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Ivydene Gardens Cream Wildflowers Note Gallery: |
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Topic - All Flowers 53 with
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What is PL@NTNET? |
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Plant Colour Wheel Uses Uses of Bedding |
Uses of Bulb |
Uses of Rose |
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CREAM WILD FLOWER GALLERY |
"SEASONS AND MONTHS SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN WINTER " from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993 (ISBN 0 7153 0033 4). |
I am very grateful to both Ron and Christine Foord for taking 35mm slides using Kodachrome last century and getting their botanical names for each slide verified by the Natural History Museum. They left their collection of UK Native Plant slides and their butterfly collection to the Natural History Museum once both Ron and Christine had died. Many of those digitised UK native Plant slides have been used in the 180 UK Native Family pages. Christine left me her slides of Garden Plants some of which I have included in Ron and Christine Foord - 1036 photos only inserted so far - Garden Flowers - Start Page of each Gallery |
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WILD FLOWER GALLERY
SEED COLOUR BED PICTURES HABITAT TABLES
See Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines to aid your use of this website. |
WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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The English Flower Garden Design, Arrangement, and Plans followed by A description of all the best plants for it and their culture and the positions fitted for them By W. Robinson Author of the "Wild Garden". Fourth Edition. Published by John Murray in London in 1895 is a useful source of culture and positions for them, as is |
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See Wildflower Common Name Index link Table ON A PAGE for more wildflower of the UK common names - from Adder's Tongue to the Goosefoot Family - together with their names in languages from America, Finland, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. |
Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in 7 separate books between 1911 and 1914 contains information about UK Native Wildflowers with 1 per chapter. I have summarised some of these chapters and put those into this website, but most will simply have a reference to which book it is in for you to read it yourself. |
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Common Name Flower Photo |
Botanical Name Flowering Months Flowers Photo |
Height x Spread in inches (cms) WildFlower Family Page Foliage Photo |
Flower Colour Habitat Native in:- Form Photo |
Form from
Form for Wildflowers:- Mat-forming These Forms are used for Bulbs with Herbaceous and Evergreen Perennials.
Shape for Evergreen Shrubs:- These Forms and Shapes are also used for Deciduous and Evergreen Shrubs and Trees. |
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Common Cudweed
Flower |
Filago germanica
Flowers The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Daisy Cudweeds Family
Foliage |
An autumn- or spring-germinating annual of dry, open, acidic to neutral and occasionally calcareous habitats including open grassland, quarries and rocky ledges, sand-pits and dunes, sandy heaths and tracks, and arable and other cultivated ground. Form Native in all Europe (except in Norway): introduced into Iceland and Finland. |
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Dwarf Cudweed (Mountain Cudweed, Alpine Arctic Cudweed, (Italian name: Canapicchia glaciale)
Flower The remaining 3 small photos above were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Gnaphalium supinum
Flowers. Photograph: Petri Storlöpare, www.slowlife.se from Madir (Abisko - Kebnekaise, Swedish Lapland) |
Daisy Cudweeds Family
Foliage |
A dwarf, perennial herb, found on mountain-top fell-field communities, wet grassy slopes, cliffs, moraines and late snow-patches, where it grows in sites which are relatively well-drained and stony and dry out in summer.
Form
Native in all Europe, except in Portugal, Ireland, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Hungary and Turkey. |
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Highland Cudweed (Norwegian Cudweed, |
Gnaphalium norvegicum |
Daisy Cudweeds Family |
This perennial herb occurs on ungrazed rock ledges, crags, river gorges, screes and in gullies, preferring a southerly or easterly aspect and an acidic, well-drained mineral soil. From 600 m (Aonach air Chrith, W. Ross) to 980 m (Sgurr na Lapaich, Easterness). Book about this plant.
Native and widespread in Europe. |
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Mexican Fleabane (Mexican Daisy,
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Erigeron mucronatus |
Daisy Cudweeds Family |
A perennial herb, well-established on walls, rock outcrops and cliffs, in cracks in pavements and on stony banks, to which it has usually spread by seed from nearby gardens. Introduced into Great Britain - Naturalized for over 80 years (pre 1952) on old walls at St Peter Port, Guernsey and now well established (1952) in the Channel Isles and South-West England. |
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Michaelmas Daisy (Confused Michaelmas-daisy, Michaelmas Daisies in urban gardens. Flower |
Aster novi-belgii
Flowers
The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. |
Daisy Cudweeds Family
Foliage |
It is naturalised on hedge banks, railway banks, roadsides, rubbish tips and waste ground. In addition, it sometimes occurs on river banks, lakesides and in fen vegetation. Lowland. It is the commonest of escaped garden plants.
Form Native of North America; widely naturalized by rivers, damp woods, marshes. |
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Mountain Everlasting (Stoloniferous Pussytoes,
Flower |
Antennaria dioica Plate 44 Illustrated
Flowers The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. |
Daisy Cudweeds Family
Foliage |
Heath, Mountains and Grassland (widespread on heaths, mountain slopes and dry pastures; common in hill districts, very rare in Southern England).
Form Native in all Europe except for Portugal, Iceland and Turkey |
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of
Flora of China - 蝶须 die xu |
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Narrow Cudweed |
Filago gallica June-September
The above 2 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Daisy Cudweeds Family
Foliage |
An annual of well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils in open, disturbed sites such as arable field margins, grassy banks, gravel-pits and quarries, tracks and roadsides.
Form Native in Mediterranean Europe, Portugal, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland and Bulgaria: introduced into Austria. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Pearl Everlasting
Flower |
Anaphalis margaritacea August Plate 44
Flowers The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. |
Daisy Cudweeds Family
Foliage |
Wasteland and Grassland (well established in waste and grassy places, especially in the South Welsh valleys). The leaves and young plant are edible when cooked.
Form |
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of
Flora of China - 珠光香青 zhu guang xiang qing |
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Red-Tipped Cudweed
Flower |
Filago apiculata
Flower The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Daisy Cudweeds Family
Foliage |
A winter- or spring- annual of dry, open, sandy or gravelly acidic to neutral soils such as the edges of arable fields, tracks, sand-pits, heaths and commons, and particularly characteristic of rabbit scrapes. Populations can vary greatly in size annually.
Form Native and widespread in Europe, except in Northern Europe |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Small Cudweed |
Filago minima
The 2 small photos above were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Daisy Cudweeds Family
Foliage |
An annual of dry, open, infertile, acidic to neutral soils in a wide range of habitats, including arable fields, open grassland, quarries and mine spoil, woodland tracks, sandy heaths, sand-pits and dunes.
Form Native and widespread in Europe. |
See other photos of
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Spore Cone |
Lycopodium alpinum (Diphasium alpinum, Diaphasiastrum
Spore Cones The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. |
6 x 36 Clubmoss Family
Foliage |
Moors and Mountains (locally frequent on hills, moors and mountains in Northern England and Western England; very rare in Southern England)
Form |
"Prostrate stems 6-20 inches long, much-branched; branches decumbent to suberect, densely tufted. It has Dark green leaves 0.1-0.2 inches long, distant on the main stems, dense, appressed and strongly 4-ranked on the infertile branches. It grows on dry Moors, mountain grassland and mountain tops, ascending to 4000 feet, in Devon, Somerset, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Worcestershire; Wales; Cheshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire northwards; Kerry and Cork in full sun. It has Fertile branches 1.5-3 inches long with 0.5-1 inch long, sessile, solitary, ovate grey-green spore cones. Spores ripen in June-August. Native UK plant." from Alpine Clubmoss page. Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of Fern Ally: Clubmoss Family:- |
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Bluebell Used within lifecycles of
Flower
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
Hyacinthoides Flowers in April-June The flower stems, containing a sticky white juice, grow up to 12 or 18 inches (30-45cm) high, with the flowers borne on short stalks on one side. The 'bell' is formed by 6 perianth segments, and there are 3 long and 3 short stamens. Seeds are produced, but the plant also survives the winter as a bulb. It often makes a blue carpet in woods. Flowers Above 4 photos taken by BritishFlora |
Lily Family Foliage "Plant bulbs in groups in early autumn, 4-6 (10-15) deep and 6 (15) apart. Bulbs do not store well, so plant as soon as possible after purchase under deciduous trees, or hedges in part shade. Make soil moist, with plenty of organic matter, such as leaf mould. Many early insects will visit the bluebell for nectar. " from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993 (ISBN 0 7153 0033 4). |
Dark Blue A bulbous perennial herb occurring, sometimes abundantly, in a wide variety of deciduous woodlands, in hedgerows, on shady banks and, especially in western and upland areas, in meadows, under Pteridium and on cliffs. It also occurs as a naturalised garden escape. It is sensitive to long-term grazing. Native in Western Europe: introduced into Germany, Switzerland and Italy. Form See illustrations on Pages 64 for white flower and 158 for blue flower in Wild Flowers by Colour by Marjorie Blamey. Published in 2005 by A&C Black |
Illustration of Scilla nutans Wild Hyacinth from Flowers of the Woods by E.J. Salisbury - Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published by Penguin Books Limited in 1946. Scilla nutans Wild Hyacinth from Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd in 1912:- The Hyacinth dies down at the end of May. It forms a bulb which is a storehouse where the plants puts away reserve food-material for the time of flowering when a special drain is made upon its resources. Until that hour arrives the plant continues to "save up". It is the presence of this reserve nutriment that allows the bulb to throw up leaves and flowers when it is merely grown in water alone. When the leaves first begin to push upwards through the soil the leading one is transformed into an actual ground-augur for boring its wat, but when fully formed they are long and strap-shaped, their upper surfaces concave and forming deep channels. When the rain falls upon them it runs down them as down a watercourse, and is conducted straight to the bulb, overflowing just round the spot where the roots strike downwards. Root, stem and leaves are filled with a slimy mucilage. The flowering stalk is called the "scape", and when it first grows up in the centre of the leaves the flower buds all stand upright upon it. The lowest matures first, and as it does so falls over and hangs, the others follow in turn. Each flower has 6 coloured floral leaves, all alike, and though at a cursory glance, they all appear united into a bell, they are really quite separate almost to their base. At the tip each curls backwards, and this curling has led the poets to describe curly hair as "hyacinthian". Inside the blue bell the stamens are set, one on each segment, a long and a short one alternating. In the centre is the seed-case, divided into 3 chambers, each containing 2 columns of ovules. From the top of it a long column arises. Although the flower has scent, it has no real honey, just the sweet juices within. After fertilisation, the ovary swells and eventually becomes dry. The flower-stalk raises the capsule from its drooping position, and at the top an opening forms. The wind sways the whole spike; first from 1 capsule, then from another out jerk many little black seeds, and the flower's task is done. See other photos of
The Yellow Archangel - Yellow Dead Nettle - (Galeobdolon luteum) contrasts well with Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) and Red Campion (Silene dioica), since they are in bloom at the same time. The yellow dead nettle, like the white, is improved if some of its leaves are removed to reveal the flowers. The alternative to removing the leaves is to arrange the stems in a tall slim vase so that one can look up to them; and so under the leaves where the flowers grow. |
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Morello Cherry |
Prunus cerasus |
Rose 3 Family |
A shrub or small tree of hedgerows, copses and wood-borders. It spreads by fruit or suckers, and can sometimes form dense thickets. Lowland. It grows on acid soils, and is often confused with Wild Cherry. Native of Asia: introduced to most of Europe. |
"If space is limited there is a native dwarf cherry (Prunus cerasus) which will serve the wildlife equally well (instead of Prunus avium or Prunus padus). As a shrub it grows no higher than 180 (500) and can be incorporated in hedges or a shrub border. It bears pinkish-white flowers and has acid-tasting red berries." from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993 (ISBN 0 7153 0033 4).
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Pot Marigold |
Calendula officinalis |
24 x
This was not available in Collins Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers by McClintock and Fitter in 1978 |
"Grow from seed sown in flowering position in spring. Cover seeds with 0.5 (1) soil. Thin out the seedlings to 12 (30) apart in full sun, in borders or containers. It tolerates poor, dry soil but flowers better in fertile garden soil or potting compost. Pot marigolds can be grown in the vegetable patch as they are very successful in attracting hoverflies and wasps. Hoverfly larvae feed on aphids and wasps will devour caterpillars, providing a natural pest control system " from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993 (ISBN 0 7153 0033 4). |
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Wild Mignonette |
Reseda lutea |
Mignonette Family |
Native in Mediterranean Europe, Portugal, Ireland, Great Britain, Holland, Austria, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania: introduced into Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Soviet Union.
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Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969. Read about with this photo of Wild Mignonette (Reseda lutea) in Wild Flowers as They Grow- Photographed by H. Essenhigh Corke, text by G. Clark Nuttall. Published by Cassell and Company, Ltd, between 1911 and 1914.
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Corn Mignonette
Flower |
Reseda phyteuma
Flowers
The 4 small photos above were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
12 x 12 Mignonette Family
Foliage
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
An annual or biennial herb found naturalised in arable fields, and occurring as a casual on waste ground. It arises from wool shoddy and grain. Lowland. Native in Mediterranean Europe (except in Turkey, Portugal, Switzerland, Poland, Hungary and Romania: introduced into Great Britain, Holland, Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia. See photos of Reseda phyteuma from freenatureimages.eu of the Saxifraga Foundation. Form |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969. Annual to Biennial with ascending branched stems, ribbed - the ribs rough with tubercles is established in Surrey in loose dry chalky soil in full sun. It has Pale green leaves obovate-oblong in outline with White flowers in June-August followed by greyish seeds in drooping seed capsules. "Reseda phyteuma is present from Central and Southern Europe to Western Asia and North Africa. It is naturalized in Britain." from Wikipedia. Reseda phyteuma photos and description from Wild Flowers Provence. "Seed - sow in situ in the spring and only just cover the seed. In areas where winter temperatures do not fall below -10c, an autumn sowing usually succeeds. The Saxifraga Foundation is a network of European nature photographers, whose aim is to stimulate and facilitate the conservation of European biodiversity. They do so by providing high-quality nature pictures free of charge. The website free natureimages.eu is an initiative of the Saxifraga Foundation. The Saxifrage foundation is assisted by the Crossbill Guides Foundation, Dutch Butterfly Conservation (De Vlinderstichting) and Foto Fitis. Currently, Saxifraga is working on two projects. The first one is the construction of a gallery of pictures of European plants, animals and landscapes. To download these pictures, go to the Saxifraga Gallery. With the search engine you can search for images using the scientific name or the common name of plants and animals in Dutch and English. The second project is the creation of a collection of images of the Dutch landscape (NL in Beeld). This has been done by taking pictures in a grid in a systematic way. We have used the so called Amersfoort-coordinates, which are found on official Dutch topographic maps. The Amersfoort grid is a collection of square kilometers. To find more details visit the website of NL in Beeld. The pictures can be viewed at the Saxifraga Gallery. |
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Wall Pennywort |
Umbilicus rupestris |
Stonecrop Family |
A perennial herb, growing on walls, in rock crevices and on stony hedge banks, mainly on acidic substrates. In Cornwall it has even been seen growing as an epiphyte on the boughs of large trees. 0-550 m (Berwyn Mountains near Pistyll Rhaiadr, Monts.). Native in Mediterranean Europe, Portugal, Ireland, Great Britain and Bulgaria |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969. |
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Large Yellow Stonecrop |
Sedum reflexum |
Stonecrop Family |
Gardens and Walls (on walls and banks usually as a garden escape) Introduced. Commonly cultivated; naturalized on old walls and rocks in many places in Great Britain. |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969.
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of
Form in July Flower The above 3 photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. Flowers |
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Pink Stonecrop |
Sedum villosum |
Stonecrop Family |
A small biennial or perennial herb which grows in at least slightly base-enriched, wet, stony ground and on streamsides in hilly areas, and in montane, often bryophyte-rich, flushes. From near sea level to 1100 m (Breadalbanes, Mid Perth), but mostly between 250 m and 500 m. Native in Northern Europe (except Denmark), Central Europe(except Hungary), Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy, Yugoslavia and Soviet Union. |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969.
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Fingered Saxifrage Flower Bud |
Saxifraga tridactylites Form Most of these photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. |
Saxifrage Family |
A winter-annual that occurs in dry, open habitats such as sandy grassland, limestone pavement and rock ledges, cliffs and screes, and on man-made structures like mortared walls, pavements and railway tracks. It is most commonly found on base-rich substrates, often on skeletal soils or virtually bare rock. Native throughout Europe. |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969. Further details and other growing instructions for saxafrage in Rock Gardens in Rock Garden Plants suitable for Small Gardens Page S.
Flower Flowers Form Foliage
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Kidney Saxifrage Flower |
Saxifraga geum Leaf |
Saxifrage Family
Foliage
The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. |
A perennial, stoloniferous herb, found growing only in damp, shaded places, such as woods, North-facing cliffs and banks, and by streams and on rocks in the mountains. Naturalised populations in Britain, often derived from garden escapes, are often found on limestone, whereas in its native Ireland the species occurs only on siliceous rock. Native in Spain, france and Ireland; occasionally naturalized elsewhere. Juvenile Foliage |
Photo from Flowers of Europe A Field Guide by Oleg Polunin. Published by Oxford University Press in 1969. Further details and other growing instructions for saxafrage in Rock Gardens in Rock Garden Plants suitable for Small Gardens Page S. |
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Common Eel-Grass |
Zostera marina |
24 x Eel-Grass Family |
It is a perennial which grows in the subtidal zone, on substrates of gravel, sand or sandy mud in areas which are protected from full exposure. It descends to depths of about 4 metres in shallow salt water to 4 metres in depth in coastal waters of Europe. Rarely in estuaries. Native in coastal waters of Europe. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Dwarf Eel-grass |
Zostera nana |
Eel-Grass Family |
Although a coastal species, this perennial is found at higher levels of the shore than other Zostera species. It grows in sheltered estuaries and harbours, where it is found on mixed substrates of sand and mud. Plants are often concentrated in pools or runnels on the shore. On mud-banks in creeks and estuaries from half-tide mark to low-tide mark. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Coritanian Elm |
Ulmus coritana |
Elm Family This was not available in Collins Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers by McClintock and Fitter in 1978 |
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Fairy Foxglove
Flower |
Erinus alpinus
Flowers The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord. |
Figwort - Mulleins Family
Foliage |
This short-lived, semi-evergreen perennial herb occurs in the crevices of old walls and in other stony places, often on limestone or bricks with lime mortar. It seeds freely and thrives in full sun.
Form Native in Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Italy. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Large-flowered Mullein
Flower |
Verbascum virgatum June onwards
The above 2 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Figwort - Mulleins Family |
A biennial herb, naturalised on dry banks, walls, field margins, rough grassland, pastures and sheltered sea-cliffs in S.W. England; elsewhere a casual of waste ground, rubbish tips, re-seeded road verges, sand-pits, tracks and disturbed coastal dunes. It reproduces by seed, easily colonising open habitats, but does not survive much competition.
Form from Tenterden on 8 August (Vertical plant to left of centre with yellow flower on top) |
Native in Western Europe and Italy: introduced elsewhere Mulleins are poisonous to livestock and are avoided by them.
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
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Lesser Snapdragon
Flower |
Misopates orontium July onwards
Flowers The above 4 small photos were taken by Ron or Christine Foord |
Figwort - Mulleins Family
Foliage |
A spring-germinating annual of light soils, found in arable and other cultivated ground including among horticultural crops, and in gardens and waste places. It reproduces by seed, but cold, wet summers inhibit its germination and growth.
Form Native in all Europe (except in Iceland): introduced into Norway and Finland. |
Gallery of Photos/Illustrations, Common Name and Synonym of |
UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given. Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in and The Butterflies of Britain & Ireland New Revised Edition by Jeremy Thomas & Richard Lewington. |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Cabbages - Large White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed |
Egg,
|
40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf. |
May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
July or August; hatches in 3 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Cherry with |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Currants |
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 15 days in May-June. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome) |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
... |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
1 then |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Nasturtium from Gardens |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Mountain pansy, |
Egg, Chrysalis |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. 3 weeks in September |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk. |
15 days in July. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
||||||||
Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
|||||||
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
||||||||
Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk. |
July-August for 17 days. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base. |
July to hatch in 8 months in March. |
|||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks. |
||||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
||||||||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
||||||||
Willow |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
|||||||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
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Asters |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
|
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Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Aubretia in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
||||||||
Holly Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Buddleias |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Wood White |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Cabbage and cabbages in fields |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October |
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Adonis Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Pale Clouded Yellow |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Cow-wheat |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
30 days in May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-September |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
May-June for 18 days. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Painted Lady |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Marigolds in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September. |
||||||||
Michaelmas Daisies |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
||||||||
Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Nasturtiums in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-May |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
7 weeks in July-August. |
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Comma |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
||||||||
Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
|||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days in August. |
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June.
|
||||||||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
||||||||
Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
April-May |
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Rotten Fruit |
Butterfly |
Drinks juice |
July-September |
|||||||
Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar |
Butterfly |
Hibernates inside hollow trees or outhouses until March. Eats sap or fruit juice until April. |
10 months in June-April |
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Wild Flowers |
Large Skipper |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
June-August |
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Links to the other Butterflies:- Black Hairstreak uses Blackthorn, Privet, Guelder Rose, and Wayfaring tree I have detailed the use of plants by these eggs, caterpillars, chrysalis and butterfly in full with either photos of those butterflies, etc or illustrations from Sandars. It shows that they do use plants all year round and I will insert the information of their Life Histories into the remainder of the Butterfly Description Pages but I will put no further information in this table or the Butterfly Name with its use of plants table. Please see what a council did to destroy the native habitat, so that children could ride bicyles anywhere in the park in the row below. Details of what plant is used by each of the different 'egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly' unit and for how long is given in the table on the left. At least 2 of these butterflies live in America as well as in the UK in 2022:- |
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The following is an excerpt from my Comments about the proposed destruction of the wildlife habitats at Cobtree Manor Park in the summer of 2010 from my Mission Statement page:- "We would be sorry to lose the butterflies on the bluebells, bramble and ivy that would be restricted to only the very small area of proposed Wildlife Meadow by the Woods at the bottom of a hill with water springs on it. The wildlife is now being excluded from all the other areas by the "pruning", so that the nettles, brambles etc which had for instance the butterfly life cycle included; are now being ruthlessly removed to create a garden, not a park, with neat little areas." When you look at the life history graphs of each of the 68 butterflies of Britain, you will see that they use plants throughout all 12 months - the information of what plant is used by the egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly is also given in the table on the left. With this proposed removal of all plants required for butterflies etc to live in and pro-create; at least once a year by the autumn or spring clearing up, you destroy the wildlife in this park as is done in every managed park in the world. Please leave something for the wildlife to live in without disturbance; rather than destroy everything so children can ride their bicycles anywhere they want when the park is open during the day and they are not at school. |
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THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE
September 21st. Most of the survey mile closely flailed today along both sides of the road. End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure.
CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:-
Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:-
THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges." |
Common Name of each Plant within each Common Name Extras Page:- |
Common Name of each Plant within each Common Name Extras Page:- |
|
Common Name Extras 57 Common Name Extras 58:- Common Name Extras 59 Common Name Extras 60 |
Common Name Extras 60 Common Name Extras 61 Common Name Extras 62 Common Name Extras 63 Common Name Extras 64 United States Department of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zone Map - This map of USA is based on a range of average annual minimum winter temperatures, divided into 13 of 10-degree F zones, that this plant will thrive in USA, Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. There are other Hardiness Zone Maps for the rest of the world including the one for Great Britain and Ireland of zones 7a to 10a. If the plant you see here has the same zone in your area of that country, then you can grow it at your home. |
Normally in the fourth column in the next table, I insert which countries in Europe, the plant is native in; introduced into or except from. Seeing which Native UK Wildflowers are also native in your country within Europe, Soviet Union, USA, Canada or China you can then use them with the cultivated plants for your country in your own home garden - so help your local wildlife including Butterflies - and home with snippets from Flower Arrangements from Wild Flowers by Violet Stevenson. Published by J M Dent & Sons in 1972. ISBN 0 460 07844 5. View my chapter precis before executing the flower arranging of the plants.
The Saxifraga Foundation is a network of European nature photographers, whose aim is to stimulate and facilitate the conservation of European biodiversity. They do so by providing high-quality nature pictures free of charge. The website free natureimages.eu is an initiative of the Saxifraga Foundation. The Saxifrage foundation is assisted by the Crossbill Guides Foundation, Dutch Butterfly Conservation (De Vlinderstichting) and Foto Fitis. Currently, Saxifraga is working on two projects. The first one is the construction of a gallery of pictures of European plants, animals and landscapes. To download these pictures, go to the Saxifraga Gallery. With the search engine you can search for images using the scientific name or the common name of plants and animals in Dutch and English. The second project is the creation of a collection of images of the Dutch landscape (NL in Beeld). This has been done by taking pictures in a grid in a systematic way. We have used the so called Amersfoort-coordinates, which are found on official Dutch topographic maps. The Amersfoort grid is a collection of square kilometers. To find more details visit the website of NL in Beeld. The pictures can be viewed at the Saxifraga Gallery.
British Trees website:- Acknowledgements |
Cultural Needs of Plants "Understanding Fern Needs |
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It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:- |
Closed Bud |
Opening Bud |
Juvenile Flower |
Older Juvenile Flower |
Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its |
Mature Flower |
Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower |
Form of Rose Bush |
There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page. So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!! |
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My current ambition at my retired age of 73 in 2022 (having started this website in 2005) is to complete the following:- Wildflower Flower Shape and Landscape Uses Gallery has an empty framework that I created on 20 February 2022. When all the remainder of the UK wildflowers have been checked:-
Then, the wildflower entries in the Wildflower Flower Shape and Landscape Uses Gallery will be filled in after each Wildflower has its cultivation details added to the Botanical Names and Common Names Galleries. Starting the above from 20 February 2022, I think it might take me a few years, but it does mean that as I progress then you will be able to associate more wildflowers with more of all the plant types of the cultivated plants who have similar growing requirements. Then, more of the natural world with its wildlife could also inhabit your garden. |
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Aims of the Wild Flower Society
Plants included in Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981 |
From the Ivydene Gardens Box to Crowberry Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
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The Bumblebee Pages website is divided into five major areas: • Bumblebees which deals solely with bumblebees, and was the original part of the site. • Invertebrates, which deals with all the other invertebrates. • Homework answers, where you'll find hints and tips to common questions set as biology, ecology, botany, zoology homework, there are also definitions of common terms in biology. • Window box gardens, this was started when we were exiled to central Paris, and 2 north-facing window boxes were all the garden available, however it was amazing the wildlife those window boxes attracted. You'll find plant lists, hints and tips, etc. • Torphins, this is the village in north-east Scotland where we are now located. In this part of the site you can find photographs of invertebrates found locally, where to see them and when, also links to pages with more detailed information.
FORCED INDOOR BULBS in Window Box Gardens. Once these have flowered don't throw them out. Cut off the heads (unless you want seed) then put them somewhere that the leaves can get the sun. This will feed the bulb for the next year. Once the leaves have died you can plant the bulbs outside and they will flower at the normal (unforced) time next year. The narcissus Tete-a-tete is particularly good, and provides early colour and a delicate fragrance too. Below I have listed groups of plants. I have tried to include at least four plants in each list as you may not be able to find all of them, although, unless you have a very large windowbox, I would recommend that you have just three in each box. |
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Theme |
Plants |
Comments |
Thyme |
Thymus praecox, wild thyme Thymus pulegioides Thymus leucotrichus Thymus citriodorus |
Thymes make a very fragrant, easy to care for windowbox, and an excellent choice for windy sites. The flower colour will be pinky/purple, and you can eat the leaves if your air is not too polluted. Try to get one variegated thyme to add a little colour when there are no flowers. |
Herb |
Sage, mint, chives, thyme, rosemary |
Get the plants from the herb section of the supermarket, so you can eat the leaves. Do not include basil as it need greater fertility than the others. Pot the rosemary up separately if it grows too large. |
Mints |
Mentha longifolia, horse mint Mentha spicata, spear mint Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal Mentha piperita, peppermint Mentha suaveolens, apple mint |
Mints are fairly fast growers, so you could start this box with seed. They are thugs, though, and will very soon be fighting for space. So you will either have to thin and cut back or else you will end up with one species - the strongest. The very best mint tea I ever had was in Marrakesh. A glass full of fresh mint was placed in front of me, and boiling water was poured into it. Then I was given a cube of sugar to hold between my teeth while I sipped the tea. Plant this box and you can have mint tea for months. |
Heather |
Too many to list See Heather Shrub gallery |
For year-round colour try to plant varieties that flower at different times of year. Heather requires acid soils, so fertilise with an ericaceous fertilser, and plant in ericaceous compost. Cut back after flowering and remove the cuttings. It is best to buy plants as heather is slow growing. |
Blue |
Ajuga reptans, bugle Endymion non-scriptus, bluebell Myosotis spp., forget-me-not Pentaglottis sempervirens, alkanet |
This will give you flowers from March till July. The bluebells should be bought as bulbs, as seed will take a few years to flower. The others can be started from seed. |
Yellow |
Anthyllis vulneraria, kidney vetch Geum urbanum, wood avens Lathryus pratensis, meadow vetchling Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lotus corniculatus, birdsfoot trefoil Primula vulgaris, primrose Ranunculus acris, meadow buttercup Ranunculus ficaria, lesser celandine |
These will give you flowers from May to October, and if you include the primrose, from February. Try to include a vetch as they can climb or trail so occupy the space that other plants can't. All can be grown from seed. |
White |
Trifolium repens, white clover Bellis perennis, daisy Digitalis purpurea alba, white foxglove Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette |
All can be grown from seed. The clover and daisy will have to be cut back as they will take over. The clover roots add nitrogen to the soil. The mignonette flower doesn't look very special, but the fragrance is wonderful, and the alyssum smells of honey. |
Pink |
Lychnis flos-cucli, ragged robin Scabiosa columbaria, small scabious Symphytum officinale, comfrey |
The comfrey will try to take over. Its leaves make an excellent fertiliser, and are very good on the compost heap, though windowbox gardeners rarely have one. |
Fragrant |
Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette Lathyrus odoratus, sweet pea |
The sweet pea will need twine or something to climb up, so is suitable if you have sliding windows or window that open inwards. You will be rewarded by a fragrant curtain every time you open your window. |
Spring bulbs and late wildflowers |
Galanthus nivalis, snowdrop Narcissus pseudonarcissus, narcissius Crocus purpureus, crocus Cyclamen spp. |
The idea of this box is to maximize your space. The bulbs (cyclamen has a corm) will flower and do their stuff early in the year. After flowering cut the heads off as you don't want them making seed, but leave the leaves as they fatten up the bulbs to store energy for next year. The foliage of the wildflowers will hide the bulb leaves to some extent. Then the wildflowers take over and flower till autumn |
Aster spp., Michaelmas daisy Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Succisa pratensis, devil's bit scabious Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal |
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Bee Garden in Europe or North America |
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Wildlife-friendly Show Gardens With around 23 million gardens in the UK, covering 435,000 ha, gardens have great potential as wildlife habitats. And, with a bit of planning and a few tweaks, they can indeed be wonderful places for a whole host of creatures, from birds to bees, butterflies, frogs and toads, as well as many less obvious creatures. Wildlife-friendly gardens can be beautiful too, and a colourful garden full of life can lift the spirits and give immense pleasure, and can also help to connect people, both young and old, with our wonderful wildlife. The eight-point plan for a wildlife-friendly garden
Many of our gardens at Natural Surroundings demonstrate what you can do at home to encourage wildlife in your garden. Follow the links below to explore our show gardens, and when you visit, be sure to pick up a copy of our Wildlife Gardening Trail guide
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Database of Insects and their Food Plants from the Biological Records Centre:- This database is primarily a collation of published interactions between Great Britain 's invertebrate herbivores (insects and mites) and their host plants. There are also some interactions for the invertebrates closely associated with herbivores, such as predators, parasitoids, cleptoparasites and mutualists. DBIF contains about 47,000 interactions for roughly 9,300 invertebrate taxa (species, sub-species and forms) and 5,700 plant taxa (species, genera and broader groupings). DBIF aims to help researchers access the accumulated knowledge of British plant-herbivore interactions, which is otherwise scattered throughout a vast published literature. The database complements the more specialised internet resources that focus on particular groups (see Links). We hope that the database is of use to professional researchers in the environmental sciences and expert amateurs alike. DBIF is derived from the Phytophagous Insect Data Bank (see PIDB), which was the brainchild of Dr Lena Ward. Many people have contributed to the version of the database presented here; we would like to thank them all for their varied and skilled support (see Acknowledgements). To ensure that the information held in the database is used appropriately, please take time to read about what the database contains (see Description of the database ), and what caveats or limitations may apply (see Interpreting foodplant records and Limitations ). Lastly, DBIF is a work in progress and this website is still under development in some areas. We would be very surprised if you did not find some omissions, or nomenclature that did not need updating. Please alert us (see Contact us) of any necessary changes or of the presence of new sources. They will be incorporated in future updates. A companion piece in the naturalists' magazine British Wildlife (Smith & Roy, 2008) serves as an introduction to invertebrate herbivory and DBIF. |
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From the Ode to the London Plane Tree by Heather Greaves:- "They are also very important to the city of New York (and not just because the leaf is the Parks Department logo). The London plane, usually considered Platanus x acerifolia but also known by other Latin epithets, is not really native, although it very closely resembles the native American sycamore, Platanus occidentalis. Actually, it is probably a cross between this American species and Platanus orientalis, a Eurasian relative. In any case, it has been widely planted as a city tree for decades, which turns out to be a good idea. In its assessment of the New York City urban forest, the US Forest Service Northern Research Station determined that the London plane is the most important city tree we have. They base this conclusion on several factors. For one thing, London planes have a very high leaf area per tree; that is, the London plane gives us a lot more pretty, shady, air-filtering, evaporatively-cooling leaves per single trunk than most other species in the city. In fact, according to the Forest Service, London planes make up just 4% of the city tree population, but represent 14% of the city's total leaf area. (Compare this with the virulently invasive tree of heaven [Ailanthus altissima], which constitutes 9% of the tree population but only about 4% of the total leaf area.) Also, because they tend to become very tall and have large canopies, London planes are our best trees for carbon storage and sequestration. They are holding on to about 185,000 tons of carbon (14% of the total urban tree carbon pool), and each year they sequester another 5,500 or so tons (about 13% of all the carbon sequestered by city trees each year). That makes them both gorgeous and highly beneficial: all in all, good trees to have around." |
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From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:- Wildflowers - Chalk and sand, freely-drained soil mix A wonderfully varied self-sowing wild flower mix for thin, poor, chalky or sandy soils to give your garden or field flowers right through the year and food for the birds and bees. Spring into Summer Flowering • Cowslip March – May Summer into Autumn Flowering • Field Scabious June – September
From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:- Wildflowers - Clay and rich loam soil mix There are two main things I want from my wildflower meadow – to look beautiful for months not weeks, with flowers coming out and going over in succession AND to grow pollen-rich, insect friendly plants from EARLY in the year to LATE. I want my patch to be a regular and reliable food source for the birds and the bees. That’s what you’ll get with this beautiful selection of my favourite easy and reliable perennial wild flowers. General Height: 60cm. Sow: April- June Spring into Summer Flowering • Cowslip March – May Summer into Autumn Flowering • Self Heal June – September |
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", in the Vermont hills, is a biodynamic farm using organic practices. Natural minerals and planned grazing with American Milking Devon cattle rejuvenate the soil, sequester carbon and yield nutrient dense foods and medicines including milk, grass fed meats, eggs, fermented vegetables (sauerkraut and kimchi / kim-chi), and herbal tinctures. We offer educational opportunities, farm visits, and seminars on nutrition, growing and preparing nutrient dense food, diversified farming and fermentation. |
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Edible Plants Club website "has been created largely from the point of view of a plantsman interested in the many different resources available in the plant world, especially edible and medicinal plants. What started me off on this path was reading Robert Harts book Forest Gardening and then Ken Fearns Plants for a Future and also Richard Mabeys 'Food For Free' along the way. This also led to me to change my career and become a gardener." |
'Sort out your soil' - A practical guide to Green Manures, and Frequently Asked Questions from the Receptionist Myrtle of Cotswold Grass Seeds.
See Table 10 in Brown Wildflower Note Map Page. |
Saltmarsh Management Manual from the Environment Agency informs you about:-
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Helping Earth's Sustainable Management with a Plant "Alternatives to the burning of fossil fuels, nuclear waste, deforestation and nitrate chemical fertilizers need to be developed. Hemp could have a vital role to play in the development of friendly alternatives. Energy production A report published by the FCDA of Europe outlines the Cannabis Biomass Energy Equation (CBEE), outlining a convincing case that hemp plants can be used to produce fuel energy CHEAPER per BtU than fossil fuels and uranium - WITHOUT PRODUCING GREENHOUSE GASES! Hemp plants have the highest known quantities of cellulose for annuals - with at least 4x (some suggest even 50-100x) the biomass potential of its closest rivals (cornstalks, sugarcane, kernaf and trees) (Omni, 1983). Biomass production still produces greenhouse gases, although the idea is that the excess of carbon dioxide will be used up by growing hemp plants - they are effective absorbers and thrive at high levels - Unlike fossil fuel energy which produces energy from plants which died millions of years ago. On reading the report of the FCDA, Hon. Jonathon Porrit (ex-director of Friends of the Earth, currently on the Board of Forum for the Future) commented 'I DID enjoy reading it - the report should contribute much'. Three years later - authorities are still not taking the potential of this plant seriously. MAFF are currently engaging in supporting research into the biomass potential of poplar trees which they claim has the most scientific support for biomass energy production. H-E-M-P recommend use of the hemp plant if biomass energy production is to have any real impact in reducing carbon dioxide levels. IT'S SO PRODUCTIVE! 1 acre of hemp = 1,000 gallons of methanol. In fact, Henry Ford's first car ran on hemp-methanol! - and at just a fraction of the cost of petroleum alternatives. Alternatives to coal, fuel oil, acetone, ethyl, tar pitch and creosote can be derived - from this one single plant! As regards depletion of the ozone layer - hemp actually withstands UV radiation. It absorbs UV light, whilst resisting damage to itself and providing protection for everything else. Risk-free, pollution-free energy. No acid rain, and a reduction in airborne pollution of up to 80% ... There's further potential for the same in industry. " |
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Suppliers of British native-origin seeds and plants:- "Flora locale maintains a list of suppliers who should be able to supply seeds and/or plants of known British (and sometimes known local) native-origin. Although not all their stock will necessarily be of British native-origin, they should be able to provide details of provenance on request. View Flora locale's list of suppliers - follow the "Suppliers of native flora" link. You may also wish to view the Really Wild Flowers site, which contains a wealth of information about creating habitats and cultivating native species." |
British Native Plants List of Edible Plants:- "I thought it would be useful to include native plant lists from different regions of the world. This list is from British Isles (including Ireland and the Channel Islands) and was compiled by Professor Clive Stace of the University of Leicester for the FFF conference on Native Plants held at the Linnean Society of London, June 1997. It can be found here at the postcode plants database." |
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Plants for moths (including larval food plants and adult nectar sources) from Gardens for Wildlife - Practical advice on how to attract wildlife to your garden by Martin Walters as an Aura Garden Guide. Published in 2007 - ISBN 978 1905765041:- |
Marjoram - Origanum officinale |
"The main systems of the human body are:
" from Wikipedia. |
"A mature tree has three basic parts: 1) roots, 2) crown, and 3) trunk or bole, with these functions:- Roots -
Crown -
Trunk or Bole
" from ScienceFacts.net. |
Function 1 - Breathing in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide keeps humans alive. "An average size tree produces enough oxygen in one year to keep a family of four breathing." from Nitrofil. |
Roots require both oxygen and water. Compacted soil will also kill the roots since air and water cannot reach them. "On a park property that receives flood irrigation, a project manager informed me that they wait at least 5 days after an irrigation cycle to conduct any business in and around the park trees. This is a great policy to help prevent damage to the roots that rely on adequate soil oxygen to remain functional and healthy." from Integrity Tree Service. Compacted soil occurs on tarmac pavements when they are created by rollers and compactioin machines. Once that has finished then both people and vehicles compact the soil on a regular basis. The tarmac surface stops the rain, oxygen and nutrients from getting below into the soil, so once those elements have been used by the roots, then the roots will have excreted its waste products and then they will die off. This shows the roots of a tree onthe ground surface and another where the cowded roots are girdling a tree - this girdle will then kill the tree, since eventually the sapwood will no longer go past it to the roots having been converted into dead heartwood and thus water and nutrients will not transported up the trunk |
Function 2 - This uses the mouth to take in food and water, which is then digested by the digestion system, with water. |
Roots absorb the nutrients dissolved in water. These then get transferred up the roots, the trunk and to the crown together with water goes up in the sapwood. |
Function 2 - As the food is digested it produces nutrients for circulation round the body in the Circulatory System of Function 1. |
Leaves produce food for the plant. |
Function 2 - When we eat too much then the excess will most likely be converted to fat and stored somewhere in the body for later use when food supply is insufficient. |
The Trunk transports the food prepared by the leaves to all parts of the plant. "It is well known that trees act as carbon sinks, taking in carbon dioxide from the air during photosynthesis and releasing the oxygen that humans breathe. While trees use carbon dioxide to make their own food, they actually need oxygen (much like humans do) to process that food into energy. |
Function 7 - The nervous system indicates if there is a problem. This is passed to the Brain, which hopefully will have a solution, which gets transmitted to the respective parts of the body to execute this solution. |
If a problem occurs on a branch of a tree, that information is transmitted down the nerve system in the centre of each branch and trunk to junction between the roots and the trunk. A possible solution is then transmitted back to the affected area. We had a clump og hostas growing in a small bed shadowed by fencing. Each spring the slugs would eat the foliage. The hosta got fed up with this and sent instructions to the new leaves to produce something that the slugs would not like. Then for several years we had lovely hostas with flowers before being herbaceous they died down in the autumn. Some trees in our local park had their juvenile foliage stripped off during some springtimes by caterpillars. They got round that by producing another set of leaves once all the caterpillars had transposed. Plants can also help each other and although they do not have lightning fast nerve systems, they get along |
I can further wate my time in trying to get the most stupid animal in this world to understand that it is killing itself and the world round itself with concrete, tarmac and metal. You have the answer in
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Ivydene Gardens Water Fern to Yew Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
Only Wildflowers detailed in the following Wildflower Colour Pages |
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