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Ivydene Gardens Cream Wildflowers Note Gallery: |
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Topic - All Flowers 53 with
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What is PL@NTNET? |
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Plant Colour Wheel Uses Uses of Bedding |
Uses of Bulb |
Uses of Rose |
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CREAM WILD FLOWER GALLERY |
"SEASONS AND MONTHS SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN WINTER " from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993 (ISBN 0 7153 0033 4). |
I am very grateful to both Ron and Christine Foord for taking 35mm slides using Kodachrome last century and getting their botanical names for each slide verified by the Natural History Museum. They left their collection of UK Native Plant slides and their butterfly collection to the Natural History Museum once both Ron and Christine had died. Many of those digitised UK native Plant slides have been used in the 180 UK Native Family pages. Christine left me her slides of Garden Plants some of which I have included in Ron and Christine Foord - 1036 photos only inserted so far - Garden Flowers - Start Page of each Gallery |
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WILD FLOWER GALLERY
SEED COLOUR BED PICTURES HABITAT TABLES
See Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines to aid your use of this website. |
WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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The English Flower Garden Design, Arrangement, and Plans followed by A description of all the best plants for it and their culture and the positions fitted for them By W. Robinson Author of the "Wild Garden". Fourth Edition. Published by John Murray in London in 1895 is a useful source of culture and positions for them, as is |
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See Wildflower Common Name Index link Table ON A PAGE for more wildflower of the UK common names - from Adder's Tongue to the Goosefoot Family - together with their names in languages from America, Finland, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. |
Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in 7 separate books between 1911 and 1914 contains information about UK Native Wildflowers with 1 per chapter. I have summarised some of these chapters and put those into this website, but most will simply have a reference to which book it is in for you to read it yourself. |
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Common Name Flower Photo |
Botanical Name Flowering Months Flowers Photo |
Height x Spread in inches (cms) WildFlower Family Page Foliage Photo |
Flower Colour Habitat Native in:- Form Photo |
Form from
Form for Wildflowers:- Mat-forming These Forms are used for Bulbs with Herbaceous and Evergreen Perennials.
Shape for Evergreen Shrubs:- These Forms and Shapes are also used for Deciduous and Evergreen Shrubs and Trees. |
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Wall Whitlow-Grass
Flower |
Draba muralis
Flower with its stem The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
12 x 6 Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2 Family
Foliage |
A winter-annual, found as a native on limestone rocks on open skeletal soils, and on S.-facing ledges and screes. It is also a colonist on old walls, forest tracks and railways, and has been recorded as a garden weed where the conditions of its summer-dry, winter-moist, native habitat are mimicked.
Form |
"Annual or biennial Herb with slender tap-root and an ascending simple or branched leafy stem, densely stellate-hairy below, sparsely above with Light Green basal leaves in a rosette and leaves hairy. It grows on dry Limestone rocks and walls in Western England from Somerset to Westmoreland, and a weed in nursery gardens of Cornwall in full sun. It has White flowers in April-June followed by pale brown seeds. A rare plant in the UK." from Wall Whitlow-Grass page.
Native in all Europe, except in Iceland.
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(Fleur de Nostra-Dama, Flor de pasque, Gillflower,
Flower |
Cheiranthus cheiri March-June
Flowers The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord.
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
18 x 6 Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2 Family
Foliage
Native in Greece: introduced to most of Europe (Except Northern Europe) |
A perennial herb widely naturalised on cliffs, old walls and rocks, particularly on calcareous substrates where it is often very persistent. It tolerates poor, thin, dry soils, but a warm site is essential.
Form
See other photos of |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969. "Perennial herb with slender tap-root and an erect or ascending branched leafy stem, woody below, angled, and covered with forked adpressed hairs. It has Grey-green basal leaves in a rosette. It is Well established on dry cliffs, walls and railway cuttings throughout lowland UK, but not in Isle of Man, the Scottish Highlands, Hebrides, Orkney or Shetland in full sun. It has Fragrant bright Orange-yellow, yellow, orange or brick-red flowers in March-June followed by 1-3inch long seed pods containing yellow-brown seeds. The fragrant flowers are visited by various bees and hover-flies. The gardener's mainstay for spring bedding." from Wallflower page. Cheiranthus Cheiri (Wallflower) in Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in Second series in 1911. |
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Wallflower Cabbage |
Rhynchosinapis cheiranthos |
This was not available in Collins Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers by McClintock and Fitter in 1978 |
Native in France, Belgium, Luxemburg, Channel Isles, Germany, Holland, Denmark and South-Western Europe: introduced into Great Britain, Ireland and Isle of Man. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Water Avens
Flower
Flower |
Geum rivale
Flower Bud |
Rose 4 Family
Foliage
Foliage |
A perennial herb of mildly acidic to calcareous, slow-draining or wet soils, in shaded or open habitats, including streamsides and flushes in deciduous woodland, carr, herb-rich hay meadows and montane willow scrub and tall-herb communities on ledges. Reproduction is by seed and by rhizomatous spread. Native in most of Europe, except in Portugal, Hungary, Greece and Turkey.
Geum rivale x urbanum (Geum x intermedium) is usually to be found when the parents grow together. It is fertile and forms hybrid swarms showing a large range of variation. |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969.
See other photos of Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of
Flower
Flower |
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Water Chestnut
Water Chickweed
Watercress |
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Water Crowfoot
Flower
Water Dropwort |
Flower with its stem Above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord last century |
Buttercup Family
Flowers in stream in Isle of Sheppey |
This is an annual or short-lived perennial which grows in shallow water in marshes, ponds and ditches, and at the edge of slow-flowing streams and sheltered lakes. It occurs chiefly in water which is eutrophic and at least mildly base-rich, and is favoured by a degree of disturbance.
Form Native throughout Europe. |
Perennial herb with branched submerged stems and finely dissected submerged leaves growing In and by fresh and brackish water in Full Sun. White flowers are visited by various flies and bees.
Read about with this photo of Water Crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis) in Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in Second series, in 1911.
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Water Figwort
Flower |
Scrophularia aquatica (Scrophularia auriculata,
Flowers The above 2 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
40 x Figwort - Mulleins Family
Foliage from Buckinghamshire. Photo by BritishFlora |
A perennial herb of wet places on the margins of lakes, rivers, streams and canals, and in ditches, marshes and wet woodlands.
Native in western europe. |
Form from Buckinghamshire. Photo by BritishFlora
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Creeping Water Forget-me-not
Flower |
Myosotis secunda (Myosotis repens, Myosotis palustris, Myosotis scorpioides) Light Blue 0.2 inch (5mm), in spikes leafy below from June onwards
Flowers
Above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. |
Borage Family
Foliage
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
A stoloniferous annual to perennial herb found by streams and pools, in marshy pasture, moorland flushes and springs. It prefers acid peaty soils, and usually avoids calcareous soils.
Form Native in Northern Europe. |
The rootstock creeps below ground, throwing up stems, 6 -18 inches (15-45 cms) in height, in all directions; thus we often get considerable masses of the plant growing in soft, moist soil by the edges of streams. The Persians have a beautiful story that an angel loved a maiden of earth whom he beheld twining blue Forget-me-nots in her golden hair by the river-side, but because of his love he was put out of heaven.
Photo of Myosotis scorpiodes from Wikmedia Commons. Propagation - By seeds sown 0.06125 inch (1.5mm) deep outdoors in spring or summer. |
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Water Germander |
Teucrium scordium July onwards |
Thyme 2 Family |
This stoloniferous perennial herb has been recorded in a variety of wetland habitats with fluctuating water levels, including the margins of dune-slack pools, reed-fen, clay-pits and the banks of rivers, ponds and ditches. In Ireland it is often recorded from turloughs. Flowering and seed production can be poor. Lowland. Native in most of Europe, except in Portugal, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Albania and Turkey. |
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Water Lobelia
Flower |
Lobelia dortmanna July-August
Flowers The 4 small photos above were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Lobelia Family
Foliage |
A small, rosette-forming perennial herb of oligotrophic lakes with acidic substrates. It is slow-growing, with little ability to withstand shade or competition and is therefore confined to shallow water less than 2 metres deep. Reproduction and dispersal is by seed, which can remain viable for thirty years. 0–745 m (Llyn Bâch, Caerns.). Native in stony lakes and tarns with acid water. Locally common in Wales, the Lake District and most of Scotland and Ireland. Native in Western Europe from Brittany northwards to circa 68 degrees in Scandininavia.
Form |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Water Mint
Flower |
Mentha aquatica
Flowers These 3 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord last century |
Thyme 2 Family
Foliage |
A rhizomatous perennial herb, typically associated with permanently wet habitats adjacent to open water, often partially or wholly submerged. It grows by ditches, ponds and rivers, in marshes, wet pastures, dune-slacks and fens, and in wet woods. It spreads clonally by extensive rhizomes, and by detached rhizome fragments, which are often dispersed by water. Native in all Europe: introduced into Iceland. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Water Parsnip |
Sium latifolium |
Umbellifer 1 Family |
This perennial herb was once typical of very wet, species-rich, tall-herb fen, which often developed as floating mats at the margins of lakes and large rivers; now it is generally found in ditches, growing amongst other emergent species or in reedswamp. It prefers alkaline conditions. It is readily grazed by stock, and often restricted to inaccessible ditch-banks. Lowland. Native in most of Europe, except in portugal, Iceland, Norway, Greece and Turkey. |
ONLINE ENCYCLOPAEDIA
THE UMBELLIFERAE
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Water Pepper is Edible, |
Polygonum hydropiper |
Dock Bistorts Family |
An annual of damp mud on the margins of ponds and lakes, canals, rivers and streams, or shallow depressions such as vehicle tracks and hoof-marks in woodland rides, around field gateways and in wet meadows. It is almost invariably in sites which are waterlogged in winter, often on base-poor soils and sometimes in partial shade. 0-505 m (Llyn Crugnant, Cards.). Native in all Europe, except in Iceland. |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969.
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Water-Plantain |
Alisma plantago-aquatica Plate 79 Illustrated |
Water Plantain Family |
A perennial herb growing on exposed mud at the shallow edge of still or slow-flowing waters, or in marshes and swamps. It is confined to mesotrophic or eutrophic habitats. Plants fruit prolifically, and the species is a frequent colonist of newly cleaned ditches and recently flooded mineral workings. Native to all of Europe except Iceland. |
See other photos of Gallery, Common Name and Synonym of
Flora of China - |
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Water Purslane |
Peplis portula |
Loosestrife Family |
An annual of acidic or calcium-deficient silty soils at the muddy margins of pools and in temporarily flooded habitats such as rutted tracks, woodland rides, heathland pools and the draw-down zone of reservoirs. It avoids the most acidic and nutrient-poor soils and is rarely found over peat. 0-460 m (source of R. Teme, Herefs.). Naive in all Europe, except in Iceland |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Water Soldier
Flower |
Stratiodes aloides
Foliage The first 2 small photos above were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. |
Frog-bit Family
Foliage from Norfolk. Photo by BritishFlora |
Lakes and Rivers (very local in broads, dykes and other quiet water, mainly in Eastern England). It is declining in Britain.
Form from Norfolk. Photo by BritishFlora Native in much of Europe (except in Portugal, Iceland, Norway, Albania and Greece): introduced into Ireland, denmark, Sweden and Finland. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Water Speedwell
Water Tillaea |
Veronica anagallis-aquatica Erect dense spikes of pale blue flowers with tiny narrow pointed leaf-like bracts at their base.
Flowers |
Figwort - Speedwells Family
Foliage The above 3 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
An annual found on fertile substrates by rivers, streams and ponds, in ditches and in flooded clay- and gravel-pits. It grows as a vegetative plant submerged in shallow water, or as a flowering emergent, or as a terrestrial plant in marshy habitats and disturbed ground at the water`s edge. Reproduction is by seed and by rooted stem fragments.
Form |
See illustration on Page 156 in Wild Flowers by Colour by Marjorie Blamey. Published in 2005 by A&C Black. Culture - Soil, ordinary rich. Position - sunny borders or rock gardens; water garden for Veronica anagallis and Veronica beccabunga. Plant - Sep-Nov or Feb-May. Lift, divide and replant every third year. Water freely in dry weather. Propagation - By division of roots in autumn or spring; seeds sown in light soil in shade outdoors in April.
Native throughout Europe.
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Hottonia palustris
Flower |
Primrose Family
Flowers |
A stoloniferous perennial of still, shallow, base-rich, clear and not eutrophicated water bodies, including ponds, ditches, ox-bows and backwaters. It can withstand shade and temporary exposure. It is heterostylous, requiring crosses between pins and thrums to set seed; vegetative growth often produces single-morph colonies that set little seed. |
Foliage
Form These photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. Soil - In ditches and ponds in England and Wales, Inverness; Down and Antrim. Flower Colour in Month(s). Fruit - The leafless spikes of pale lilac-white flowers with 5 petal-like corolla-lobes and a yellow throat project above the water surface in December-May followed by globose, 5-valved fruits in May-June. |
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Water Whorl-Grass |
Catabrosa aquatica |
Grass 3 Family |
A stoloniferous herb of muddy pond margins, cattle-poached ditches, canals and sluggish streams; also, as var. uniflora, on wet open sand by the sea. Native in most of Europe |
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of
Flora of China - 沿沟草 yan gou cao Catabrosa aquatica is a widespread, polymorphic species of aquatic and marshy habitats, and extreme forms are sometimes accorded separate status, either at specific or infraspecific rank. This species provides good forage. |
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Watercress
Flower |
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum
Flowers The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
24 x 12 Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2 Family
Foliage |
These perennial herbs grow beside streams both in calcareous and acidic areas, and favour waters that are moderately nutrient-rich but not eutrophic.
Form |
"Perennial herb, with non-persistent tap-root and hollow angular shoots, procumbent and rooting below, then ascending or floating. It has Green leaves and stems, which remain green in the Autumn.
Single branch. |
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Waterwort |
Elatine hexandra |
Waterwort Family |
This grows as an annual on exposed mud at the edge of lakes, reservoirs, ponds and flooded gravel-pits, or submerged on open substrates in shallow, oligotrophic to eutrophic water. When submerged it may sometimes persist as a short-lived perennial. Like many species in this habitat, it is subject to large annual fluctuations in numbers. Native in Great Britain, Ireland, France, Belgium, Luxemburg, Channel Isles, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the Faeroes and Iceland. |
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Wavy Hair-Grass |
June-July
Flowers The above small photo was taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Grass Soft |
A loosely to densely tufted, clump or carpet-forming perennial of acid heaths, moorland, hill-pasture and open woodland, usually of Betula or Quercus. It grows on a wide range of freely-draining base-poor substrates, including leached soils over basic rocks. It can survive in sheep-grazed woodland. Native in all Europe, except in Iceland and Albania. |
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Wavy St John's Wort |
Hypericum undulatum |
Saint Johns Wort Family |
Bog, Marsh and river banks. Poisonous. Native in small boggy patches or marshy ground beside streams on non-calcareous soils in Cornwall, Devon, Pembroke and Cardigan of Great Britain. |
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Wayfaring Tree Used within lifecycle of Butterfly Black Hairstreak,
Flower |
Viburnum lantana April-May
Flowers The above 4 photos were taken by Christine or Ron Foord. |
Honeysuckle Family
Foliage |
A deciduous shrub, found in woodland, scrub and hedgerows, especially on base-rich soils. It is particularly characteristic of chalk and limestone districts. It is now frequently planted on roadsides and may also appear when used as a stock for other cultivated species of Viburnum (Stace, 1997). Lowland. Native in much of Europe, except Northern Europe, Ireland, Turkey and Portugal.
Form with unripe berries |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of
Almost all twigs and branches will open in the warmth of a room, and sometimes a simple pitcher of a mixed bunch is as pleasing an arrangement as any other style. I always look for the Wayfaring Tree (Viburnum lantana) as soon as the days begin to draw out a little. The mealy clusters of immature buds tip long, straight branches. I find these particularly attractive, and I have used them for years with all kinds of shop flowers. I like them with daffodils and the forced Dutch iris. They are extremely long-lasting and fairly static in growth. |
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Weasel's Snout
Weld
Welsh Mudwort |
Antirrhinum orontium Plate 62 Synonym |
Figwort - Mulleins Family |
Native in all Europe, except Iceland. Poisonous. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Flower - |
Meconopsis cambrica
Flowers |
12 x 12 Poppy Family
Foliage |
A long-lived perennial herb, native in damp, rocky woodlands and on shaded cliff ledges. It is also grown in gardens and has become naturalised on hedge banks, walls, roadsides and waste ground. Native in Spain, France, Ireland and Great Britain: introduced into Holland, Germany and Switzerland.
Form |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969. |
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Water or Marsh Forget-me-not Myosotis palustris from Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in 7 separate books between 1911 and 1914:-
UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given. Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in and The Butterflies of Britain & Ireland New Revised Edition by Jeremy Thomas & Richard Lewington. |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Cabbages - Large White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed |
Egg,
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40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf. |
May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
July or August; hatches in 3 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Cherry with |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
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(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Currants |
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
|||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 15 days in May-June. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome) |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
... |
|||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
1 then |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Nasturtium from Gardens |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Mountain pansy, |
Egg, Chrysalis |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. 3 weeks in September |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk. |
15 days in July. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
||||||||
Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
|||||||
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
||||||||
Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk. |
July-August for 17 days. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base. |
July to hatch in 8 months in March. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Willow |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
|||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
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Asters |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
|
|||||||
Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Aubretia in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Holly Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Buddleias |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Wood White |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Cabbage and cabbages in fields |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October |
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Adonis Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Pale Clouded Yellow |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Cow-wheat |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
30 days in May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-September |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
May-June for 18 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Painted Lady |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Marigolds in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September. |
||||||||
Michaelmas Daisies |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
||||||||
Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|||||||
Nasturtiums in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-May |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
7 weeks in July-August. |
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Comma |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
||||||||
Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days in August. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June.
|
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
||||||||
Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
April-May |
|||||||
Rotten Fruit |
Butterfly |
Drinks juice |
July-September |
|||||||
Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar |
Butterfly |
Hibernates inside hollow trees or outhouses until March. Eats sap or fruit juice until April. |
10 months in June-April |
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Wild Flowers |
Large Skipper |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
June-August |
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Links to the other Butterflies:- Black Hairstreak uses Blackthorn, Privet, Guelder Rose, and Wayfaring tree I have detailed the use of plants by these eggs, caterpillars, chrysalis and butterfly in full with either photos of those butterflies, etc or illustrations from Sandars. It shows that they do use plants all year round and I will insert the information of their Life Histories into the remainder of the Butterfly Description Pages but I will put no further information in this table or the Butterfly Name with its use of plants table. Please see what a council did to destroy the native habitat, so that children could ride bicyles anywhere in the park in the row below. Details of what plant is used by each of the different 'egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly' unit and for how long is given in the table on the left. At least 2 of these butterflies live in America as well as in the UK in 2022:- |
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The following is an excerpt from my Comments about the proposed destruction of the wildlife habitats at Cobtree Manor Park in the summer of 2010 from my Mission Statement page:- "We would be sorry to lose the butterflies on the bluebells, bramble and ivy that would be restricted to only the very small area of proposed Wildlife Meadow by the Woods at the bottom of a hill with water springs on it. The wildlife is now being excluded from all the other areas by the "pruning", so that the nettles, brambles etc which had for instance the butterfly life cycle included; are now being ruthlessly removed to create a garden, not a park, with neat little areas." When you look at the life history graphs of each of the 68 butterflies of Britain, you will see that they use plants throughout all 12 months - the information of what plant is used by the egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly is also given in the table on the left. With this proposed removal of all plants required for butterflies etc to live in and pro-create; at least once a year by the autumn or spring clearing up, you destroy the wildlife in this park as is done in every managed park in the world. Please leave something for the wildlife to live in without disturbance; rather than destroy everything so children can ride their bicycles anywhere they want when the park is open during the day and they are not at school. |
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THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE
September 21st. Most of the survey mile closely flailed today along both sides of the road. End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure.
CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:-
Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:-
THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges." |
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Common Name of each Plant within each Common Name Extras Page:- |
Common Name of each Plant within each Common Name Extras Page:- |
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Common Name Extras 57 Common Name Extras 58:- Common Name Extras 59 Common Name Extras 60 |
Common Name Extras 60 Common Name Extras 61 Common Name Extras 62 Common Name Extras 63 Common Name Extras 64 United States Department of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zone Map - This map of USA is based on a range of average annual minimum winter temperatures, divided into 13 of 10-degree F zones, that this plant will thrive in USA, Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. There are other Hardiness Zone Maps for the rest of the world including the one for Great Britain and Ireland of zones 7a to 10a. If the plant you see here has the same zone in your area of that country, then you can grow it at your home. |
Normally in the fourth column in the next table, I insert which countries in Europe, the plant is native in; introduced into or except from. Seeing which Native UK Wildflowers are also native in your country within Europe, Soviet Union, USA, Canada or China you can then use them with the cultivated plants for your country in your own home garden - so help your local wildlife including Butterflies - and home with snippets from Flower Arrangements from Wild Flowers by Violet Stevenson. Published by J M Dent & Sons in 1972. ISBN 0 460 07844 5. View my chapter precis before executing the flower arranging of the plants.
The Saxifraga Foundation is a network of European nature photographers, whose aim is to stimulate and facilitate the conservation of European biodiversity. They do so by providing high-quality nature pictures free of charge. The website free natureimages.eu is an initiative of the Saxifraga Foundation. The Saxifrage foundation is assisted by the Crossbill Guides Foundation, Dutch Butterfly Conservation (De Vlinderstichting) and Foto Fitis. Currently, Saxifraga is working on two projects. The first one is the construction of a gallery of pictures of European plants, animals and landscapes. To download these pictures, go to the Saxifraga Gallery. With the search engine you can search for images using the scientific name or the common name of plants and animals in Dutch and English. The second project is the creation of a collection of images of the Dutch landscape (NL in Beeld). This has been done by taking pictures in a grid in a systematic way. We have used the so called Amersfoort-coordinates, which are found on official Dutch topographic maps. The Amersfoort grid is a collection of square kilometers. To find more details visit the website of NL in Beeld. The pictures can be viewed at the Saxifraga Gallery.
British Trees website:- Acknowledgements |
Cultural Needs of Plants "Understanding Fern Needs |
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It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:- |
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Closed Bud |
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Opening Bud |
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Juvenile Flower |
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Older Juvenile Flower |
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Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its |
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Mature Flower |
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Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower |
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Form of Rose Bush |
There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page. So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!! |
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My current ambition at my retired age of 73 in 2022 (having started this website in 2005) is to complete the following:- Wildflower Flower Shape and Landscape Uses Gallery has an empty framework that I created on 20 February 2022. When all the remainder of the UK wildflowers have been checked:-
Then, the wildflower entries in the Wildflower Flower Shape and Landscape Uses Gallery will be filled in after each Wildflower has its cultivation details added to the Botanical Names and Common Names Galleries. Starting the above from 20 February 2022, I think it might take me a few years, but it does mean that as I progress then you will be able to associate more wildflowers with more of all the plant types of the cultivated plants who have similar growing requirements. Then, more of the natural world with its wildlife could also inhabit your garden. |
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Aims of the Wild Flower Society
Plants included in Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981 |
From the Ivydene Gardens Box to Crowberry Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
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The Bumblebee Pages website is divided into five major areas: • Bumblebees which deals solely with bumblebees, and was the original part of the site. • Invertebrates, which deals with all the other invertebrates. • Homework answers, where you'll find hints and tips to common questions set as biology, ecology, botany, zoology homework, there are also definitions of common terms in biology. • Window box gardens, this was started when we were exiled to central Paris, and 2 north-facing window boxes were all the garden available, however it was amazing the wildlife those window boxes attracted. You'll find plant lists, hints and tips, etc. • Torphins, this is the village in north-east Scotland where we are now located. In this part of the site you can find photographs of invertebrates found locally, where to see them and when, also links to pages with more detailed information.
FORCED INDOOR BULBS in Window Box Gardens. Once these have flowered don't throw them out. Cut off the heads (unless you want seed) then put them somewhere that the leaves can get the sun. This will feed the bulb for the next year. Once the leaves have died you can plant the bulbs outside and they will flower at the normal (unforced) time next year. The narcissus Tete-a-tete is particularly good, and provides early colour and a delicate fragrance too. Below I have listed groups of plants. I have tried to include at least four plants in each list as you may not be able to find all of them, although, unless you have a very large windowbox, I would recommend that you have just three in each box. |
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Theme |
Plants |
Comments |
Thyme |
Thymus praecox, wild thyme Thymus pulegioides Thymus leucotrichus Thymus citriodorus |
Thymes make a very fragrant, easy to care for windowbox, and an excellent choice for windy sites. The flower colour will be pinky/purple, and you can eat the leaves if your air is not too polluted. Try to get one variegated thyme to add a little colour when there are no flowers. |
Herb |
Sage, mint, chives, thyme, rosemary |
Get the plants from the herb section of the supermarket, so you can eat the leaves. Do not include basil as it need greater fertility than the others. Pot the rosemary up separately if it grows too large. |
Mints |
Mentha longifolia, horse mint Mentha spicata, spear mint Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal Mentha piperita, peppermint Mentha suaveolens, apple mint |
Mints are fairly fast growers, so you could start this box with seed. They are thugs, though, and will very soon be fighting for space. So you will either have to thin and cut back or else you will end up with one species - the strongest. The very best mint tea I ever had was in Marrakesh. A glass full of fresh mint was placed in front of me, and boiling water was poured into it. Then I was given a cube of sugar to hold between my teeth while I sipped the tea. Plant this box and you can have mint tea for months. |
Heather |
Too many to list See Heather Shrub gallery |
For year-round colour try to plant varieties that flower at different times of year. Heather requires acid soils, so fertilise with an ericaceous fertilser, and plant in ericaceous compost. Cut back after flowering and remove the cuttings. It is best to buy plants as heather is slow growing. |
Blue |
Ajuga reptans, bugle Endymion non-scriptus, bluebell Myosotis spp., forget-me-not Pentaglottis sempervirens, alkanet |
This will give you flowers from March till July. The bluebells should be bought as bulbs, as seed will take a few years to flower. The others can be started from seed. |
Yellow |
Anthyllis vulneraria, kidney vetch Geum urbanum, wood avens Lathryus pratensis, meadow vetchling Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lotus corniculatus, birdsfoot trefoil Primula vulgaris, primrose Ranunculus acris, meadow buttercup Ranunculus ficaria, lesser celandine |
These will give you flowers from May to October, and if you include the primrose, from February. Try to include a vetch as they can climb or trail so occupy the space that other plants can't. All can be grown from seed. |
White |
Trifolium repens, white clover Bellis perennis, daisy Digitalis purpurea alba, white foxglove Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette |
All can be grown from seed. The clover and daisy will have to be cut back as they will take over. The clover roots add nitrogen to the soil. The mignonette flower doesn't look very special, but the fragrance is wonderful, and the alyssum smells of honey. |
Pink |
Lychnis flos-cucli, ragged robin Scabiosa columbaria, small scabious Symphytum officinale, comfrey |
The comfrey will try to take over. Its leaves make an excellent fertiliser, and are very good on the compost heap, though windowbox gardeners rarely have one. |
Fragrant |
Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette Lathyrus odoratus, sweet pea |
The sweet pea will need twine or something to climb up, so is suitable if you have sliding windows or window that open inwards. You will be rewarded by a fragrant curtain every time you open your window. |
Spring bulbs and late wildflowers |
Galanthus nivalis, snowdrop Narcissus pseudonarcissus, narcissius Crocus purpureus, crocus Cyclamen spp. |
The idea of this box is to maximize your space. The bulbs (cyclamen has a corm) will flower and do their stuff early in the year. After flowering cut the heads off as you don't want them making seed, but leave the leaves as they fatten up the bulbs to store energy for next year. The foliage of the wildflowers will hide the bulb leaves to some extent. Then the wildflowers take over and flower till autumn |
Aster spp., Michaelmas daisy Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Succisa pratensis, devil's bit scabious Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal |
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Bee Garden in Europe or North America |
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Wildlife-friendly Show Gardens With around 23 million gardens in the UK, covering 435,000 ha, gardens have great potential as wildlife habitats. And, with a bit of planning and a few tweaks, they can indeed be wonderful places for a whole host of creatures, from birds to bees, butterflies, frogs and toads, as well as many less obvious creatures. Wildlife-friendly gardens can be beautiful too, and a colourful garden full of life can lift the spirits and give immense pleasure, and can also help to connect people, both young and old, with our wonderful wildlife. The eight-point plan for a wildlife-friendly garden
Many of our gardens at Natural Surroundings demonstrate what you can do at home to encourage wildlife in your garden. Follow the links below to explore our show gardens, and when you visit, be sure to pick up a copy of our Wildlife Gardening Trail guide
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Database of Insects and their Food Plants from the Biological Records Centre:- This database is primarily a collation of published interactions between Great Britain 's invertebrate herbivores (insects and mites) and their host plants. There are also some interactions for the invertebrates closely associated with herbivores, such as predators, parasitoids, cleptoparasites and mutualists. DBIF contains about 47,000 interactions for roughly 9,300 invertebrate taxa (species, sub-species and forms) and 5,700 plant taxa (species, genera and broader groupings). DBIF aims to help researchers access the accumulated knowledge of British plant-herbivore interactions, which is otherwise scattered throughout a vast published literature. The database complements the more specialised internet resources that focus on particular groups (see Links). We hope that the database is of use to professional researchers in the environmental sciences and expert amateurs alike. DBIF is derived from the Phytophagous Insect Data Bank (see PIDB), which was the brainchild of Dr Lena Ward. Many people have contributed to the version of the database presented here; we would like to thank them all for their varied and skilled support (see Acknowledgements). To ensure that the information held in the database is used appropriately, please take time to read about what the database contains (see Description of the database ), and what caveats or limitations may apply (see Interpreting foodplant records and Limitations ). Lastly, DBIF is a work in progress and this website is still under development in some areas. We would be very surprised if you did not find some omissions, or nomenclature that did not need updating. Please alert us (see Contact us) of any necessary changes or of the presence of new sources. They will be incorporated in future updates. A companion piece in the naturalists' magazine British Wildlife (Smith & Roy, 2008) serves as an introduction to invertebrate herbivory and DBIF. |
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From the Ode to the London Plane Tree by Heather Greaves:- "They are also very important to the city of New York (and not just because the leaf is the Parks Department logo). The London plane, usually considered Platanus x acerifolia but also known by other Latin epithets, is not really native, although it very closely resembles the native American sycamore, Platanus occidentalis. Actually, it is probably a cross between this American species and Platanus orientalis, a Eurasian relative. In any case, it has been widely planted as a city tree for decades, which turns out to be a good idea. In its assessment of the New York City urban forest, the US Forest Service Northern Research Station determined that the London plane is the most important city tree we have. They base this conclusion on several factors. For one thing, London planes have a very high leaf area per tree; that is, the London plane gives us a lot more pretty, shady, air-filtering, evaporatively-cooling leaves per single trunk than most other species in the city. In fact, according to the Forest Service, London planes make up just 4% of the city tree population, but represent 14% of the city's total leaf area. (Compare this with the virulently invasive tree of heaven [Ailanthus altissima], which constitutes 9% of the tree population but only about 4% of the total leaf area.) Also, because they tend to become very tall and have large canopies, London planes are our best trees for carbon storage and sequestration. They are holding on to about 185,000 tons of carbon (14% of the total urban tree carbon pool), and each year they sequester another 5,500 or so tons (about 13% of all the carbon sequestered by city trees each year). That makes them both gorgeous and highly beneficial: all in all, good trees to have around." |
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From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:- Wildflowers - Chalk and sand, freely-drained soil mix A wonderfully varied self-sowing wild flower mix for thin, poor, chalky or sandy soils to give your garden or field flowers right through the year and food for the birds and bees. Spring into Summer Flowering • Cowslip March – May Summer into Autumn Flowering • Field Scabious June – September
From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:- Wildflowers - Clay and rich loam soil mix There are two main things I want from my wildflower meadow – to look beautiful for months not weeks, with flowers coming out and going over in succession AND to grow pollen-rich, insect friendly plants from EARLY in the year to LATE. I want my patch to be a regular and reliable food source for the birds and the bees. That’s what you’ll get with this beautiful selection of my favourite easy and reliable perennial wild flowers. General Height: 60cm. Sow: April- June Spring into Summer Flowering • Cowslip March – May Summer into Autumn Flowering • Self Heal June – September |
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", in the Vermont hills, is a biodynamic farm using organic practices. Natural minerals and planned grazing with American Milking Devon cattle rejuvenate the soil, sequester carbon and yield nutrient dense foods and medicines including milk, grass fed meats, eggs, fermented vegetables (sauerkraut and kimchi / kim-chi), and herbal tinctures. We offer educational opportunities, farm visits, and seminars on nutrition, growing and preparing nutrient dense food, diversified farming and fermentation. |
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Edible Plants Club website "has been created largely from the point of view of a plantsman interested in the many different resources available in the plant world, especially edible and medicinal plants. What started me off on this path was reading Robert Harts book Forest Gardening and then Ken Fearns Plants for a Future and also Richard Mabeys 'Food For Free' along the way. This also led to me to change my career and become a gardener." |
'Sort out your soil' - A practical guide to Green Manures, and Frequently Asked Questions from the Receptionist Myrtle of Cotswold Grass Seeds.
See Table 10 in Brown Wildflower Note Map Page. |
Saltmarsh Management Manual from the Environment Agency informs you about:-
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Helping Earth's Sustainable Management with a Plant "Alternatives to the burning of fossil fuels, nuclear waste, deforestation and nitrate chemical fertilizers need to be developed. Hemp could have a vital role to play in the development of friendly alternatives. Energy production A report published by the FCDA of Europe outlines the Cannabis Biomass Energy Equation (CBEE), outlining a convincing case that hemp plants can be used to produce fuel energy CHEAPER per BtU than fossil fuels and uranium - WITHOUT PRODUCING GREENHOUSE GASES! Hemp plants have the highest known quantities of cellulose for annuals - with at least 4x (some suggest even 50-100x) the biomass potential of its closest rivals (cornstalks, sugarcane, kernaf and trees) (Omni, 1983). Biomass production still produces greenhouse gases, although the idea is that the excess of carbon dioxide will be used up by growing hemp plants - they are effective absorbers and thrive at high levels - Unlike fossil fuel energy which produces energy from plants which died millions of years ago. On reading the report of the FCDA, Hon. Jonathon Porrit (ex-director of Friends of the Earth, currently on the Board of Forum for the Future) commented 'I DID enjoy reading it - the report should contribute much'. Three years later - authorities are still not taking the potential of this plant seriously. MAFF are currently engaging in supporting research into the biomass potential of poplar trees which they claim has the most scientific support for biomass energy production. H-E-M-P recommend use of the hemp plant if biomass energy production is to have any real impact in reducing carbon dioxide levels. IT'S SO PRODUCTIVE! 1 acre of hemp = 1,000 gallons of methanol. In fact, Henry Ford's first car ran on hemp-methanol! - and at just a fraction of the cost of petroleum alternatives. Alternatives to coal, fuel oil, acetone, ethyl, tar pitch and creosote can be derived - from this one single plant! As regards depletion of the ozone layer - hemp actually withstands UV radiation. It absorbs UV light, whilst resisting damage to itself and providing protection for everything else. Risk-free, pollution-free energy. No acid rain, and a reduction in airborne pollution of up to 80% ... There's further potential for the same in industry. " |
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Suppliers of British native-origin seeds and plants:- "Flora locale maintains a list of suppliers who should be able to supply seeds and/or plants of known British (and sometimes known local) native-origin. Although not all their stock will necessarily be of British native-origin, they should be able to provide details of provenance on request. View Flora locale's list of suppliers - follow the "Suppliers of native flora" link. You may also wish to view the Really Wild Flowers site, which contains a wealth of information about creating habitats and cultivating native species." |
British Native Plants List of Edible Plants:- "I thought it would be useful to include native plant lists from different regions of the world. This list is from British Isles (including Ireland and the Channel Islands) and was compiled by Professor Clive Stace of the University of Leicester for the FFF conference on Native Plants held at the Linnean Society of London, June 1997. It can be found here at the postcode plants database." |
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Plants for moths (including larval food plants and adult nectar sources) from Gardens for Wildlife - Practical advice on how to attract wildlife to your garden by Martin Walters as an Aura Garden Guide. Published in 2007 - ISBN 978 1905765041:- |
Marjoram - Origanum officinale |
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Ivydene Gardens Water Fern to Yew Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
Only Wildflowers detailed in the following Wildflower Colour Pages |
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"The main systems of the human body are:
" from Wikipedia. |
"A mature tree has three basic parts: 1) roots, 2) crown, and 3) trunk or bole, with these functions:- Roots -
Crown -
Trunk or Bole
" from ScienceFacts.net. |
Function 1 - Breathing in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide keeps humans alive. "An average size tree produces enough oxygen in one year to keep a family of four breathing." from Nitrofil. |
Roots require both oxygen and water. Compacted soil will also kill the roots since air and water cannot reach them. "On a park property that receives flood irrigation, a project manager informed me that they wait at least 5 days after an irrigation cycle to conduct any business in and around the park trees. This is a great policy to help prevent damage to the roots that rely on adequate soil oxygen to remain functional and healthy." from Integrity Tree Service. Compacted soil occurs on tarmac pavements when they are created by rollers and compactioin machines. Once that has finished then both people and vehicles compact the soil on a regular basis. The tarmac surface stops the rain, oxygen and nutrients from getting below into the soil, so once those elements have been used by the roots, then the roots will have excreted its waste products and then they will die off. This shows the roots of a tree onthe ground surface and another where the cowded roots are girdling a tree - this girdle will then kill the tree, since eventually the sapwood will no longer go past it to the roots having been converted into dead heartwood and thus water and nutrients will not transported up the trunk |
Function 2 - This uses the mouth to take in food and water, which is then digested by the digestion system, with water. |
Roots absorb the nutrients dissolved in water. These then get transferred up the roots, the trunk and to the crown together with water goes up in the sapwood. |
Function 2 - As the food is digested it produces nutrients for circulation round the body in the Circulatory System of Function 1. |
Leaves produce food for the plant. |
Function 2 - When we eat too much then the excess will most likely be converted to fat and stored somewhere in the body for later use when food supply is insufficient. |
The Trunk transports the food prepared by the leaves to all parts of the plant. "It is well known that trees act as carbon sinks, taking in carbon dioxide from the air during photosynthesis and releasing the oxygen that humans breathe. While trees use carbon dioxide to make their own food, they actually need oxygen (much like humans do) to process that food into energy. |
Function 7 - The nervous system indicates if there is a problem. This is passed to the Brain, which hopefully will have a solution, which gets transmitted to the respective parts of the body to execute this solution. |
If a problem occurs on a branch of a tree, that information is transmitted down the nerve system in the centre of each branch and trunk to junction between the roots and the trunk. A possible solution is then transmitted back to the affected area. We had a clump og hostas growing in a small bed shadowed by fencing. Each spring the slugs would eat the foliage. The hosta got fed up with this and sent instructions to the new leaves to produce something that the slugs would not like. Then for several years we had lovely hostas with flowers before being herbaceous they died down in the autumn. Some trees in our local park had their juvenile foliage stripped off during some springtimes by caterpillars. They got round that by producing another set of leaves once all the caterpillars had transposed. Plants can also help each other and although they do not have lightning fast nerve systems, they get along |
I can further wate my time in trying to get the most stupid animal in this world to understand that it is killing itself and the world round itself with concrete, tarmac and metal. You have the answer in
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