 1300 m, but mostly less than 500 m altitude. Sometimes massed on or around logs or other floating vegetation, once recorded in a fresh-water mangrove (Sonneratia) growing among the finger-like pneumatophores.
It is widely used as an aquarium plant, and is prized for its versatility, being used both as a floating plant and a plant that can be rooted in the substrate.

"The water temperature should ideally be kept above 20 degrees C." from the Aquatic Community.

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English: Foliage of Ceratopteris thalictroides
日本語: ミズワラビ By Show_ryu via Wikimedia Commons

Figure: Die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas, insbesondere seiner tropischen Gebiete : Grundzge der Pflanzen-verbreitung im Afrika und die Charak-terpflanzen Afrikas. Ceratopteris thalictroides. By Engler, Adolf, 1844-1930 via Wikimedia Commons

 

 

English: Two floating aquatic fern: Salvinia minima (right) and Ceratopteris thalictroides (left) floating in aquarium. Identified by user Le.Loup.Gris.
Español: Dos helechos acuáticos flotantes: Salvinia minima (derecha) y Ceratopteris thalictroides (izquierda) flotando en acuario.By Pristigaster via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-3.0

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Marsilea coromandelina (Marsilea trichocarpa)
Water Clover, pepperwort

 

Marsilea is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae. These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because the long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are either held above water or submerged.

 

 

Aquatic Ferns

Propagation: The spores are of separate sexes (male and female) and contained in brown, hard, bean-like structures called sporocarps. These are extremely durable and remain viable for up to 100 years if kept dry. To germinate the spores, take a piece of sand paper or a rough nail file and abrade the sporocarp until the white inside is visible. Then put the sporocarp in shallow water under a bright light.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Sun-Tolerant.
 

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen ferns.

coromandelina: named after the type locality at the Coromandel coast (south-eastern tip of India).
Habitat: Arid bushveld regions, upper limits of seasonal or temporal vleis and pans, edge of lakes and rivers.
In Zimbabwe confined to dry lowveld in Gonaredzu Reserve (Jacobsen, 1983).
Worldwide distribution:Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Kenya, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. Also Madagascar, socotra and India.

 

Propagation continued
Within minutes it will germinate and extrude a transparent, tail-like, gelatinous ring called the Sorophore, to which the sori are attached. The sori resemble grains of white rice arranged in a row. Within a few more minutes the sori will release the small male and much larger female spores that will quickly germinate and fertilize in the water. After a week or so, the fertilized female spores, which will appear as conspicuous white dots, can be picked up with an eye-dropper and released over wet sand or mud. Keep the planting wet and in bright light. Young plants should emerge and grow rapidly, maturing in 12 to 18 months.

 

If you grow and sell ferns in any country, please tell me so that I can put them on this website and inform others where they can be bought online via mail-order.

If you would provide photos and fern details to be only used by me on this website, they would be gratefully received, since I could assume that the photo was a valid one in regard to its name of fern in its filename to that fern in the photo.

 

Marsilea ferns are grown as novelty plants in aquariums, ponds, and wide pots. If the pots are submerged a few inches in water, the plants may produce floating leaves. It usually grows vigorously and spreads by rhizomes The plants do best in well-watered, sunny locations. They are typically planted in garden soil or a mixture of half sand and peat. Mixes with high amounts of organic matter are apt to sour in standing water.

Distributed in Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Kenya, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. Also Madagascar, socotra and India.

See images.

Marsilea drummondii
Nardoo, Common Nardoo

Probably Semi-Hardy

It is native to Australia, where it is widespread and common, particularly in inland regions.
In northern Victoria, M. drummondii has been found where flooding occurs in spring-summer, lasts one to six months, and is shallow (less than 10 cm deep).

Marsilea is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae. These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because the long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are either held above water or submerged.

Deciduous fronds with greenish gray leaflets and (nonaquatic forms) conspicuous white, silky hairs. Roots are present on the nodes and internodes. This species is native to Australia, where it is called "nardoo".

The sterile fronds are erect when growing in mud, floating when growing in water, each consisting of 2 pairs of leaflets arranged in a fourleaf-clover pattern. The flexible stems allow the plants to adapt to small changes in water level (although M. drummondii has been seen in water up to 1 m deep), while keeping their leaves on the water surface to access light and carbon dioxide.

 

Parts of Marsilea drummondii contain an enzyme which destroys thiamine (vitamin B1), leading to brain damage in sheep and horses. During floods in the Gwydir River basin 2,200 sheep died after eating nardoo. Three-quarters of the sheep that were affected did however respond to thiamine injections.

The sporocarp can be toxic due to high levels of thiaminase, which destroys thiamine. Consumption of large amounts can cause beriberi. It has been known to poison sheep, as well as humans.

Aquatic Ferns

Propagation: The spores are of separate sexes (male and female) and contained in brown, hard, bean-like structures called sporocarps. These are extremely durable and remain viable for up to 100 years if kept dry. To germinate the spores, take a piece of sand paper or a rough nail file and abrade the sporocarp until the white inside is visible. Then put the sporocarp in shallow water under a bright light.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Sun-Tolerant.
Rapidly Growing Ferns.

 

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen ferns.

 

San Marcos Growers - Even if you don't have a "pond" the size of Zaca Lake - Santa Barbara Countys's only natural lake - you can "water garden" using smaller ponds or even containers. San Marcos Growers is pleased to offer a diverse line of plants for ponds, bogs and fountains. We also manufacture a large pot that is suitable as a small pond of fountain. We feel that by using a very limited area within the garden for a pond or fountain, a feeling of cool lushness is achieved without requiring copious amounts of water, a precious resource in the dry California garden. This type of planting is sometimes referred to as an oasis within the garden. For your oasis check out our pond plants and links to other water plant sites.

Grows best under high light in aquatic conditions or in a moist to wet garden soil or sand-peat mix.

It is a rhizomatous perennial aquatic fern that roots in mud substrates and produces herbage that floats on the surface of quiet water bodies. It occurs in water up to one meter deep. It occurs in abundance after floods. It can form mats on the water's surface and cover the ground in carpets as floodwaters recede.

Plants grow rapidly and can form sporocarps within three months.

In the home garden pond, Common Nardoo grows as a perennial. It is hardy, thriving in a full sun to a semi-shade gradient, withstanding Canberra frosts and regenerating quickly from stresses. Transplant from the pond into a pot to allow propagation and algal treatment. A loam should be used with a gravel surface mulch to reduce leaching of nutrients into the pond. To propagate, remove the plant from the pot and divide into new plants by slicing through the ‘root ball’ with a knife or secateurs.
Common Nardoo attracts frogs to the garden, providing good breeding habitat.

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Propagation continued
Within minutes it will germinate and extrude a transparent, tail-like, gelatinous ring called the Sorophore, to which the sori are attached. The sori resemble grains of white rice arranged in a row. Within a few more minutes the sori will release the small male and much larger female spores that will quickly germinate and fertilize in the water. After a week or so, the fertilized female spores, which will appear as conspicuous white dots, can be picked up with an eye-dropper and released over wet sand or mud. Keep the planting wet and in bright light. Young plants should emerge and grow rapidly, maturing in 12 to 18 months.

The plant produces sporocarps which can remain viable for 50 years and only release spores after being thoroughly soaked. The sporocarps are dispersed by birds that eat them but cannot digest them, and by flowing water.

Marsilea drummondii leaf and fiddlehead. Date: 4 February 2017. By Mark Marathon via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-4.0.

Marsilea drummondii in water. By Mark Marathon via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-4.0.

Figure of Marsilea drummondii in Comprehensive catalogue of Queensland plants, both indigenous and naturalised. To which are added, where known, the aboriginal and other vernacular names; with numerous illustrations, and copious notes on the properties, features, &c., of the plants. By Bailey, Frederick Manson, 1827-1915 via Wikimedia Commons.

Common nardoo, Marsilea dummondii, on a pond in the Dandenongs. By Casliber via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-3.0

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Marsilea ferns are grown as novelty plants in aquariums, ponds, and wide pots. If the pots are submerged a few inches in water, the plants may produce floating leaves. It usually grows vigorously and spreads by rhizomes The plants do best in well-watered, sunny locations. They are typically planted in garden soil or a mixture of half sand and peat. Mixes with high amounts of organic matter are apt to sour in standing water.

Marsilea macrocarpa (Marsilea dregeana, Marsilea fischeri, Marsilea rotundata )

Probably Semi-Hardy

Native to Africa in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda

Marsilea is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae. These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because the long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are either held above water or submerged.

macrocarpa: with large fruits or sporocarps.

Some roots are present on internodes of the rhizome.

Aquatic Ferns

Propagation: The spores are of separate sexes (male and female) and contained in brown, hard, bean-like structures called sporocarps. These are extremely durable and remain viable for up to 100 years if kept dry. To germinate the spores, take a piece of sand paper or a rough nail file and abrade the sporocarp until the white inside is visible. Then put the sporocarp in shallow water under a bright light.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Sun-Tolerant.

 

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen ferns.

Grows best under high light in aquatic conditions or in a moist to wet garden soil or sand-peat mix.

Habitat: Areas with permanent or temporary ground water, seasonal vleis and pans, temporary grassland depressions, along streams, sometimes in running water. Seasonal pattern, dormant in dry season.

 

Propagation continued
Within minutes it will germinate and extrude a transparent, tail-like, gelatinous ring called the Sorophore, to which the sori are attached. The sori resemble grains of white rice arranged in a row. Within a few more minutes the sori will release the small male and much larger female spores that will quickly germinate and fertilize in the water. After a week or so, the fertilized female spores, which will appear as conspicuous white dots, can be picked up with an eye-dropper and released over wet sand or mud. Keep the planting wet and in bright light. Young plants should emerge and grow rapidly, maturing in 12 to 18 months.

If you grow and sell ferns in any country, please tell me so that I can put them on this website and inform others where they can be bought online via mail-order.

If you would provide photos and fern details to be only used by me on this website, they would be gratefully received, since I could assume that the photo was a valid one in regard to its name of fern in its filename to that fern in the photo.

 

Photos

 

Marsilea ferns are grown as novelty plants in aquariums, ponds, and wide pots. If the pots are submerged a few inches in water, the plants may produce floating leaves. It usually grows vigorously and spreads by rhizomes The plants do best in well-watered, sunny locations. They are typically planted in garden soil or a mixture of half sand and peat. Mixes with high amounts of organic matter are apt to sour in standing water.

Marsilea mutica
Floating Four-Leaf Clover

Semi-Hardy

Native to New Caledonia and Australia.

Marsilea is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae. These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because the long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are either held above water or submerged.

Pale green of yellowish green leaflets in the lower (proximal) part and a dark green in the upper (distal) part, often separated by a pale or brownish band. Roots are present on the nodes and internodes.

 

This extremely rare pond plant produces attractive glossy leaves which float on the water's surface like those of a small waterlily. These leaves reach up to 1½ inches across and have delicate two-tone markings, which are particularly striking on mature leaves. Although it looks just like a four-leaved clover, Marsilea mutica is actually an aquatic fern. It thrives in warm shallow water and spreads slowly, making it suitable for small ponds and especially tub gardens. Contrary to popular belief, the plant is fully hardy: Marsilea mutica has been grown here at the nursery for 20 years with no protection whatsoever from frost or snow and always survives, within Brentwood in Essex, England.

Recommended water depth over crown of plant: 5 - 15 cm (2 - 6 inches)

This extremely rare pond plant produces attractive glossy leaves which float on the water's surface like those of a small waterlily. These leaves reach up to 1½ inches across and have delicate two-tone markings, which are particularly striking on mature leaves. Although it looks just like a four-leaved clover, Marsilea mutica is actually an aquatic fern. It thrives in warm shallow water and spreads slowly, making it suitable for small ponds and especially tub gardens. Contrary to popular belief, the plant is fully hardy: Marsilea mutica has been grown here at the nursery for 20 years with no protection whatsoever from frost or snow and always survives.
We recommend starting your Marsilea mutica off in a pot of 1 litre capacity.
Water Garden Plants is run by Anna and James and sells pond plants by mail order including Marsh Plants and poolside Plants and native British Pond Plants (further details about those native plants via Wildflower Botanical Names Page ).

Aquatic Ferns

Propagation: The spores are of separate sexes (male and female) and contained in brown, hard, bean-like structures called sporocarps. These are extremely durable and remain viable for up to 100 years if kept dry. To germinate the spores, take a piece of sand paper or a rough nail file and abrade the sporocarp until the white inside is visible. Then put the sporocarp in shallow water under a bright light.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Sun-Tolerant.

 

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen ferns.

Grows well under high light in aquatic conditions or in a moist to wet garden soil or sand-peat mix.

 

 

"2018 - 2019 List of Regulated or Illegal Aquatic Plants in America. Never release non-native aquatic plants into natural lakes, streams, or other waterways. This plant is on that list of illegal plants in America." from Pond Plants Online who offer hardy waterlilies, tropical waterlilies, hardy bog pond plants, tropical bog pond plants, floating pond plants, submerged pond plants, lotus and other pond supplies for your water garden from Ohio in America.
Other Rapidly Growing Ferns in this page must not be released into local rivers or streams, since it can cause growth in those rivers in any country, which is very expensive to get rid of. When no longer required, take it out the water and spread them on land as a mulch under trees, shrubs or hedges.

marsilleamuticapfor1wikimediacommons

 

marsilleamuticapfol1wikimediacommons

Propagation continued
Within minutes it will germinate and extrude a transparent, tail-like, gelatinous ring called the Sorophore, to which the sori are attached. The sori resemble grains of white rice arranged in a row. Within a few more minutes the sori will release the small male and much larger female spores that will quickly germinate and fertilize in the water. After a week or so, the fertilized female spores, which will appear as conspicuous white dots, can be picked up with an eye-dropper and released over wet sand or mud. Keep the planting wet and in bright light. Young plants should emerge and grow rapidly, maturing in 12 to 18 months.

Juvenile Marsilea mutica - KRT3962. Kevin Thiele from Perth, Australia via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-2.0

Mature Marsilea mutica - KRT3961. Kevin Thiele from Perth, Australia via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-2.0

Form of Marsilea mutica. Location taken: Lilypons Water Gardens, Adamstown MD, USA. Names: Marsilea mutica Mett., Banded Nardoo, Floating Water Clover, Four leafed water clover, Nardoo, Water Clove. Photo by David J. Stang via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-4.0

Marsilea mutica in mud - Español: Marsilea mutica ejemplar del Jardín botánico de Valencia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia. España. By Falconaumanni via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-3.0

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Marsilea ferns are grown as novelty plants in aquariums, ponds, and wide pots. If the pots are submerged a few inches in water, the plants may produce floating leaves. It usually grows vigorously and spreads by rhizomes The plants do best in well-watered, sunny locations. They are typically planted in garden soil or a mixture of half sand and peat. Mixes with high amounts of organic matter are apt to sour in standing water.

Marsilea polycarpa (Marsilea brasiliensis, Marsilea quadrifolia, Zaluzianskia polycarpa)
Water Clover, Guayanan waterclover

Costa Rica, Central and South America, West Indies.

Marsilea is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae. These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because the long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are either held above water or submerged.

This is not a 4-Leaf Clover.

 

Photos.

 

Aquatic Ferns

Propagation: The spores are of separate sexes (male and female) and contained in brown, hard, bean-like structures called sporocarps. These are extremely durable and remain viable for up to 100 years if kept dry. To germinate the spores, take a piece of sand paper or a rough nail file and abrade the sporocarp until the white inside is visible. Then put the sporocarp in shallow water under a bright light.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Sun-Tolerant.

 

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen rooted fern.

Habitat: Tropical dry forest.

An aquatic fern which grows in permanent water, forming colonies by its spreading rhizomes. Plants can be grown as aquatics in fish ponds and containers.

 

Propagation continued
Within minutes it will germinate and extrude a transparent, tail-like, gelatinous ring called the Sorophore, to which the sori are attached. The sori resemble grains of white rice arranged in a row. Within a few more minutes the sori will release the small male and much larger female spores that will quickly germinate and fertilize in the water. After a week or so, the fertilized female spores, which will appear as conspicuous white dots, can be picked up with an eye-dropper and released over wet sand or mud. Keep the planting wet and in bright light. Young plants should emerge and grow rapidly, maturing in 12 to 18 months.

If you grow and sell ferns in any country, please tell me so that I can put them on this website and inform others where they can be bought online via mail-order.

If you would provide photos and fern details to be only used by me on this website, they would be gratefully received, since I could assume that the photo was a valid one in regard to its name of fern in its filename to that fern in the photo.

 

Marsilea ferns are grown as novelty plants in aquariums, ponds, and wide pots. If the pots are submerged a few inches in water, the plants may produce floating leaves. It usually grows vigorously and spreads by rhizomes The plants do best in well-watered, sunny locations. They are typically planted in garden soil or a mixture of half sand and peat. Mixes with high amounts of organic matter are apt to sour in standing water.

Marsilea quadrifolia
Water Clover/ Water Shamrock, European Water Clover, Four leaf clover

Hardy in Zone 5

Native to Northeastern United States, southeastern Europe, and Asia

Marsilea is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae. These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because the long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are either held above water or submerged.

Aquatic fern bearing 4 parted leaf resembling '4-leaf clover' (Trifolium). Leaves floating in deep water or erect in shallow water or on land.

Roots are present on nodes and internodes. Leaves with 4 clover-like leaflets.

14/-1/2inch leaf width, 1-2 inch tall submersed growth

Aquatic Ferns

Propagation: The spores are of separate sexes (male and female) and contained in brown, hard, bean-like structures called sporocarps. These are extremely durable and remain viable for up to 100 years if kept dry. To germinate the spores, take a piece of sand paper or a rough nail file and abrade the sporocarp until the white inside is visible. Then put the sporocarp in shallow water under a bright light.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Sun-Tolerant.
Ferns for Wet Soils.
Herbaceous Fern.

 

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen ferns.

"Four Leaf Clover - is one of the most popular carpet aquarium plants for the foreground and it is recommended for beginners to create a dense carpet. It grows slowly but it is easy to keep because is undemanding and can be grown in moderate lighting. Higher lighting and carbon dioxide injection improve growth rate and promote more compact growth. In the lower light situations it produces bigger leaves with a single lobe, very different from the emerse plant. No substrate or water special conditions are required (temperature between 18°C - 28°C or 64°F - 82°F, pH 5 - 7.5 and GH between 1 - 20 dH)." from Aquarium and Pond Plants with their Aquarium Plants guide and who ship their plants worldwide.

Grows well under high light in aquatic conditions or in a moist-wet garden soil or sand-peat mix. The plants are used in China for treating infections.

Found in Europe in shallow water of periodically flooded localities such as water-meadows or ricefields, with the leaves floating and the sporocarps usually developing in the mud when the water-level is lowered.

Marsilea quadrifolia is grown in aquaria.

The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist or wet soil and can grow in water.
Marsilea quadrifolia can be grown as a potted plant, either just with soil kept wet, or semi-submerged, with fronds emergent from the water, or fully submerged, with the fronds floating on the surface of the water.
In the aquarium, water clover is grown fully submerged, usually in the foreground where it spreads by means of runners. It normally seems to be unfussy as to light and water conditions, and doesn't need a rich substrate.

marsilleaquadrifoliapjuvfolwikimediacommons

 

marsilleaquadrifoliapmatfolwikimediacommons

Propagation continued
Within minutes it will germinate and extrude a transparent, tail-like, gelatinous ring called the Sorophore, to which the sori are attached. The sori resemble grains of white rice arranged in a row. Within a few more minutes the sori will release the small male and much larger female spores that will quickly germinate and fertilize in the water. After a week or so, the fertilized female spores, which will appear as conspicuous white dots, can be picked up with an eye-dropper and released over wet sand or mud. Keep the planting wet and in bright light. Young plants should emerge and grow rapidly, maturing in 12 to 18 months.

Juvenile foliage of Marsilea quadrifolia. By Vinayaraj via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-3.0

Mature foliage of Marsilea quadrifolia, Romania. By Frank Vassen from Brussels, Belgium via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-2.0

Form of Marsilea quadrifolia
(European water clover) in May 2005, By Phyzome via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-3.0-migrated

Fig. 85. Marsilea quadrifolia from the second edition of An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions (New York, 1913). By Nathaniel Lord Britton & Addison Brown via Wikimedia Commons, License Public Domain in United States.

marsilleaquadrifoliapforwikimediacommons

 

marsilleaquadrifoliapfigwikimediacommons

Marsilea ferns are grown as novelty plants in aquariums, ponds, and wide pots. If the pots are submerged a few inches in water, the plants may produce floating leaves. It usually grows vigorously and spreads by rhizomes The plants do best in well-watered, sunny locations. They are typically planted in garden soil or a mixture of half sand and peat. Mixes with high amounts of organic matter are apt to sour in standing water.

Pilularia americana
American Pillwort

Hardy in Zone 5

Native to United States and Mexico.
The range of the American pillwort is well-established throughout much of California and south-central Oregon.

The genus name comes from the Greek pilula, little ball, and refers to the globose sporocarps.

It is an unusual species of fern. The fronds essentially consist of the stems only, any form of flattened laminae having been lost.

Photos

 

This fern resembles a very small clump of grass. However, unlike grasses, the leaves are initially coiled from the tip downward, and unfurl like a typical fern fiddlehead. The leaves also become distinctively curly when dry. Sporocorps look like small woolly marbles and are important for identification.

Leaves sparsely hairy, threadlike, elongate, with an unbranched midvein, round in cross section, 1.6-10.2 cm long, about 0.5 mm wide. Sporocarps present underground June to July; plants are most easily identifiable before vernal pools dry up in late June.

Aquatic Ferns

 

Propagation:
This plant is easily grown given a suitable habitat and kept uncrowded. The pillwort also may die out for drier or colder parts of the season, regenerating the next year from the sporocarps. While it is in the aquatic fern group, it prefers to be emergent (in shallow water, with fronds emerging into the air) or growing completely emersed (fronds completely out of water), though preferring to be rooted in wet mud.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Sun-Tolerant.
Ferns for Wet Soils.
 

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen ferns.

Grows well under high light in sandy or silty garden soil kept wet. The plants can also grow submerged or partly submerged. Do not let them dry out completely.

Ecology: Vernal pools, mud flats, lake margins. Poorly collected, often overlooked due to its small, grass-like appearance.
This species is sensitive to disturbance from domestic grazing.

Botanical illustration including Pilularia america with 5 photos of that plant -

Citation for this treatment: Andy Murdock, Alan R. Smith & Thomas Lemieux 2012, Pilularia americana, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=38232, accessed on January 06, 2019.

Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) 2019, Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/, accessed on January 06, 2019.

If you grow and sell ferns in any country, please tell me so that I can put them on this website and inform others where they can be bought online via mail-order.

If you would provide photos and fern details to be only used by me on this website, they would be gratefully received, since I could assume that the photo was a valid one in regard to its name of fern in its filename to that fern in the photo.

 

Pilularia are small, sedge-like or grass-like plants. They can be distinguished from grasses and sedges by the coiled tips of their young leaves. Of little ornamental value, this genus is best used as part of a small, aquatic dish-garden or in bog or marsh plantings.

Associated species include mosses, annual hairgrass (Deschampsia danthonioides), tiny mousetail (Myosurus minimus), popcornflower (Plagiobothrys spp.), pale spike-rush (Eleocharis macrostachya), needle spike-rush (Eleocharis acicularis), fruitleaf knotweed (Polygonum polygaloides ssp. confertiflorum), Pacific foxtail (Alopecurus saccatus), whitehead navarretia (Navarretia leucocephala), elegant calicoflower (Downingia elegans), and water mudwort (Limosella aquatica). Photogragh shows that this fern grows between the grassland and the vernal pool.

Pilularia globulifera
European Pillwort, Pillwort

Hardy in Zone 5

Native to Europe - found in western Central Europe and scattered throughout the British Isles in shallow water at edges of ponds, ricefields, marshy ground, wet heaths, often submerged, in acid substrata; very local and absent from many counties; local in Ireland.
Native UK plant.
 

Leaves arising from a creeping rhizome with nodes 1-4 cm (0.5-1.5inches) apart, 3-10 (15) (1.2-4 inches) long, subulate.

This tiny plant is a type of creeping fern. It is hard to spot because it has thin, grass-like leaves and often grows with water grasses or small rushes. The ‘pills’ are tiny round spore cases at the bases of the stems. It can still be found at a number of sites scattered across Britain, but is internationally threatened, as it is declining across its whole European range.
Key threats:-
Water pollution, particularly by fertilisers, which encourage the growth of coarse plants. The decline of cattle grazing and the resultant loss of trampling; drainage; the ploughing of old pastures; and invasion by the vigorous non-native water plant New Zealand pigmyweed (Crassula helmsii) - illegal plant in the UK.

About 3 inches (8 cms) tall, which is easily recognised by the characteristically unfurling leaves and the large (3 mm), round sporocarps, if present.

Lime green round stem-like leaves or  fronds approximately 1-1.5mm diameter.

Fronds unfurl from tight coils, and you can often see 1 or 2 fronds which have yet to unfurl even late into the season.

Fronds can grow up to 8cm tall, often standing upright from the ground or above the surface of the water, but they can be submerged.

The fronds are rarely straight and have a kinky or wavy appearance, especially when young.

The fronds arise singly, or at most 3 shoots, from a rhizome (horizontal underground stem), not in clumps or tussocks (as seen in grasses and rushes).

Aquatic Ferns

 

Propagation:

Pillwort is a specialist of bare pond edge habitats. It is not a good competitor and only thrives where there are few other plants. Like many specialists, it has some key habitat requirements:-
1. Seasonally fluctuating water levels, doing especially well in temporary ponds. 2. Poaching and grazing by livestock. This is the best form of sustainable management because it creates bare ground which the plant needs.
3. Slightly acidic ponds on clays, sands and peaty substrates.
4. Open habitats including heathland and acid grassland. It is intolerant of shading from scrub.
Pillwort can also be found growing on the edge of larger ponds and lakes, particularly sand and gravel pits, but only where there are fluctuating water levels and clean unpolluted water.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Rapidly Growing Fern.
Ferns for wet Soils.
Fern for Acid Soils. Ferns suitable for Terrariums.
Use as Bog or Wet-Soil Fern.

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen ferns.

Pillwort can be grown in a "bog garden" or as a marginal aquatic in a garden pond.

Grows well under high light in sandy or silty garden soil kept wet. The plants can also grow submerged or partly submerged. Do not let them dry out completely. This speces is a rapid and robust grower in moist to wet soil.

It grows at edges of lakes, ponds, ditches and marshes, on wet clay or clay-sand soil (that are submerged for at least part of the year), sometimes in water up to 30 cm (12 in) deep. Some of the plants growing in association with this species in the UK include water celery (Apium inundatum), marsh pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris) and lesser spearwort (Ranunculus flammula).

pilulariaglobuliferapforwikimediacommons1

 

pilulariaglobuliferapfruswikimediacommons1

English: Single creeping plant of the fern species Pillwort, Pilularia globulifera, on wet ground.
Deutsch: Einzelner Kriechspross (Ausläufer) des Pillenfarns (Pilularia globulifera) auf wechselnassem Teichboden. By Christian Fischer via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-3.0

English: Mature sporocarps at the base of the leaves from the fern species Pillwort, Pilularia globulifera.
Deutsch: Reife Sporenbehälter ("Pillen") am Grund der Blätter des Pillenfarns (Pilularia globulifera). By Christian Fischer via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-3.0

English: Field of the fern species Pillwort, Pilularia globulifera, in a natural habitat (alternating wet pond bottom).
Deutsch: Aspekt eines rasenartigen Bestandes des Pillenfarns (Pilularia globulifera) in seinem natürlichen Lebensraum (wechselnasse Teichbodenflur, Zwergbinsen-gesellschaft). By Christian Fischer via Wikimedia Commons, License CC-BY-SA-3.0

Pilularia globulifera - Image:Illustration Pilularia globulifera0.jpg from Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany via Wikimedia Commons

pilulariaglobuliferapgarwikimediacommons1

 

pilulariaglobuliferapfigwikimediacommons1

Pilularia are small, sedge-like or grass-like plants. They can be distinguished from grasses and sedges by the coiled tips of their young leaves. Of little ornamental value, this genus is best used as part of a small, aquatic dish-garden or in bog or marsh plantings.

Pilularia novae-hollandiae (Pilularia novae-zelandiae)
Australian Pillwort, Austral Pillwort

Found in Tasmania and throughout New Zealand.

Fertile fronds are required to confirm the identity of this aquatic or semi-aquatic fern with grass-like fronds, though fertile fronds tend not to develop in plants that are submerged for most of the year. The production of fertile fronds appears to be associated with seasonal drought or stress though plants can die down in dry conditions. Most herbarium specimens from Tasmania have been collected from November to March and those from Victoria have been collected in spring.

2-3 x
(5-7.5 x )

Aquatic Ferns

 

 

It grows among grasses in soft mud at the edges of swamps and pools, or in shallow water.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Ferns for Wet Soils.
 

A small species from ponds and low-lying areas subject to periodic inundation, often growing in drying mud. Colonies may decline after a few years and benefit from restarting with a small division in a fesh mix.

Austral Pillwort grows in shallow swamps and waterways, often among grasses and sedges. It is most often recorded in drying mud as this is when it is most conspicuous.

Austral Pillwort is a semi-aquatic fern, resembling a small fine grass. Its thread-like fronds, to 8 cm long, arise in tufts from a creeping underground stem (rhizome). The fruiting capsules are small, spherical hairy pills that form at the base of fronds. This species is probably ephemeral (especially in the drier parts of its range), appearing when soils are moistened by rain.

Cite as: Threatened Species Section (2019). Pilularia novae-hollandiae (australian pillwort): Species Management Profile for Tasmania's Threatened Species Link. https://www.threatenedspecieslink.tas.gov.au/Pages/Pilularia-novae-hollandiae.aspx. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania. Accessed on 8/1/2019.

Contact details: Threatened Species Section, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, GPO Box 44, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 7001. Phone (1300 368 550).

Permit: A permit is required under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 to 'take' (which includes kill, injure, catch, damage, destroy and collect), keep, trade in or process any specimen or products of a listed species. Additional permits may also be required under other Acts or regulations to take, disturb or interfere with any form of wildlife or its products, (e.g. dens, nests, bones). This may also depend on the tenure of the land and other agreements relating to its management.

If you grow and sell ferns in any country, please tell me so that I can put them on this website and inform others where they can be bought online via mail-order.

If you would provide photos and fern details to be only used by me on this website, they would be gratefully received, since I could assume that the photo was a valid one in regard to its name of fern in its filename to that fern in the photo.

 

Pilularia are small, sedge-like or grass-like plants. They can be distinguished from grasses and sedges by the coiled tips of their young leaves. Of little ornamental value, this genus is best used as part of a small, aquatic dish-garden or in bog or marsh plantings.

Regnellidium diphyllum
Latex Fern, Two-leaf Water Fern, Clover two-leaf

Very Tender - easy to grow but apt to die if the temperature drops below 21C (70F).

The genus has only this one speces. Native to southeastern Brazil and adjacent Argentina.

The specific epithet diphyllum means having two leaves.

It has 2-lobed leaves (rather than 4).

It was, vigorously growing in a garden pond in California with Photos.

Culture: Prefers good nutrition - growth poor under nutrient stress.

Plants have a long-creeping stem which roots in mud and long leaf stems which bear a pair of leaflets at the apex. These leaves either float on the water or are emergent from shallow water. Plants can be grown readily in a heated aquarium or a pot of spagnum moss with the base permanently immersed in water. The species is very sensitive to cold and resents alkaline water.

The rhizomes are creeping and bear fronds 1-3 cm (0.5-1.2 inches) apart.

Quick grower up to 6 inches (15 cm) high and spreading with glossy green, double leaves.

Aquatic Ferns

 

Propagation:

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Rapidly Growing Fern.
Ferns for wet Soils.
Conservatory or Heated Greenhouse.
Sun-Tolerant Fern.
 

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen ferns.
Culture: Place in water no deeper than 2 inches over the crown. In colder regions, allow to go dormant in a non-freezing location, but do not let the plant dry out. An exceptional pond plant.

It roots in mud, although sometimes it is submerged and the fronds are floating. The rhizomes are creeping and bear fronds 103 cm (0.5-1.2 inches) apart.

Grows well under high light in moist-wet soil (a mixture of sand and peat) or fully submerged. The plants are typically grown in pots set in water or in aquarium with plants partly submerged.

This fern is sometimes grown in aquaria. It is the only non-flowering plant that produces latex.

regnellidiumdihyllumpgarwikimediacommons

Regnellidium diphyllum. A Two-leaf Water Fern, native to southeastern Brazil. UC Berkeley Botanical Gardens. Marsileaceae. By Dick Culbert via Wikimedia Commons - License CC-BY-2.0

regnellidiumdihyllumpforwikimediacommons

The genus is related to Marsilea, the clover fern, but differs by having 2 leaflets instead of 4. The leaves are produced too far apart on the rhizome to make an attractive pot plant; the plants are mainly used as a novelty in aquariums.

Salvinia auriculata (Salvinia rotundifolia)
Water Spangle, Giant Salvinia, Eared Salvinia, Eared Watermoss

Semi-Tender to Tender

Native to tropical America.

 

 

Aquatic Ferns

 

Propagation: It propagates itself freely by division.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
 

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen ferns.

A small aquatic fern with short-creeping rhizomes. Grows well under direct sunlight.

This may not be imported into the United States and possession of the plants is prohibited by governmental agencies in America.

Due to the above paragragh, it would seem unwise to grow this as it becomes an expensive pest if allowed into natural lakes or slow moving rivers and so no further details will occur in this website.

 

 

 

The Water Spangles are small floating ferns, although they also grow in mud around the shores of ponds, lakes, or swamps. Their small, rounded leaves add interest to ponds, dish gardens, and aquariums. Salvinia does not tolerate much cool weather and dies during the winter in most parts of the United States. Culture is the same as for another aquatic fern, Azolla.
Native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

Salvinia hastata (Salvinia hildebrandtii, Salvinia mollis)
Water fern

Tender

In the Flora of Mozambique.

Floating leaves opposite, oblong, up to 2 cm long, 1.3 cm wide, sometimes slightly broadened towards the base, emarginate at the apex, cordate to truncate at the base, flat or infolded along the midrib, papillate on the upper surface with minute whitish multicellular hairs, pilose beneath with brownish multicellular hairs; submerged leaf up to 6.5 cm long, the lobes with dense dark brown multicellular hairs up to 3 mm long.

 

Aquatic Ferns

 

Propagation: It propagates itself freely by division.

Propagate by division or by spores that fall to the bottom of the tank and if there is a little loam at the bottom will germinate.

Propagation:By division during growing period. It is advisable to keep stock pans containing 3 inches (7.5 cm) sifted loam and charcoal and 1 inch (2.5 cm) of water; spores will drop into mud and keep the stock going.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns. Rapidly Growing Fern.
Conservatory or Heated Greenhouse.
 

Stove or Greenhouse annual aquatic fern.
Culture: Soil, not necessary. Position, tanks or water in warm greenhouse or in indoor aquariums. Temperature, March to September 65-75F (18-24C), September to March 55-60F (13-15C). Place in tanks any time.

A pretty little aquatic for stove or greenhouse that floats on the water like Azolla and increases very rapidly in summer. The plants have tiny fern leaves with no roots but the under sides of the leaves perform the functions of the roots.

This is in the Global Compendium of Weeds.

As a Declared Pest, this is Prohibited in all of Western Australia.

item1d8a1

Photos from Global Biodiversity Information Facility.

If you grow and sell ferns in any country, please tell me so that I can put them on this website and inform others where they can be bought online via mail-order.

If you would provide photos and fern details to be only used by me on this website, they would be gratefully received, since I could assume that the photo was a valid one in regard to its name of fern in its filename to that fern in the photo.

item1a1h1a1

The Water Spangles are small floating ferns, although they also grow in mud around the shores of ponds, lakes, or swamps. Their small, rounded leaves add interest to ponds, dish gardens, and aquariums. Salvinia does not tolerate much cool weather and dies during the winter in most parts of the United States. Culture is the same as for another aquatic fern, Azolla.
Native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

Salvinia molesta
Water Spangles/ Kariba Weed, Giant salvinia

Native to southern South America (southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay), but has become naturalized in Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand.

 

 

Aquatic Ferns

 

Propagation: It propagates itself freely by division.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
 

Stove and Greenhouse evergreen ferns.

This may not be imported into the United States and possession of the plants is prohibited by governmental agencies in America.

Due to the above paragragh, it would seem unwise to grow this as it becomes an expensive pest if allowed into natural lakes or slow moving rivers and so no further details will occur in this website.

 

Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) photos before and after biocontrol with the weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae, from PDF of SAPIA NEWS No. 24 - Invasive Species South Africa.

Salvinia molesta photos from Kwan with his copyright © www. NatureLoveYou.sg

 

 

The Water Spangles are small floating ferns, although they also grow in mud around the shores of ponds, lakes, or swamps. Their small, rounded leaves add interest to ponds, dish gardens, and aquariums. Salvinia does not tolerate much cool weather and dies during the winter in most parts of the United States. Culture is the same as for another aquatic fern, Azolla.
Native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

Salvinia natans
Salvinia
floating fern, floating watermoss, floating moss, or commercially, water butterfly wings

Semi-Tender to Hardier in Zone 10-11

Native to Europe and Asia - found in warm ponds and ditches in Central and Southeast Europe, extending to Holland and Spain; absent from Britain and Ireland.
It is found throughout the world where there is plentiful standing fresh water, sunlight, and humid air.

It has oblong-truncate to ovate fronds. Leaves 3, arranged in a whorl: the upper 2 ovate, floating, with large intercellular spaces, hairy and unwettable on both surfaces; the lower 1 split into numerous filiform root-like segments (functional roots).

The leaves of Salvinia natans block sunlight from reaching very far underwater. This is helpful to many freshwater fish, providing safe hiding places to breed in, but can interrupt the photosynthesis of many underwater plants. Salvinia natans can eventually cover entire ponds or lakes without ecological competition, starving other plant species.
It is worth removing sufficient to leave only 33% of the water surface covered and use it as a mulch on flowerbeds, amongst trees or in a hedge.

3 x 3-12
(7.5 x 7.5-30)
Tolerates swimming rabbit in water, which is wet.

Aquatic Ferns

 

Propagation: It propagates itself freely by division.

Propagate by division or by spores that fall to the bottom of the tank and if there is a little loam at the bottom will germinate.

Propagation:By division during growing period. It is advisable to keep stock pans containing 3 inches (7.5 cm) sifted loam and charcoal and 1 inch (2.5 cm) of water; spores will drop into mud and keep the stock going.

In home water gardens in the St. Louis area, some plants should be lifted in fall each year before first frost and overwintered in a saucer of moist soil covered with 2” of water in a bright frost-free area or in an aquarium.

Suitable for

Aquatic Ferns.
Sun-Tolerant Fern.
Rapidly Growing Fern.
Conservatory or Heated Greenhouse.
 

Stove and Greenhouse annual aquatic fern.
Culture:Soil, not necessary. Position, tanks or water in warm greenhouse or in indoor aquariums. Temperature, March to September 65-75F (18-24C), September to March 55-60F (13-15C). Place in tanks any time.

 

Use as free floating aquatic perennial for water gardens or ponds.

A small aquatic fern with short-creeping rhizomes. Grows well under direct sunlight.

A pretty little annual aquatic for stove or greenhouse that floats on the water like Azolla and increases very rapidly in summer. The plants have tiny fern leaves with no roots but the under sides of the leaves perform the functions of the roots.

salvianatansprootswikimediacommons1

 

salvianatanspfor1wikimediacommons1

 

salvianatanspfor2wikimediacommons1

 

The Water Spangles are small floating ferns, although they also grow in mud around the shores of ponds, lakes, or swamps. Their small, rounded leaves add interest to ponds, dish gardens, and aquariums. Salvinia does not tolerate much cool weather and dies during the winter in most parts of the United States. Culture is the same as for another aquatic fern, Azolla.
Native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

Submerged leaf of salvinia natans - Українська: Занурена вайя сальвінії плаваючої. By Carassiuslike via Wikimedia Commons - License CC-BY-SA-4.0

English: Water plant Salvinia natans from the Botanical Gardens of Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Čeština: Vodní rostlina nepukalka vzplývající (Salvinia natans) v Botanické zahradě Univerzity Karlovy Praha. By Karelj via Wikimedia Commons - License CC-BY-SA-3.0, 2.5,2.0,1.0

English: Salvinia natans (L.) All. (Water Fern); habitus. Habitat: а backwater in Volgograd Reservoir (Volga river). Engelssky District, Saratov Oblast, Russia.
Русский: Сальвиния плавающая (Salvinia natans (L.) All.); внешний вид растения. Местообитание: заводь. Волгоградское водохранилище, Энгельсский район Саратовской области. By Le.Loup.Gris via Wikimedia Commons - Multi-license with GFDL and CC-BY-SA

salvianatanspfor3wikimediacommons1

Suomi: Kellusaniainen (Salvinia natans) kasvaa Kaisaniemen kasvitieteellisen puutarhan kasvihuoneessa.
English: Water Fern (Salvinia natans) in the Glasshouses of Kaisaniemi Botanical Garden
Svenska: Simbräken (Salvinia natans) i växthuset av Kajsaniemi botaniska trädgård. By Anneli Salo via Wikimedia Commons - License CC-BY-SA-3.0

salvianatanspgarwikimediacommons1

Salvinia natans - Polski: Salwinia pływająca na naturalnym stanowisku w Rezerwacie Przyrody Łężczok koło Raciborza. By Czonek via Wikimedia Commons - Public Domain

salvianatanspfigwikimediacommons1

Salvinia natans - from Original book source: Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany. Source: www.biolib.de via Wikimedia Commons - Public Domain.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ivydene Horticultural Services logo with I design, construct and maintain private gardens. I also advise and teach you in your own garden. 01634 389677

 

If you grow and sell ferns in any country, please tell me so that I can put them on this website and inform others where they can be bought online via mail-order.

If you would provide photos and fern details to be only used by me on this website, they would be gratefully received, since I could assume that the photo was a valid one in regard to its name of fern in its filename to that fern in the photo.

 

Site design and content copyright ©January 2009.
Page structure amended December 2012.
Gallery structure changed November 2018.
Chris Garnons-Williams.

DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site.  

 

Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran. Revised and Expanded Edition. Published in 2001 by Timber Press, Inc. Reprinted 2002, 2006. ISBN-13:978-0-88192-495-4.
"This book is mainly written for people seriously interested in growing ferns, knowing their names and what makes them similar or different, and appreciating their diversity. It is not a coffee-table book, nor a chatty type of garden book meant for light reading. Beginning fern amateurs may find more information than they need, but they will also find information useful at their level. Although this book primarily is a reference, it is also for browsing and gleaning bits of information not readily found elsewhere.
The core information in this book will be particularly helpful to plant people who want to grow or identify different ferns and fern allies." from the Preface to the above book.

 

 

USE OF FERN WITH PHOTOS
using information from Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran and
The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1


Outdoor Use in
Northeastern United States
Zones 3-6
Southeastern United States Zones 6-8
Southern Florida and Hawaii Zones 10-11
Central United States Zones 3-6
Northwestern United States Zones 5-8 with some Zone 9
Southwestern United States Zones 6-9
Coastal Central and Southern California Zones 9-10

Accent
Aquatic 1, 2

Basket 1,
Ferns for Hanging Baskets 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Ferns for Hanging Baskets with Pendulous Fronds or weeping Growth Habit 7, 8

Bog or Wet-Soil 1,
Ferns for Wet Soils 2, 3
Border and Foundation 1, 2
Grow in Coastal Region
Cold-hardy Ferns 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Colour in Fern Fronds 1, 2, 3, 4
Conservatory (Stove House) or Heated Greenhouse 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Drier Soil 1, 2, 3, 4
Grows on Rock (epilithic) 1, 2
Borne on Leaf (epiphyllous) 1, 2
Grows on another Plant (epiphyte) 1, 2
Evergreen and Deciduous
Fronds in Floral Decorations

Ferns for Acid Soil 1,
Lime-hating (Calcifluges) 2, 3, 4, 5

Ferns for Basic or Limestone Soil 1,
Ferns Found on Limestone or Basic Soils (Calciphiles) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Ferns for Ground Cover 1,
Ground Cover Ferns 2, 3, 4, 5
Ferns of the Atlantic Fringe with associated plants (1 - Atlantic Cliff-top Grassland, Ledges and Rough Slopes; 2 - Clay Coasts and Dunes of South-East Ireland; 3 - Limestones of Western Atlantic Coasts; 4 - Hebridean Machair; 5 - Horsetail Flushes, Ditches and Stream Margins; 6 - Water Margin Osmunda Habitats; 7 - Western, Low-lying, Wet, Acid Woodlands; 8 - Western, Oak and Oak-Birch Woodlands and Ravines, in the UK and Ireland)
Ferns in Coastal District with associated plants
(Hard Rock Cliffs, Soft Rock Cliffs, Clay Coasts, or Coastal Sand-Dunes in the UK)
Ferns of Grasslands and Rock Outcrops (Grasslands; Rocks, Quarries and Mines in the UK)
Ferns of Heath and Moorland with associated plants (1 - Bracken Heath; 2 - Ferns of Moist Heathland Slopes and Margins of Rills and Streams; 3 - Heathland Horsetails, 4 - Heathland Clubmosses, in the UK)
Ferns of Lower Mountain Habitats with associated plants (1 - Upland Slopes and Screes; 2 - Base-rich, Upland Springs and Flushes; 3 - Base-rich, Upland, Streamside Sands and Gravels; 4 - Juniper Shrub Woodland, in the UK)
Ferns for Man-Made Landscapes with associated plants (South-western Hedgebanks, Hedgerows and Ditches, Walls and Stonework, Water Mills and Wells, Lime Kilns and abandoned Lime-Workings, Pit heaps and Shale Bings, Canals, Railways and Their Environs in the UK)
Ferns of Upper Mountain Habitats with associated plants (1 - High Mountain, Basic Cliffs and Ledges; 2 - High, Cliff Gullies; 3 - High Mountain Corries, Snow Patches and Fern beds; 4 - Ridges, Plateaux and High Summits, in the UK)
Ferns for Wetlands with associated plants (1- Ponds, Flooded Mineral Workings and Wet Heathland Hollows; 2 - Lakes and Reservoirs; 3 - Fens; 4 - Ferns of the Norfolk Broads' Fens; 5 - Willow Epiphytes in the UK)
Ferns in Woodland with associated plants (1 - Dry, Lowland, Deciduous Woodland; 2 - Inland, Limestone, Valley Woodland; 3 - Base-rich Clay, Valley Woodland; 4 - Basic, Spring-fed Woodland; 5 - Ravine Woodland on Mixed Rock-types; 6 - Native Pine Forest in the UK)

Ferns in Hedges or Hedgebanks
Outdoor Containers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Rapidly Growing Fern 1, 2
Resurrection Fern
Rock Garden and Wall Ferns 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Shade Tolerant 1, 2, 3, 4
Slowly Growing Fern
Sun Tolerant 1, 2, 3, 4
House Fern in Trough Garden 1,
Fern Suitable for
Indoor Decoration 2
, 3, 4, 5, 6
House Fern in Terrarium, Wardian Case or
Bottle Garden 1,

Ferns suitable for Terrariums, Wardian Cases 2, 3, 4,
5, 6

Grow in Woodlands 1, 2, 3, 4
 

TYPE OF FERN TO GROW WITH PHOTOS
using information from
Fern Grower's Manual by Barbara Joe Hoshizaki & Robbin C. Moran and
The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1


Aquatic Ferns (Azolla, Ceratopteris, Marsilea, Pilularia, Regnellidium, Salvinia)

Boston ferns (Nephrolepis exaltata), Fishbone ferns (Nephrolepis cordifolia), Lace ferns and Sword ferns

Cloak, Lip, Hand Ferns and their Hardy Relatives (Bommeria, Cheilanthes, Doryopteris, Gymnopteris, Hemionitis, Notholaena, Paraceterach, Pellae, Pleurosorus, Quercifilix) 1,
2, 3

Davallia Ferns (Araiostegia, Davallia, Davallodes, Gymno-grammitis, Humata, Leucostegia, Scyphularia, Trogostolon) 1, 2

Fern Allies (Psilotums or Whisk Ferns, Lycopodiums or Ground Pines, Selaginellas or Spike Mosses, and Equisetums, Horsetails or Scouring Rushes) 1, 2

Filmy and Crepe Ferns (Hymenophyllum, Trichomanes, Leptopteris) 1, 2

Lacy Ground Ferns (Culcita, Dennstaedtia, Histiopteris, Hypolepis, Leptolepia, Microlepia, Paesia, Pteridium) 1, 2

Lady Ferns and Their Allies (Allantodia, Athyrium, Diplazium, Lunathyrium, Pseudo-cystopteris, Callipteris, Cornopteris, Cystopteris) 1, 2

Maidenhair Ferns (Adiantum) 1, 2

Miscellaneous Ferns (Acrostichum, Actiniopteris, Anemia, Anogramma, Anopteris, Blotiella, Bolbitis, Christella, Coniogramma, Cryptogramma, Ctenitis, Cyclosorus, Didymochlaena, Dipteris, Elaphoglossum, Equisetum, Gymnocarpium, Llavea, Lonchitis, Lygodium, Macrothelypteris, Oeontrichia, Oleandra, Onoclea, Onychium, Oreopteris, Parathelypteris, Phegopteris, Photinopteris, Pityrogramma, Pneumatopteris, Psilotum, Stenochlaena, Thelypteris, Vittaria)
1
, 2, 3, 4 including Fern Allies of Equisetum and Psilotum or Whisk Ferns

Polypodium Ferns and Relatives (Anarthropteris, Belvisia, Campyloneurum, Colysis, Crypsinus, Dictymia, Gonphlebium, Lecanopteris, Lemmaphyllum, Lexogramme, Microgramma, Microsorum, Niphidium, Phlebodium, Phymatosurus, Pleopeltis, Polypodium, Pyrrosia, Selliguea) 1, 2, 3

Primitive Ferns and Fern Oddities (Angiopteris, Botrychium, Christensenia, Danaea, Helminthostachys, Marattia, Ophioglossum, Osmunda and Todea)

Scrambling, Umbrella, Coral and Pouch Ferns (Dicranopteris, Diploptergium, Gleichenia, Sticherus)

Shield, Buckler, Holly Ferns and their Relatives (Arachniodes, Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Lastreopsis, Matteuccia, Polystichum, Rumohra, Tectaria and Woodsia) 1, 2, 3, 4

Spleenworts Ferns (Asplenium) 1, 2, 3

Staghorns, Elkhorns and other large epiphytes (Aglaomorpha, Drynaria, Merinthosorus, Platycerium, Pseudodrynaria) 1, 2

Fern Allies - Tassel Ferns and Clubmosses (Lycopodium)

The Brakes (Pteris) 1, 2

Tree Ferns (Cibotium, Cnemidaria, Cyathea, Dicksonia, Nephelea and Trichipteris) 1, 2

Water, Hard, Rasp and Chain Ferns (Blechnum, Doodia, Woodwardia, Sadleria) 1, 2

Xerophytic Ferns (Actinopteris, Astrolepis, Cheilanthes, Doryopteris, Notholaena, Pellaea, Pityrogramma) 1, 2
 

Topic
Plants detailed in this website by
Botanical Name

A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Bulb
A1
, 2, 3, B, C1, 2,
D, E, F, G, Glad,
H, I, J, K, L1, 2,
M, N, O, P, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ ,
Evergreen Perennial
A
, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Herbaceous Perennial
A1
, 2, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P1, 2, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ,
Diascia Photo Album,
UK Peony Index

Wildflower
Botanical Names,
Common Names ,

will be
compared in:- Flower colour/month
Evergreen Perennial
,
F
lower shape Wildflower Flower Shape and
Plant use
Evergreen Perennial Flower Shape,
Bee plants for hay-fever sufferers

Bee-Pollinated Index
Butterfly
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis, Butterfly Usage
of Plants.
Chalk
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, QR, S, T, UV,
WXYZ
Companion Planting
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R , S, T,
U ,V, W, X, Y, Z,
Pest Control using Plants
Fern Fern
1000 Ground Cover A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, XYZ ,
Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
NO, PQ, R, S, T,
UVWXYZ

Rose Rose Use

These 5 have Page links in rows below
Bulbs from the Infill Galleries (next row), Camera Photos,
Plant Colour Wheel Uses,
Sense of Fragrance, Wild Flower


Case Studies
...Drive Foundations
Ryegrass and turf kills plants within Roadstone and in Topsoil due to it starving and dehydrating them.
CEDAdrive creates stable drive surface and drains rain into your ground, rather than onto the public road.
8 problems caused by building house on clay or with house-wall attached to clay.
Pre-building work on polluted soil.

Companion Planting
to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected plant or deter its pests

Garden
Construction

with ground drains

Garden Design
...How to Use the Colour Wheel Concepts for Selection of Flowers, Foliage and Flower Shape
...RHS Mixed
Borders

......Bedding Plants
......Her Perennials
......Other Plants
......Camera photos of Plant supports
Garden
Maintenance

Glossary with a tomato teaching cauliflowers
Home
Library of over 1000 books
Offbeat Glossary with DuLally Bird in its flower clock.

Plants
...in Chalk
(Alkaline) Soil
......A-F1, A-F2,
......A-F3, G-L, M-R,
......M-R Roses, S-Z
...in Heavy
Clay Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Lime-Free
(Acid) Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Light
Sand Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z.
...Poisonous Plants.
...Extra Plant Pages
with its 6 Plant Selection Levels

Soil
...
Interaction between 2 Quartz Sand Grains to make soil
...
How roots of plants are in control in the soil
...
Without replacing Soil Nutrients, the soil will break up to only clay, sand or silt
...
Subsidence caused by water in Clay
...
Use water ring for trees/shrubs for first 2 years.

Tool Shed with 3 kneeling pads
Useful Data with benefits of Seaweed

Topic -
Plant Photo Galleries
If the plant type below has flowers, then the first gallery will include the flower thumbnail in each month of 1 of 6 colour comparison pages of each plant in its subsidiary galleries, as a low-level Plant Selection Process

Aquatic
Bamboo
Bedding
...by Flower Shape

Bulb
...Allium/ Anemone
...Autumn
...Colchicum/ Crocus
...Dahlia
...Gladiolus with its 40 Flower Colours
......European A-E
......European F-M
......European N-Z
......European Non-classified
......American A,
B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P, Q, R, S,
T, U, V, W, XYZ
......American Non-classified
......Australia - empty
......India
......Lithuania
...Hippeastrum/ Lily
...Late Summer
...Narcissus
...Spring
...Tulip
...Winter
...Each of the above ...Bulb Galleries has its own set of Flower Colour Pages
...Flower Shape
...Bulb Form

...Bulb Use

...Bulb in Soil


Further details on bulbs from the Infill Galleries:-
Hardy Bulbs
...Aconitum
...Allium
...Alstroemeria
...Anemone

...Amaryllis
...Anthericum
...Antholyzas
...Apios
...Arisaema
...Arum
...Asphodeline

...Asphodelus
...Belamcanda
...Bloomeria
...Brodiaea
...Bulbocodium

...Calochorti
...Cyclobothrias
...Camassia
...Colchicum
...Convallaria 
...Forcing Lily of the Valley
...Corydalis
...Crinum
...Crosmia
...Montbretia
...Crocus

...Cyclamen
...Dicentra
...Dierama
...Eranthis
...Eremurus
...Erythrnium
...Eucomis

...Fritillaria
...Funkia
...Galanthus
...Galtonia
...Gladiolus
...Hemerocallis

...Hyacinth
...Hyacinths in Pots
...Scilla
...Puschkinia
...Chionodoxa
...Chionoscilla
...Muscari

...Iris
...Kniphofia
...Lapeyrousia
...Leucojum

...Lilium
...Lilium in Pots
...Malvastrum
...Merendera
...Milla
...Narcissus
...Narcissi in Pots

...Ornithogalum
...Oxalis
...Paeonia
...Ranunculus
...Romulea
...Sanguinaria
...Sternbergia
...Schizostylis
...Tecophilaea
...Trillium

...Tulip
...Zephyranthus

Half-Hardy Bulbs
...Acidanthera
...Albuca
...Alstroemeri
...Andro-stephium
...Bassers
...Boussing-aultias
...Bravoas
...Cypellas
...Dahlias
...Galaxis,
...Geissorhizas
...Hesperanthas

...Gladioli
...Ixias
...Sparaxises
...Babianas
...Morphixias
...Tritonias

...Ixiolirions
...Moraeas
...Ornithogalums
...Oxalises
...Phaedra-nassas
...Pancratiums
...Tigridias
...Zephyranthes
...Cooperias

Uses of Bulbs:-
...for Bedding
...in Windowboxes
...in Border
...naturalized in Grass
...in Bulb Frame
...in Woodland Garden
...in Rock Garden
...in Bowls
...in Alpine House
...Bulbs in Green-house or Stove:-
...Achimenes
...Alocasias
...Amorpho-phalluses
...Arisaemas
...Arums
...Begonias
...Bomareas
...Caladiums

...Clivias
...Colocasias
...Crinums
...Cyclamens
...Cyrtanthuses
...Eucharises
...Urceocharis
...Eurycles

...Freesias
...Gloxinias
...Haemanthus
...Hippeastrums

...Lachenalias
...Nerines
...Lycorises
...Pencratiums
...Hymenocallises
...Richardias
...Sprekelias
...Tuberoses
...Vallotas
...Watsonias
...Zephyranthes

...Plant Bedding in
......Spring

......Summer
...Bulb houseplants flowering during:-
......January
......February
......March
......April
......May
......June
......July
......August
......September
......October
......November
......December
...Bulbs and other types of plant flowering during:-
......Dec-Jan
......Feb-Mar
......Apr-May
......Jun-Aug
......Sep-Oct
......Nov-Dec
...Selection of the smaller and choicer plants for the Smallest of Gardens with plant flowering during the same 6 periods as in the previous selection

Climber in
3 Sector Vertical Plant System
...Clematis
...Climbers
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
...Shrubs - Decid
Deciduous Tree
...Trees - Decid
Evergreen Perennial
...P-Evergreen A-L
...P-Evergreen M-Z
...Flower Shape
Evergreen Shrub
...Shrubs - Evergreen
...Heather Shrub
...Heather Index
......Andromeda
......Bruckenthalia
......Calluna
......Daboecia
......Erica: Carnea
......Erica: Cinerea
......Erica: Others
Evergreen Tree
...Trees - Evergreen
Fern
Grass
Hedging
Herbaceous
Perennial

...P -Herbaceous
...Peony
...Flower Shape
...RHS Wisley
......Mixed Border
......Other Borders
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron

Rose
...RHS Wisley A-F
...RHS Wisley G-R
...RHS Wisley S-Z
...Rose Use - page links in row 6. Rose, RHS Wisley and Other Roses rose indices on each Rose Use page
...Other Roses A-F
...Other Roses G-R
...Other Roses S-Z
Pruning Methods
Photo Index
R 1, 2, 3
Peter Beales Roses
RV Roger
Roses

Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
...Apple

...Cherry
...Pear
Vegetable
Wild Flower and
Butterfly page links are in next row

Topic -
UK Butterfly:-
...Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage
of Plants.
...Plant Usage by
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly.

Both native wildflowers and cultivated plants, with these
...Flower Shape,
...
Uses in USA,
...
Uses in UK and
...
Flo Cols / month are used by Butter-flies native in UK


Wild Flower
with its wildflower flower colour page, space,
data page(s).
...Blue Site Map.
Scented Flower, Foliage, Root.
Story of their Common Names.
Use of Plant with Flowers.
Use for Non-Flowering Plants.
Edible Plant Parts.
Flower Legend.
Flowering plants of
Chalk and
Limestone 1
, 2.
Flowering plants of Acid Soil
1.
...Brown Botanical Names.
Food for
Butterfly/Moth.

...Cream Common Names.
Coastal and Dunes.
Sandy Shores and Dunes.
...Green Broad-leaved Woods.
...Mauve Grassland - Acid, Neutral, Chalk.
...Multi-Cols Heaths and Moors.
...Orange Hedge-rows and Verges.
...Pink A-G Lakes, Canals and Rivers.
...Pink H-Z Marshes, Fens, Bogs.
...Purple Old Buildings and Walls.
...Red Pinewoods.
...White A-D
Saltmarshes.
Shingle Beaches, Rocks and Cliff Tops.
...White E-P Other.
...White Q-Z Number of Petals.
...Yellow A-G
Pollinator.
...Yellow H-Z
Poisonous Parts.
...Shrub/Tree River Banks and other Freshwater Margins. and together with cultivated plants in
Colour Wheel.

You know its
name:-
a-h, i-p, q-z,
Botanical Names, or Common Names,
habitat:-
on
Acid Soil,
on
Calcareous
(Chalk) Soil
,
on
Marine Soil,
on
Neutral Soil,
is a
Fern,
is a
Grass,
is a
Rush,
is a
Sedge, or
is
Poisonous.

Each plant in each WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE will have a link to:-
1) its created Plant Description Page in its Common Name column, then external sites:-
2) to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name column,
3) to see photos in its Flowering Months column and
4) to read habitat details in its Habitat Column.
Adder's Tongue
Amaranth
Arrow-Grass
Arum
Balsam
Bamboo
Barberry
Bedstraw
Beech
Bellflower
Bindweed
Birch
Birds-Nest
Birthwort
Bogbean
Bog Myrtle
Borage
Box
Broomrape
Buckthorn
Buddleia
Bur-reed
Buttercup
Butterwort
Cornel (Dogwood)
Crowberry
Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 1
Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2
Cypress
Daffodil
Daisy
Daisy Cudweeds
Daisy Chamomiles
Daisy Thistle
Daisy Catsears Daisy Hawkweeds
Daisy Hawksbeards
Daphne
Diapensia
Dock Bistorts
Dock Sorrels
Clubmoss
Duckweed
Eel-Grass
Elm
Filmy Fern
Horsetail
Polypody
Quillwort
Royal Fern
Figwort - Mulleins
Figwort - Speedwells
Flax
Flowering-Rush
Frog-bit
Fumitory
Gentian
Geranium
Glassworts
Gooseberry
Goosefoot
Grass 1
Grass 2
Grass 3
Grass Soft
Bromes 1

Grass Soft
Bromes 2

Grass Soft
Bromes 3

Hazel
Heath
Hemp
Herb-Paris
Holly
Honeysuckle
Horned-Pondweed
Hornwort
Iris
Ivy
Jacobs Ladder
Lily
Lily Garlic
Lime
Lobelia
Loosestrife
Mallow
Maple
Mares-tail
Marsh Pennywort
Melon (Gourd/Cucumber)
Mesem-bryanthemum
Mignonette
Milkwort
Mistletoe
Moschatel
Naiad
Nettle
Nightshade
Oleaster
Olive
Orchid 1
Orchid 2
Orchid 3
Orchid 4
Parnassus-Grass
Peaflower
Peaflower
Clover 1

Peaflower
Clover 2

Peaflower
Clover 3

Peaflower Vetches/Peas
Peony
Periwinkle
Pillwort
Pine
Pink 1
Pink 2
Pipewort
Pitcher-Plant
Plantain
Pondweed
Poppy
Primrose
Purslane
Rannock Rush
Reedmace
Rockrose
Rose 1
Rose 2
Rose 3
Rose 4
Rush
Rush Woodrushes
Saint Johns Wort
Saltmarsh Grasses
Sandalwood
Saxifrage
Seaheath
Sea Lavender
Sedge Rush-like
Sedges Carex 1
Sedges Carex 2
Sedges Carex 3
Sedges Carex 4
Spindle-Tree
Spurge
Stonecrop
Sundew
Tamarisk
Tassel Pondweed
Teasel
Thyme 1
Thyme 2
Umbellifer 1
Umbellifer 2
Valerian
Verbena
Violet
Water Fern
Waterlily
Water Milfoil
Water Plantain
Water Starwort
Waterwort
Willow
Willow-Herb
Wintergreen
Wood-Sorrel
Yam
Yew


Topic -
The following is a complete hierarchical Plant Selection Process

dependent on the Garden Style chosen
Garden Style
...Infill Plants
...12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
...12 Foliage Colours per Month Index
...All Plants Index
...Cultivation, Position, Use Index
...Shape, Form
Index


Topic -
Flower/Foliage Colour Wheel Galleries with number of colours as a high-level Plant Selection Process

All Flowers 53 with
...Use of Plant and
Flower Shape
- page links in bottom row

All Foliage 53
instead of redundant
...(All Foliage 212)


All Flowers
per Month 12


Bee instead of wind pollinated plants for hay-fever sufferers
All Bee-Pollinated Flowers
per Month
12
...Index

Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
Rock Plant Flowers 53
INDEX
A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L,
M, NO, PQ, R, S,
T, UVWXYZ
...Rock Plant Photos

Flower Colour Wheel without photos, but with links to photos
12 Bloom Colours
per Month Index

...All Plants Index


Topic -
Use of Plant in your Plant Selection Process

Plant Colour Wheel Uses
with
1. Perfect general use soil is composed of 8.3% lime, 16.6% humus, 25% clay and 50% sand, and
2. Why you are continually losing the SOIL STRUCTURE so your soil - will revert to clay, chalk, sand or silt.
Uses of Plant and Flower Shape:-
...Foliage Only
...Other than Green Foliage
...Trees in Lawn
...Trees in Small Gardens
...Wildflower Garden
...Attract Bird
...Attract Butterfly
1
, 2
...Climber on House Wall
...Climber not on House Wall
...Climber in Tree
...Rabbit-Resistant
...Woodland
...Pollution Barrier
...Part Shade
...Full Shade
...Single Flower provides Pollen for Bees
1
, 2, 3
...Ground-Cover
<60
cm
60-180cm
>180cm
...Hedge
...Wind-swept
...Covering Banks
...Patio Pot
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border
...Poisonous
...Adjacent to Water
...Bog Garden
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Winter-Flowering
...Fragrant
...Not Fragrant
...Exhibition
...Standard Plant is 'Ball on Stick'
...Upright Branches or Sword-shaped leaves
...Plant to Prevent Entry to Human or Animal
...Coastal Conditions
...Tolerant on North-facing Wall
...Cut Flower
...Potted Veg Outdoors
...Potted Veg Indoors
...Thornless
...Raised Bed Outdoors Veg
...Grow in Alkaline Soil A-F, G-L, M-R,
S-Z
...Grow in Acidic Soil
...Grow in Any Soil
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Grow Bulbs Indoors

Uses of Bedding
...Bedding Out
...Filling In
...Screen-ing
...Pots and Troughs
...Window Boxes
...Hanging Baskets
...Spring Bedding
...Summer Bedding
...Winter Bedding
...Foliage instead of Flower
...Coleus Bedding Photos for use in Public Domain 1

Uses of Bulb
...Other than Only Green Foliage
...Bedding or Mass Planting
...Ground-Cover
...Cut-Flower
...Tolerant of Shade
...In Woodland Areas
...Under-plant
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Covering Banks
...In Water
...Beside Stream or Water Garden
...Coastal Conditions
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
...Fragrant Flowers
...Not Fragrant Flowers
...Indoor
House-plant

...Grow in a Patio Pot
...Grow in an Alpine Trough
...Grow in an Alpine House
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Speciman Plant
...Into Native Plant Garden
...Naturalize in Grass
...Grow in Hanging Basket
...Grow in Window-box
...Grow in Green-house
...Grow in Scree
...Naturalized Plant Area
...Grow in Cottage Garden
...Attracts Butterflies
...Attracts Bees
...Resistant to Wildlife
...Bulb in Soil:-
......Chalk
......Clay
......Sand
......Lime-Free (Acid)
......Peat

Uses of Rose
Rose Index

...Bedding 1, 2
...Climber /Pillar
...Cut-Flower 1, 2
...Exhibition, Speciman
...Ground-Cover
...Grow In A Container 1, 2
...Hedge 1, 2
...Climber in Tree
...Woodland
...Edging Borders
...Tolerant of Poor Soil 1, 2
...Tolerant of Shade
...Back of Border
...Adjacent to Water
...Page for rose use as ARCH ROSE, PERGOLA ROSE, COASTAL CONDITIONS ROSE, WALL ROSE, STANDARD ROSE, COVERING BANKS or THORNLESS ROSES.
...FRAGRANT ROSES
...NOT FRAGRANT ROSES


Topic -
Camera Photo Galleries showing all 4000 x 3000 pixels of each photo on your screen that you can then click and drag it to your desktop as part of a Plant Selection Process:-

RHS Garden at Wisley

Plant Supports -
When supporting plants in a bed, it is found that not only do those plants grow upwards, but also they expand their roots and footpad sideways each year. Pages
1
, 2, 3, 8, 11,
12, 13,
Plants 4, 7, 10,
Bedding Plants 5,
Plant Supports for Unknown Plants 5
,
Clematis Climbers 6,
the RHS does not appear to either follow it's own pruning advice or advice from The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by George E. Brown.
ISBN 0-571-11084-3 with the plants in Pages 1-7 of this folder. You can see from looking at both these resources as to whether the pruning carried out on the remainder of the plants in Pages 7-15 was correct.

Narcissus (Daffodil) 9,
Phlox Plant Supports 14, 15

Coleus Bedding Foliage Trial - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, Index

National Trust Garden at Sissinghurst Castle
Plant Supports -
Pages for Gallery 1

with Plant Supports
1, 5, 10
Plants
2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,
11, 12
Recommended Rose Pruning Methods 13
Pages for Gallery 2
with Plant Supports
2
,
Plants 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Dry Garden of
RHS Garden at
Hyde Hall

Plants - Pages
without Plant Supports
Plants 1
, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Nursery of
Peter Beales Roses
Display Garden

Roses Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Nursery of
RV Roger

Roses - Pages
A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,
A6,A7,A8,A9,A10,
A11,A12,A13,A14,
B15,
B16,B17,B18,B19,
B20,
B21,B22,B23,B24,
B25,
B26,B27,B28,B29,
B30,
C31,C32,C33,C34,
C35,
C36,C37,C38,C39,
C40,
C41,CD2,D43,D44,
D45,
D46,D47,D48,D49,
E50,
E51,E52,F53,F54,
F55,
F56,F57,G58,G59,
H60,
H61,I62,K63,L64,
M65,
M66,N67,P68,P69,
P70,
R71,R72,S73,S74,
T75,
V76,Z77, 78,

Damage by Plants in Chilham Village - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4

Pavements of Funchal, Madeira
Damage to Trees - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13
for trees 1-54,
14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
for trees 55-95,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37,
for trees 95-133,
38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
for trees 133-166

Chris Garnons-Williams
Work Done - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Identity of Plants
Label Problems - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11

Ron and Christine Foord - 1036 photos only inserted so far - Garden Flowers - Start Page of each Gallery
AB1 ,AN14,BA27,
CH40,CR52,DR63,
FR74,GE85,HE96,

Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187
A 1, 2, Photos - 43
B 1, Photos - 13
C 1, Photos - 35
D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Photos - 411
with Plants causing damage to buildings in Chilham Village and Damage to Trees in Pavements of Funchal
E 1, Photos - 21
F 1, Photos - 1
G 1, Photos - 5
H 1, Photos - 21
I 1, Photos - 8
J 1, Photos - 1
K 1, Photos - 1
L 1, Photos - 85
with Label Problems
M 1, Photos - 9
N 1, Photos - 12
O 1, Photos - 5
P 1, Photos - 54
Q 1, Photos -
R 1, 2, 3,
Photos - 229
S 1, Photos - 111
T 1, Photos - 13
U 1, Photos - 5
V 1, Photos - 4
W 1, Photos - 100
with Work Done by Chris Garnons-Williams
X 1 Photos -
Y 1, Photos -
Z 1 Photos -
Articles/Items in Ivydene Gardens - 88
Flower Colour, Num of Petals, Shape and
Plant Use of:-
Rock Garden
within linked page


Topic -
Fragrant Plants as a Plant Selection Process for your sense of smell:-

Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers
1
, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an Acid Soil
1
, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil
1
, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil
1
, 2, 3
Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers
1
, 2, 3
Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves
1
, 2
Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers
1
, 2, 3, 4, 5
Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit
1
, 2, 3
Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers
1
, 2
Night-scented Flowering Plants
1
, 2


Topic -
Website User Guidelines


My Gas Service Engineer found Flow and Return pipes incorrectly positioned on gas boilers and customers had refused to have positioning corrected in 2020.

Topic
Remaining Topic Table is now on the left.


Plants
...Plant Selection of 6 levels with lists by:

1 - Plant Use including Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers, Groundcover and
Poisonous Plants

2 - Plants for Soil
Any, Chalk, Clay, Lime-free, Sandy, Peaty
2a Plant Requirements
2b Form - Tree Growth Shape
Columnar

2b Shrub/ Perennial Growth Habit
Mat

2c - Garden Use
Bedding

2d - Plant Type
Bulb


Refining Selection
3a - Flower Colour
Blue Flowers
Photos -
Bedding

Bulb
Climber
Evergr Per
Evergr Shrub
Wild Flower
3b - Flower Shape
Photos -
Bedding

Evergr Per
Herbac Per
3c - Foliage Colour
Large Leaves

Other

Non-Green Foliage 1
Non-Green Foliage 2
Sword-shaped Leaves

4 - Pruning Requirements
Pruning Plants

5 - 1000 Groundcover Plants
Plant Name - A

6 - Then, finally use
COMPANION PLANTING to

aid your plant selected or to
deter Pests



Topic - Plant Photo Galleries
Evergreen Shrub
...
Shrubs - Evgr
...Shrub Heathers
......Gallery,
......Species Index Page with
......Pages describing each Heather of that Species Index Page

......
Andromeda
.........Andromeda In
......
Bruckenthalia
......Calluna
.........Index AC
.........AB-AP,
.........AP-BU,
.........BU-CW,
.........
Index D-G
.........DB-FA,
.........FA-GO,
.........GO-GU,
.........
Index H-L
.........HA-IN,
.........IN-LO,
.........LO-LY,
.........
Index M-R
.........MA-PA,
.........PA-RO,
.........RO-RU,
.........
Index S-Z
.........SA-SO,
.........SP-WH,
.........WI-YV

......
Daboecia
.........Daboecia In
.........Index
.........cantabrica
.........x scotica

......
Erica: Carnea
.........Carnea Index
.........AD-JO
.........JO-RO
.........RU-WI
......
Erica: Cinerea
.........Index
.........AM-HE,
.........HO-RO,
.........RO-WI

......
Erica: Others
.........Others Index
.........Others 1
.........Others 2
.........Others 3
.........Others 4
.........
Darleyensis In
.........darleyensis 1
.........darleyensis 2
.........
Tetralix Index
.........tetralix
.........
Vagans Index
.........vagans
...Heather Shrub
...Heather Index

 

 

STAGE 4C CULTIVATION, POSITION, USE GALLERY

 

Cultivation Requirements of Plant

Outdoor / Garden Cultivation

1

Indoor / House Cultivation

1

Cool Greenhouse (and Alpine House) Cultivation with artificial heating in the Winter

1

Conservatory Cultivation with heating throughout the year

1

Stovehouse Cultivation with heating throughout the year for Tropical Plants

1

 

Sun Aspect

Full Sun

1

Part Shade

1

Full Shade

1

 

Soil Type

Any Soil

1

Chalky Soil

1

Clay Soil

1

Lime-Free Soil

1

Peaty Soil

1

Sandy Soil

1

Acid Soil

1

Alkaline Soil

1

Badly-drained Soil

1

 

Soil Moisture

Dry

1

Moist

1

Wet

1

 

Position for Plant

Back of Shady Border

1

Back of Shrub Border

1

Bedding

1

Bog Garden

1

Coastal Conditions / Seaside

1

Container in Garden

1

Front of Border

1

Ground Cover 0-24 inches (0-60 cms)

1

Ground Cover 24-72 inches (60-180 cms)

1

Ground Cover Over 72 inches (180 cms)

1

Hanging Basket

1

Hedge

1

Hedge - Thorny

1

Pollution Barrier

1

Pond

1

Pot in House, Greenhouse, Conservatory or Stovehouse

1

Raised Bed

1

Rest of Border

1

Rock Garden

1

Scree Bed

1

Speciman on Lawn

1

Sunny Border

1

Tree for Lawn

1

Tree/Shrub for Small Garden

1, 2,
3, 4,
5, 6,
7, 8,
9, 10,
11,12,
13,14,
15,16,
uses of tree/ shrub

Wildflower

1

Windbreak

1

Woodland

1

 

Use of Plant

Pollen or nectar for Bees

1

Hosts to Butterflies

1

Encouraging birds / wildlife, providing food and shelter

1

Bee-Pollinated plants for Hay Fever Sufferers

1

Berries / Fruit

1

Dry Site in Full Sun

1

Dry Shade

1

Filtering noise

1

Flower Arrange-ments

1

Fragrant Flower

1

Language of Flowers

1

Low maintenance

1

Moist Shade

1

Moist and swampy Sites

1

Nitrogen fixing plants

1

Not Fragrant Flower

1

Rabbit-Resistant

1

Speciman Plant

1

Thornless

1

Tolerant of Poor Soil

1

 

STAGE 4D
SHAPE, FORM INDEX GALLERY

Plant Foliage

Aromatic Foliage

1

Autumn Foliage

1

Finely Cut Leaves

1

Large Leaves

1

Yellow Variegated Foliage

1

White Variegated Foliage

1

Red / Purple Variegated Foliage

1

Silver, Grey and Glaucous Foliage

1

Sword-shaped Leaves

1

 

 

Flower Shape

Number of Flower Petals

Petal-less
lessershapemeadowrue2a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

1

1 Petal

1

2 Petals

1

3 Petals
irisflotpseudacorus1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

4 Petals
aethionemacfloarmenumfoord1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

5 Petals
anemonecflo1hybridafoord1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Above 5
anemonecflo1blandafoord1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

 

Flower Shape - Simple

Stars
anthericumcfloliliagofoord1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

1

Bowls
 

1

Cups and Saucers
euphorbiacflo1wallichiigarnonswilliams1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

1

Globes
paeoniamlokosewitschiiflot1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

1

Goblets and Chalices
paeoniaveitchiiwoodwardiiflot1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Trumpets
acantholinumcflop99glumaceumfoord1a

1

Funnels
stachysflotmacrantha1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

1

Bells
digitalismertonensiscflorvroger1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Thimbles
fuchsiaflotcalicehoffman1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

1

Urns
ericacarneacflosspringwoodwhitedeeproot1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

1

Salverform

phloxflotsubulatatemiskaming1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

1

 

Flower Shape - Elaborated

Tubes, Lips and Straps
prunellaflotgrandiflora1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Slippers, Spurs and Lockets
aquilegiacfloformosafoord1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Hats, Hoods and Helmets
acanthusspinosuscflocoblands1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Standards, Wings and Keels
lathyrusflotvernus1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Discs and Florets
brachyscomecflorigidulakevock1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Pin-Cushions
echinaceacflo1purpurealustrehybridsgarnonswilliams1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Tufts
centaureacfloatropurpureakavanagh1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Cushion
androsacecforyargongensiskevock1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Umbel
agapanthuscflos1campanulatusalbidusgarnonswilliams1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Buttons
argyranthemumflotcmadeiracrestedyellow1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Pompoms
armeriacflomaritimakevock1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

 

Natural Arrangements

Bunches, Posies, Sprays
bergeniamorningredcforcoblands1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Columns, Spikes and Spires
ajugacfloreptansatropurpurea1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

1

Whorls, Tiers and Candelabra
lamiumflotorvala2a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

1

Plumes and Tails
astilbepurplelancecflokevock1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

1

Chains and Tassels
 

1

Clouds, Garlands and Cascades
 

1

Spheres, Domes (Clusters), Plates and Drumsticks
androsacecfor1albanakevock1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

1

 

STAGE 4D
SHAPE, FORM INDEX GALLERY

Shrub, Tree Shape

Columnar
ccolumnarshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Oval
covalshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Rounded or Spherical
croundedshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Flattened Spherical
cflattenedsphericalshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Narrow Conical / Narrow Pyramidal
cnarrowconicalshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Broad Conical / Broad Pyramidal
cbroadpyramidalshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Ovoid /
Egg-Shaped

ceggshapedshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Broad Ovoid
cbroadovoidshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Narrow Vase-shaped / Inverted Ovoid
cnarrowvaseshapedshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Fan-Shaped /Vase-Shaped
cfanshapedshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Broad Fan-Shaped / Broad Vase-Shaped
cbroadfanshapedshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Narrow Weeping
cnarrowweepingshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Broad Weeping
cbroadweepingshape1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

1

Palm

1

 

Conifer Cone

1

 

Form

Arching

1

Climbing

1

Clump-Forming

1

Mat-Forming

1

Mound-Forming

1

Prostrate

1

Spreading

1

Stemless

1

Upright

1

 

Poisonous Plant

1

 

STAGE 1
GARDEN STYLE INDEX GALLERY

 

Fragrant Plants adds the use of another of your 5 senses in your garden:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers
1
, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Leaves
1
, 2, 3, 4, 5

Trees and Shrubs with Aromatic Bark
1
, 2, 3

Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an
Acid Soil
1
, 2, 3, 4

Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil
1
, 2, 3, 4

Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil
1
, 2, 3

Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers
1
, 2, 3

Herbaceous Plants with Scented Leaves
1
, 2, 3

Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves
1
, 2

Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers
1
, 2, 3, 4, 5

Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit
1
, 2, 3

Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers
1
, 2

Night-scented Flowering Plants
1
, 2

Scented Aquatic Plants
1


Plants with Scented Fruits
1


Plants with Scented Roots
1
, 2

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Wood
1


Trees and Shrubs with Scented Gums
1


Scented Cacti and Succulents
1


Plants bearing Flowers or Leaves of Unpleasant Smell
1
, 2
 

 

STAGE 2
INFILL PLANT INDEX GALLERY 3

Fan-trained Shape
fantrainedshape2a1a1a1a1a1

From Rhododendrons, boxwood, azaleas, clematis, novelties, bay trees, hardy plants, evergreens : novelties bulbs, cannas novelties, palms, araucarias, ferns, vines, orchids, flowering shrubs, ornamental grasses and trees book, via Wikimedia Commons

 

Ramblers Scramblers & Twiners by Michael Jefferson-Brown (ISBN 0 - 7153 - 0942 - 0) describes how to choose, plant and nurture over 500 high-performance climbing plants and wall shrubs, so that more can be made of your garden if you think not just laterally on the ground but use the vertical support structures including the house as well.

The Gardener's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Climbers & Wall Shrubs - A Guide to more than 2000 varieties including Roses, Clematis and Fruit Trees by Brian Davis. (ISBN 0-670-82929-3) provides the lists for 'Choosing the right Shrub or Climber' together with Average Height and Spread after 5 years, 10 years and 20 years.

 

STAGE 2
INFILL PLANT INDEX GALLERIES 1, 2, 3


Gardening with Alpines by Stanley B. Whitehead. Garden Book Club.
Published in 1962. It provides most of the data about the Alpines.

Plant Solutions 1000+ suggestions for every garden situation by Nigel Colborn ISBN
13:978
0 00 719312 7, provides many of the plants for the pages in these Galleries.

Essential Annuals The 100 Best for Design and Cultivation. Text by Elizabeth Murray. Photography by Derek Fell. ISBN 0-517-66177-2, provides data about annuals.

Indoor Bulb
Growing by
Edward Pearson
. Published by Purnell & Sons, Ltd in 1953. It provides the data about Indoor Bulbs and Bulbs in
Window-boxes.

Colour All The
Year In My Garden
: A selection of choice varieties - annuals, biennials, perennials, bulbs, climbers and trees and shrubs - that will give a continuity of colour
in the garden throughout the year. Edited by C.H. Middleton. Gardening Book
from Ward, Lock & Co published in 1938, provides plant data for a calendar of plants in bloom throughout the year and for those in the smallest garden.
The Book of Bulbs by S. Arnott, F.R.H.S. Printed by
Turnbull & Spears, Edinburgh in 1901. This provides data about Hardy Bulbs, Half-Hardy Bulbs, Greenhouse and Stove Bulbs.

Collins Guide to
Bulbs by Patrick
M. Synge
. ISBN
0 00 214016-0
First Edition 1961, Second Edition 1971, Reprinted 1973. This provides data on bulbs for bedding, bulbs in the border, bulbs naturalised in grass, bulbs in the woodland garden, bulbs in the rock garden, bulbs in pans in the alpine house, bulbs in the greenhouse, bulbs in bowls and the bulb frame.

Annuals & Biennials, the best annual and biennial plants and their uses in the garden by Gertrude Jekyll published in 1916 and
republished by Forgotten Books in 2012
(Forgotten Books
is a London-based book publisher specializing in the restoration of old books, both fiction and non-fiction. Today we have
372,702 books available to read online, download as ebooks, or
purchase in print.).

Cut Flowers All The Year from The New Illustrated
Gardening Encyclopedia
by Richard Sudell, printed before May 1935 for the plant names in each month, followed by details for culture and propagation.

Mr. Middleton's Garden Book by
Daily Express Publication,
reprinted 1941
for the individual
cultivar names with evergreen/
deciduous, flower colour, flower month and height.

 

STAGE 4D
SHAPE, FORM INDEX GALLERY

Tree and Shrubs in Garden Design -

Trees and Shrubs suitable for Clay Soils (neutral to slightly acid)

Trees and Shrubs suitable for Dry Acid Soils

Trees and Shrubs suitable for Shallow Soil over Chalk

Trees and Shrubs tolerant of both extreme Acidity and Alkalinity

Trees and Shrubs suitable for Damp Sites

Trees and Shrubs suitable for Industrial Areas

Trees and Shrubs suitable for Cold Exposed Areas

Trees and Shrubs suitable for Seaside Areas

Shrubs suitable for Heavy Shade

Shrubs and Climbers suitable for NORTH- and EAST-facing Walls

Shrubs suitable for Ground Cover

Trees of Pendulous Habit

Trees and Shrubs of Upright or Fastigiate Habit

Trees and Shrubs with Ornamental Bark or Twigs

Trees and Shrubs with Bold Foliage

Trees and Shrubs for Autumn Colour

Trees and Shrubs with Red or Purple Foliage

Trees and Shrubs with Golden or Yellow Foliage

Trees and Shrubs with Grey or Silver Foliage

Trees and Shrubs with Variegated Foliage

Trees and Shrubs bearing Ornamental Fruit

Trees and Shrubs with Fragrant or Scented Flowers

Trees and Shrubs with Aromatic Foliage

Flowering Trees and Shrubs for Every Month:-
Jan
, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec

Use of Fern

Ferns with Pendulous Fronds or Weeping Growth Habit

From Appendix 4 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1:-

These ferns make choice specimens for container or basket culture. Thet are presented as a separate group because growers often wish to select weeping ferns for this type of container. For other basket ferns see Ferns for Hanging Baskets.

Species

Region

Adiantum caudatum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Adiantum edgeworthii

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Adiantum malesianum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Adiantum philippense

Tropical

Adiantum zollingeri

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Anetium citrifolium

Tropical

Asplenium affine

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium cuneatum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium flaccidum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium glaucophyllum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium harpeoides

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium laserpitiifolium

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium mucronatum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium pellucidum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium polyodon

Tropical-Temperate

Asplenium robustum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Campyloneurum angustifolium

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Drynaria rigidula

Tropical-Temperate

Drynaria rigidula 'Vidgenii'

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Drynaria rigidula 'Whitei'

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Eriosorus hispidulus

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Goniophlebium persicifolium

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Goniophlebium persicifolium subauriculatum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Goniophlebium persicifolium subauriculatum 'Knightiae'

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Goniophlebium persicifolium verrucosum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum billardieri

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum carinatum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum dalhousieanum

Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum dichotomum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum linifolium

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum magnificum

Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum mexicanum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum nummularifolium

Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum orizabae

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum polytrichoides

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum pringlei

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum proliferum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum squarrosum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum taxifolium

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum tenuicaule

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lycopodium aqualupianum verticillatum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Nephrolepis exaltata

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Nephrolepis exaltata 'Robusta'

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Nephrolepis exaltata falcata

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Nephrolepis exaltata occidentalis

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Nephrolepis exaltata pendula

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Nephrolepis exaltata rivularis

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Ophioglossum pendulum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Pneumatopteris laevis

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Psilotum complanatum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Selaginella martensii

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Vittaria dimorpha

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Vittaria dimorpha elongata

Tropical-Temperate

Vittaria dimorpha ensiformis

Tropical-Temperate

Vittaria dimorpha graminifolia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Vittaria dimorpha lineata

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Vittaria dimorpha scolopendrina

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

 

Lime-hating Ferns (Calcifluges)

From Appendix 10 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1:-

The following ferns resent lime and may die (or suffer badly bleached foliage) if it is included in their potting mix or added to the soil around their roots. Those marked with an asterisk * are particularly sensitive.

Species

Adiantum bradleyi

Asplenium forisiacum

Asplenium montanum

Asplenium pinnatifidum

Asplenium septentrionale

Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes

Blechnum spicant

Cryptogramma brunnoniana *

Cryptogramma brunnoniana crispa *

Dryopteris celsa

Gleichenia alpina

Gleichenia alpina dicarpa

Gleichenia alpina microphylla

Lygodium palmatum *

Oreopteris limbosperma

Phegopteris connectilis

Thelypteris palustris

Thelypteris palustris simulata

Use of Fern

Ground Cover Ferns

From Appendix 5 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1:-

The following are either relatively small species with a spreading growth habit or are climbing ferns. All can act as a ground-cover and are useful for planting among shrubs or larger ferns. Those marked with + may die out in shady conditions. Those marked * have a strongly creeping habit.

Species

Region

Adiantum diaphanum Adiantum- Flora of North America

Temperate-Tropical

Adiantum caudatum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Adiantum edgeworthii

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Adiantum formosum

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Adiantum philippense

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Adiantum venustum

Temperate

Ampelopteris prolifera*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium oligophlebium Asplenium - Wikipedia

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Asplenium prolongatum

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Asplenium rhizophyllum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium ruprechtii

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium tripteropus

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Blechnum amabile Blechnum - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum andinum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum asperum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum attenuatum*

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Blechnum asplenoides

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum penna-marina

Temperate

Blechnum glandulosum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum occidentale+

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum oceanicum*

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Blechnum stoloniferum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bolbitis heteroclia form

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Colysis hemionitidea+

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia+
Cheilanthes - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Cheilanthes distans+

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Davallia bullata+ Davallia - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Davallia tasmanii+

Temperate

Davallia trichomanoides+

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Doodia aspera Doodia - Wikipedia

Tropical-Temperate

Doodia media

Tropical-Temperate

Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Gymnocarpium - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Hypolepis sparsisora+

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Lastreopsis munita Lastreopsis - Wikipedia

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Microsorum diversifolium

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Pyrrosia confluens+

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Pyrrosia hastata+

Semi-Tropical

Pyrrosia lingua+

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Pyrrosia rupestris+

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Pyrrosia serpens+

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Selaginella australiensis Selaginella - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Selaginella brisbanensis

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Selaginella emmelliana

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Selaginella flabellata

Tropical

Selaginella helvetica

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Selaginella kraussiana and cultivars

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Selaginella longipinna

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Selaginella martensii

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Selaginella mollis

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Selaginella nipponica

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Selaginella plumosa

Tropical

Selaginella serpens

Semi-Tropical

Selaginella sibirica

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Selaginella substipitata

Semi-Tropical

Selaginella umbrosa

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Selaginella uncinita

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Stenochlaena palustris* Stenochlaena - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Stenochlaena tenuifolia*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Teratophyllum brightiae*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

 

 

 

See
Ferns in Britain and Ireland
or the

British Pteridological Society
for further details and photos.

Mail Order UK Fern Nursery
Shady Plants has ferns for
Vertical Fern Gardens and Companion Plants for growing with Ferns.

 

 

 

If you grow and sell ferns, please tell me so that I can put them on this website and inform others where they can be bought online via mail-order.

The remarkable sex life of ferns:-

  • Formation of spores in the capsule (sporangia) underneath a fertile leaf.
  • When they are ripe, the millions of spores are thrown out by the sporangia when it bursts open.
  • A spore that lands on good soil (moist and light) produces a prothallium (of approximately 6mm) onto which male and female organs develop. The spermatozoa from the male organ swim across moisture to fertilise the eggs.
  • On the prothallium the impregnated egg creates a new plant which takes root; the first leaves have an aberrant shape.

 

Cold-Hardy Ferns

From Appendix 8 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1:-

The following ferns will succeed very well in temperate regions. Those marked with an * are very hardy to frosts or snow and so are suitable for the British Isles.

Adiantum aethiopicum* Adiantum- Flora of North America

Adiantum capillus-junonis. Care of Adiantum (Maidenhair) Ferns

Adiantum capillus-veneris*

Adiantum diaphanum

Adiantum formosum

Adiantum hispidulum

Adiantum pedatum*

Adiantum raddianum

Adiantum venustum*

Allantodia australis

Allantodia squamigera

Arachniodes aristata

Arachniodes simplicior

Arachniodes standishii

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum* Asplenium - Wikipedia

Asplenium australasicum

Asplenium bulbiferum*

Asplenium fissum*

Asplenium flabellifolium

Asplenium flaccidum

Asplenium fontanum*

Asplenium hookerianum*

Asplenium marinum

Asplenium oblongifolium

Asplenium platyneuron

Asplenium richardii

Asplenium ruta-muraria

Asplenium sarelii

Asplenium scleroprium

Asplenium scolopendrium and cultivars

Asplenium septentrionale*

Asplenium trichomanes*

Asplenium viride*

Athyrium asplenoides Athyrium - Wikipedia

Athyrium brevifrons

Athyrium deltoidofrons

Athyrium distentifolium

Athyrium filix-femina and cultivars

Athyrium flexile

Athyrium niponicum var pictum

Athyrium otophorum

Athyrium spinulosum

Blechnum capense Blechnum - Wikipedia

Blechnum chilense

Blechnum discolor*

Blechnum fluviatile*

Blechnum lanceolatum

Blechnum magellanicum

Blechnum minus*

Blechnum nudum*

Blechnum patersonii

Blechnum penna-marina*

Blechnum procerum*

Blechnum spicant*

Blechnum tabulare*

Blechnum vulcanicum*

Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia*
Cheilanthes - Wikipedia

Cheilanthes distans

Cheilanthes gracillima

Coniogramme japonica

Cornopteris crenulatoserrulatum

Cryptogramma crispa*

Culcita dubia*

Cyathea australis* Cyathea - Wikipedia

Cyathea brownii

Cyathea colunsoi*

Cyathea cunninghamii

Cyathea dealbata

Cyathea medullaris

Cyathea smithii*

Cyathea woolsiana

Cyrtomium caryotideum Cyrtomium - Wikipedia

Cyrtomium falcatum

Cyrtomium fortunei

Cystopteris bulbifera*

Cystopteris fragilis*

Davallia canariensis Davallia - Wikipedia

Davallia mariesii*

Davallia tasmanii

Davallia trichomanoides

Dennstaedtia davallioides

Dennstaedtia punctiloba*

Dicksonia antarctica* Dicksonia - Wikipedia

Dicksonia fibrosa*

Dicksonia lanata*

Dicksonia squarrosa*

Diplazium assimile Diplazium - Wikipedia

Diplazium sibiricum*

Diplazium subsinuatum

Diplazium tomitaroanum

Doodia aspera* Doodia - Wikipedia

Doodia caudata

Doodia media*

Dryopteris aemula Dryopteris - Wikipedia

Dryopteris affinis and cultivars

Dryopteris assimilis*

Dryopteris carthusiana*

Dryopteris clintoniana

Dryopteris cycadina

Dryopteris dilatata

Dryopteris erythrosora

Dryopteris filix-mas and cultivars

Dryopteris goldiana

Dryopteris intermedia

Dryopteris marginalis

Dryopteris oreades

Dryopteris sieboldii

Dryopteris submontana

Gymnocarpium dryopteris*
Gymnocarpium - Wikipedia

Gymnocarpium robertianum

Histiopteris incisa*

Hypolepis australe

Hypolepis millefolium

Hypolepis punctata

Hypolepis rugosula

Lastreopsis acuminata* Lastreopsis - Wikipedia

Lastreopsis decomposita

Lastreopsis glabella

Lastreopsis hispida

Lastreopsis microsora

Lastreopsis munita

Lastreopsis velutina

Lemmaphyllum microphyllum

Leptolepia novae-zealandiae

Leptopteris hymenophylloides

Leptopteris superba

Lunathyrium japonicum

Lunathyrium thelypterioides

Nephrolepis cordifolia

Onoclea sensibilis

Osmunda cinnamomea Osmunda - Wikipedia

Osmunda claytoniana

Osmunda regalis and cultivars

Paesia scaberula

Pellaea atropurpurea

Pellaea falcata

Pellaea rotundifolia

Pellaea viridis

Phegopteris connectilis

Phegopteris hexagonoptera

Polypodium australe Polypodium - Wikipedia

Polypodium formosanum

Polypodium glycyrrhiza

Polypodium polypodioides

Polypodium scouleri

Polypodium vulgare and cultivars

Polystichum acrostichoides* Polystichum - Wikipedia

Polystichum aculeatum* and cultivars

Polystichum andersonii

Polystichum braunii

Polystichum cystostegia*

Polystichum lonchitis

Polystichum munitum*

Polystichum polyblepharum*

Polystichum proliferum*

Polystichum retroso-paleaceum

Polystichum richardii

Polystichum setiferum*

Polystichum tsus-simense

Polystichum vestitum

Pseudocystopteris atkinsonii

Pseudocystopteris spinulosum

Pteris comans Pteris - Wikipedia

Pteris cretica and cultivars

Pteris macilenta

Pteris multifida

Pteris tremula

Pteris umbrosa

Pteris vittata

Rumora adiantiformis

Selaginella helvetica Selaginella - Wikipedia

Selaginella kraussiana*

Selaginella wallacei

Thelypteris palustris

Thelypteris simulata Thelypteris - Wikipedia

Todea barbara* Todea - Wikipedia

Woodsia alpina* Woodsia - Wikipedia

Woodsia ilvensis

Woodsia obtusa

Woodwardia areolata Woodwardia - Wikipedia

Woodwardia fimbriata*

Woodwardia orientalis

Woodwardia radicans

Woodwardia virginica*

 

Ferns for Hanging Baskets

From Chapter 21 - Specialized containers and systems of culture, and Appendix 3 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1:-


The following ferns are suitable for cultivation in baskets and similar containers in the regions specified. Those with a creeping habit of growth are marked with an *. See With Pendulous Fronds Page for a list of ferns with pendulous fronds.

Species

Region

Adiantum diaphanum* Adiantum- Flora of North America

Tropical-Temperate

Aglaomorpha meyeniana

Tropical-Temperate

Anarthropteris lanceolata*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium aethiopicum Asplenium - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium alatum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium attenuatum

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Asplenium auritum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium belangeri

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium bulbiferum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium cristatum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium cuneatum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium daucifolium

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium flabellifolium

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium lamprocaulon

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium normale

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium paleacum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium radicans

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium serra

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium serratum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Asplenium simplicifrons

Tropical-Temperate

Belvisia mucronata*

Tropical-Temperate

Blechnum fluviatile Blechnum - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum occidentale

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Campyloneurum latum Campyloneurum - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Campyloneurum phyllitidis

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Campyloneurum radicans

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Colysis ampla*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Colysis hemionitidea*

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Colysis sayeri*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Cyrtomium caryotideum Cyrtomium - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Cyrtomium falcatum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Cyrtomium macrophyllum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Davallia bullata* Davallia - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Davallia canariensis*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Davallia corniculata*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Davallia denticulata*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Davallia divaricata*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Davallia embolostegia*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Davallia epiphylla*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Davallia fejeeensis*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Davallia mariesii*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Davallia pyxidata*

Tropical-Temperate

Davallia solida*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Davallia tasmanii*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Davallia trichomanoides*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Davallodes hirsutum*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Dictymia brownii

Tropical-Temperate

Dictymia macrocarpa*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Dictymia percussa*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium australe and cultivars*
Polypodium - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium chnoodes*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium dissimile*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium formosanum*

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Polypodium fraxinifolium*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium glaucophyllum*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium loriceum*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium pectinatum*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium plumula*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium polypodioides*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium sanctae-rosae*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium scouleri*

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Polypodium thyssanolepis*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium triseriale*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Polypodium vulgare and cultivars

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Polystichum lentum Polystichum - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Pseudodrynaria coronans

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Psilotum nudum

Tropical-Temperate

Pteris ensiformis and cultivars Pteris - Wikipedia

Tropical-Temperate

Pteris multifida and cultivars

Tropical-Temperate

Pyrrosia confluens*

Tropical-Temperate

Pyrrosia hastata*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Pyrrosia lanceolata*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Pyrrosia lingua and cultivars

Tropical-Temperate

Pyrrosia longifolia*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Pyrrosia nummularifolia*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Pyrrosia piloselloides

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Pyrrosia polydactylis*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Pyrrosia rupestris*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Pyrrosia serpens*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Rumora adiantiformis*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Sadleria cyatheoides

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Scyphularia pentaphylla*

Tropical-Temperate

Scyphularia triphylla*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Selliguea feei*

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Stenochlaena palustris*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Stenochlaena tenuifolia*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Woodwardia orientalis Woodwardia - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

 

 

 

Ferns Suitable for Outdoor Containers

From Chapter 19 - Ferns for containers, indoors and out, and Appendix 6 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1:-


Most of the fern species listed below need a protected part shade situation. Those marked with an * can be tolerant of exposure to Full Sun.

Fern Species

Region

Comments

Adiantum macrophyllum Adiantum- Flora of North America

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Fronds erect

Adiantum peruvianum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Arching fronds

Adiantum polyphyllum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Spreading

Adiantum trapeziforme

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Spreading

Angiopteris evecta

Tropical-Temperate

Needs plenty of water

Arachniodes aristata

Tropical-Temperate

Very hardy

Arachniodes standishii

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Very attractive

Asplenium australasicum* Asplenium - Wikipedia

Tropical-Temperate

Excellent

Asplenium bulbiferum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Do not overpot, arching fronds

Asplenium cymbifolium

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Sensitive to cold

Asplenium daucifolium

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Fine and lacy

Asplenium dimorphum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Variable fronds

Asplenium milnei

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Shiny fronds

Asplenium musifolium

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Erect rosette

Asplenium nidus*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Cold sensitive

Asplenium oblongifolium

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Dense

Asplenium scleroprium*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Dense, leathery

Asplenium simplicifrons

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Rosette of narrow fronds

Athyrium filix-femina and cultivars Athyrium - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

May be Deciduous

Blechnum braziliense
Blechnum - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Attractive

Blechnum capense

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Hardy

Blechnum cartilagineum*

Tropical-Temperate

Hardy

Blechnum gibbum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Attractive

Blechnum nudum

Temperate-Tropical

Needs plenty of water

Blechnum orientale

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Hardy

Cibotium glaucum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Forms trunk

Coniogramme intermedia

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Dark fronds

Culcita dubia*

Tropical-Temperate

Very hardy

Cyathea australis*
Cyathea - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Very hardy

Cyathea brownii*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Fast

Cyathea capensis

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Hardy

Cyathea celebica

Tropical-Temperate

Prickly

Cyathea contaminans*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Fast

Cyathea cooperi*

Tropical-Temperate

Fast

Cyathea dealbata

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Excellent

Cyathea dregei

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Hardy

Cyathea medullaris*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Fast

Cyathea rebeccae

Tropical-Temperate

Excellent

Cyathea robusta

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Decorative

Cyathea woollsiana

Tropical-Temperate

Excellent

Dicksonia antarctica*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Very hardy

Dicksonia fibrosa
Dicksonia - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Very hardy

Dicksonia sellowiana

Semi-Tropical

Slender

Dicksonia squarrosa*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Very hardy

Dicksonia youngiae

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Attractive

Didymochlaena truncatula

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lovely fronds

Diplazium dilatatum
Diplazium - Wikipedia

Tropical-Temperate

Arching fronds

Diplazium werckleanum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Dark fronds

Drynaria quercifolia*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Very hardy

Dryopteris affinis

Dryopteris - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Hardy

Dryopteris filix-mas

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

May be deciduous

Lastreopsis decomposita Lastreopsis - Wikipedia

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Hardy

Lastreopsis marginans

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Shiny fronds

Lastreopsis microsora

Tropical-Temperate

Hardy

Lastreopsis velutina

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Soft fronds

Leucostegia immersa

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Coarse mix

Leucostegia pallida

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Coarse mix

Marattia salicina

Tropical-Temperate

Hardy

Microlepia firma

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Hardy

Microlepia hirta

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Hardy

Microlepia playtphylla

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Tall

Microlepia speluncae

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Soft fronds

Microlepia strigosa

Tropical-Temperate

Graceful

Microsorum pappei

Tropical-Temperate

Slowly spreading

Microsorum punctatum* and cultivars

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Hardy

Nephrolepis biserrata and cultivars Nephrolepis - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

needs plenty of water

Nephrolepis cordifolia* and cultivars

Tropical-Temperate

hardy

Nephrolepis exaltata* (larger cultivars)

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

hardy

Nephrolepis falcata* and cultivars

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

hardy

Nephrolepis hirsutula*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

hardy

Nephrolepis obliterata*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

hardy

Niphidium crassifolium

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

coarse mix

Osmunda regalis
Osmunda - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

deciduous

Phlebodium aureum and cultivars

Tropical-Temperate

coarse mix

Phymatosorus diversifolius

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

hardy

Phymatosorus longissimus

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

coarse mix

Phymatosorus nigrescens

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

coarse mix

Phymatosorus parksii*

Tropical-Temperate

bushy clump

Phymatosorus scolopendria

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

coarse mix

Pityrogramma calomelanos*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

very hardy

Polystichum aculeatum
Polystichum - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

fronds harsh

Polystichum proliferum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

hardy

Polystichum retroso-paleacum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dark, glossy green

Polystichum setiferum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

fronds spreading

Polystichum vestitum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

fronds harsh

Pseudodrynaria coronans*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

coarse mix

Pteris biaurita Pteris - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

hardy

Pteris hendersonii

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

attractive

Pteris microptera

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

hardy

Pteris pacifica

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

shiny fronds

Pteris quadriaurita

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

large

Pteris tripartita

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

large

Pteris umbrosa

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

bushy

Pteris wallichiana

Tropical-Temperate

large

Rumora adiantiformis* (Cape form)

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

large, very hardy

Woodwardia fimbriata
Woodwardia - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

erect

Woodwardia orientalis

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

spreading fronds

Woodwardia radicans

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

hardy

 

Ferns for Wet Soils

From Appendix 7 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1:-

Acrostichum aureum Acrostichum - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Acrostichum danaeifolium

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Acrostichum speciosum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Allantantodia australis

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Ampelopteris prolifera*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Angiopteris evecta

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Athyrium filix-femina Athyrium - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum articulatum Blechnum - Wikipedia

Tropical-Temperate

Blechnum capense

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum discolor*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum fluviatile

Temperate

Blechnum indicum*

Tropical-Temperate

Blechnum lanceolatum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum minus*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum nudum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum patersonii

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum serrulatum*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Blechnum wattsii*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Blotiella lindeniana

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Cyathea australis* Cyathea - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Cyathea smithii*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Cyclosorus interruptus*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Dennstaedtia davallioides*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Dicksonia antarctica* Dicksonia - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Dicksonia herbertii*

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Diplazium dietrichianum* Diplazium - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Diplazium dilatatum

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Diplazium esculentum*

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Diplazium riparium

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Equisetum myriochaetum*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Helminthostachys zeylanica*

Tropical

Histiopteris incisa*

Temperate-Tropical

Hypolepis punctata*

Temperate-Tropical

Hypolepis rugosula

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Lunathyrium japonicum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Lygodium circinnatum Lygodium - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Lygodium flexuosum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Lygodium microphyllum*

Tropical-Temperate

Marattia salicina

Tropical-Temperate

Microlepia speluncae

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Nephrolepis biserrata* Nephrolepis - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Onoclea sensibilis*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Osmunda cinnamomea* Osmunda - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Osmunda regalis*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Parathelypteris beddomei*

Tropical

Pilularia globifera

Temperate

Plagiogyria pectinata

Semi-Tropical

Pseumatopteris pennigera

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Pseumatopteris sogerensis

Tropical-Temperate

Pseudophegopteris paludosa

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Pteris comans* Pteris - Wikipedia

Temperate

Pteris umbrosa*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Selaginella kraussiana Selaginella - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Thelypteris confluens* Thelypteris - Wikipedia

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Todea barbara* Todea - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Woodwardia virginica Woodwardia - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

 

Lime-hating Ferns (Calcifluges)

From Appendix 10 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1:-

The following ferns resent lime and may die (or suffer badly bleached foliage) if it is included in their potting mix or added to the soil around their roots. Those marked with an asterisk * are particularly sensitive.

Species

Adiantum bradleyi

Asplenium forisiacum

Asplenium montanum

Asplenium pinnatifidum

Asplenium septentrionale

Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes

Blechnum spicant

Cryptogramma brunnoniana *

Cryptogramma brunnoniana crispa *

Dryopteris celsa

Gleichenia alpina

Gleichenia alpina dicarpa

Gleichenia alpina microphylla

Lygodium palmatum *

Oreopteris limbosperma

Phegopteris connectilis

Thelypteris palustris

Thelypteris palustris simulata

 

Ferns found on Limestone or Basic Soils (Calciphiles)

"The following fern species are recorded as growing on limestone, or in basic soils. They are presented here as an aid to understanding their cultivation requirements, as lime may be necessary for their successful growth. Some species only occur sporadically on limestone, others grow on it commonly and are marked *" from Appendix 9 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1.

Adenoderris glandulosa

Adenoderris sororia

Actiniopteris radiata

Actiniopteris braunii*

Adiantum capillus-veneris*

Adiantum caudatum Adiantum- Flora of North America

Adiantum fragile

Adiantum incisum

Adiantum malesianum*

Adiantum melanoleucum

Adiantum philippense

Adiantum reniforme*

Adiantum resiliens

Adiantum soboliferum*

Adiantum stenochlamys*

Adiantum tenerum*

Adiantum tricholepis

Adiantum wilesianum*

Adiantum zollingeri*

Adiantopsis paupercula*

Adiantopsis pedata*

Anemia adiantifolia*

Anemia cicutaria

Anemia mexicana

Anemia speciosa

Anemia wrightii

Anopteris hexagona

Arcypteris irregularis

Asplenium adiantoides* Asplenium - Wikipedia

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum

Asplenium ceterach*

Asplenium cristatum

Asplenium dentatum

Asplenium ebenoides

Asplenium fissum

Asplenium fontanum

Asplenium heterochroum

Asplenium hoffmannii

Asplenium lepidum

Asplenium macrophyllum

Asplenium majoricum

Asplenium milnei

Asplenium myriophyllum

Asplenium olivaceum

Asplenium palmeri

Asplenium pellucidum

Asplenium phyllitidis

Asplenium pumilum

Asplenium resiliens

Asplenium rhizophyllum*

Asplenium ruta-muraria*

Asplenium salignum

Asplenium scolopendrium

Asplenium seelosii

Asplenium squamulatum*

Asplenium tenerum

Asplenium trichomanes

Asplenium trichomanes-dentatum*

Asplenium unilaterale

Asplenium viride

Athyrium pinnatum Athyrium - Wikipedia

Athyrium prescottianum

Blechnum finlaysonianum Blechnum - Wikipedia

Bolbitis aliena*

Bolbitis portoricensis

Bommeria hispida*

Bommeria pedata*

Ceterach cordatum

Cheilanthes alabamensis*
Cheilanthes - Wikipedia

Cheilanthes candida

Cheilanthes eatonii

Cheilanthes farinosa*

Cheilanthes feei

Cheilanthes horridula

Cheilanthes induta

Cheilanthes leucopoda*

Cheilanthes marlothii

Cheilanthes microphylla*

Cheilanthes pteridiodes

Cheilanthes rufa

Cheilanthes scariosa*

Cheilanthes villosa

Christella dentata

Christata parasitica

Crypsinus enervis

Cryptogramma stelleri

Ctenitis hirta*

Ctenitis sloanei

Cyclopeltis crenata

Cyclopeltis semicordata

Cyrtomium auriculatum Cyrtomium - Wikipedia

Cyrtomium falcatum*

Cyrtomium juglandifolium

Cystopteris bulbifera

Cystopteris fragilis

Davallia denticulata

Davallia solida Davallia - Wikipedia

Diplazium cordifolium Diplazium - Wikipedia

Diplazium esculentum

Diplazium montanum

Doryopteris allenae*

Doryopteris concolor

Doryopteris ludens*

Doryopteris papuana*

Drynaria bonii*

Drynaria quercifolia

Drynaria rigidula

Drynaria sparsisora

Dryopteris ludoviciana Dryopteris - Wikipedia

Dryopteris submontana

Dryopteris villari

Gymnocarpium robertianum*

Hemionitis arifolia

Heterogonium alderwereltii*

Heterogonium pinnatum*

Humata heterophylla

Humata pectinata

Hypodematium crenatum

Hypodematium fauriei

Lemmaphyllum accedens

Lepisorus longifolius

Leptochilus decurrens

Llavea cordifolia

Loxogramme avenia

Loxogramme scolopendrina

Lygodium polystachyum*

Matteuccia struthiopteris

Microgramma heterophyllum

Microlepia speluncae

Microsorum musifolium

Microsorum punctatum

Neocheiropteris palmatopedata

Nephelea fulgens

Nephelea woodwardioides

Nephrolepis biserrata Nephrolepis - Wikipedia

Nephrolepis dicksonioides*

Nephrolepis falcata

Nephrolepis hirsutula

Nephrolepis radicans

Notholaena aschenborniana* Notholaena - Wikipedia

Notholaena candida*

Notholaena dealbata

Notholaena formosa*

Notholaena grayi*

Notholaena greggii*

Notholaena limitanea

Notholaena neglecta*

Notholaena parvifolia*

Notholaena rigida*

Notholaena sinuata*

Notholaena standleyi

Odontosoria clavata

Oleandra undulata

Ophioglossum englemanii

Pellaea atropurpurea* Pellaea - Wikipedia

Pellaea breweri

Pellaea dolomiticola*

Pellaea glabella

Pellaea intermedia

Pellaea ovata*

Pellaea pringlei

Pellaea sagittata*

Pellaea ternifolia*

Photinopteris speciosa

Phymatosorus nigrescens

Phymatosorus scolopendria

Pityrogramma calomelanos

Pneumatopteris pennigera

Polypodium australe Polypodium - Wikipedia

Polypodium dispersum

Polypodium papillosum

Polypodium plumula

Polypodium ptilodon

Polypodium vulgare

Polystichum aculeatum Polystichum - Wikipedia

Polystichum echinatum*

Polystichum christianae*

Polystichum harrisae*

Polystichum lindsaeifolium*

Polystichum triangulum

Pterideum aquilinum Pterideum - Wikipedia

Pterideum aquilinum var. caudatum

Pterideum aquilinum var. feei

Pterideum esculentum

Pteridrys syrmatica

Pteris bahamensis* Pteris - Wikipedia

Pteris cretica*

Pteris ensiformis

Pteris longifolia

Pteris longipinnula*

Pteris mertensioides

Pteris multifida

Pteris scabripes

Pteris tripartita

Pteris vittata*

Pyrrosia floccigera

Pyrrosia lanceolata

Pyrrosia penangiana*

Pyrrosia stigmosa*

Pyrrosia varia

Selaginella lepidophylla* Selaginella - Wikipedia

Selaginella pilifera*

Sphenomeris clavata

Taenitis blechnoides

Tectaria x amesiana Tectaria - Wikipedia

Tectaria amplifolia*

Tectaria barberi

Tectaria devexa*

Tectaria griffithii

Tectaria heracleifolia*

Tectaria incisa

Tectaria lobata*

Tectaria macrodonta

Tectaria pedata*

Tectaria variolosa

Thelypteris augescens Thelypteris - Wikipedia

Thelypteris blanda

Thelypteris guadalupensis*

Thelypteris immersa

Thelypteris leptoclada*

Thelypteris ovata

Thelypteris pilosa

Thelypteris reptans*

Thelypteris resiliens

Thelypteris toganetra

Thelypteris tuerckheimii

Vittaria angustifolia Vittaria - Wikipedia

Vittaria elongata

Woodsia fragilis Woodsia - Wikipedia

Woodsia glabella

 

Ferns Suitable for Indoor Decoration

From Chapter 19 - Ferns for containers, indoors and out, and Appendix 1 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1:-

Species

Region

Light Tolerance

Comments

Adiantum capillus-veneris Adiantum- Flora of North America

Temperate-Tropical

Bright

Can be tricky

Adiantum capillus-veneris 'Banksianum'

Temperate-Tropical

Bright

Excellent indoors

Adiantum capillus-veneris 'Fimbriatum'

Temperate-Tropical

Bright

deeply cut fronds

Adiantum capillus-veneris 'Imbricatum'

Temperate-Tropical

Bright

cascading fronds

Adiantum capillus-veneris 'Scintilla'

Temperate-Tropical

Bright

shallow pot

Adiantum raddianum

Temperate-Tropical

Bright

an adaptable species

Adiantum raddianum 'Elegans'

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

hardy

Adiantum raddianum 'Fragrantissimum'

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

vigorous grower

Adiantum raddianum 'Fritz Luth'

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

very popular

Adiantum raddianum 'Gracillimum'

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

finely divided fronds

Adiantum raddianum 'Lawsonianum'

Temperate-Tropical

Bright

hardy

Adiantum raddianum 'Pacific Maid'

Semi-Tropical-Tropical

Bright

best in tropics

Adiantum raddianum 'Weigandii'

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

hardy

Adiantum tenerum

Tropical

Bright

good in tropics

Adiantum tenerum 'Fergusonii'

Tropical

Bright

strong grower

Adiantum tenerum

Tropical

Bright

good in tropics

Adiantum tenerum 'Fergusonii'

Tropical

Bright

strong grower

Adiantum tenerum 'Gloriosum Roseum'

Tropical

Bright

attractive fern

Adiantum tenerum 'Scutum Roseum'

Tropical

Bright

pink new growth

Asplenium australasicum Asplenium - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

grows large, hardy

Asplenium bulbiferum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

very adaptable

Asplenium cymbifolium

Tropical

Bright

grows large

Asplenium daucifolium

Temperate-Tropical

dull-bright

very adaptable

Asplenium dimorphum

Temperate-Tropical

dull-bright

very adaptable

Asplenium musifolium

Tropical

Bright

grows large

Asplenium nidus

Tropical

Bright

grows large

Asplenium oblongifolium

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

hardy

Asplenium laserpitifolium

Tropical

Bright

difficult subject

Asplenium shuttleworthianum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

very adaptable

Asplenium simplicifrons

Temperate-Tropical

dull-bright

very adaptable

Blechnum articulatum Blechnum - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

adaptable

Blechnum braziliense

Semi-Tropical-Tropical

Bright

hardy and adaptable

Blechnum gibbum

Temperate-Tropical

Bright

very attractive

Blechnum moorei

Semi-Tropical-Tropical

Bright

seems hardy

Blechnum occidentale

Semi-Tropical-Tropical

Bright

colourful new growth

Cyrtomium caryotideum Cyrtomium - Wikipedia

Temperate-Tropical

Bright

attractive

Cyrtomium falcatum and cultivars

Temperate-Tropical

dull-bright

hardy and acceptable

Cyrtomium macrophyllum

Semi-Tropical-Tropical

Bright

adaptable

Davallia bullata

Davallia - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

very hardy

Davallia fejeensis

Semi-Tropical-Tropical

Bright

beautiful

Davallia mariesii

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

very hardy

Davallia solida

Semi-Tropical-Tropical

Bright

adaptable

Davallia trichomanoides

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

very hardy

Dicksonia antarctica

Dicksonia - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

very hardy

Didymochlaena truncatula

Semi-Tropical-Tropical

dull-bright

hardy and adaptable

Doryopteris pedata

Tropical-Temperate

Bright

can be difficult

Drynaria quercifolia

Tropical-Temperate

Bright

hardy

Dryopteris affinis

Dryopteris - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

hardy

Dryopteris filix-mas

Wild Flower Gallery Dryopteris filix-mas

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

hardy

Goniophlebium persicifolium

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bright

adaptable

Goniophlebium subauriculatum Goniophlebium - The Plant List

Tropical-Temperate

Bright

hardy

Goniophlebium verrucosum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bright

difficult

Humata griffithiana

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Bright

hardy, deciduous

Humata tyermanii

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Bright

very attractive

Llavea cordifolia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

hardy

Lycopodium phlegmaria Lycopodium - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bright

difficult

Lycopodium phlegmaroides

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bright

difficult

Lycopodium squarrosum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bright

difficult

Lygodium flexuosum Lygodium - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bright

hardy

Lygodium japonicum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bright

hardy

Lygodium microphyllum

Tropical-Temperate

Bright

hardy

Macrothelypteris polypodioides

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bright

attractive

Microlepia strigosa and cultivars

Tropical-Temperate

 

attractive

Microsorum punctatum and cultivars

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bright

very hardy

Nephrolepis biserrata Nephrolepis - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

grows large

Nephrolepis cordifolia and cultivars

Temperate-Tropical

dull-bright

very hardy and adaptable

Nephrolepis exaltata and cultivars

Tropical-Temperate

dull-bright

hardy

Nephrolepis falcata 'Furcans'

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bright

decorative

Onoclea sensibilis

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

pale colour

Pellaea falcata
Pellaea - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

hardy

Pellaea rotundifolia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

very rewarding

Pellaea viridis

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

difficult

Phlebodium aureum and cultivars

Tropical-Temperate

Bright

hardy

Phymatosorus parksii

Tropical-Temperate

dull-bright

hardy

Polypodium australe and cultivars
Polypodium - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

hardy

Polypodium formosanum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

popular

Polypodium vulgare and cultivars

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

hardy

Polystichum lentum Polystichum - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

spreading habit

Polystichum retroso-paleaceum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

shiny fronds

Polystichum tsus-simense

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

upright tussock

Pteris cretica and cultivars Pteris - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

colourful and interesting

Pteris ensiformis and cultivars

Tropical-Temperate

Bright

compact

Pteris tremula

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

Bright

light green fronds

Pyrrosia confluens

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

dull-bright

hardy

Pyrrosia longifolia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bright

cold sensitive

Pyrrosia rupestris

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

dull-bright

hardy

Pyrrosia serpens

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

hardy

Rumora adiantiformis

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

very hardy

Sadleria cyatheoides

Tropical-Temperate

Bright

very decorative

Scyhularia pentaphylla

Tropical-Temperate

dull-bright

coarse mix

Scyhularia pycnocarpa

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

coarse mix

Selaginella kraussiana

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

spreading

Stenochlaena palustris

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

dull-bright

adaptable

Tectaria heracleifolia Tectaria - Wikipedia

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

Bright

interesting subject

Woodwardia orientalis Woodwardia - Wikipedia

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Bright

large

Woodwardia radicans

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

Bright

large

 

Terrarium

Terrariums are mini indoor gardens that are perfect for people who want to decorate their home or office with houseplants, but don't have a lot of time to care for them.

Instructions to make your own terrarium from ehow.com:-

  • Select a glass container. Large jars, compotes or aquariums are all excellent choices for building a terrarium. Make sure to clean it well with hot, soapy water before you start.
  • Next you want to create the terrarium's drainage layer. Layer about an inch of large pea gravel in the bottom of the container. If the container has a narrow opening, create a funnel with the paper, then pour the gravel through the funnel and use a chopstick to move the gravel into place. Add a ½-inch layer of ground charcoal over the gravel.
  • Pour 2 to 3 inches of fresh potting soil over the drainage layer. Use a sterilized soil mix. The soil and drainage layer should take up about 1/4 of the terrarium container's space.
  • Select small plants that all require the same type of care. For example, use all tropical sun-loving or all drought-tolerant plants. Never mix plants with different growing requirements.
  • Think about how you want to place the plants within the container. Taller plants should go in the back of the jar and shorter ones in the front. Dig planting holes in the soil with a chopstick or your hand if it fits through the container's opening.
  • Remove the plants from their containers. Trim off any yellow or brown foliage. Remove any extra soil from around the roots, then tease the roots apart gently, and place the plants into the planting holes. Cover the roots with soil and gently firm the soil around each plant.
  • Water the terrarium after all the plants are in place. Use a funnel to wash the sides of the terrarium as you water.
  • If you created a tropical terrarium, you have the option of covering the jar with a lid or glass dish. This step will seal the environment and create a miniature rain forest. Just be aware that sealed terrariums are at risk of overheating if placed near a sunny window. Skip this step if you used drought tolerant plants, such as cacti and succulents, as it will create too humid an environment for them.
  • Tips and warnings :-
  • Some plants that do well in terrariums are African violets,ferns and hypoestes. Others are listed in the Garden Helper.
  • Moisture will appear on the inside of the jar. Crack the lid for a few hours to allow some moisture to escape.
  • Use very little fertilizer - you want to keep the plants small and not encourage new growth.
  • Don't overwater. The plants will create their own moisture through evaporation. When the sides of the glass are dry and no moisture is evident inside the jar, water sparingly.

From Chapter 21 - Specialized containers and systems of culture, and Appendix 2 of The Encyclopaedia of Ferns An Introduction to Ferns, their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation by David L. Jones ISBN 0 88192 054 1:-

The following species are small enough for cultivation in terrariums. Those suitable only for larger terrariums are marked with an *. The list includes creeping ferns as well as those with a clumping growth habit. Some ferns dislike excessive humidity but will succeed well in a drier terrarium. These are indicated under comments.

Species

Region

Comments

Actiniopteris semiflabella

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

excellent

Adiantum capillus-veneris* Adiantum- Flora of North America

Tropical-Temperate

needs lime

Adiantum diaphanum

Tropical-Temperate

excellent, spreading habit

Adiantum hispidulum

Tropical-Temperate

performs well

Adiantum raddianum* and cultivars

Tropical-Temperate

smaller growing cultivars

Adiantum reniforme

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

likes dry atmosphere best

Anarthropteris lanceolata

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

spreading habit

Anogramma chaerophylla

Tropical-Temperate

fast growing, may naturalize

Anogramma leptophylla

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

likes drier atmosphere

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum* Asplenium - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

performs well

Asplenium alternans

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

drier atmosphere, alkaline mix

Asplenium attenuatum

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

likes drier atmosphere

Asplenium aureum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

clumping

Asplenium capillipes

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

small clump

Asplenium cardiophyllum

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

tiny creeping species

Asplenium ceterach

Temperate

drier atmosphere, alkaline mix

Asplenium cheilosorum

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

creeping habit

Asplenium flabellifolium

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

spreading habit

Asplenium formosum*

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

clumping

Asplenium hookerianum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

delicate fronds

Asplenium normale

Tropical-Temperate

clumping

Asplenium oligophlebium

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

clumping

Asplenium pekinense

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

small clumps

Asplenium prolongatum

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

tip rooting

Asplenium rhizophyllum

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

needs lime, tip rooting

Asplenium ruprechtii

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

tip rooting

Asplenium ruta-muraria

Temperate

needs lime

Asplenium septentrionale

Temperate

small clumps

Asplenium trichomanes

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

needs lime

Asplenium tripteropus

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

proliferous

Asplenium varians

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

small clump

Asplenium viride

Temperate

needs lime

Blechnum chambersii*
Blechnum - Wikipedia

Temperate

erect clump

Blechnum fluviatile

Temperate

flat clump

Blechnum membranaceum

Temperate

neat grower

Blechnum penna-marina

Temperate

spreading habit

Blechnum spicant and cultivars

Temperate

small clumps

Bolbitis heteroclita form

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

spreading mossy carpet

Callistopteris bauerana

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

finely divided fronds

Cardiomanes reniforme

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

appealing fronds

Cheilanthes argentea
Cheilanthes - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

needs dry atmosphere

Cheilanthes austroteniufolia*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

spreading, adaptable

Cheilanthes californica

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

needs dry atmosphere

Cheilanthes covillei

Temperate

needs dry atmosphere

Cheilanthes distans

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

spreading, adaptable

Cheilanthes sieberi

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

spreading adaptable

Cystopteris bulbifera

Temperate

may naturalize

Cystopteris fragilis

Temperate

delicate fronds

Diplazium subsinuatum
Diplazium - Wikipedia

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

excellent, distinctive fronds

Diplazium tomitaroanum

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

clumping

Doodia caudata Doodia - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

small clumps

Doryopteris concolor

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

likes drier atmosphere

Doryopteris ludens

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

dry, needs lime

Doryopteris palmata

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

dry, needs lime, difficult

Gymnopteris marantae

Temperate

dry, difficult

Lemmaphyllum accedens

Tropical-Temperate

creeping habit

Lemmaphyllum microphyllum

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

creeping habit

Leptopteris fraseri*

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

needs high humidity

Leptopteris hymeno-phylloides*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

needs high humidity

Leptopteris superba*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

needs high humidity

Macroglena caudata

Tropical-Temperate

excellent, needs coarse mix

Nephrolepis exaltata 'Mini Ruffle' Nephrolepis - Wikipedia

Tropical-Temperate

small, ruffled clumps

Notholaena sinuata*
Notholaena - Wikipedia

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dry

Notholaena standleyi*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dry, may need lime

Oenotrichia tripinnata*

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

excellent

Paraceterach muelleri*

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

dry

Paraceterach reynoldsii

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

dry

Pleurosorus rutifolius

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

dry

Pteris ensiformis and cultivars Pteris - Wikipedia

Tropical-Temperate

excellent

Pyrrosia rupestris

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

drier

Pyrossia serpens

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

drier

Quercifilix zeylanica

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

drier

Selaginella australiensis
Selaginella - Wikipedia

Tropical-Temperate

spreading

Selaginella brisbanensis

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

spreading

Selaginella kraussiana

Temperate-Semi-Tropical

spreading

Selaginella longipinna

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

clumping

Selaginella martensii

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

clumping

Selaginella mollis

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

spreading

Selaginella serpens

Tropical-Semi-Tropical

spreading

Selaginella umbrosa

Semi-Tropical-Temperate

clumping

Trichomanes species

Tropical-Temperate

needs high humidity