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Ivydene Gardens Cream Wildflowers Note Gallery: |
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Topic - All Flowers 53 with
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What is PL@NTNET? |
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Plant Colour Wheel Uses Uses of Bedding |
Uses of Bulb |
Uses of Rose |
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CREAM WILD FLOWER GALLERY |
"SEASONS AND MONTHS SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN WINTER " from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993 (ISBN 0 7153 0033 4). |
I am very grateful to both Ron and Christine Foord for taking 35mm slides using Kodachrome last century and getting their botanical names for each slide verified by the Natural History Museum. They left their collection of UK Native Plant slides and their butterfly collection to the Natural History Museum once both Ron and Christine had died. Many of those digitised UK native Plant slides have been used in the 180 UK Native Family pages. Christine left me her slides of Garden Plants some of which I have included in Ron and Christine Foord - 1036 photos only inserted so far - Garden Flowers - Start Page of each Gallery |
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WILD FLOWER GALLERY
SEED COLOUR BED PICTURES HABITAT TABLES
See Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines to aid your use of this website. |
WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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The English Flower Garden Design, Arrangement, and Plans followed by A description of all the best plants for it and their culture and the positions fitted for them By W. Robinson Author of the "Wild Garden". Fourth Edition. Published by John Murray in London in 1895 is a useful source of culture and positions for them, as is |
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See Wildflower Common Name Index link Table ON A PAGE for more wildflower of the UK common names - from Adder's Tongue to the Goosefoot Family - together with their names in languages from America, Finland, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. |
Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in 7 separate books between 1911 and 1914 contains information about UK Native Wildflowers with 1 per chapter. I have summarised some of these chapters and put those into this website, but most will simply have a reference to which book it is in for you to read it yourself. |
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Common Name Flower Photo |
Botanical Name Flowering Months Flowers Photo |
Height x Spread in inches (cms) WildFlower Family Page Foliage Photo |
Flower Colour Habitat Native in:- Form Photo |
Form from
Form for Wildflowers:- Mat-forming These Forms are used for Bulbs with Herbaceous and Evergreen Perennials.
Shape for Evergreen Shrubs:- These Forms and Shapes are also used for Deciduous and Evergreen Shrubs and Trees. |
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Bee Orchid
Flower
Flower |
Ophrys apifera
Flower
Flowers |
Orchid 1 Family
Foliage
Seed Pod These photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
A tuberous perennial herb of calcareous, well-drained soils. Habitats include grasslands, scrub, railway banks, roadsides, lawns, sand dunes and limestone pavement; also disturbed sites such as quarries, gravel-pits and industrial waste ground. Native in much of Europe, except in Northern Europe, Poland and Bulgaria.
Form |
Bee orchis from Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in 1912:- |
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Beech is Edible,
Male Flower
Bell Heather
Bermuda Grass |
Fagus sylvatica April-May, with the leaves
Female Flower The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Beech Family
Juvenile Foliage |
This is a large tree found on a wide variety of base-rich to acidic, free-draining soils. It grows in pure woodlands or as standard trees or pollards in wood pasture. It is widely planted outside its native range as woodland, in avenues and as hedges.
Form Native in all Europe (except in Portugal, Iceland, Finland and Turkey): introduced into Ireland. |
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of
The soft, hoary texture of lichen-covered branches is a beautiful foil for silky preserved leaves of beech (Fagus sylvatica) or the leathery finished rich brown which glycerine and water gives to laurel (Laurus nobilis) foliage. You can make beautiful and long-lasting arrangements by mixing these with branches of Larch (European Larch - Larix decidua) cones and individual larger cones, used like flowers, or with conkers mounted on false stems and clusters of acorns (Oak Tree - Quercus robur, Turkey Oak - Quercus cerris and Durmast Oak - Quercus petraea) in their cups. See further details from page on Flower Arrangements from Wild Flowers. The important thing is not to leave it too late to gather the branches, otherwise the leaves will fall while they are in the preserving solution. As a matter of fact you can begin preserving beech as early as late July, and the earlier you gather and preserve the leaves the deeper the colour becomes. Green beech gathered in summer ends up the colour of dull copper beech. Preserved much later it becomes a golden tan. For the solution use one-third glycerine and two-thirds boiling water. I used to boil the tow together, but someone pointed out to me that this could be quite dangerous, and I mention it now in case some young reader might be tempted to take the easy route to mixing the 2 liquids. Incidentally I have discovered a good way of keeping green ferns, such as the male fern, Dryopteris filix-mas, looking fresh and green for many weeks. The fronds must be mature, so glance on the underside and see that the brown spores are frmed. Condition the fronds thoroughly and then stand them in the gycerine mixture for at least 48 hours. After this they can be arranged in plain water. If you want good green ferns after pressing, first give them this treatment and then press. See further details about dried and preserved materials from chapter 5 of Flower Arrangements from Wild Flowers by Violet Stevenson. |
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Berry-bearing Alder |
Frangula alnus Green in May-June. Fruit maturing from Green to Red and then Violet-Black on ripening.
Below 2 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord.
Unripe Berries |
192 x 120 Buckthorn Family Deciduous Shrub or small tree with branches ascending at an acute angle to the main stem, with Shiny Green turning clear Yellow and Red in Autumn foliage. Part Shade on Moist soil.
Foliage |
This deciduous shrub or small tree grows on a wide range of soils, but avoids drought-prone and permanently waterlogged sites. It is found in scrub on fen peat, on the edges of raised mires, on heaths and in valley mires, in scrub, hedgerows and in woodland. It regenerates strongly after cutting, burning or grazing. Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Betony
Flower |
Betonica officinalis June onwards Plate 69 Illustrated
Flowers The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Thyme Family
Foliage
Form |
A perennial herb of hedge banks, grassland, heaths, open woods and woodland rides and margins. It is occasionally found in cliff-top grassland, sometimes as the genetically dwarf var. nana. It favours mildly acidic soils, but is also found on those that are neutral or somewhat calcareous. 0-460 m (Teesdale, Westmorland). Native in all Europe, Except Iceland. |
Betony comes up year after year from a woody root the thickness of one's little finger. Its square stem, 12 or 24 inches (30 or 60 cms) high, is furrowed, each portion that lies between the pairs of leaves having 2 sides more deeply hollowed than the other 2. These deeper grooves are the gutters of the plant leading down to its reservoir, namely, the soil immediately round the root, and they run from the points between the leaves of one pair to the midrib of each of the leaves in the pair immediately below it. The surfaces of the leaves collect moisture and tilt so as to send it down the next groove, and so on, and thus the greater part of the rain falling on a plant is gathered up into 2 streams which increase in volume as the base of the plant is reached.
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Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of
Flora of China - 药水苏 yao shui su Betonica glabrata K. Koch; Stachys betonica Bentham; S. officinalis (Linnaeus) Trevisan de Saint-Leon ex Briquet. |
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Bilberry is Edible,
Flower |
Vaccinium myrtillus April-June
Flowers The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Heath Family
Foliage |
A calcifugous low shrub, common and locally dominant in well-drained heaths and moorland, especially in upland areas, and as an understorey in acid woodland of Betula, Pinus and Quercus; also found on hummocks in peat bogs in the north and west. Native in all of Europe, except for Turkey.
Form |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Bindweed
Birch |
Polygonum dumetorum July onwards |
Dock Bistorts Family |
A climbing annual of hedges, thickets and wood-borders on well-drained soils. Erratic in appearance, it sometimes occurs in quantity following the felling, thinning or coppicing of hedgerows and woodland. Lowland. Native in thickets and hedges from North Somerset and Worcester to Kent and Essex in England, Cernarvon in Wales. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Bird Cherry
Flower
Flowers |
Prunus padus
Mature stems with red Juvenile stems.
The above small photos and the lower 2 in the 5th column were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
600 x 180-240 Rose 1 Family
Foliage stem structure
Foliage |
A deciduous shrub or small tree of moist woodland and scrub, streamsides and shaded rocky places; also in fen-carr in East Anglia. It occurs on a wide variety of soil types, but is most frequent on damp calcareous or base-rich substrates, and avoids very dry or very acidic conditions. It spreads by fruit and suckers, often forming thickets. 0-650 m (Dove Crag, Westmorland). Native in most of Europe, except in Iceland, Albania, Greece and Turkey.
Juvenile Foliage |
"Its fruit, although bitter to human taste, is eaten by birds. A common native of woods and hedgerows. Plant young trees, 36-80 (100-200) high, between autumn and early spring, when the weather allows in any well drained soil in woodland or shrub borders. Heavily scented racemes of blossom invite a number of flying insects. The fruit is quickly picked off by the birds, particularly blackbirds. " from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993 (ISBN 0 7153 0033 4). Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969.
Form
Flowers
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Birds's-eye Primrose
Flower - |
Primula farinosa
Flowers |
6 x 6 Primrose Family
Foliage The 4 small photos above were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
A short-lived perennial herb typical of wet, usually spring-fed, calcareous flushes. It is often found on hummocks in springs, and on seeping banks where slippage has opened up the turf, most commonly on open marl. A few sites remain in unimproved, grazed, damp pasture. It perennates as resting-buds and reproduces by seed. Native in much of Europe, except in Portugal, Ireland, Belgium, Holand, Iceland, Norway, Albania, Greece and Turkey
Form |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Small fingered Sedge |
Carex ornithopoda |
Sedges Carex 3 Family |
A perennial herb of skeletal, well-drained soils on South-facing slopes overlying Carboniferous limestone. It grows in open grassland, on rocky outcrops, screes, crags and limestone pavements, and occasionally also in partial shade in open limestone woodland. Lowland to 600 m on Long Fell, Warcop (Westmorland). Native in dry grassland on limestone slopes or in cracks in limestone pavement, rarely in shade in Great Britain. |
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Bird's-foot Trefoil (Common Birdsfoot Trefoil, used within lifecycles of Butterfly Common Blue,
Common Birdsfoot |
Lotus corniculatus May onwards
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Peaflower Clover 1 Family
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
A perennial herb of grasslands, including well-drained meadows, chalk and limestone downs, hill pastures and montane rock ledges; also on coastal cliff-tops, shingle and sand dunes. It is absent from only the most acidic and infertile soils. Alien genotypes, introduced from seed mixtures, occur on roadsides. Native in all Europe: introduced into Iceland |
It will make itself at home almost anywhere, on the top of a dry wall, in the deep grass by the wayside, in shady meadows, and on bare downs, down chalk pits and by sandy river beds, in all such places its crimson buds and its bright yellow flowers find a home. It is no climber, and never rises far above ground, though sometimes ist slender stems are lifted by growing among other plants, but in bare places it trails along with flowers and fruits resting on the earth. It owes much of its attractiveness to the fact that its flowers are gathered into clusters on the ends of often long stalks, and this massing together makes considerable patches of colour.
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Bird's-nest Orchid
Flower
Flower |
Neottia nidus-avis
Flowers
Seed |
Orchid 1 Family
Foliage
Seedhead |
This saprophytic herb is most frequent in the deep humus of densely shaded Fagus woods on chalky soils. Less commonly it occurs in mixed deciduous woodland and mature Corylus coppices, on soils derived from limestones and base-rich clays and sands. Native in all Europe, except in Iceland.
Form |
The home of the Bird's Nest Orchis is the woods - beech or pine woods for choice - and there, rising out of the mass of decaying leaves in every stage of decomposition one may find the thick, fleshy , pale-brown spikes. |
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Birthwort
Flower |
Plate 76 Illustrated
Flowers The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Birthwort Family
Foliage |
A scrambling or trailing perennial herb found as an escape or a relic of cultivation in waste and rough places, often by old abbeys or nunneries, and in churchyards, woods and on grassy banks. It spreads by rhizomes. This was formerly used by midwives,
Form Native of South-Estern Europe; formerly cultivated and now widely naturalized in much of Europe, except North Europe. |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969.
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Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Bistort
Flower |
Polygonum bistorta
Flowers Above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. |
Dock Bistorts Family
Foliage |
A perennial herb of base-poor soils in damp pastures, hay meadows and river-banks, in tall-herb communities in river valleys and on mountain ledges and roadsides. Many colonies originate as garden escapes or throw-outs. 0-430 m above Garrigill (Cumberland). Native in much of Europe, except Northern Europe, Ireland, Greece and Turkey: introduced into Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
Form |
Bistorta - the name comes from the plant's twisted root, which thick and black but reddish within, crooks itself as it creeps, ramifying and enlarging its borders year after year, below ground.
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Bithynian Vetch |
Vicia bithynica |
Peaflower Vetches/Peas Family |
A scrambling annual found in rough grassland on coastal undercliffs, and inland in open hedges, scrubby grassland and on railway banks. At many inland sites it was probably introduced as a contaminant of legume crops, but can be persistent along hedges and tracksides. Native in Mediterranean Europe, Portugal, Great Britain, Bulgaria and Soviet Union. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of The Peaflower Family is "a large family with highly distinctive individual flowers; of the 5 petals, the broad and often erect upper one is known as the 'standard', the two narrower side ones as the 'wings', and the two central lower ones, which enfold the 10 bundled stamens, as the 'keel'. The seeds are in pod (legume) of varying size but usually in the general pattern of a garden pea or bean. Leaves mostly alternate, but the top pair sometimes almost opposite; usually stalked and trifoliate (trefoil) or pinnate, with stipules at their base. Vetches and Peas are climbing or clambering non-woody plants, their leaves normally pinnate with no terminal leaflet but often a single or branched tendril. Flowers solitary or in heads on stalks from the base of the leaves. Pods long and more or less flattened. The Vetches are best separated from the Peas by not having winged or angled stems and usually having more leaflets" from Collins Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers by David McClintock and R.S.R. Fitter assisted by Francis Rose - ISBN 0 00 219363 9 - Eleventh Impression 1978. |
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Water Pepper is Edible, |
Polygonum hydropiper |
Dock Bistorts Family |
An annual of damp mud on the margins of ponds and lakes, canals, rivers and streams, or shallow depressions such as vehicle tracks and hoof-marks in woodland rides, around field gateways and in wet meadows. It is almost invariably in sites which are waterlogged in winter, often on base-poor soils and sometimes in partial shade. 0-505 m (Llyn Crugnant, Cards.). Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969.
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Bitter Vetch Used within lifecycle of Butterfly Wood White,
The 4 small photos above were taken by Ron or Christine Foord
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of Bitter Vetch |
Lathyrus montanus Flowers veined, reddish-purple, fading blue or green, in few-flowered spikes on stalks longer than the leaves in April-July with 5 sepals and 5 petals.
Culture - Soil, ordinary, deep rich. Position - against sunny walls, fences, arbours, or tree stumps or banks. Plant - October, November, March or April. Apply liquid manure occasionally in summer. Water freely in dry weather. Prune away stems close to ground in October. Top-dress with decayed manure in March. |
Peaflower Vetches/Peas Family
Its typical habitat is rough grassy places, broad-leaved woodland, forest margins, hedgerows and banks.
Propagation - By seed or division of roots in March or April. |
Red A perennial herb of moist, infertile neutral and acidic soils in heathy meadows, lightly grazed pastures, grassy banks and open woodlands; also on stream banks and rock ledges in the uplands. Common in woods and hedges in hilly country, especially in the west and north.
Illustration of Bitter Vetch on Page 133 in The Oxford Book of Wild Flowers By B.E.Nicholson, S. Sry and M. Gregory. Published by Oxford University Press in 1962. |
"Found in cornfields in 1895. Drape over large rocks where its matted foliage soon becomes densely studded with flowers in small clusters of 5-7 each." from The English Flower Garden by W. Robinson. Fourth Edition published by John Murray in 1895.
Native in much of Europe, except in Iceland, Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania.
See other photos of
Read about Tuberous Bitter Pea (Lathyrus macrorhizus) from Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in 7 separate books between 1911 and 1914 |
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Black Bent
Blackberry |
Agrostis gigantea
Plate 95 |
Grass Soft |
A sprawling, perennial herb, behaving as a rampant weed in cornfields and neglected arable land, particularly on lighter soils, where it spreads by seed and by rhizomes. In wetter habitats, where it is much rarer, it can persist in taller, closed vegetation by rhizomatous growth. |
Native in grassy places. A common weed of arable land, especially on light soils, but also in damp woods. Generally distributed in lowland districts in the British Isles. Native in Europe(except the north), Central and Southern Russia, China, Japan and North America. Introduced in Australia and New Zealand. See other photos of Many Photos of details of
Flora of China - |
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Black Bindweed
Flower |
Polygonum convolvulus July onwards
Flowers Above 3 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. |
Dock Bistorts Family
Foliage |
An annual found in arable land, gardens, waste places, rubbish tips and on roadsides. 0-450 m (Clun Forest, Salop). Native in waste places, arable land and gardens throughout the British Isles. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Black Bitter Vetch |
Lathyrus niger |
Peaflower Vetches/Peas Family
This was not available in Collins Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers by McClintock and Fitter in 1978 |
Native in most of Europe. |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969.
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Black Bog-rush
Black Bog-rush |
Schoenus nigricans |
Sedge Rush-like Family |
A tussock-forming perennial of calcareous and other base-rich fens (especially near springs), and of peaty flushes, marshes, bogs, dune-slacks, sea-cliff flushes, and the upper fringes of saltmarshes where there is base-rich flushing. In W. Ireland, it is frequent on acid blanket-bog. Generally lowland, but reaching 550 m in the Mourne Mountains (Co. Down). Native in most of Europe, except in Iceland and Finland. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Black Bog-rush |
Tamus communis May onwards |
Yam Family |
A dioecious, tuberous liane, found mostly on neutral to calcareous, well-drained soils, particularly those overlying chalk and limestone, but also on clay. It can be luxuriant in hedgerows, woodland edges and along paths and in waste land, but is often found in a depauperate, non-flowering state in woodland. It possesses a very large tuber and therefore avoids shallow or waterlogged soil. It is bird-sown, but is not a good colonist. Native in much of Europe, except in Northern Europe, Ireland, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Soviet Union. |
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Black Currant is Edible,
Black Horehound
Black Italian Poplar |
Ribes nigrum April-May |
Gooseberry Family |
A shrub of damp woods, hedgerows and shaded streamsides, often near habitation. Native in much of Europe, except in Portugal, Spain, Iceland, Albania, Greece and Turkey. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Black Medick used within lifecycle of Butterfly Common Blue,
Black Mulberry |
Medicago lupulina April onwards |
Peaflower Family |
An annual or short-lived perennial herb of dry grassland and disturbed places on relatively infertile neutral or calcareous soils; often in sunny S.-facing pastures and on roadside banks, waste places and walls. Its has a long-lived seed bank. Native in all of Europe.
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
The Peaflower Family is "a large family with highly distinctive individual flowers; of the 5 petals, the broad and often erect upper one is known as the 'standard', the two narrower side ones as the 'wings', and the two central lower ones, which enfold the 10 bundled stamens, as the 'keel'. The seeds are in pod (legume) of varying size but usually in the general pattern of a garden pea or bean. Leaves mostly alternate, but the top pair sometimes almost opposite; usually stalked and trifoliate (trefoil) or pinnate, with stipules at their base." from Collins Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers by David McClintock and R.S.R. Fitter assisted by Francis Rose - ISBN 0 00 219363 9 - Eleventh Impression 1978.
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Black Mustard
Flower |
Brassica nigra Plate 9 Illustrated
Flowers The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
36 x 12 Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 1 Family
Foliage |
An annual forming persistent populations by rivers, where it is a member of the tall-herb community in the flood zone, and on sea-cliffs and shingle. It is also widespread as a casual on roadsides and waste ground, and can occur at the edge of arable fields.
Seed Pods |
"Annual herb with a slender tap-root and an erect shoot with numerous ascending branches grows on moist Disturbed ground on Cliffs by the sea, especially in South-West England, and on stream-banks throughout England and Wales. Also in waysides and waste places in full sun. It has Bright Yellow flowers in May onwards, which are chiefly visited by Diptera." from Black Mustard page.
Native in all Europe, except in Iceland and Albania.
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Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of
Flora of China - 黑芥 hei jie Sinapis nigra Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 668. 1753; Sisymbrium nigrum (Linnaeus) Prantl. The above first record from Xizang is based on Thomson s.n., 14 Aug 1847 (K). On the basis of recent molecular studies and critical reevaluation of morphology, it appears that Brassica nigra should be retained in Sinapis, as was originally described by Linnaeus. Brassica nigra is a cosmopolitan weed. It is cultivated in the West primarily for the use of seeds in seasoning and pickling, but it was used extensively in the manufacturing of table mustard before it was replaced by B. juncea. |
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Black Nightshade
Fruit
Black Oat |
Solanum nigrum
Flowers The 4 small photos above were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Nightshade Family
Foliage |
An annual weed of cultivated and waste land, especially where the soil is nutrient-rich. Native in all Europe, except in Iceland.
Form |
It is a weed of cultivation, a denizen of waste places and untended gardens; it is only to be found on land that has had relationship with man.
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Black Poplar
Male Flowers |
Populus nigra March-April
Male Flower Above 2 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. |
Willow Family |
A majestic, broad-crowned tree which grows by watercourses, by ponds and in hedgerows, especially on lowland flood plains, and as an amenity tree in urban areas. Native in Central Europe, South-East Europe, France, Holland, Italy and Soviet Union: introduced into Portugal, Spain, ireland, great Britain, Belgium and Denmark. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Jet Sedge |
Carex atrata |
Sedges Carex 3 Family |
A perennial herb found on ungrazed faces and ledges of wet or dry calcareous cliffs. It grows in short vegetation or amongst tall herbs, or in dwarf Salix scrub. Populations are probably maintained by vegetative growth. From 550 m in Coire Ghamhnain (Main Argyll) and usually above 700 m, reaching 1095 m on Ben Lawers (Mid Perth). Native in much of Europe, except in Portugal, Ireland, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Poland, Albania and Turkey. |
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of
Flora of China - 黑穗薹草 hei sui tai cao |
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Betony from Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in 1912:-
Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in 1912:-
Bird's Nest Orchis from Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in 1912:-
Common Bistort Polygonum bistorta from Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in 7 separate books between 1911 and 1914:-
Black Nightshade from Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in 1912:-
UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given. Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in and The Butterflies of Britain & Ireland New Revised Edition by Jeremy Thomas & Richard Lewington. |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Cabbages - Large White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed |
Egg,
|
40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf. |
May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
July or August; hatches in 3 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Cherry with |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
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|
(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Currants |
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 15 days in May-June. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome) |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
... |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
1 then |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Nasturtium from Gardens |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Mountain pansy, |
Egg, Chrysalis |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. 3 weeks in September |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk. |
15 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk. |
July-August for 17 days. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base. |
July to hatch in 8 months in March. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Willow |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
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Asters |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
|
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Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Aubretia in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Holly Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Buddleias |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Wood White |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Cabbage and cabbages in fields |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October |
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Adonis Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Pale Clouded Yellow |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Cow-wheat |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
30 days in May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
May-June for 18 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Painted Lady |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Marigolds in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September. |
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Michaelmas Daisies |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Nasturtiums in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-May |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
7 weeks in July-August. |
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Comma |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days in August. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June.
|
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
April-May |
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Rotten Fruit |
Butterfly |
Drinks juice |
July-September |
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Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar |
Butterfly |
Hibernates inside hollow trees or outhouses until March. Eats sap or fruit juice until April. |
10 months in June-April |
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Wild Flowers |
Large Skipper |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
June-August |
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Links to the other Butterflies:- Black Hairstreak uses Blackthorn, Privet, Guelder Rose, and Wayfaring tree I have detailed the use of plants by these eggs, caterpillars, chrysalis and butterfly in full with either photos of those butterflies, etc or illustrations from Sandars. It shows that they do use plants all year round and I will insert the information of their Life Histories into the remainder of the Butterfly Description Pages but I will put no further information in this table or the Butterfly Name with its use of plants table. Please see what a council did to destroy the native habitat, so that children could ride bicyles anywhere in the park in the row below. Details of what plant is used by each of the different 'egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly' unit and for how long is given in the table on the left. At least 2 of these butterflies live in America as well as in the UK in 2022:- |
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The following is an excerpt from my Comments about the proposed destruction of the wildlife habitats at Cobtree Manor Park in the summer of 2010 from my Mission Statement page:- "We would be sorry to lose the butterflies on the bluebells, bramble and ivy that would be restricted to only the very small area of proposed Wildlife Meadow by the Woods at the bottom of a hill with water springs on it. The wildlife is now being excluded from all the other areas by the "pruning", so that the nettles, brambles etc which had for instance the butterfly life cycle included; are now being ruthlessly removed to create a garden, not a park, with neat little areas." When you look at the life history graphs of each of the 68 butterflies of Britain, you will see that they use plants throughout all 12 months - the information of what plant is used by the egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly is also given in the table on the left. With this proposed removal of all plants required for butterflies etc to live in and pro-create; at least once a year by the autumn or spring clearing up, you destroy the wildlife in this park as is done in every managed park in the world. Please leave something for the wildlife to live in without disturbance; rather than destroy everything so children can ride their bicycles anywhere they want when the park is open during the day and they are not at school. |
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THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE
September 21st. Most of the survey mile closely flailed today along both sides of the road. End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure.
CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:-
Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:-
THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges." |
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Common Name of each Plant within each Common Name Extras Page:- |
Common Name of each Plant within each Common Name Extras Page:- |
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Common Name Extras 57 Common Name Extras 58:- Common Name Extras 59 Common Name Extras 60 |
Common Name Extras 60 Common Name Extras 61 Common Name Extras 62 Common Name Extras 63 Common Name Extras 64 United States Department of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zone Map - This map of USA is based on a range of average annual minimum winter temperatures, divided into 13 of 10-degree F zones, that this plant will thrive in USA, Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. There are other Hardiness Zone Maps for the rest of the world including the one for Great Britain and Ireland of zones 7a to 10a. If the plant you see here has the same zone in your area of that country, then you can grow it at your home. |
Normally in the fourth column in the next table, I insert which countries in Europe, the plant is native in; introduced into or except from. Seeing which Native UK Wildflowers are also native in your country within Europe, Soviet Union, USA, Canada or China you can then use them with the cultivated plants for your country in your own home garden - so help your local wildlife including Butterflies - and home with snippets from Flower Arrangements from Wild Flowers by Violet Stevenson. Published by J M Dent & Sons in 1972. ISBN 0 460 07844 5. View my chapter precis before executing the flower arranging of the plants.
The Saxifraga Foundation is a network of European nature photographers, whose aim is to stimulate and facilitate the conservation of European biodiversity. They do so by providing high-quality nature pictures free of charge. The website free natureimages.eu is an initiative of the Saxifraga Foundation. The Saxifrage foundation is assisted by the Crossbill Guides Foundation, Dutch Butterfly Conservation (De Vlinderstichting) and Foto Fitis. Currently, Saxifraga is working on two projects. The first one is the construction of a gallery of pictures of European plants, animals and landscapes. To download these pictures, go to the Saxifraga Gallery. With the search engine you can search for images using the scientific name or the common name of plants and animals in Dutch and English. The second project is the creation of a collection of images of the Dutch landscape (NL in Beeld). This has been done by taking pictures in a grid in a systematic way. We have used the so called Amersfoort-coordinates, which are found on official Dutch topographic maps. The Amersfoort grid is a collection of square kilometers. To find more details visit the website of NL in Beeld. The pictures can be viewed at the Saxifraga Gallery.
British Trees website:- Acknowledgements |
Cultural Needs of Plants "Understanding Fern Needs |
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It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:- |
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Closed Bud |
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Opening Bud |
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Juvenile Flower |
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Older Juvenile Flower |
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Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its |
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Mature Flower |
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Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower |
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Form of Rose Bush |
There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page. So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!! |
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My current ambition at my retired age of 73 in 2022 (having started this website in 2005) is to complete the following:- Wildflower Flower Shape and Landscape Uses Gallery has an empty framework that I created on 20 February 2022. When all the remainder of the UK wildflowers have been checked:-
Then, the wildflower entries in the Wildflower Flower Shape and Landscape Uses Gallery will be filled in after each Wildflower has its cultivation details added to the Botanical Names and Common Names Galleries. Starting the above from 20 February 2022, I think it might take me a few years, but it does mean that as I progress then you will be able to associate more wildflowers with more of all the plant types of the cultivated plants who have similar growing requirements. Then, more of the natural world with its wildlife could also inhabit your garden. |
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Aims of the Wild Flower Society
Plants included in Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981 |
From the Ivydene Gardens Box to Crowberry Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
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The Bumblebee Pages website is divided into five major areas: • Bumblebees which deals solely with bumblebees, and was the original part of the site. • Invertebrates, which deals with all the other invertebrates. • Homework answers, where you'll find hints and tips to common questions set as biology, ecology, botany, zoology homework, there are also definitions of common terms in biology. • Window box gardens, this was started when we were exiled to central Paris, and 2 north-facing window boxes were all the garden available, however it was amazing the wildlife those window boxes attracted. You'll find plant lists, hints and tips, etc. • Torphins, this is the village in north-east Scotland where we are now located. In this part of the site you can find photographs of invertebrates found locally, where to see them and when, also links to pages with more detailed information.
FORCED INDOOR BULBS in Window Box Gardens. Once these have flowered don't throw them out. Cut off the heads (unless you want seed) then put them somewhere that the leaves can get the sun. This will feed the bulb for the next year. Once the leaves have died you can plant the bulbs outside and they will flower at the normal (unforced) time next year. The narcissus Tete-a-tete is particularly good, and provides early colour and a delicate fragrance too. Below I have listed groups of plants. I have tried to include at least four plants in each list as you may not be able to find all of them, although, unless you have a very large windowbox, I would recommend that you have just three in each box. |
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Theme |
Plants |
Comments |
Thyme |
Thymus praecox, wild thyme Thymus pulegioides Thymus leucotrichus Thymus citriodorus |
Thymes make a very fragrant, easy to care for windowbox, and an excellent choice for windy sites. The flower colour will be pinky/purple, and you can eat the leaves if your air is not too polluted. Try to get one variegated thyme to add a little colour when there are no flowers. |
Herb |
Sage, mint, chives, thyme, rosemary |
Get the plants from the herb section of the supermarket, so you can eat the leaves. Do not include basil as it need greater fertility than the others. Pot the rosemary up separately if it grows too large. |
Mints |
Mentha longifolia, horse mint Mentha spicata, spear mint Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal Mentha piperita, peppermint Mentha suaveolens, apple mint |
Mints are fairly fast growers, so you could start this box with seed. They are thugs, though, and will very soon be fighting for space. So you will either have to thin and cut back or else you will end up with one species - the strongest. The very best mint tea I ever had was in Marrakesh. A glass full of fresh mint was placed in front of me, and boiling water was poured into it. Then I was given a cube of sugar to hold between my teeth while I sipped the tea. Plant this box and you can have mint tea for months. |
Heather |
Too many to list See Heather Shrub gallery |
For year-round colour try to plant varieties that flower at different times of year. Heather requires acid soils, so fertilise with an ericaceous fertilser, and plant in ericaceous compost. Cut back after flowering and remove the cuttings. It is best to buy plants as heather is slow growing. |
Blue |
Ajuga reptans, bugle Endymion non-scriptus, bluebell Myosotis spp., forget-me-not Pentaglottis sempervirens, alkanet |
This will give you flowers from March till July. The bluebells should be bought as bulbs, as seed will take a few years to flower. The others can be started from seed. |
Yellow |
Anthyllis vulneraria, kidney vetch Geum urbanum, wood avens Lathryus pratensis, meadow vetchling Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lotus corniculatus, birdsfoot trefoil Primula vulgaris, primrose Ranunculus acris, meadow buttercup Ranunculus ficaria, lesser celandine |
These will give you flowers from May to October, and if you include the primrose, from February. Try to include a vetch as they can climb or trail so occupy the space that other plants can't. All can be grown from seed. |
White |
Trifolium repens, white clover Bellis perennis, daisy Digitalis purpurea alba, white foxglove Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette |
All can be grown from seed. The clover and daisy will have to be cut back as they will take over. The clover roots add nitrogen to the soil. The mignonette flower doesn't look very special, but the fragrance is wonderful, and the alyssum smells of honey. |
Pink |
Lychnis flos-cucli, ragged robin Scabiosa columbaria, small scabious Symphytum officinale, comfrey |
The comfrey will try to take over. Its leaves make an excellent fertiliser, and are very good on the compost heap, though windowbox gardeners rarely have one. |
Fragrant |
Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette Lathyrus odoratus, sweet pea |
The sweet pea will need twine or something to climb up, so is suitable if you have sliding windows or window that open inwards. You will be rewarded by a fragrant curtain every time you open your window. |
Spring bulbs and late wildflowers |
Galanthus nivalis, snowdrop Narcissus pseudonarcissus, narcissius Crocus purpureus, crocus Cyclamen spp. |
The idea of this box is to maximize your space. The bulbs (cyclamen has a corm) will flower and do their stuff early in the year. After flowering cut the heads off as you don't want them making seed, but leave the leaves as they fatten up the bulbs to store energy for next year. The foliage of the wildflowers will hide the bulb leaves to some extent. Then the wildflowers take over and flower till autumn |
Aster spp., Michaelmas daisy Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Succisa pratensis, devil's bit scabious Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal |
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Bee Garden in Europe or North America |
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Wildlife-friendly Show Gardens With around 23 million gardens in the UK, covering 435,000 ha, gardens have great potential as wildlife habitats. And, with a bit of planning and a few tweaks, they can indeed be wonderful places for a whole host of creatures, from birds to bees, butterflies, frogs and toads, as well as many less obvious creatures. Wildlife-friendly gardens can be beautiful too, and a colourful garden full of life can lift the spirits and give immense pleasure, and can also help to connect people, both young and old, with our wonderful wildlife. The eight-point plan for a wildlife-friendly garden
Many of our gardens at Natural Surroundings demonstrate what you can do at home to encourage wildlife in your garden. Follow the links below to explore our show gardens, and when you visit, be sure to pick up a copy of our Wildlife Gardening Trail guide
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Database of Insects and their Food Plants from the Biological Records Centre:- This database is primarily a collation of published interactions between Great Britain 's invertebrate herbivores (insects and mites) and their host plants. There are also some interactions for the invertebrates closely associated with herbivores, such as predators, parasitoids, cleptoparasites and mutualists. DBIF contains about 47,000 interactions for roughly 9,300 invertebrate taxa (species, sub-species and forms) and 5,700 plant taxa (species, genera and broader groupings). DBIF aims to help researchers access the accumulated knowledge of British plant-herbivore interactions, which is otherwise scattered throughout a vast published literature. The database complements the more specialised internet resources that focus on particular groups (see Links). We hope that the database is of use to professional researchers in the environmental sciences and expert amateurs alike. DBIF is derived from the Phytophagous Insect Data Bank (see PIDB), which was the brainchild of Dr Lena Ward. Many people have contributed to the version of the database presented here; we would like to thank them all for their varied and skilled support (see Acknowledgements). To ensure that the information held in the database is used appropriately, please take time to read about what the database contains (see Description of the database ), and what caveats or limitations may apply (see Interpreting foodplant records and Limitations ). Lastly, DBIF is a work in progress and this website is still under development in some areas. We would be very surprised if you did not find some omissions, or nomenclature that did not need updating. Please alert us (see Contact us) of any necessary changes or of the presence of new sources. They will be incorporated in future updates. A companion piece in the naturalists' magazine British Wildlife (Smith & Roy, 2008) serves as an introduction to invertebrate herbivory and DBIF. |
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From the Ode to the London Plane Tree by Heather Greaves:- "They are also very important to the city of New York (and not just because the leaf is the Parks Department logo). The London plane, usually considered Platanus x acerifolia but also known by other Latin epithets, is not really native, although it very closely resembles the native American sycamore, Platanus occidentalis. Actually, it is probably a cross between this American species and Platanus orientalis, a Eurasian relative. In any case, it has been widely planted as a city tree for decades, which turns out to be a good idea. In its assessment of the New York City urban forest, the US Forest Service Northern Research Station determined that the London plane is the most important city tree we have. They base this conclusion on several factors. For one thing, London planes have a very high leaf area per tree; that is, the London plane gives us a lot more pretty, shady, air-filtering, evaporatively-cooling leaves per single trunk than most other species in the city. In fact, according to the Forest Service, London planes make up just 4% of the city tree population, but represent 14% of the city's total leaf area. (Compare this with the virulently invasive tree of heaven [Ailanthus altissima], which constitutes 9% of the tree population but only about 4% of the total leaf area.) Also, because they tend to become very tall and have large canopies, London planes are our best trees for carbon storage and sequestration. They are holding on to about 185,000 tons of carbon (14% of the total urban tree carbon pool), and each year they sequester another 5,500 or so tons (about 13% of all the carbon sequestered by city trees each year). That makes them both gorgeous and highly beneficial: all in all, good trees to have around." |
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From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:- Wildflowers - Chalk and sand, freely-drained soil mix A wonderfully varied self-sowing wild flower mix for thin, poor, chalky or sandy soils to give your garden or field flowers right through the year and food for the birds and bees. Spring into Summer Flowering • Cowslip March – May Summer into Autumn Flowering • Field Scabious June – September
From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:- Wildflowers - Clay and rich loam soil mix There are two main things I want from my wildflower meadow – to look beautiful for months not weeks, with flowers coming out and going over in succession AND to grow pollen-rich, insect friendly plants from EARLY in the year to LATE. I want my patch to be a regular and reliable food source for the birds and the bees. That’s what you’ll get with this beautiful selection of my favourite easy and reliable perennial wild flowers. General Height: 60cm. Sow: April- June Spring into Summer Flowering • Cowslip March – May Summer into Autumn Flowering • Self Heal June – September |
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", in the Vermont hills, is a biodynamic farm using organic practices. Natural minerals and planned grazing with American Milking Devon cattle rejuvenate the soil, sequester carbon and yield nutrient dense foods and medicines including milk, grass fed meats, eggs, fermented vegetables (sauerkraut and kimchi / kim-chi), and herbal tinctures. We offer educational opportunities, farm visits, and seminars on nutrition, growing and preparing nutrient dense food, diversified farming and fermentation. |
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Edible Plants Club website "has been created largely from the point of view of a plantsman interested in the many different resources available in the plant world, especially edible and medicinal plants. What started me off on this path was reading Robert Harts book Forest Gardening and then Ken Fearns Plants for a Future and also Richard Mabeys 'Food For Free' along the way. This also led to me to change my career and become a gardener." |
'Sort out your soil' - A practical guide to Green Manures, and Frequently Asked Questions from the Receptionist Myrtle of Cotswold Grass Seeds.
See Table 10 in Brown Wildflower Note Map Page. |
Saltmarsh Management Manual from the Environment Agency informs you about:-
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Helping Earth's Sustainable Management with a Plant "Alternatives to the burning of fossil fuels, nuclear waste, deforestation and nitrate chemical fertilizers need to be developed. Hemp could have a vital role to play in the development of friendly alternatives. Energy production A report published by the FCDA of Europe outlines the Cannabis Biomass Energy Equation (CBEE), outlining a convincing case that hemp plants can be used to produce fuel energy CHEAPER per BtU than fossil fuels and uranium - WITHOUT PRODUCING GREENHOUSE GASES! Hemp plants have the highest known quantities of cellulose for annuals - with at least 4x (some suggest even 50-100x) the biomass potential of its closest rivals (cornstalks, sugarcane, kernaf and trees) (Omni, 1983). Biomass production still produces greenhouse gases, although the idea is that the excess of carbon dioxide will be used up by growing hemp plants - they are effective absorbers and thrive at high levels - Unlike fossil fuel energy which produces energy from plants which died millions of years ago. On reading the report of the FCDA, Hon. Jonathon Porrit (ex-director of Friends of the Earth, currently on the Board of Forum for the Future) commented 'I DID enjoy reading it - the report should contribute much'. Three years later - authorities are still not taking the potential of this plant seriously. MAFF are currently engaging in supporting research into the biomass potential of poplar trees which they claim has the most scientific support for biomass energy production. H-E-M-P recommend use of the hemp plant if biomass energy production is to have any real impact in reducing carbon dioxide levels. IT'S SO PRODUCTIVE! 1 acre of hemp = 1,000 gallons of methanol. In fact, Henry Ford's first car ran on hemp-methanol! - and at just a fraction of the cost of petroleum alternatives. Alternatives to coal, fuel oil, acetone, ethyl, tar pitch and creosote can be derived - from this one single plant! As regards depletion of the ozone layer - hemp actually withstands UV radiation. It absorbs UV light, whilst resisting damage to itself and providing protection for everything else. Risk-free, pollution-free energy. No acid rain, and a reduction in airborne pollution of up to 80% ... There's further potential for the same in industry. " |
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Suppliers of British native-origin seeds and plants:- "Flora locale maintains a list of suppliers who should be able to supply seeds and/or plants of known British (and sometimes known local) native-origin. Although not all their stock will necessarily be of British native-origin, they should be able to provide details of provenance on request. View Flora locale's list of suppliers - follow the "Suppliers of native flora" link. You may also wish to view the Really Wild Flowers site, which contains a wealth of information about creating habitats and cultivating native species." |
British Native Plants List of Edible Plants:- "I thought it would be useful to include native plant lists from different regions of the world. This list is from British Isles (including Ireland and the Channel Islands) and was compiled by Professor Clive Stace of the University of Leicester for the FFF conference on Native Plants held at the Linnean Society of London, June 1997. It can be found here at the postcode plants database." |
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Plants for moths (including larval food plants and adult nectar sources) from Gardens for Wildlife - Practical advice on how to attract wildlife to your garden by Martin Walters as an Aura Garden Guide. Published in 2007 - ISBN 978 1905765041:- |
Marjoram - Origanum officinale |
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Ivydene Gardens Water Fern to Yew Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
Only Wildflowers detailed in the following Wildflower Colour Pages |
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"The main systems of the human body are:
" from Wikipedia. |
"A mature tree has three basic parts: 1) roots, 2) crown, and 3) trunk or bole, with these functions:- Roots -
Crown -
Trunk or Bole
" from ScienceFacts.net. |
Function 1 - Breathing in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide keeps humans alive. "An average size tree produces enough oxygen in one year to keep a family of four breathing." from Nitrofil. |
Roots require both oxygen and water. Compacted soil will also kill the roots since air and water cannot reach them. "On a park property that receives flood irrigation, a project manager informed me that they wait at least 5 days after an irrigation cycle to conduct any business in and around the park trees. This is a great policy to help prevent damage to the roots that rely on adequate soil oxygen to remain functional and healthy." from Integrity Tree Service. Compacted soil occurs on tarmac pavements when they are created by rollers and compactioin machines. Once that has finished then both people and vehicles compact the soil on a regular basis. The tarmac surface stops the rain, oxygen and nutrients from getting below into the soil, so once those elements have been used by the roots, then the roots will have excreted its waste products and then they will die off. This shows the roots of a tree onthe ground surface and another where the cowded roots are girdling a tree - this girdle will then kill the tree, since eventually the sapwood will no longer go past it to the roots having been converted into dead heartwood and thus water and nutrients will not transported up the trunk |
Function 2 - This uses the mouth to take in food and water, which is then digested by the digestion system, with water. |
Roots absorb the nutrients dissolved in water. These then get transferred up the roots, the trunk and to the crown together with water goes up in the sapwood. |
Function 2 - As the food is digested it produces nutrients for circulation round the body in the Circulatory System of Function 1. |
Leaves produce food for the plant. |
Function 2 - When we eat too much then the excess will most likely be converted to fat and stored somewhere in the body for later use when food supply is insufficient. |
The Trunk transports the food prepared by the leaves to all parts of the plant. "It is well known that trees act as carbon sinks, taking in carbon dioxide from the air during photosynthesis and releasing the oxygen that humans breathe. While trees use carbon dioxide to make their own food, they actually need oxygen (much like humans do) to process that food into energy. |
Function 7 - The nervous system indicates if there is a problem. This is passed to the Brain, which hopefully will have a solution, which gets transmitted to the respective parts of the body to execute this solution. |
If a problem occurs on a branch of a tree, that information is transmitted down the nerve system in the centre of each branch and trunk to junction between the roots and the trunk. A possible solution is then transmitted back to the affected area. We had a clump og hostas growing in a small bed shadowed by fencing. Each spring the slugs would eat the foliage. The hosta got fed up with this and sent instructions to the new leaves to produce something that the slugs would not like. Then for several years we had lovely hostas with flowers before being herbaceous they died down in the autumn. Some trees in our local park had their juvenile foliage stripped off during some springtimes by caterpillars. They got round that by producing another set of leaves once all the caterpillars had transposed. Plants can also help each other and although they do not have lightning fast nerve systems, they get along |
I can further wate my time in trying to get the most stupid animal in this world to understand that it is killing itself and the world round itself with concrete, tarmac and metal. You have the answer in
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