Flower |
Foliage |
Form |
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Flowers. Deutsch: Hedysarum hedysaroides, Schynige Platte, Kanton Bern, Schweiz |
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Foliage. Hedysarum hedysaroides (pl. siekiernica górska), habitat: West Tatra Mountains, Hala Upłaz. |
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Seeds. Unreife Gliederhülsen von Hedysarum hedysaroides in der Nähe von Oberlech in Vorarlberg. Deutsch: Alpen-Süßklee (Hedysarum hedysaroides), unreife Gliederhülsen |
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Figure. 1: Hedysarum hedysaroides (L.) Schinz & Thell. subsp. hedysaroides, syn. Hedysarum obscurum L. , nom. illeg. 2: Onobrychis viciifolia Scop., syn. Hedysarum onobrychis L. Original Caption 1. Süssklee, Hedysarum obscurum 2. Esparette, H. onobrychis 1796 Figure from Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen at http://www.biolib.de |
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Figure. Hedysarum hedysaroides. Permission granted to use under GFDL by Kurt Stueber Source: www.biolib.de |
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Plant Name |
Hedysarum hedysaroides |
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Common Name |
Alpine French Honeysuckle, Alpine Sainfoin |
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Soil |
Alkaline Sand (Native habitat is gravel river bars, roadsides, rocky hills and meadows, 1200-2500 metres in the Alps) |
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Sun Aspect |
Full Sun |
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Soil Moisture |
Dry |
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Plant Type |
Deciduous Rhizome |
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Height x Spread in inches (cms) |
24 x 36 (60 x 90) |
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Foliage |
Mid-Green |
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Flower Colour in Month(s). Fruit |
Red-violet in August-September |
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Comment |
Clump-forming. Attractive to Bees and suitable for a Rock Garden. This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby.
"Inflorescences bear from 15 to 30-35 purple-violet flowers in clusters atop a spike.
"It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers moist soil. Plants strongly resent root disturbance and should be placed in their permanent positions as soon as possible." from Plants for a Future.
Available from |
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AUTUMN BULB, CORM, RHIZOME OR TUBER GALLERY PAGES |
FLOWER COLOUR |
FOLIAGE COLOUR |
SEED COLOUR BED PICTURES |
FORM |
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The following Extra Index of Bulbs is created in the
Having transferred the Extra Index row entry to the relevant Extra Index row for the same type of plant in a gallery below; then
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7 Flower Colours per Month in Colour Wheel below in BULB, CORM, RHIZOME and TUBER GALLERY. Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month. |
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Besides the above Bulb Flower Colour Comparison Pages, you also have the following Comparison Pages:- |
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Autumn Bulb Gallery INDEX link to Bulb Description Page |
Flower Colour |
Flower Thumbnail |
Flowering Months Form Thumbnail and |
Foliage Thumbnail |
Height x Width in inches (cms) - Seed Head Thumbnail |
Comments This is the Old Layout which is being changed plant by plant to |
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Autumn Bulb Gallery INDEX link to Bulb Description Page |
Flower Colour with Flower Thumbnail |
Flowering Months Form Thumbnail and |
Height x Width in inches (cms) - Seed Head Thumbnail |
Foliage Colour with Foliage Thumbnail |
Bulb Use |
Comments this New Layout starting in March 2020 |
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A |
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Arisarum |
Dark Brown-Purple
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April, May Cushion. |
6 x 10 Acidic Sand, Clay, Chalk |
Glossy, Bright Green and arrow shaped
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A woodland perennial with flowers lasting a long time in indoor arrange-ments. Foliage is groundcover until late summer. Mix with spring-flowering woodland bulbs. |
Great Plant Combinations: Waldsteinia ternata, Asplenium scolopendrium, Cyclamen coum, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Anenome nemorosa. Can be invasive. |
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Greenish-Yellow spathes with a yellow spadix followed by spikes of orange-red berries lasting all summer |
June Mat, Erect |
12 x 6 Well-drained Chalk, Sand |
Mid-Green with Cream veins foliage from late autumn to mid spring |
Cottage Garden. Ground cover with hosta. Naturalizes in woodland. Spathes and berries suitable for flower arrangements. Use in patio pots. |
Underplant roses, hostas, Hemerocallis, Iris and shrubs. |
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Aruncus dioicus |
Creamy-White |
June, July Clump |
72 x 48 Clay |
Pinnately compound, Mid-Green |
Moist wood-lands. Good for cutting. Native garden, a specimen, or groups along stream or water gardens. Mass down a slope. |
This plant demands space. Mix with gunneras and Campanula latifolia, which are also self-sowing. Border background plant. |
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C "Dwarf Campanulas" by Graham Nicholls - from The Alpine Garden Society Bookshop. Corydalis - "Bleeding Hearts, Corydalis, and their Relatives" by Mark C Tebbitt, Magnus Liden & Henrick Zetterlund - from the Alpine Garden Society Bookshop. See Rock Garden Plant Index C for details on more campanulas, corydalis and cyclamen and See Gardenia with their pages on plant combinations of Campanulas (Bellflowers) with other plants. |
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Campanula |
Violet-Purple |
June, July, August Clump. |
30 x 36 Chalk, |
Light Green |
Houseplant, Woodland, Patio Pot. Grow in meadow on chalk soil. |
This plant must be planted separate from other plants. |
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Campanula |
White to |
June, July
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36 x 12 Alkaline Clay, Chalk. |
Narrow, toothed, leathery, Bright Green |
Open light woodland. Pollinated by bees and self. |
Use as mound in middle of border. Mix with other plants in large pots. |
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Centaurea montana |
Blue |
June, July Erect, Clump |
18 x 24 Chalk |
Mid-Green, woolly beneath and densely woolly stems |
Best massed in border fronts, cottage gardens or naturalized areas. Nectar attracts butterflies. Cut flower. Coastal conditions. |
Native UK plant - from Kevock Garden. It prepares to flower while deciduous plants are bare. Grows in meadows and open woodland. |
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Cerato-stigma |
Brilliant Blue |
August, September, |
18 x 8 Chalk, Sand, Clay |
Bright Green in Spring and Summer. Rich Red in Autumn. |
Ground cover, Edging, Rock Garden. Compact, bushy habit in patio pots and border. Attracts butterflies. |
Interplant with spring bulbs. Under-planting for shrubs. Deer, rabbit resistant. Establish in dry walling. |
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Corydalis lutea |
Golden Yellow |
May, June, July, August, September Cushion. |
16 x 12 Well-drained Chalk, Sand, Gravel |
Finely cut, delicate-looking light-green to blue-green foliage |
Shaded Rock Gardens, Edging. Cottage Garden. Naturalizes. Gravel gardens and in cracks within stone walls and dry walling, woodland |
Commonly cultivated and naturalized on old walls near gardens scattered throughout the UK. It is toxic to horses. |
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Cyclamen |
White |
August, September,
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2 x 3 Chalk, Peaty, Scree, Sand. |
Mid-Green above, Purplish beneath The plant grows in a mound, 10 cm (3.9 in) tall and broad. The leaves are heart-shaped or oval and green, often patterned with silver |
Cyclamen cilicium is hardy down to −5 °C (23 °F), so is best grown in a warm or coastal location. Pot plant in a cold greenhouse. Deciduous woodland.Shade in Rock Garden. Underplant roses. Mix with anemone, ranunculus, chionodoxa, crocus, scilla, galanthus, eranthis, primula, small ferns and hostas. |
If not planted - corm should be just breaking surface and 2-3 inches apart - under trees, which provide fallen leaves in the autumn, then mulch with a little sifted leaf mould or peat moss in November. A little bonemeal added to the soil and used as a top dressing each spring will keep them happy. |
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Cyclamen |
White |
March, April Spreading. |
2 x 4 Chalk, Peat, Sand |
Deep Green with Silver pattern |
These are fully hardy and are best planted under trees in well drained soil. Native to mountains and coastal areas. Among rocks and roots in unfertilized woodlands. Grow in pots. |
Varying in colour from white through to red, cyclamen coum flower March-April, at the same time that the leaves are produced as a winter groundcover. |
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Cyclamen coum |
White |
March, April Spreading. |
2 x 4 Chalk, Peat, Sand |
The green leaves may marked with silver. They are round in shape. It flowers best in poor soils, so do not dig in compost or to add fertiliser as this will provide leaves but few flowers. |
These are fully hardy and are best planted under trees in good fertile, well drained soil. Native to mountains and coastal areas. Among rocks and roots in unfertilized woodlands. Grow in pots. |
Each white cyclamen coum bloom has a dark red mouth and flowers from late winter through to early spring, at the same time that the leaves are produced as winter groundcover. |
Index of Bulbs from Further details on bulbs from the Infill Galleries:- |
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Cyclamen hederifolium |
Pink flowers are produced before the leaves |
November, December
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5 x 6 |
Ivy-shaped, mottled leaves are variably colored, but usually gray-green with silver and white marbling. |
Deciduous and coniferous Woodland. Shaded part of Rock Garden. Coastal conditions as well. Almost evergreen ground cover. |
Self-seeds freely. Rare native UK plant from the Primrose Family. Same cultivation techniques as for cyclamen cilicium. Very long lived. |
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F See Rock Garden Plant Index F Page for further details of Fritillaria. The bulbs of all fritillaria are very fragile and must be handled with care. |
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Fritillaria imperiallis |
Orange, |
July Mat |
60 x 12 |
Lance-shaped, glossy, Light Green |
Use in sunny border or rock garden. Deer, squiirels and rodent resistant. Plant a low ground cover over bulbs to shade these bulbs from the sun. Grow in Pot, Coastal Conditions, Mass and speciman. |
The bulbs have an unpleasant foxy odour. Prone to attack by lily beetles. Companion plants are Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' and the Lily family - see Companion Planting. Use in greenhouse. Cottage garden, Alpine House |
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Bright Yellow. |
July Mat |
60 x 12 |
Light Green |
Use in sunny border or rock garden. Deer, squiirels and rodent resistant. Plant a low ground cover over bulbs to shade these bulbs from the sun. Grow in Pot, Coastal Conditions, Mass and speciman. |
The bulbs have an unpleasant foxy odour. Prone to attack by lily beetles. Companion plants are Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' and the Lily family - see Companion Planting. Use in greenhouse. Cottage garden, Alpine House |
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Orange-Red. |
July Mat |
48 x 12 |
Light Green |
Use in sunny border or rock garden.Deer, squiirels and rodent resistant. Plant a low ground cover over bulbs to shade these bulbs from the sun. Grow in Pot, Coastal Conditions, Mass and speciman. |
The bulbs have an unpleasant foxy odour. Prone to attack by lily beetles. Companion plants are Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' and the Lily family. Use in greenhouse. Cottage garden, Alpine House |
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G Galanthus.co.uk contains information on all aspects of snowdrops, their care and their cultivation; based on their experience. There are another 207 Gladiolii detailed in the Gladiolus Photo Gallery. |
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Galanthus elwesii (Snowdrop) |
White |
March Mat. |
8 x 12 Chalk, Part Shade |
2-3 narrow (to 1.25 inch wide), linear, basal glaucous green leaves (to 4 inch long at flowering) |
Best massed in sweeping drifts in areas where they can naturalize, such as open woodland areas, woodland margins or in lawns under large deciduous trees. Rock Garden and Edging. Houseplant. |
A giant-flowered snowdrop with honey-scented blooms, which have two delicate green marks on the petals. The leaves are grey-green in colour. |
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Gladiolus communis |
Deep Magenta |
June, July Clump. |
36 x 12 Well-drained Sand, Chalk |
Narrow sword-shaped basal mid green leaves in a fan of 3-5. |
Use in middle of suuny bed, hedgerows, cottage garden. Good with Centaurea cyanus and Papaver rhoes 'Shirley'. Grow with border phloxes to cover its position later. Houseplant. Plants will naturalize in the garden over time by cormlets and self-seeding. |
It is fully hardy but does not like wet winters. Mulch in winter with hay/straw or evergreen boughs. Weed in Australia. When foliage of any gladioli goes yellow, remove corm from pot or ground to dry before planting later in the year |
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Gladiolus papilio |
Red, Yellow, Pink |
July, August Clump. |
24-36 x 6 (60-90 x 15) Sand, Chalk |
Narrow, Grey-Green |
Use in Cottage/Informal Garden style beds and borders. Useful Cut Flower. Can be used in Poor Soil. Speciman. |
Where the plants are to tower above a groundwork of other material such as Antirrhinums, 12 inches (30 cm) each way is the most satisfactory distance with yellow Antirrhinums and blue Gladioli, scarlet Antirrhinums and white Gladioli, and vice versa. |
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H Helleborus are often very tolerant of dry shade conditions and associate beautifully with snowdrops, Erythronium, Primula, Pulmonaria and Tiarella. Which hellebore should you grow where? The sap of the English Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) was used to glue feathers onto arrows in the Middle Ages and to stiffen ruffs in Tudor times. |
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Hedysarum |
Red-Violet |
August, September Clump. |
24 x 36 Alkaline Sand |
Mid-Green |
Attractive to Bees and suitable for a Rock Garden. |
Native habitat of Alpine French Honeysuckle is gravel river bars, roadsides, rocky hills and meadows, 1200-2500 metres in the Alps. |
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Helleborus |
Green |
February, March, Upright. |
30 x 18 Chalk or well-drained Clay Mulch annually in autumn. Prevent soil from being dry or water-logged. |
Dark Grey, palmate, deeply cut leaves
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Grow in groups in mixed or shrub border, or naturalized in woodland garden. Contrasts well with Hostas and Ferns. |
A native UK plant in woods, and scrub on chalk and limestone. Plant at foot of deciduous shrubs, where it will show up strongly once the shrub's leaves have been shed. |
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Helleborus |
White |
February, March, Clump. |
12 x 18 Well-drained Clay, Scree. |
Dark Green
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Grow in groups in mixed or shrub border, or naturalized in woodland garden. Deer resistant. Place patio pot near kitchen to enjoy the winter bloom. |
Mulch the Christmas Rose annually in autumn. Prevent soil from being dry or waterlogged. Always wear gloves when handling hellebores due to its poison. Cottage garden. |
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Helleborus |
White or |
February, March, Clump |
18 x 18 Well-drained Clay |
Dark Green |
Grow Lenten Rose in groups in mixed or shrub border, or naturalized in deciduous woodland garden. Repels deer. |
Mulch the Lenten Rose annually in autumn. Prevent soil from being dry or water-logged. Always wear gloves when handling hellebores due to its poison. |
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Helleborus orientalis |
Pale Green tinted |
February, March, Clump |
18 x 18 |
Dark Green. New leaves develop in April with a second generation in the autumn. |
Grow in groups in mixed or shrub border, or naturalized in woodland garden. May also be massed to form an attractive ground cover. |
Mulch the Lenten Rose annually in autumn. Prevent soil from being dry or water-logged. Always wear gloves when handling hellebores due to its poison. |
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Hyacinthoides hispanica |
Blue |
April, May Clump. |
17 x 5 Chalk, Prefers Sand. Resistant to deer and rodents |
2-6 Glossy Dark Green strap-shaped Cut flower, bedding. |
Grow in groups as underplanting in shrub border, or naturalized in grass or woodland garden. Edging and Rock Garden. |
May be grown in pots/containers, alone or in combination with other spring flowering bulbs. |
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Hyacinthoides The English Bluebell is Native UK plant in the Lily Family. |
Mid-Blue or |
April, May Clump |
12 x 3 Chalk, Good in woodland in association with Red Campion and Greater Stitchwort. |
Glossy Dark Green
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Grow in groups as under-planting in shrub border, or naturalized in grass or woodland garden. |
Its natural Habitat is Woodland, hedgerows, shady banks, under bracken on coastal cliffs and uplands. Pollinated by bumblebees. They flower at the same time as hyacinths, Narcissus and some tulips. |
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I The British Iris Society was founded in 1922 by iris enthusiasts whose interests were primarily to establish a forum for the exchange of views and knowledge of the genus. |
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Impatiens |
Scented White |
July, August, The butterfly-shaped flowers appear at the tops of the branches most months of the year. The spur-shaped blossoms are white with red streaks, and have a curved, red spur in back that's almost 5 inches long! The blooms have a sweet aroma and are especially fragrant in the morning. |
96 x 36 John Innes No. 2 for pots. |
Large, ovate-lanceolate, Green Can be grown as houseplant in the UK, since it is frost tender. |
The plant can be brought indoors over the winter, where it may stay evergreen and continue flowering. It will need a very large pot - at least 15 gallons. If the pot is too small, the tubers may break it! It can be grown outdoors in the ground in the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands if mulched heavily and given overhead protection. |
Impatiens tinctoria comes from higher elevations in central Africa, where the climate is relatively cool. Ideally it prefers temperatures between about 50 and 80 degrees Centigrade. It can tolerate temperatures in the 80s and even above, but it might decline in consistently hot temperatures, especially if nights are warm. Like most Impatiens, it enjoys moist, well draining soil and regular feeding. |
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Iris Roast-Beef Plant is a Native UK plant from the Iris Family. |
Purple tinged |
June, July Good for seaside gardens and can be naturalized in hedge bottoms or wooded corners. |
24 x 6 seed capsules. |
Dark Green, sword-shaped leaves, up to 30 inches (75 cm) long Use a compost of equal parts light loam (sandy loam), leaf mould, and silver sand for pots inhouse. |
Stinking gladwin is a species of iris found in open woodland, hedgebanks and sea-cliffs. The burst seedpods make good cuttings for bouquets. Grow in pots. Deer, Rabbit resistant. Pollinated by bumblebees. |
Partially expose the rhizome when planting in groups of three; 6-12 inches apart. Mulch the Stinking Iris with organic matter in the Spring. After 4 years, divide and replant in fresh soil. Self-seeds. |
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Iris laevigata The Species Iris Group of North America (SIGNA) has further details on this plant. |
Purple-Blue |
May, June |
30 x 6 Acidic Sand with composted organic material. |
Mid Green, sword-shaped leaves Double-pot your plants for insulation from the sun’s radiant heat, also for decorative purposes and let them flower in a cold greenhouse |
The Japanese Water Iris much prefers to be grown in water. Can be used in small water features as well as a marginal in ponds. Recom-mended water depth over crown of plant: |
Broad sword-shaped leaves with tall mid-blue iris flowers which have a narrow cream splash on the falls. For cultivation indoors of bulbous Irises, a compost of equal parts light loam (sandy loam), leaf mould, and silver sand |
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Iris pseudacorus Yellow Flag is a Native UK plant from the Iris Family. |
Yellow
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August, September 3 petals in star-shaped flower. |
36-48 x 12 (90-120 x 30) Acidic Sand. |
Grey-Green, sword-like Mulch with organic matter in the Spring. |
Yellow Flag can be invasive when planted as a marginal in a pond. Clumped distribution in grasslands, more linear growth in woodlands. Indoor plant within water. |
Partially expose the rhizome when planting in groups of three 6-12 inches apart. After 4 years, divide and replant in fresh soil. It is a weed in New Zealand and prohibited in USA. It is used as an erosion control plant |
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M |
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Mitella breweri |
Yellowish-Green |
May, June, July Clump. |
6 x 8 Leafy Acidic Sand. |
Mid Green, shiny, hairy |
Use for groundcover in a woodland garden. Grows in moist meadows, moist woods, along streams and mountain forests. Suitable for containers. |
Self-seeds freely. Very pretty tiny pale green flowers on many short flower spikes. It creeps to form dense carpets under trees and shrubs. |
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Mimulus |
Yellow with Red-spotted |
July, August Moss-like Mat. |
4 x 8 Clay, Peaty. |
Light to Mid Green, lance-shaped leaves in a basal rosette. |
Plant in damp section of rock garden. A ground cover for small, moist situations, creek side situations. |
It grows in wet habitat in mountains and plateau areas, such as stream banks. |
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O |
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Omphalodes |
White-eyed, |
April Clump. |
10 x 16 Chalk, Peaty. |
The foliage is a very bright green and heart shaped, forming 40cm patches of tight rosettes all year round. |
Use Navelwort as groundcover in a moist, shady, border, rock garden or woodland garden to create a slowly creeping carpet of shiny leaves |
Prefers areas with moist soil and dappled shade in the afternoon but can tolerate occasional periods of drought. |
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Ophiopogon |
Pale Purplish-White |
July, August Clump, Spreading. |
8 x 12 Acid Sand with Peaty. The Japanese have been selecting new color forms, some may be grown by Plant Delights Nursery. |
Tufts of grass-like, Dark Green leaves Can be used as a turf subst-itute (no mowing though) |
Grow as grassy groundcover, for border edging, in a rock garden, in pots, edging or peat bed. It is native to Japan, where it grows on open and forested slopes. |
Top-dress annually with leaf mould in the autumn. |
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Ophiopogon |
Pale Purplish-White |
July, August Clump, stemless, |
8 x 12 seed capsules Acid Sand with Peaty. |
Almost Black foliage Can be used as a turf subst-itute (no mowing though) |
Grow as grassy groundcover in raised beds, for border edging, in a rock garden or peat bed. Also alongside streams and pond margins. This may also be grown in containers and wintered indoors in a sunny window. |
For growth as a ground cover, plants are best spaced 4” apart. |
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S Scilla siberica is 1 of the 4 scilla detailed in the Rock Garden Plant Index S Page, which can be used as an alpine in a rock garden. |
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Scilla siberica |
Bright Blue |
April, May 6 Petal, star or bell-shaped flowers in a spike |
6 x 6 Deep, fertile, well-drained Chalk or Sand. |
Thin, sword-like, Mid Green leaves |
Grow very well in the garden, thriving under trees or the open border. |
Plant 3-4 inches deep and 6-8 inches apart in grass, and it will spread by seed to form large colonies that go dormant by the time grass needs to be mowed. Keep dry during summer dormancy. To extend the spring floral show, mix scilla with other early spring bulbs that spread, such as snowdrops and glory-of-the-snow, which bloom a little earlier. Or try planting them under the forsythia. |
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Scilla |
Purplish-Blue or Poisonous if ingested. |
June Clump. Up to 100 of |
12 x 12 Deep fertile Chalk, but prefers Sand. |
24 inch Plant with neck at soil level and 6-8 inches apart. |
Grow under deciduous trees and shrubs, or in grass. |
Completely unlike any of the other Scillas. Plant with neck at soil level and 6-8 inches apart. It mixes brightly with pinks and whites, and contrast crisply with yellows and golds - from Scilla Planting Guide |
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Symphytum |
Pale Yellow |
May, June Upright Mounds. |
16 x 24 Fertile Chalk, Fertile Clay, or Sand with Peaty. |
Hairy Mid Green |
Excellent ground-cover plant for a shady border or woodland garden, but they can be rampant. Attracts bees and butterflies. Suitable for coastal conditions. |
Erect Form becomes Decumbent (Growing close to the ground but usually with upward-growing tips). Makes impenetrable weed-cover in shade - particularly beneath trees and shrubs where it is difficult to establish other plants. |
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Tricyrtis hirta |
Purple-spotted |
August, September, Clump |
30 x 24 Deep fertile humus in Chalk or prefers acidic Sand. |
Pale Green
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Use Toad Lily in woodland garden, a shady border, naturalized or a peat bank. Useful cut flower, and in pots which never dry out. |
Plant in areas where they can be easily observed at close range, because the beauty and detail of the small flowers becomes lost at a distance. |
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Site design and content copyright ©January 2007. DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site. |
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There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-
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THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 15,000:-
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Choose 1 of these different Plant selection Methods:- 1. Choose a plant from 1 of 53 flower colours in the Colour Wheel Gallery. 2. Choose a plant from 1 of 12 flower colours in each month of the year from 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery. 3. Choose a plant from 1 of 6 flower colours per month for each type of plant:- 4. Choose a plant from its Flower Shape:- 5. Choose a plant from its foliage:- 6. There are 6 Plant Selection Levels including Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in or 7. When I do not have my own or ones from mail-order nursery photos , then from March 2016, if you want to start from the uppermost design levels through to your choice of cultivated and wildflower plants to change your Plant Selection Process then use the following galleries:-
I like reading and that is shown by the index in my Library, where I provide lists of books to take you between designing, maintaining or building a garden and the hierarchy of books on plants taking you from
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Functional combinations in the border from the International Flower Bulb Centre in Holland:- "Here is a list of the perennials shown by research to be the best plants to accompany various flower bulbs. The flower bulbs were tested over a period of years in several perennial borders that had been established for at least three years. In combination with hyacinths:
In combination with tulips:
In combination with narcissi:
For narcissi, the choice was difficult to make. The list contains only some of the perennials that are very suitable for combining with narcissi. In other words, narcissi can easily compete with perennials. In combination with specialty bulbs:
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• Watering Schedule - Far and away the best course of action against slugs in your garden is a simple adjustment in the watering schedule. Slugs are most active at night and are most efficient in damp conditions. Avoid watering your garden in the evening if you have a slug problem. Water in the morning - the surface soil will be dry by evening. Studies show this can reduce slug damage by 80%.
• Seaweed - If you have access to seaweed, it's well worth the effort to gather. Seaweed is not only a good soil amendment for the garden, it's a natural repellent for slugs. Mulch with seaweed around the base of plants or perimeter of bed. Pile it on 3" to 4" thick - when it dries it will shrink to just an inch or so deep. Seaweed is salty and slugs avoid salt. Push the seaweed away from plant stems so it's not in direct contact. During hot weather, seaweed will dry and become very rough which also deters the slugs.
• Copper - Small strips of copper can be placed around flower pots or raised beds as obstructions for slugs to crawl over. Cut 2" strips of thin copper and wrap around the lower part of flower pots, like a ribbon. Or set the strips in the soil on edge, making a "fence" for the slugs to climb. Check to make sure no vegetation hangs over the copper which might provide a 'bridge' for the slugs. Copper barriers also work well around wood barrels used as planters.
• Diatomaceous Earth - Diatomaceous earth (Also known as "Insect Dust") is the sharp, jagged skeletal remains of microscopic creatures. It lacerates soft-bodied pests, causing them to dehydrate. A powdery granular material, it can be sprinkled around garden beds or individual plants, and can be mixed with water to make a foliar spray.
• Electronic "slug fence" - An electronic slug fence is a non-toxic, safe method for keeping slugs out of garden or flower beds. The Slugs Away fence is a 24-foot long, 5" ribbon-like barrier that runs off a 9 volt battery. When a slug or snail comes in contact with the fence, it receives a mild static sensation that is undetectable to animals and humans. This does not kill the slug, it cause it to look elsewhere for forage. The battery will power the fence for about 8 months before needing to be replaced. Extension kits are availabe for increased coverage. The electronic fence will repel slugs and snails, but is harmless to people and pets.
• Lava Rock - Like diatomaceous earth, the abrasive surface of lava rock will be avoided by slugs. Lava rock can be used as a barrier around plantings, but should be left mostly above soil level, otherwise dirt or vegetation soon forms a bridge for slugs to cross.
• Salt - If all else fails, go out at night with the salt shaker and a flashlight. Look at the plants which have been getting the most damage and inspect the leaves, including the undersides. Sprinkle a bit of salt on the slug and it will kill it quickly. Not particularly pleasant, but use as a last resort. (Note: some sources caution the use of salt, as it adds a toxic element to the soil. This has not been our experience, especially as very little salt is used.)
• Beer - Slugs are attracted to beer. Set a small amount of beer in a shallow wide jar buried in the soil up to its neck. Slugs will crawl in and drown. Take the jar lid and prop it up with a small stick so rain won't dilute the beer. Leave space for slugs to enter the trap.
• Overturned Flowerpots, Grapefruit Halves, Board on Ground - Overturned flowerpots, with a stone placed under the rim to tilt it up a bit, will attract slugs. Leave overnight, and you'll find the slugs inside in the morning. Grapefruit halves work the same way, with the added advantage of the scent of the fruit as bait.
• Garlic-based slug repellents
Laboratory tests at the University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (UK) revealed that a highly refined garlic product (ECOguard produced by ECOspray Ltd, a British company that makes organic pesticides) was an effective slug killer. Look for garlic-based slug deterrents which will be emerging under various brand names, as well as ECOguard.
• Coffee grounds; new caffeine-based slug/snail poisons - Coffee grounds scattered on top of the soil will deter slugs. The horticultural side effects of using strong grounds such as espresso on the garden, however, are less certain. When using coffee grounds, moderation is advised. |
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If you want to read some light relief material about plants visit Plants are the Strangest People. |
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The following details come from Cactus Art:- "A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female). Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds. Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube.
Androecium (male Parts or stamens) Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil)
It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures.
The following details come from Nectary Genomics:- "NECTAR. Many flowering plants attract potential pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. The primary solutes found in most nectars are varying ratios of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which can range from as little a 8% (w/w) in some species to as high as 80% in others. This abundance of simple sugars has resulted in the general perception that nectar consists of little more than sugar-water; however, numerous studies indicate that it is actually a complex mixture of components. Additional compounds found in a variety of nectars include other sugars, all 20 standard amino acids, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, vitamins, organic acids, oils, free fatty acids, metal ions and proteins. NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate. WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%." |
UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given. Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Cabbages - Large White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed |
Egg,
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40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf. |
May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
July or August; hatches in 3 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Cherry with |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
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(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Currants |
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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|
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 15 days in May-June. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome) |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
... |
|
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
1 then |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
|
Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
|
Nasturtium from Gardens |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
|
Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Mountain pansy, |
Egg, Chrysalis |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. 3 weeks in September |
|
Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk. |
15 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
||
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
|
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
||
Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
||
Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk. |
July-August for 17 days. |
|
Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base. |
July to hatch in 8 months in March. |
|
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Willow |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
|
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
Asters |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
|
|
Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
|
Aubretia in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
|
Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Holly Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Buddleias |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
|
Wood White |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
|
Cabbage and cabbages in fields |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October |
||
Adonis Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
|
Pale Clouded Yellow |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
|
Cow-wheat |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
30 days in May-June. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-September |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
May-June for 18 days. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
||
Painted Lady |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
|
Marigolds in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September. |
||
Michaelmas Daisies |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
||
Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|
Nasturtiums in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September |
|
Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-May |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
7 weeks in July-August. |
||
Comma |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
||
Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days in August. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June.
|
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
||
Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
April-May |
|
Rotten Fruit |
Butterfly |
Drinks juice |
July-September |
|
Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar |
Butterfly |
Hibernates inside hollow trees or outhouses until March. Eats sap or fruit juice until April. |
10 months in June-April |
|
Wild Flowers |
Large Skipper |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
June-August |
Links to the other Butterflies:- Black Hairstreak |
Topic - Wildlife on Plant Photo Gallery. Some UK native butterflies eat material from UK Native Wildflowers and live on them as eggs, caterpillars (Large Skipper eats False Brome grass - Brachypodium sylvaticum - for 11 months from July to May as a Caterpillar before becoming a Chrysalis within 3 weeks in May) chrysalis or butterflies ALL YEAR ROUND. |
Wild Flower Family Page (the families within "The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers" by David McClintock & R.S.R. Fitter, Published in 1956 They are not in Common Name alphabetical order and neither are the common names of the plants detailed within each family. The information in the above book is back-referenced to the respective page in "Flora of the British Isles" by A.R. Clapham of University of Sheffield, |
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When you look at the life history graphs of each of the 68 butterflies of Britain, you will see that they use plants throughout all 12 months - the information of what plant is used by the egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly is also given in the above first column.
THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE - This details that life and death from July 1972 to 2019, with the following result:- End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure.
CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:-
Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:-
THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges." |
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Recommended Plants for Wildlife in different situations
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From the Ivydene Gardens Box to Crowberry Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
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The Bumblebee Pages website is divided into five major areas:
FORCED INDOOR BULBS in Window Box Gardens. |
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Theme |
Plants |
Comments |
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Thyme |
Thymus praecox, wild thyme Thymus pulegioides Thymus leucotrichus Thymus citriodorus |
Thymes make a very fragrant, easy to care for windowbox, and an excellent choice for windy sites. The flower colour will be pinky/purple, and you can eat the leaves if your air is not too polluted. Try to get one variegated thyme to add a little colour when there are no flowers. |
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Herb |
Sage, mint, chives, thyme, rosemary |
Get the plants from the herb section of the supermarket, so you can eat the leaves. Do not include basil as it need greater fertility than the others. Pot the rosemary up separately if it grows too large. |
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Mints |
Mentha longifolia, horse mint Mentha spicata, spear mint Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal Mentha piperita, peppermint Mentha suaveolens, apple mint |
Mints are fairly fast growers, so you could start this box with seed. They are thugs, though, and will very soon be fighting for space. So you will either have to thin and cut back or else you will end up with one species - the strongest. The very best mint tea I ever had was in Marrakesh. A glass full of fresh mint was placed in front of me, and boiling water was poured into it. Then I was given a cube of sugar to hold between my teeth while I sipped the tea. Plant this box and you can have mint tea for months. |
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Heather |
Too many to list See Heather Shrub gallery |
For year-round colour try to plant varieties that flower at different times of year. Heather requires acid soils, so fertilise with an ericaceous fertilser, and plant in ericaceous compost. Cut back after flowering and remove the cuttings. It is best to buy plants as heather is slow growing. |
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Blue |
Ajuga reptans, bugle Endymion non-scriptus, bluebell Myosotis spp., forget-me-not Pentaglottis sempervirens, alkanet |
This will give you flowers from March till July. The bluebells should be bought as bulbs, as seed will take a few years to flower. The others can be started from seed. |
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Yellow |
Anthyllis vulneraria, kidney vetch Geum urbanum, wood avens Lathryus pratensis, meadow vetchling Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lotus corniculatus, birdsfoot trefoil Primula vulgaris, primrose Ranunculus acris, meadow buttercup Ranunculus ficaria, lesser celandine |
These will give you flowers from May to October, and if you include the primrose, from February. Try to include a vetch as they can climb or trail so occupy the space that other plants can't. All can be grown from seed. |
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White |
Trifolium repens, white clover Bellis perennis, daisy Digitalis purpurea alba, white foxglove Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette |
All can be grown from seed. The clover and daisy will have to be cut back as they will take over. The clover roots add nitrogen to the soil. The mignonette flower doesn't look very special, but the fragrance is wonderful, and the alyssum smells of honey. |
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Pink |
Lychnis flos-cucli, ragged robin Scabiosa columbaria, small scabious Symphytum officinale, comfrey |
The comfrey will try to take over. Its leaves make an excellent fertiliser, and are very good on the compost heap, though windowbox gardeners rarely have one. |
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Fragrant |
Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette Lathyrus odoratus, sweet pea |
The sweet pea will need twine or something to climb up, so is suitable if you have sliding windows or window that open inwards. You will be rewarded by a fragrant curtain every time you open your window. |
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Spring bulbs and late wildflowers |
Galanthus nivalis, snowdrop Narcissus pseudonarcissus, narcissius Crocus purpureus, crocus Cyclamen spp. |
The idea of this box is to maximize your space. The bulbs (cyclamen has a corm) will flower and do their stuff early in the year. After flowering cut the heads off as you don't want them making seed, but leave the leaves as they fatten up the bulbs to store energy for next year. The foliage of the wildflowers will hide the bulb leaves to some extent. Then the wildflowers take over and flower till autumn |
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Aster spp., Michaelmas daisy Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Succisa pratensis, devil's bit scabious Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal |
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Bee Garden in Europe or North America |
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Plants for moths (including larval food plants and adult nectar sources) from Gardens for Wildlife - Practical advice on how to attract wildlife to your garden by Martin Walters as an Aura Garden Guide. Published in 2007 - ISBN 978 1905765041:- |
Marjoram - Origanum officinale |
"On average, 2 gardeners a year die in the UK as a result of poisonous plants. Those discussed in this blog illustrate a range of concerns that should be foremost in the designer’s mind." from Pages on poisonous plants in this website:- |
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Wildlife-friendly Show Gardens
Many of our gardens at Natural Surroundings demonstrate what you can do at home to encourage wildlife in your garden:-
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Ivydene Gardens Water Fern to Yew Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
Only Wildflowers detailed in the following Wildflower Colour Pages |
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