WILD FLOWER GALLERY PAGE MENU Site Map of pages with content (o) Introduction
INDEX LINK TO WILDFLOWER PLANT DESCRIPTION PAGE a-h i-p q-z
Wildflower Poisonous Plants
Wildflower Garden Use page from Evergreen Perrennial Shape Gallery.
FLOWER COLOUR (o)Blue (o)Brown (o)Cream (o)Green (o)Mauve (o)Multi-Coloured Orange (o)Pink 1 (o)Pink 2 (o)Purple (o)Red (o)White1 (o)White2 (o)White3 (o)Yelow1 (o)Yelow2 (o)Shrub or Small Tree
SEED COLOUR (o)Seed 1 (o)Seed 2
BED PICTURES (o)Bed
HABITAT TABLES Flowers in Acid Soil Flowers in Chalk Soil Flowers in Marine Soil Flowers in Neutral Soil Ferns Grasses Rushes Sedges
See Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines to aid your use of this website.
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE MENU 1
(o)Adder's Tongue Amaranth (o)Arrow-Grass (o)Arum (o)Balsam Bamboo (o)Barberry (o)Bedstraw (o)Beech (o)Bellflower (o)Bindweed (o)Birch (o)Birds-Nest (o)Birthwort (o)Bogbean (o)Bog Myrtle (o)Borage (o)Box (o)Broomrape (o)Buckthorn (o)Buddleia (o)Bur-reed (o)Buttercup (o)Butterwort (o)Cornel (Dogwood) (o)Crowberry (o)Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 1 (o)Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2 Cypress (o)Daffodil (o)Daisy (o)Daisy Cudweeds (o)Daisy Chamomiles (o)Daisy Thistle (o)Daisy Catsears (o)Daisy Hawkweeds (o)Daisy Hawksbeards (o)Daphne (o)Diapensia (o)Dock Bistorts (o)Dock Sorrels
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE MENU 2
(o)Clubmoss (o)Duckweed (o)Eel-Grass (o)Elm (o)Filmy Fern (o)Horsetail (o)Polypody Quillwort (o)Royal Fern (o)Figwort - Mulleins (o)Figwort - Speedwells Family (o)Flax (o)Flowering-Rush (o)Frog-bit (o)Fumitory (o)Gentian (o)Geranium (o)Glassworts (o)Gooseberry (o)Goosefoot (o)Grass 1 (o)Grass 2 (o)Grass 3 (o)Grass Soft Bromes 1 (o)Grass Soft Bromes 2 (o)Grass Soft Bromes 3 (o)Hazel (o)Heath (o)Hemp (o)Herb-Paris (o)Holly (o)Honeysuckle (o)Horned-Pondweed (o)Hornwort (o)Iris (o)Ivy (o)Jacobs Ladder (o)Lily (o)Lily Garlic (o)Lime (o)Lobelia (o)Loosestrife (o)Mallow (o)Maple (o)Mares-tail (o)Marsh Pennywort (o)Melon (Gourd/Cucumber)
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE MENU 3
(o)Mesem- bryanthemum (o)Mignonette (o)Milkwort (o)Mistletoe (o)Moschatel Naiad (o)Nettle (o)Nightshade (o)Oleaster (o)Olive (o)Orchid 1 (o)Orchid 2 (o)Orchid 3 (o)Orchid 4 (o)Parnassus- Grass (o)Peaflower (o)Peaflower Clover 1 (o)Peaflower Clover 2 (o)Peaflower Clover 3 (o)Peaflower Vetches/Peas Peony (o)Periwinkle Pillwort Pine (o)Pink 1 (o)Pink 2 Pipewort (o)Pitcher-Plant (o)Plantain (o)Pondweed (o)Poppy (o)Primrose (o)Purslane Rannock Rush (o)Reedmace (o)Rockrose (o)Rose 1 (o)Rose 2 (o)Rose 3 (o)Rose 4 (o)Rush (o)Rush Woodrushes (o)Saint Johns Wort Saltmarsh Grasses (o)Sandalwood (o)Saxifrage
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE MENU 4
Seaheath (o)Sea Lavender (o)Sedge Rush-like (o)Sedges Carex 1 (o)Sedges Carex 2 (o)Sedges Carex 3 (o)Sedges Carex 4 (o)Spindle-Tree (o)Spurge (o)Stonecrop (o)Sundew (o)Tamarisk Tassel Pondweed (o)Teasel (o)Thyme 1 (o)Thyme 2 (o)Umbellifer 1 (o)Umbellifer 2 (o)Valerian (o)Verbena (o)Violet (o)Water Fern (o)Waterlily (o)Water Milfoil (o)Water Plantain (o)Water Starwort Waterwort (o)Willow (o)Willow-Herb (o)Wintergreen (o)Wood-Sorrel (o)Yam (o)Yew
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The North American Rock Garden Society NARGS is for gardening enthusiasts interested in alpine, saxatile, and low-growing perennials. It encourages the study and cultivation of wildflowers that grow well among rocks, whether such plants originate above treeline or at lower elevations. Through its publications, meetings, and garden visits, NARGS provides extensive opportunities for both beginners and experts to expand their knowledge of plant cultivation and propagation, and of construction, maintenance, and design of special interest gardens. Woodland gardens, bog gardens, raised beds, planted walls, container gardens, and alpine berms are all addressed. NARGS, organized in 1934, currently has approximately 2,650 members in the US, Canada, and thirty other nations.
Wild About Britain is home to hundreds of thousands of pages about British wildlife, the Environment and the Great Outdoors; from birds, butterflies, fungi and trees to climate change, marine life, astronomy and the weather. We're also a huge online community with 35,000 members and more than 3 million unique visitors a year.
World Atlas of Seagrasses by Edmund P. Green and Frederick T. Short - "a group of about sixty species of underwater marine flowering plants, grow in the shallow marine and estuary environments of all the world's continents except Antarctica. The primary food of animals such as manatees, dugongs, and green sea turtles, and critical habitat for thousands of other animal and plant species, seagrasses are also considered one of the most important shallow-marine ecosystems for humans, since they play an important role in fishery production. Though they are highly valuable ecologically and economically, many seagrass habitats around the world have been completely destroyed or are now in rapid decline. The World Atlas of Seagrasses is the first authoritative and comprehensive global synthesis of the distribution and status of this critical marine habitat. "
Over 300 accounts of the Flora of the British Isles have been published in Journal of Ecology.
Bookreview of A.R. Clapham, T.G. Tutin et E.F. Warburg Flora of the British Isles. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. Collins Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers by David McClintock and R.S.R. Fitter assisted by Francis Rose - ISBN 0 00 219363 9 - Eleventh Impression 1978 refers to the above book for further details about each plant and I have used the plants in Collins Pocket Guide as the basis of all the native UK plants in these Wildflower Galleries. I have put the families and plants in alphabetical order by common name to make it easier to find the plant.
Ferns in Britain and Ireland - A guide to ferns, horsetails, clubmosses and quillworts by Roger Golding:- "Welcome to the Fern Site. This is a work in progress, so please be aware that I am continually adding to it and updating it. The current version contains images of most species of British and Irish ferns, including established alien species; also some subspecies and varieties. It does not yet cover hybrids - I hope to be able to include those soon." The above online superb site shows a plant so that you can identify it using photos and text. Click on each of his thumbnails to have a larger image added to the screen. Killarney Fern, Scottish Filmy Fern, (Wilson's Filmy Fern) and Tunbridge Filmy Fern are detailed in the Filmy Fern Family, but not in the Common Name or Botanical Name Galleries
Selected References from KingdomPlantae.net
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Niering and Olmstead
Peterson Field Guides Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants, Steven Foster and James A. Duke
Peterson Field Guides Edible Wild Plants, Lee Allen Peterson
Stalking the Healthful Herbs, Euell Gibbons
Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Medicinal Plants, Steve Brill
The Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America, Francois Couplan, Ph.D.
Tom Brown's Guide to Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants, Tom Brown, Jr.
A Modern Herbal, Volume II, Mrs. M. Grieve
Weeds, Alexander C Martin
Database of Insects and their Food Plants from the Biological Records Centre:-
This database is primarily a collation of published interactions between Great Britain 's invertebrate herbivores (insects and mites) and their host plants. There are also some interactions for the invertebrates closely associated with herbivores, such as predators, parasitoids, cleptoparasites and mutualists. DBIF contains about 47,000 interactions for roughly 9,300 invertebrate taxa (species, sub-species and forms) and 5,700 plant taxa (species, genera and broader groupings).
Helping Earth's Sustainable Management with a Plant "Alternatives to the burning of fossil fuels, nuclear waste, deforestation and nitrate chemical fertilizers need to be developed. Hemp could have a vital role to play in the development of friendly alternatives. Energy production 
A report published by the FCDA of Europe outlines the Cannabis Biomass Energy Equation (CBEE), outlining a convincing case that hemp plants can be used to produce fuel energy CHEAPER per BtU than fossil fuels and uranium - WITHOUT PRODUCING GREENHOUSE GASES! Hemp plants have the highest known quantities of cellulose for annuals - with at least 4x (some suggest even 50-100x) the biomass potential of its closest rivals (cornstalks, sugarcane, kernaf and trees) (Omni, 1983). Biomass production still produces greenhouse gases, although the idea is that the excess of carbon dioxide will be used up by growing hemp plants - they are effective absorbers and thrive at high levels - Unlike fossil fuel energy which produces energy from plants which died millions of years ago. On reading the report of the FCDA, Hon. Jonathon Porrit (ex-director of Friends of the Earth, currently on the Board of Forum for the Future) commented 'I DID enjoy reading it - the report should contribute much'. Three years later - authorities are still not taking the potential of this plant seriously. MAFF are currently engaging in supporting research into the biomass potential of poplar trees which they claim has the most scientific support for biomass energy production. H-E-M-P recommend use of the hemp plant if biomass energy production is to have any real impact in reducing carbon dioxide levels.
IT'S SO PRODUCTIVE! 1 acre of hemp = 1,000 gallons of methanol.
In fact, Henry Ford's first car ran on hemp-methanol! - and at just a fraction of the cost of petroleum alternatives. Alternatives to coal, fuel oil, acetone, ethyl, tar pitch and creosote can be derived - from this one single plant! As regards depletion of the ozone layer - hemp actually withstands UV radiation. It absorbs UV light, whilst resisting damage to itself and providing protection for everything else. Risk-free, pollution-free energy. No acid rain, and a reduction in airborne pollution of up to 80% ... There's further potential for the same in industry. "
Hemp (cannabis sativa) - 1% of Irelands landmass, growing hemp for fuel, would provide all the energy needs for the country each year, keeping the money with the farmers and keeping the rural economies active and this is also an environmentally friendly fuel. Hemp only has 100,000 commercial uses, so is not worth growing.
Hours of the Victorian Flower Clock
1:00 Red Rose 2:00 Snapdragon 3:00 Violet
4:00 Field Daisy
5:00 Sweet pea
6:00 Marigold
7:00 Sweet William
8:00 Jonquil
9:00 Herb Robert
10:00 Clove Pink
11:00 Sweet Sultan
12:00 Carnation
Updating the Saltmarsh Management Manual This project updated the Saltmarsh Management Manual for coastal planners and operating authorities working in flood and coastal erosion risk management (FCERM). It helps coastal and estuary managers and planners to identify problems with saltmarshes and decide how to deal with them appropriately. Saltmarshes play an important role as a coastal ecosystem and also a part in managing flood risk. In the context of the wider coast and estuary environment, maintaining, restoring and enhancing saltmarshes are increasingly being considered as ways of managing flood risk.
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KPR - Gardeners Club Slovakia:-
"KPR was officially established in 2000 in Slovakia in Europe; however, we supply seeds and plants from all over the world since 1998.
Our main object is focused on joining gardeners around the world from all fields of interests to create a big database of seeds and plants (Seeds and Plants Bank of KPR) from around the world.
At present, we have 6 main branches (Slovakia, Czechia, Australia, India, Thailand, South Africa and Tanzania) and over 200 co-operators and seeds collectors all over the world.
Nowadays we are able to collect and supply over 10 000 species of plants from all over the world.
If you are looking for anything, you are at the right place! Although we do not have every plant in our collection yet, but we are expanding daily, step-by-step, seed-by-seed, plant by plant. We believe that soon we will be able to supply (almost) anything!
For sale over 10 000 seeds and plants from all over the world - palms, cycads, exotic and frost tolerant shrubs and trees, succulents, carnivorous, annuals, perennials, ornamental grasses, vegetable, etc."
Flora of Europe:-
"At present, we can collect seeds and plants on request (as well as parts of plants - for example bulbs, cuttings, meristematic tissues, pollen, etc.) from more than 4000 species of plants from 19 European countries.
Now we collect in the following countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Czechia, Germany, Spain, Finland, Great Britain, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Russia, Slovenia, Slovakia.
We prepare to collect in the following countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Estonia, France, Switzerland, Italy, Kosovo, Norway, Sweden, Ukraine.
We are able to collect all species in this area on your request. However, we do not collect protected species and species from the orchids (Orchidaceae).
Since 2002, we supply a wide range of European plants annually to both domestic and foreign small gardeners as well as big gardeners' societies, pharmaceutical companies and for scientific research.
The Vegetation season in Europe is from March to October. Seeds are usually harvested from August to September, and some species earlier. We provide a guarantee of 2 years for germination seeds. Seeds of some species are available throughout the year, but most of the species are collected on request. If you are searching for anything from Europe, you are at the right place! Contact us and inform yourself about stock availability, prices and terms of supplying.
We are able to supply all plant parts as well - seeds, bulbs, cuttings, meristematic issues, pollen etc. We also grow many species in cultivation and supply these as seedlings or young plants for wholesale. If you require seedlings, your order should be placed before April, seeing that the seeds are sown in April."
Colin's virtual Herbarium - "I am Colin Ladyka, and I live in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Native plants are my hobby. This web site contains pictures I have taken of 280 species of flowering plants (excluding grasses) found on the Canadian Prairies, with particular emphasis on those found in Saskatchewan."
Toxicity of Common Comfrey :- Another problem with comfrey is that it contains at least eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). While the level of PAs in fresh plant may not be very high, ready-to-use preparation often have high levels (e.g., 270-2900 mg/kg). PAs are hepatoxins and can cause irreversible liver damage. One of the problems is that the effects of the alkaloids can be cumulative. Therefore, damage to the liver may not be associated to the alkaloids in comfrey. Sometimes toxicity signs will not be present until an animal is stressed by something that requires greater liver function (e.g., lactation). Also, the leaves and roots of comfrey have been shown to be carcinogenic. PAs from comfrey given to rats caused mortality. Liver pathology was characteristic of PA toxicosis. When rats were fed dietary levels of 0.5% roots and 8% leaves, they formed hepatomas.
Useful websites
The Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland – Founded in 1836 as the Botanical Society of London and welcomes both professional and amateur botanists. The society focuses on the study of botany in the British Isles.
The British Bryological Society – For the study and conservation of mosses and liverworts worldwide.
The British Lichen Society – The first society in the world entirely devoted to the study of lichens.
The Natural History Society of Northumbria – Everything you might want to know about NHSN including details of their field meetings, lectures, and nature reserve.
Common by Nature – James Common regularly writes about his botanical finds across Newcastle and Northumberland on his personal blog.
Help Identifying Plants Online
BSBI Plant Crib – Sections from BSBI’s ground-breaking publication make the identification of complex plant families much easier. Plant Crib on Juncus by the BSBI is:- A useful account of identification of the British and Irish species, including many useful illustrations, is given by T. A. Cope (1990) A guide to British rushes and woodrushes. In: A guide to some difficult plants. Pp 68-89. Wild Flower Society, London.
NatureSpot – Perfect for beginners, this online resource hosts species accounts for many plants also found in the North East.
Arable Plant Crib – A series of helpful crib sheets for the UK’s arable plants from the Colour in the Margins project (now ceased).
Common’s Cribs – A new series of beginner-friendly crib sheets exploring the identification of various plant families and group.
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EXTRA PAGES OF PLANTS MENU Introduction Site Map
PLANT USE Plant Selection Level 1 Bee Forage Plants Attracts Bird/Butterfly Photos - Butterfly Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in Bee Pollinated Calendar and Index Galleries 0-24 inches (0-60 cms) 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) Above 72 inches (180 cms) Photos - Bee Pollinated Plant Bloom per Month Blooms Nov-Feb Blooms Mar-May Blooms Jun-Aug 1, 2 Blooms Sep-Oct
Poisonous Cultivated and UK Wildflower Plants with Photos or Cultivated Poisonous Plants or Wildflower Poisonous Plants
Rabbit-Resistant Plant Flower Arranging Wildflower Photos - Wildflowers
PLANTS FOR SOIL Plant Selection Level 2 Info - Any Soil Any Soil A-F Any Soil G-L Any Soil M-R Any Soil S-Z
Info - Chalky Soil Chalky Soil A-F 1 Chalky Soil A-F 2 Chalky Soil A-F 3 Chalky Soil G-L Chalky Soil M-R Chalky Soil Roses Chalky Soil S-Z Chalky Soil Other
Info - Clay Soil Clay Soil A-F Clay Soil G-L Clay Soil M-R Clay Soil S-Z Clay Soil Other
Info - Lime-Free (Acid) Soil Lime-Free (Acid) A-F 1 Lime-Free (Acid) A-F 2 Lime-Free (Acid) A-F 3 Lime-Free (Acid) G-L Lime-Free (Acid) M-R Lime-Free (Acid) S-Z
Info - Sandy Soil Sandy Soil A-F 1 Sandy Soil A-F 2 Sandy Soil A-F 3 Sandy Soil G-L Sandy Soil M-R Sandy Soil S-Z
Info - Peaty Soils Peaty Soil A-F Peaty Soil G-L Peaty Soil M-R Peaty Soil S-Z
Following parts of Level 2a, Level 2b, Level 2c and Level 2d are included in separate columns together with Acid Soil, Alkaline Soil, Any Soil, Height and Spread, Flowering Months and Flower Colour in their Columns, and also Companion Plants to aid this plant Page, Alpine Plant for Rock Garden Index Page Native to UK WildFlower Plant in its Family Page in this website and/or Level 2cc in the Comment Column within each of the Soil Type Pages of Level 2
Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources)
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PLANTS PAGE MENU
Plant Selection by Plant Requirements Level 2a Sun aspect, Moisture
Plant Selection by Form Level 2b Tree Growth Shape Columnar Oval Rounded / Spherical Flattened Spherical Narrow Conical Broad Pyramidal Ovoid / Egg Broad Ovoid Narrow Vase Fan Broad Fan Narrow Weeping Broad Weeping Single-stem Palm Multi-stem Palm Shrub/Perennial Growth Habit Mat Prostrate / Trailing Cushion / Mound Spreading / Creeping Clump Stemless Erect or Upright Climbing Arching
Plant Selection by Garden Use Level 2c Bedding Photos - Bedding Bog Garden Coastal Conditions Containers in Garden Front of Border Edibles in Containers Hanging Basket Hedge Photos - Hedging Pollution Barrier 1, 2 Rest of Border Rock Garden Photos - Rock Garden Thorny Hedge Windbreak Woodland
Plant Selection by Garden Use Level 2cc Others Aquatic Back of Shady Border Crevice Garden Desert Garden Raised Bed Scree Bed Specimen Plant Trees for Lawns Trees for Small Garden Wildflower Photos - Wildflowers
Plant Selection by Plant Type Level 2d Alpine Photos - Evergr Per Photos - Herbac Per Photos - RHS Herbac Photos - Rock Garden Annual Bamboo Photos - Bamboo Biennial Bulb Photos - Bulb Climber Photos - Climber Conifer Deciduous Rhizome Deciduous Shrub Photos - Decid Shrub Evergreen Perennial Photos - Evergr Per
Evergreen Shrub 0-24 inches 1, 2, 3 24-72 inches 1, 2, 3 Above 72 inches 1, 2
Semi-Evergreen Shrub Photos - Evergr Shrub Fern Photos - Fern Fruit Plant Grass Herb Herbaceous Perennial Photos - Herbac Per Remaining Top Fruit Soft Fruit Sub-Shrub Top Fruit Tuber Vegetable Photos - Vegetable
Photos - with its link; provides a link to its respective Plant Photo Gallery in this website to provide comparison photos. Click on required comparison page and then centre of selected plant thumbnail. Further details on that plant will be shown in a separate Plant Description webpage. Usually the Available from Mail Order Plant Nursery link will link you to the relevant page on that website. I started this website in 2005 - it is possible that those particular links no longer connect, so you may need to search for that plant instead.
When I started, a click on the centre of the thumbnail ADDED the Plant Description Page, now I CHANGE the page instead. Mobile phones do not allow ADDING a page, whereas stand alone computers do. The User Guidelines Page shows which Plant Photo Galleries have been modified to CHANGE rather than ADD.
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Ground-cover Height Ground Cover. How to use flowering and foliage plants to cover areas of soil by Mineke Kurpershoek. ISBN 1 901094 41 3 Plant combinations for normal garden soil, Plant combinations for sandy soil, Plant combinations for clay soil, Woodland, heaths and wet soil and Shrubs for slopes and large beds chapters are useful Groundcover Height 0-24 inches (0-60 cms) 1, 2, 3 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) 4, 5, 6 Above 72 inches (180 cms) 7
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PLANTS PAGE MENU
REFINING SELECTION Plant Selection by Flower Colour Level 3a Blue Flowers Photos - Bedding Bulb Climber Evergr Per Evergr Shrub Wild Flower
Orange Flowers Photos - Bedding Wild Flower Other Colour Flowers Photos - Bedding Bulb Climber Evergr Per Evergr Shrub Wild Flower
Red Flowers Photos - Bedding Bulb Climber Decid Shrub Evergr Per Evergr Shrub Herbac Per Rose Wild Flower
White Flowers Photos - Bedding Bulb Climber Decid Shrub Decid Tree Evergr Per Evergr Shrub Herbac Per Rose Wild Flower
Yellow Flowers Photos - Bedding Bulb Climber Decid Shrub Evergr Per Evergr Shrub Herbac Per Rose Wild Flower Photos - 53 Colours in its Colour Wheel Gallery Photos - 12 Flower Colours per Month in its Bloom Colour Wheel Gallery
Plant Selection by Flower Shape Level 3b Photos - Bedding Evergr Per Herbac Per
Plant Selection by Foliage Colour Level 3c Aromatic Foliage Finely Cut Leaves Large Leaves Other Non-Green Foliage 1 Non-Green Foliage 2 Sword-shaped Leaves
PRUNING Plant Selection by Pruning Requirements Level 4 Pruning Plants
GROUNDCOVER PLANT DETAIL Plant Selection Level 5 Plant Name - A from Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places by John Cushnie ISBN 1 85626 326 6 Plant Name - B Plant Name - C Plant Name - D with Ground Cover. How to use flowering and foliage plants to cover areas of soil by Mineke Kurpershoek. ISBN 1 901094 41 3 Plant combinations for normal garden soil. Plant combinations for sandy soil. Plant combinations for clay soil. Woodland, heaths and wet soil. Shrubs for slopes and large beds. Plant Name - E Plant Name - F Plant Name - G Plant Name - H Plant Name - I with How about using staging in your unheated greenhouse and stock it with bulbs and ferns for looking at from the house from autumn to spring, before using it for salads during the spring/summer from The Culture of Bulbs, Bulbous Plants and Tubers Made Plain by Sir J. L. Cotter. Plant Name - J Plant Name - K Plant Name - L If you have no garden but only a concrete or tarmac area why not use 1 of the 8 Garden on a Roll garden borders and then maintain your garden using their Maintaining your border instructions. Plant Name - M Importance of providing a mulch with the ground cover Plant Name - N Plant Name - O Plant Name - P Plant Name - Q Plant Name - R Plant Name - S Plant Name - T Plant Name - U Plant Name - V Plant Name - W Plant Name - XYZ with Ground cover plants for 14 Special Situations:- 1 Dry Shade 2 Damp Shade 3 Full Sun 4 Banks and Terraces 5 Woodland 6 Alkaline Sites 7 Acid Sites 8 Heavy Clay Soil 9 Dry Sandy Soil 10 Exposed Sites 11 Under Hedges 12 Patios and Paths 13 Formal Gardens 14 Swimming Pools and Tennis Courts Why grass/lawn should never be used as a groundcover and Why seaweed is a necessary ingredient for gardens The 1000 Ground Cover plants detailed above will be compared in the Comparison Pages of this Wildflower Shape Gallery and in the flower colour per month comparison pages of Evergreen Perennial Gallery starting in November 2022
Then, finally use COMPANION PLANTING to aid your plant selected or to deter Pests Plant Selection Level 6
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Remember the following from Row 2 of the TOPIC TABLE Topic - Plant Photo Galleries with Plant Botanical Index ...A, B, C, D, E, ...F, G, H, I, J, K, ...L, M, N, O, P, Q, ...R, S, T, U, V, W, ...X, Y, Z for all plants detailed in this website.
Bulb Galleries has its own set of Flower Colour Pages ...Flower Shape ...Bulb Form ...Bulb Use ...Bulb in Soil
Bulb houseplants flowering inside House during:- ......January ......February ......March ......April ......May ......June ......July ......August ......September ......October ......November ......December
Climber in 3 Sector Vertical Plant System ...Clematis ...Climbers
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Remember the following from Row 2 of the TOPIC TABLE Topic - Fern ...Cold-hardy ...From Lime-hating Soil ...From Limestone Soil ...Hanging Basket ...Indoor Decoration ...Outdoor Pot ...Terrariums ...Wet Soils ...Ground Cover ...Pendulous Fronds
Remember the following from Row 4 of the TOPIC TABLE Topic - The following is a complete hierarchical Plant Selection Process dependent on the Garden Style chosen. Cultivation Requirements of Plant:- Outdoor /Garden Cultivation,
Indoor / House Cultivation,
Cool Greenhouse Cultivation with artificial heating in the Winter,
Conservatory Cultivation with heating throughout the year, and
Stovehouse Cultivation with heating throughout the year for Tropical Plants
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Remember the following from Row 5 of the TOPIC TABLE Topic - Flower/Foliage Colour Wheel Galleries with number of colours as a high-level Plant Selection Process Bee instead of wind pollinated plants for hay-fever sufferers All Bee-Pollinated Flowers per Month 12 ...Index ......Single Flowers provide honeybees with pollen
Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers Rock Plant Flowers 53 INDEX A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, NO, PQ, R, S, T, UVWXYZ ...Rock Plant Photos
Remember the following from Row 6 of the TOPIC TABLE Topic - Use of Plant in your Plant Selection Process Plant Colour Wheel Uses
Uses of Bedding ...Bedding Out
Uses of Bulb ...Other than Only Green Foliage
Uses of Rose Rose Index
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Remember the following from Row 7 of the TOPIC TABLE Topic - Camera Photo Galleries showing all 4000 x 3000 pixels of each photo on your screen that you can then click and drag it to your desktop as part of a Plant Selection Process:- with Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187 A 1, 2, Photos - 43
and
Coleus Bedding Foliage Trial Gallery, which also contains:- Tables of Annuals:- 2, Blue to Purple Flowers 31, To Cover Fences Annuals from the Infill Galleries:- ...Cut Flowers 1, 2 ...Bee Pollinated ...as Houseplants with Bedding Gallery and Bedding from the Infill Galleries:- ...for Spring ...for Summer ......Coloured Fol
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Remember the following from Row 8 of the TOPIC TABLE Topic - Fragrant Plants as a Plant Selection Process for your sense of smell:- Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders
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When you have chosen a plant, remember to use Companion Planting A ,B ,C ,D ,E , F ,G ,H ,I ,J ,K , L ,M ,N ,O ,P ,Q , R ,S ,T ,U ,V ,W , X, Y, Z to aid it or prevent problems for it
Remember especially not to replace a plant from the following Rose 1 Rose 2 Rose 3 Rose 4
immediately with the same specie or another from the same family, because of Specific Replant Disease. See article in Recommended Rose Pruning Methods.
To be on the safe side, do not replant the same specie in the same place, which is why we have a 4-year Vegetable rotation pattern.
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Handbook of alien species in Europe Biological invasions by alien (non-native) species are widely recognized as a significant component of human-caused global environmental change and the second most important cause of biodiversity decline. Alien species threaten many European ecosystems and have serious environmental, economic and health impacts. The DAISIE (Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe) project has now brought together all available information on alien species in Europe (terrestrial, aquatic and marine) and from all taxa (fungi, plants, animals). Thus for the first time, an overview and assessment of biological invasions in the Pan-European region is finally possible. The Handbook of Alien Species in Europe summarises the major findings of this groundbreaking research and addresses the invasion trends, pathways, and both economic as well as ecological impact for eight major taxonomic groups. Approximately 11.000 alien species recorded in Europe are listed, and fact sheets for 100 of the most invasive alien species are included, each with a distribution map and colour illustration.The book is complemented by a regularly updated internet database providing free additional information. With its highly interdisciplinary approach, DAISIE and its Handbook will be the basis for future scientific investigations as well as management and control of alien invasive species in Europe.
Herbaria@home, a ground-breaking new approach to digitising and documenting the archives of the UK's herbaria. This site provides a web-based method for documenting herbarium sheets. We welcome participation in the project, so please read more about the project and if you would like to help then get involved! Current progress 82560 herbarium specimens have been documented so far. We are currently concentrating efforts on sheets from the South London Botanical Institute and Gloucester Museum. 8 May 2011
Ukwildflowers has lists of English Common Names with their Latin botanical name.
APHOTOFLORA An Educational Photographic Resource and Botanical Stock Image Library
dedicated to the Flora, Wildflowers, Trees, Shrubs and Habitats of South-West 
England, including the Devon and Cornwall Peninsula by David Fenwick.
Since 1972 I (Leif Stridvall) have almost exclusively been working with Nikon 35 mm system cameras as photographic equipment. They have proved to be very reliable and have never let me down. I started with Nikkormat, later exchanging it for Nikon FA (had matrix metering) and ended up with Nikon 801 (had autofocus) adding Nikon F70 as a reserve camera. In 2001 I began shooting digitally, first with Nikon Coolpix 990 and a couple of years later Minolta Dimage 7Hi, both excellent cameras for close-up photography. However when Nikon last year released its digital system camera D70 at a very affordable price, giving me opportunity to use all my old lenses with their new camera model, I gave up 35 mm photography for good. Since many years I use as macro lens the very sharp Nikon 60/2,8 AF (many old photos are taken with Mikro-Nikkor 3,5/55, also an excellent lens for macro work but only with manual focusing).
All my 35 mm photos are taken with slide film, before 1972 Agfacolor, from 1972 till 1991 Kodachrome 25 (very few with Kodachrome 64) and from 1992 onwards with my favourite film, Fuji Velvia, very sharp and contrasty. Slides have been scanned by a HP PhotoSmart S20 Photo Scanner at a fairly moderate resolution of 1200 dpi. Most photos have been slightly edited either in Ulead PhotoImpact or in Adobe Photoshop.
Photos with filenames starting with 4 letters are shot with a digital camera (AAAAxxxx or BBBBxxxx indicate Nikon CoolPix 990, MINAxxx Minolta Dimage 7Hi and NIKAxxxx Nikon D70).
The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation grew out of the Convention on Biological Diversity and is being fed into government policy around the world. The GSPC highlights the importance of plants and the ecosystem services they provide for all life on earth, and aims to ensure their conservation. The GSPC consists of 16 outcome-oriented targets for conservation with a deadline of 2010.
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The New Zealand Electronic Text Centre has under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 New Zealand Licence produced the following information from Chapter IX - Ferns for the Open Garden from The Cultivation of New Zealand Plants by L.Cockayne published by Whitcombe and Tombs Limited, 1923, Auckland:- "No descriptions are given. The leaves of ferns are too complex in form to allow of a useful brief description. However, photographs of all the species are to be seen in H. B. Dobbie's, "New Zealand Ferns," and to this book readers are referred.
Class 1.—Ferns requiring no shade in dry districts. Blechnum (Lomaria) penna marina, (vh.); Cheilanthes Sieberi, (vh.), alpine-garden, dry ground; Doodia media, (hh.); Histiopteris (Pteris) incisa, (vh.); Hypolepis millefolium, (vh.); Lindsaya linearis, (vh.), grows in bogs; Notochlaena distans, (vh.); Paesia (Pteris) scaberula, (vh.), will grow in full sunshine in Christchurch.
Class 2.—Ferns requiring only the minimum amount of shade. Asplenium bulbiferum, (vh.), there are many forms differing somewhat in their shade-requirements; A. flabellifolium, (vh.); A. flaccidum, (vh.), there are many forms; A. Hookerianum, (vh.); A. lucidum, (vh.), A. oblusatum and its allies, (vh.); Blechnum (Lomaria) Banksii, (vh.); B. capense (vh.) grows under many conditions. and changes its form greatly according to habitat; B. (L.) durum, (vh.); Cyathea dealbata (ponga, silver tree-fern, vh.); C. medullaris (mamaku, black tree-fern. h.); Cyclophorus (Polypodium) serpens (vh.) comes of its own accord in the wetter districts on rough-barked, exotic trees, e.g., Cupressus macrocarpa and elderberry (Sambucus niger); Dicksonia fibrosa, (vh); D. squarrosa wheki, vh.); Dryopteris (Polypodium) punctata, (vh.); Gleichenia circinata. (vh.); G. dicarpa, (vh.), these last two difficult to establish from wild plants; Hypolepis distans, (h.); H. tenuifolia, (vh.); Loxsoma Cunninghamii, (hh.); Pellaea falcata, (vh.); P. rotundifolia, (vh.); Polypodium diversifolium (Billardieri of all New Zealand books on ferns), (vh.); Polystichum (Aspidium) Richardi, (vh.); P. vestitum (A. aculeatum var. vestitum), (vh.); Todaea barbara, (hh.).
Class 3.—Ferns requiring a moderate amount of shade. Adiantum aethiopicum, (h.); A. affine, (vh.); A. fulvum, (h.); A. hispidulum, (hh.); Alsophila Colensoi (vh.) has its trunk mostly underground; Blechnum (Lomaria) discolor, (vh.); B. (L.) filiforme, (hh.); B. (L.) Fraseri, (hh.); B. (L.) lanceolatum, (vh.); B. (L.) vulcanicum, (vh.); Dicksonia lanata, (h.); Dryopteris (Nephrodium) glabella, (vh.); D. (N.) hispida, (vh.) D. (N.) velutina, (h.); Gleichenia Cunninghamii (umbrella-fern, vh.), difficult to establish; Hemitelia Smithii, (vh.); Leptolepia (Davallia) novae-zelandiae, (vh.); Lindsaya cuneata (trichomanoides), (vh.); Polypodium dictyopteris (Cunninghamii), (hh.); P. novae-zelandiae, (vh.); P. pustulatum, (h.); Polystichum adiantiforme (capense), (vh.); Pteris macilenta, (hh.); P. tremula, (hh.).
Class 4.—Ferns requiring a considerable amount of shade. Adiantum formosum, (hh.); Asplenium Colensoi, (vh.); A. Richardi, (vh.); A. umbrosum, (hh.); Blechnum (Lomaria) fluviatile, (vh.); B. (L.) Pattersoni, (vh.), grows in drip of water or extremely wet ground; Cystopteris novae-zealandiae (fragilis of New Zealand authors—vh.); Dryopteris (Nephrodium) decomposita (h.); D. (Polypodium) pennigera, (vh.); Gleichenia flabellata, (hh.), difficult to establish: Leptopteris (Todaea) hymenophylloides, (vh.); Lindsaya viridis, (h.); Lygodium articulatum, (hh.); Marattia fraxinea (para, king-fern, hh.)."
GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora:- "W.D. Clayton, M.S. Vorontsova, K.T. Harman & H. Williamson.
What is GrassBase? GrassBase will ultimately provide an integrated, online view of the World Grass Species databases which have historically been held in two separate downloadable databases. The first step towards this integration has been the generation of nearly 11,000 species descriptons from the DELTA format that they're encoded in. In addition to this the synonymy/nomenclature database now contains links to these species descriptions integrated with searches for the accepted name and synonyms for just over 60,000 grass names." To view a description just click on the name of the species you want from the GrassBase Descriptions List.
A Vegetative Key to Grasses by Ellen McDouall from the Bristol Regional Environmental Records Centre.
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Landscaping with Perennials in USA Name Index using these books:-
Landscaping with Perennials by Emily Brown. 5th printing 1989 by Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-063-0 for planting sites in the USA for perennials, which include most plant types except Annuals and Biennials.
- Perennials The Gardener's Reference by Susan Carter,
Carrie Becker and Bob Lilly. Published by Timber Press in 2007 for plants for Special Gardens in the USA. It also gives details of species and cultivars for each genus.
- Perennials & Ephemerals chapter of Plants for Dry Gardens by
Jane Taylor. Published by Frances Lincoln Limited in 1993. ISBN 0-7112-0772-0 for plants that are drought tolerant.
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Landscaping with Perennials in USA Name Index
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B
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C
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D
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E
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F
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G
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Landscaping with Perennials in USA Name Index
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H
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I
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J
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K
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L
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M
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N
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Landscaping with Perennials in USA Name Index
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O
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P
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Q
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R
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S
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T
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Landscaping with Perennials in USA Name Index
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V
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W
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X
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Y
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Z
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Per in USA with no flowers are compared in --->
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January Unusual Colour Flower Page
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Companion Planting
Companion planting is the name given to the system of using one plant to help another. It happens in various ways:-
- 1. Plants may help each other directly.
- 2. Plants may help each other indirectly by improving the soil.
- 3. Plants may compete with and/or directly harm others.
- 4. Some plants help others if they are present in a small proportion, but hinder or harm them as the ratio increases.
- 5. Plants may repel harmful insects or attract them away from other plants.
- 6. Plants may support insect populations which are beneficial to other plants.
- 7. Plants may repel other and larger pests.
- 8. Plants may attract birds and other creatures which prey on pests and/or are generally beneficial.
- 9. Plants may reduce the incidence of fungal or other diseases in nearby plants.
- 10. And, finally, plants may be attractive and/or beneficial to animals and people.
Further details in Companion Planting page of Garden Design.
Pest Control using Plants to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected plant or deter its pests.
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The following plants shall be added to the Flower Shape pages of this gallery from
- Aquatic (Aquatic Index with Aquatic plant use),
- Bamboo (Bamboo Index with bamboo use),
- Bedding (Bedding Plant Index with their flower shape and bedding uses, RHS Mixed Border Bedding Plant Index ,
RHS Mixed Border Un-labelled Bedding Plant Index, a different RHS Mixed Border Bedding Plant Index, Bedding Use page links in row 6 of the Topic Menu Table on the left, and second row down),
- Bulb (Bulb Index is above. Bulb use page links in row 6 of the Topic Menu Table on the left),
- Butterfly (UK Butterfly - Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants.
Plant Usage by Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly.),
- Climber (see next row),
- Conifer (Conifer Tree Index with Conifer Use),
- Deciduous Shrub (Deciduous Shrub with Deciduous Shrub Use),
- Deciduous Tree (Deciduous Tree with Deciduous Tree Use),
- Evergreen Perennial (Evergreen Perennial Index is above),
- Evergreen Shrub (Evergreen Shrub Index with Evergreen Shrub Use),
- Evergreen Tree (Evergreen Tree Index with Evergreen Tree Use),
- Fern (Fern Index with Fern Use),
- Grass (Grass Index with Lawn Grass),
- Hedging (Hedging Index and Hedge Uses),
- Herbaceous Perennial (Herbaceous Perennial Index is above),
- Herb (Herb Index),
- Odds and Sods (Alpine, Cut Flowers and Succulent Plants Index),
- Rhododendron (Azalea, Camellia and Rhododendron Index),
- Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers (Rock Plant Flowers 53 INDEX A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, NO, PQ, R, S, T, UVWXYZ
Rock Plant Photos ),
- Rose (Rose Use, Rose Use page links in row 6 of the Topic Menu Table on the left. Rose, RHS Wisley and
Other Roses rose indices on each Rose Use page, Photo Index R 1, 2, 3),
- Soft Fruit (Soft Fruit Index with what each trained form is used for, and extra details in Soft Fruit Plant List),
- Top Fruit (Apple Index, Cherry Index, Pear Index with what each trained form is used for, and
extra details in Top Fruit Plant List),
- Vegetable (Vegetable Index) and
- Wildflower (Wildflower Botanical Name Index and Wildflower Common Name Index are above and Wildflower Garden Use).
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Climbers:-
3 Sector Vertical Plant System from Infill3 Gallery
Ramblers Scramblers & Twiners by Michael Jefferson-Brown (ISBN 0 - 7153 - 0942 - 0) describes how to choose, plant and nurture over 500 high-performance climbing plants and wall shrubs, so that more can be made of your garden if you think not just laterally on the ground but use the vertical support structures including the house as well.
Warning - Just as it is a mistake to try to keep a tiger in a dog's kennel, it can be a disaster to plant a rampant grower in a site that it will very quickly outgrow. Strong climbers, especially self-supporting ones (Ivy, Ampelopsis, Parthenocissus and Vitis), can quickly get to the eaves, where they may sabotage gutters, and if allowed to get onto the roof, distort or even dislodge tiling. Climbing roses must be supported by humans tying them to structures since the roses cannot do it themselves (keep the top of the structures 3 feet below the eaves so that annual pruning can reduce the risk of the odd stem reaching the guttering!!).
There are 3 sectors on a house wall or high wall:-
- 0-36 inches (0-90 cms) in height - The Base. This gives the most sheltered conditions in the garden, with soil and air temperatures above those of the surrounding area. This area will suffer less buffeting from wind. Soil care will be ensuring a high humus content - to enrich the nutrient value and help to create reservoirs of moisture. Light intensity will depend on the aspect of the wall (North-facing will get very little sunlight) with the surrounding buildings and plants, including trees.
The following pages in InFill3 gallery cover The Base:
- 36-120 inches (90-300 cms) in height - The Prime Site. As the plant moves upwards to about 6 feet, conditions change: plants still benefit from the reflected heat and stored heat of walls warmed by the sun but have more light and air. Many climbers will have established a trunk below and now begin to spread themselves. This middle section is visually important, because it is at eye level and just below that that we should display those items to which we want to draw most attention. Most of the shrubs that are suitable for growing against walls are between 3 and 10 feet in height.
The following pages in Infill3 gallery cover The Prime Site:
- Above 120 inches (300+ cms) in height - The Higher Reaches. This is only likely to occur on house walls and other tall buildings with climbers and trained trees/shrubs covering all the way up to 36 inches from the guttering at roof level ( to prevent ingress to the internal roof space or blockage of the guttering).
The following pages in Infill3 gallery cover The Higher Reaches:
The climbers in the Climber Plant Gallery have been placed into one of these 3 heights with the Text Box Boundary in:-
- Blue for 0-36 inches (0-90 cms)
- Green for 36-120 inches (90-300 cms)
- Red for above 10 feet.
The Climber Plant Gallery splits the climbers into their following ways of climbing:-
- Ramblers/Scramblers - These climbers lean on other plants or need artificial supports to climb - Roses, Jasmine, Espalier-trained Fruit Tree/Fruit Ramblers. These are suitable for house or building walls where vine-eye and wire or 1 inch square timber trellis support structures can be erected up to 3 feet below the gutter for the climbers to be tied to with natural twine (not plastic or metal wire - stems grow sideways but plastic and metal contrict this, whereas natural twine will eventually rot or be broken by the expanding stem), or they can be trained on chainlink fences, trellis, pergolas or arbours. Herbaceous Clematis has been added since the top growth dies off completely in the Autumn and Non-Climbing Clematis since it will require being tied to a support structure. In theInfill3 Plants Index Gallery, these climbers go into the
3a House-Wall Ramblers
- Self-Clingers: Aerial Roots - A series of roots are produced along the length of its stems. These attach themselves very strongly to the surfaces they find - Ivy (Hedera).
Self-Clingers: Sucker Pads - Tendrils are produced along the young growing stems, opposite the leaves. The main tendril stem divides into a number of slender filaments, each of which has a scarcely perceivable pad at its tip.Once the tips have established contact, the tiny pad is much expanded and becomes a significant sucker, which fits so strongly to the surface that if the stem is pulled away the suckers are left behind- Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia). Self-Clingers: Twining - Many climbers find support simply by twining their stems around any object they find - Wisteria and Honeysuckle. Self-Clingers: Twining Leaf-Stem - Some climbers make do with sensitive leaf stalks which wrap themselves around objects for support - Clematis. Others establish themselves with thorns, hooks, spines and prickles. Self-Clingers: Twining Tendrils - A group of climbers climb by producing a series of tendrils. These are touch sensitive and will curl round any small object they come into contact with and thus enable the plant to climb securely on itself or other plants or manmade support structures - Chinese Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus henryana), Sweet Pea and the Pea Family (Leguminosae). All these Self-Clingers are suitable for garden walls, chainlink fences, trellis, pergolas or fedges, but not for House-Walls. In the Infill3 Plants Index Gallery, these climbers go into the 3b The Higher Reaches - Non-House-Wall Climbing Twiners 1, 2 Page or 3c The Higher Reaches - Non-House-Wall Self-Clinging Climbers Page.
Climber 3 Sector Vertical Plant System Use Pages:-
The Gardener's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Climbers & Wall Shrubs - A guide to more than 2000 varieties including Roses, Clematis and Fruit Trees by Brian Davis. Published by Penguin Books Ltd. in 1990. ISBN 0-670-82929-3 is providing more climbers to add to the ones from Ramblers Scramblers & Twiners by Michael Jefferson-Brown (ISBN 0 - 7153 - 0942 - 0).
Further details of each are available in Climber Plant Gallery:- Climber Ramblers and Scramblers for House Wall and other supports like garden walls, pergolas, tripods, shrubs, trees, Climber Wall Shrub Index for House Wall and other areas of the garden, Climber Annuals Index for all support areas except House Walls, Climber Base of Wall Plants for all support areas except House Walls, Climber Self-Clinging Index for all support areas except House Walls, Climber Tender Plants Index for all support areas except House Walls, or Climber Twiners Index for all support areas except House Walls
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Bedding:-
The following details about BEDDING comes from Wikipedia:- "Bedding, in horticulture, refers to the temporary planting of fast-growing plants into flower beds to create colourful, temporary, seasonal displays, during spring, summer or winter. Plants used for bedding are generally annuals, biennials or tender perennials; succulents are gaining in popularity. Some bedding plants are also referred to as "patio plants" because they are widely used in pots and other containers positioned on patios, terraces, decking and other areas around houses. Larger tender "conservatory plants" may also be moved out from greenhouses or conservatories and planted out in borders (or stood in their pots in sheltered positions) for the warmer months, then returned to shelter for the winter. The modern bedding plant industry breeds and produces plants with a neat, dwarf habit, which flower uniformly and reliably. They are bred primarily for use in large-scale bedding schemes where uniformity and predictability is of paramount importance, but this is often achieved by losing the plants' individual character, and has been criticised by such notable plantsmen as the late Christopher Lloyd, who championed an informal style of bedding.
Bedding plants There exists a huge range of plants specifically grown to produce a period of flower colour throughout the spring and summer, and (usually) discarded after flowering. They may conveniently be divided into four groups:-
- Hardy annuals sown directly into the ground early in the season (poppy, stock, sunflower, clarkia, godetia, eschscholzia, nigella, dianthus)
- Tender annual or perennial plants treated as half-hardy annuals - sown under glass in late winter in heat, or purchased as young plants, and hardened-off outdoors when all danger of frost has passed (begonia, lobelia, petunia, argyranthemum, chrysanthemum, pelargonium, nicotiana, cosmos, fuchsia)
- Hardy biennial plants, or perennials treated as biennial, sown in one year to flower the next, and discarded after flowering (antirrhinum, polyanthus, wallflower, daisy, foxglove, some dianthus, some poppies, campanula, delphinium, aubrieta, aquilegia, cornflower, pansies)
- Corms, rhizomes, bulbs and tubers, planted each year and lifted after the plant has died down and stored in winter, or discarded (tulip, narcissus, hyacinth, gladiolus, dahlia, canna)
Types of bedding Formal bedding, as seen in parks and large gardens, where whole flower beds are replanted two or three times a year, is a costly and labour-intensive process. Towns and cities are encouraged to produce impressive displays by campaigns such as "Britain in Bloom".
- Spring Bedding
Plants used for spring bedding are often biennials (sown one year to flower the next), or hardy, but short-lived, perennials. Spring-flowering bulbs such as tulips are often used, typically with forget-me-nots, wallflowers, winter pansies and polyanthus.
- Summer Bedding
Plants used for summer bedding are generally annuals or tender perennials. They become available (often as what are referred to as "plug plants") in nurseries and garden centres during spring, to be gradually "hardened off" (acclimatised to outdoor conditions) by the purchaser and finally planted out around the time that the last frosts are expected. Experienced gardeners keep an eye on the weather forecasts at that time of year and are on standby to protect their bedding displays overnight with horticultural fleece (or the older alternatives of net curtains or newspaper) if frost threatens.
- some annuals for bedding:-
- Carpet bedding
Carpet bedding employs two or more contrasting plant cultivars with a neat, dwarf habit and distinct colouring (of flower or foliage) to create geometric displays. It is often used to form such things as lettering, logos or trademarks, coats of arms, or floral clocks. Suitable plants are rosette-forming succulents such as Echeveria or fairly slow-growing or mat-forming foliage plants, such as coloured-leaved Alternanthera cultivars, which are tolerant of clipping; such plants may also be used in three-dimensional sculptural forms or pseudo-topiary.
- Winter Bedding
Planted in autumn to give a display until early spring, the plants used for winter bedding are mainly hardy perennials. As it has to be planted at the same time of year as spring bedding does, winter bedding tends to be less commonly seen, except in containers such as windowboxes. Some are short-lived and will be discarded after their first display; others may be used as a source of cuttings for the next year. Winter-hardy ornamental vegetables such as cultivars of kale and cabbage with coloured or variegated foliage are increasingly common. Primula cultivars (polyanthus and primroses) are commonly used, as are winter-flowering heathers and Viola × wittrockiana, winter pansies. Variegated evergreens such as cultivars of Vinca minor (lesser periwinkle), Euonymus fortunei and Hedera helix (ivies) are also popular."
- Other Bedding Plant Uses in Pear Gallery (Bedding):-
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How www.discoverlife.org Works "We have tools to study natural history and track the impact of climate change, invasive species, and other large-scale ecological factors. We are building a network of study sites across North America. It's exciting to participate in our research projects and help us collect high quality data. We hope you will join us.
About Our web tools can benefit you and your projects. Teachers can design hands-on ecological research projects for the schoolyard or local park without killing specimens. Park managers can track migrations of invasive species. Scientists can map large collections and present information about species. Amateur naturalists can upload images and make a life list of species they find. Environmental educators can build online field guides so simple they can be used even by the youngest beginner.
Everyone can benefit in some way from a partnership with Discover Life. With our powerful integrated web tools, you can:
- • Keep a life list - store your photographic (or video/audio) records of natural history. It's your own electronic nature journal - this is a service somewhat like Flickr or Picasa web albums, but linked to species information, map data and more. You can keep thousands of photographs and other data on our site for free, and store associated information as well. To see examples of stored photographs, click here.
- • Map species you find - every time you enter locality data to one of your photo records, it will instantly map as a point on the Global Mapper. This works similarly to Google Earth, but our mapper is capable of mapping many more points, each of them attached to an individual record of species occurrence.
- • Monitor species locations - You can enter a species name on the Global Mapper and it will show all the points where we and our partners have records for that species - each of the points on a species map is a live link to species occurrence, with photo or other record.
- • Learn about species - Discover Life is an online encyclopedia of life, with over a million species pages, many with photos, information, and links to more info on other sites. You can access this information via the search box on the home page, via "All Living Things" or if you are unsure of the identification, using the IDnature Guides.
- • Identify species - use our IDnature Guides to identify bees, ants, caterpillars, slime molds, birds, invasive species, among many other groups - many of our online guides are under construction but some are quite complete.
- • Create your own field guide - use our technology to create a field guide to your local schoolyard, national park, even your own back yard. With our guide-building tools you can build simple guides to plants, insects, fungi, whatever group you are interested in.
- • For scientists, we provide further services. We can create labels with unique identifiers for your specimens. Using our electronic journal, Proceedings of Life, we can translate cumbersome printed literature such as catalogs into efficient, integrated electronic databases. With the same technology teachers have used to build simple guides to schoolyard plants, you can build very sophisticated guides to any group. You can store and map your photos, videos, audio, locality data, species relationships such as host/parasite information, and other notes on each species record. Discover Life provides the tools to monitor large amounts of natural history data, over large areas, over any period of time. Imagine the possibilities, develop the questions.
We are dedicated to improving education about the natural world, and therefore make our tools available for everyone, for free. You keep copyrights of your photographs and other information, you control how much or how little information you provide. We work constantly to improve our technology to make it easier to use."
BackyardGardener.com:- "Since 1996, Backyard Gardener in the USA has provided gardening tips, information, season-by-season, how to grow for almost every gardening type you can imagine. Whether you're interested in flowers, plants, trees, organic gardening, vegetable gardening, composting, rocks... we have it all, and more.
This is no superficial overview. We have everything you need to learn, explore, and improve your gardening. We also provide every product imaginable to assist you in creating your beautiful home garden surroundings.
Backyard Gardener has provided gardening information since 1996. We are a one stop informational site to help people understand their gardening needs. Backyard Gardener provides gardening plans and plant lists to enhance your gardening knowledge.
We assist in providing the best gardening reference sites on the web with our own 'hands on' gardening information."
Monty Don. The Observer, Sunday 22 April 2001
"Weeds are the unwanted visitors which spoil our garden parties. But before you chuck them out, they can teach us a thing or two. There are other ways to deal with weeds:-
- 1 Hoe. There are lots of hoes available, but there are only two basic principles: you either push or you pull. I find I use a Dutch hoe most of the time, which, if kept sharp, slices through the roots of any weeds just below the surface of the soil. The secret of hoeing - like all weeding - is to do it little and often. If you have a very weed-infested bit of ground you want to cultivate (and remember, weed-infestation implies good healthy soil) and they have not yet gone to seed, then hoe the weeds off with a mattock or large draw or field hoe, let the weeds wilt for a day in the sun and then dig the whole thing over, weeds and all. This will not get rid of the perennial weeds but will increase the fertility and allow you to grow a crop of fast-growing, weed-suppressing vegetables such as potatoes, beans or squashes.
- 2 Mulch. Cover every piece of bare soil with a light-excluding but moisture-permeable layer. I use mushroom and garden compost and cocoa shells. Well-rotted horse or cattle manure is good, but cattle manure can include a lot of weed seeds if it is not very well-rotted. But anything will do, including straw, hay, shredded bark, permeable plastic, old carpet, or rolls of white paper mulch. If you are using an organic mulch (ie, one that will rot down into the soil), place it at least 2in thick - 4in is better. This will not stop existing perennial weeds growing through but will make them much easier to pull up.
- 3 Hand-weed. First the bad news: hand-weeding means getting down on your knees and removing every scrap of weed. Now the good news: it is one of the most enjoyable aspects of gardening. You get to know your soil, your plants, the seedlings and herbaceous perennials coming through.
- 4 Timing. You must remove weeds before they seed. The old adage 'one year's seeding means seven years' weeding' is pretty much accurate.
My weeds: Monty's list of garden horrors, most of which are detailed in this website - look by common name or botanical in the Cream and Brown Wild Flower Gallery Page menus above:-
- Annuals
Never let these seed: shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris); bittercress (Cardamine); fat hen (Chenopodium album); caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyrus); petty spurge (Euphorbia peplus); goosegrass (Galium aparine); herb Robert (Geranium robertianum); Himalaya balsam (Impatiens glandifulifera); knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare); shepherd's needle (Scandix pectenveneris); groundsel (Senecio vulgaris); charlock (Sinapsis arvensis) ; prickly sow thistle (Sonchus asper); chickweed (Stellaria media)
- Perennials
Very difficult (will take long-term strategy or inspired acceptance): Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum); horsetail (Equisetum)
- Take very seriously (dig up every scrap of root and burn): ground elder (Aegopodium podagraria);
bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis, Calystegia sepium); creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens); couch grass (Agropyron repens); lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria)
- Work at (dig up as and when you can):
broad- leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius); nettles (Urtica dioica); spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare); creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense); burdock (Arctium lappa)
- Handsome (but intrusive):
daisy (Bellis perennis); greater celandine (Chelidonium majus); teasel (Dipsacus fullonum); rosebay willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium); hogweed (Heracleum spondylium); dead-nettle (Lamium); alkanet (Pentaglottis sempervirens); mallow (Malva sylvestris); plantain (Plantago major); silverweed (Potentilla anserina); selfheal (Prunella vulgaris); comfrey (Symphytum); feverfew (Tanacetum); dandelion (Taraxacum)."
ONLINE ENCYCLOPAEDIA 
THE UMBELLIFERAE (CARROT/PARSLEY)
FAMILY OF THE BRITISH ISLES Edition - Interactive Launched 01:08:2002
43 species described. By Mr James Miles Burton A comprehensive online guide to the botany, biology, nomenclature, ecology,
chemistry, pharmacology, edibility folklore of British Umbelliferae. Umbelliferae Of The British Isles, 2nd edition, 2000. 1st edition 1998.
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How www.discoverlife.org Works "We have tools to study natural history and track the impact of climate change, invasive species, and other large-scale ecological factors. We are building a network of study sites across North America. It's exciting to participate in our research projects and help us collect high quality data. We hope you will join us.
About Our web tools can benefit you and your projects. Teachers can design hands-on ecological research projects for the schoolyard or local park without killing specimens. Park managers can track migrations of invasive species. Scientists can map large collections and present information about species. Amateur naturalists can upload images and make a life list of species they find. Environmental educators can build online field guides so simple they can be used even by the youngest beginner.
Everyone can benefit in some way from a partnership with Discover Life. With our powerful integrated web tools, you can:
- • Keep a life list - store your photographic (or video/audio) records of natural history. It's your own electronic nature journal - this is a service somewhat like Flickr or Picasa web albums, but linked to species information, map data and more. You can keep thousands of photographs and other data on our site for free, and store associated information as well. To see examples of stored photographs, click here.
- • Map species you find - every time you enter locality data to one of your photo records, it will instantly map as a point on the Global Mapper. This works similarly to Google Earth, but our mapper is capable of mapping many more points, each of them attached to an individual record of species occurrence.
- • Monitor species locations - You can enter a species name on the Global Mapper and it will show all the points where we and our partners have records for that species - each of the points on a species map is a live link to species occurrence, with photo or other record.
- • Learn about species - Discover Life is an online encyclopedia of life, with over a million species pages, many with photos, information, and links to more info on other sites. You can access this information via the search box on the home page, via "All Living Things" or if you are unsure of the identification, using the IDnature Guides.
- • Identify species - use our IDnature Guides to identify bees, ants, caterpillars, slime molds, birds, invasive species, among many other groups - many of our online guides are under construction but some are quite complete.
- • Create your own field guide - use our technology to create a field guide to your local schoolyard, national park, even your own back yard. With our guide-building tools you can build simple guides to plants, insects, fungi, whatever group you are interested in.
- • For scientists, we provide further services. We can create labels with unique identifiers for your specimens. Using our electronic journal, Proceedings of Life, we can translate cumbersome printed literature such as catalogs into efficient, integrated electronic databases. With the same technology teachers have used to build simple guides to schoolyard plants, you can build very sophisticated guides to any group. You can store and map your photos, videos, audio, locality data, species relationships such as host/parasite information, and other notes on each species record. Discover Life provides the tools to monitor large amounts of natural history data, over large areas, over any period of time. Imagine the possibilities, develop the questions.
We are dedicated to improving education about the natural world, and therefore make our tools available for everyone, for free. You keep copyrights of your photographs and other information, you control how much or how little information you provide. We work constantly to improve our technology to make it easier to use."
What is The Threatened Plants Database "At its heart, the TPDB is a database about the 400-or- so rarest species in Britain, and was set up to enable the Joint Nature Conservation Committee to fulfil its statutory duties in protecting these plants and advising the UK government on conservation issues. It was originally compiled for the production of the third edition of the Red Data Book, which went on sale this month (April 1999), and it is now being run by the BSBI under a three-year contract to the JNCC and the country agencies. As such, it is a very restricted set of biological records. On the other hand, in order to compile it, one needs to have an enormous amount of information available. For example, how would anyone know which plants were rare and which were common if they didn’t keep information on the common ones? So, in the long term, it is not sufficient to simply keep rare plant records. Instead we need to have access to a full set of information on all the British flora in order to be able to extract the particular data that we want. And, of course, that is precisely what the BSBI has been building up for over 150 years. We have a strategy, therefore, to use the TPDB project to reach into every corner of the BSBI’s work and create an integrated network of information sources which can all send and receive biological records accurately and to uniform high standards. This sounds ambitious, but again it is just an extension of what we’ve all been doing for years. When someone gives a record to a vice county recorder, and the recorder goes out to check it, and then sends a pink card to the BRC, that is a typical example of data management. The only difference is that this process is now being done using computers and the internet. While all this is happening, there are considerable benefits and spin-offs. It is becoming increasingly possible for ordinary people, with no special training or access to expensive equipment, to produce complex reports and analyses of botanical data. For example, a county checklist can take just minutes to produce. Distribution maps are available at the touch of a button. And there are many other things one can do with the data once you know how to use the software. We have an opportunity to develop this initiative over the next few years, and the plan is to do just that. Of course not everyone in the BSBI will notice a great change to their everyday activities. This is not an imposed change on the way people work – it is an opportunity for those who wish to take advantage of it. In this newsletter some of those opportunities are explored, and examples are given of people who are involved in this work already. "
Photos and images of Bupleurum species with descriptions.
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