Monitoring of Trees in pavements in Funchal, Madeira from September 2019 to February 2020 1, 2
after the pages below were produced in 2018 and 2019
Problems with trees in pavements in Funchal, Madeira in January/February 2018
PROBLEMS WITH TREES IN PAVEMENTS IN FUNCHAL, MADEIRA IN JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2019
Death of tree roots and
Death of tree trunks/branches caused by people.
Solution to problems for trees caused by people using irrigation -
Growth of Pollarded Tree in Hotel Garden in 1 year provides a water solution to this destruction.
Damage to Tree Trunks 1, 2, 3, 4 caused by people,
Damage to Tree Roots caused by people,
Area of Open Ground round trees,
New Trees in pavements 1, 2,
Irrigation of current trees,
Watersprouts on trees,
Crossing Branches in trees,
Utility Equipment with tree Foliage,
Lights on trees,
Bycycle Lane in Pavement,
Public Gardens alongside pavements,
Hotel/Private Gardens alongside pavements,
Current Permeable Pavement Surface round trees and
Irrigation and Fertilising of trees.
Camera Photo Galleries:-
Pavements of Funchal, Madeira
Damage to Trees
1, 2, 3, 4.
Will visitors to Madeira worry about having branches or trees in public places fall on them? No; according to Engineer Francisco Pedro Freitas Andrade of Est. Marmeleiros, No 1, Jardins & Espaces Verdes who is Chef de Diviso Câmara Municipal do Funchal; Departamento de Ciência e de Recursos Naturais; Divisão de Jardins e Espaços Verdes Urbanos in charge of the trees within the pavements within the area controlled by Funchal Municipality - See Monitoring of Trees in pavements in Funchal, Madeira from September 2019 to February 2010 1, 2 pages by his department.
PROBLEMS WITH TREES IN PAVEMENTS IN ST. PETER PORT, GUERNSEY IN SEPTEMBER 2019
Demise of trees in pavements in St. Peter Port, Guernsey caused by people, to their Roots

Britain runs out of food during summer of 2024. If a worker is on State Benefits and is only allowed to work up 15 hours 59 minutes a week at minimum wage, then with these extra new border control food charges it will cost that person 12% of their gross wage each week and 12% extra if they are supporting their child; from 30 April 2024.

8 problems caused by building house on clay or
with house-wall attached to clay.
Pre-building work on polluted soil.
OTHER TABLE 5 is about warnings of the government in the UK turning its population into slaves.

TABLE SOS where the action of humans breathing produces carbon dioxide and the trees/plants/algae cannot process that; because we either cover the roots in concrete/tarmac or kill the algae in the sea from the phosphorus in the human produced sewage. So we are slowly asphixiating ourselves in the UK.
The level of oxygen refers to the amount of oxygen present in the atmosphere or water. Oxygen is produced by photosynthesizing organisms that live in the ocean, in fresh water, and on land. These organisms include bacteria, algae and plants. Photosynthesizing algae in the ocean produce around 70% of oxygen in the atmosphere. The UK pollution going into the sea is killing the algae which provide 70% of oxygen for UK, France, Holland, Portugal, Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
Row 7 in last table on the right in Black Background - Welcome to the UK (Urinating Knave) with details of UK government backed pollution of millions of tons per year into its rivers; which the sea transported across the Channel to Europe killing marine life and humans.
Pollution is biggest threat to Wildlife on our UK waterways.
Photo of permanent air pollution over London.

--------------

These remaining items are of no interest to people outside the UK,
but will affect you,
if have property in the UK or
intend to reside in the UK for longer than 1 week.

Medway Proposed New School Comments in September 2019

Neighbour cutting branches off our trees without Conservation Area permission and attempting to sink our house with 1000's of litres of their sewage by blocking the drain to our cesspit. For the following week, they continued to download their sewage after we had written to them stating that the cesspit was full and that the drain was blocked.

Gas explosion from incorrectly installed home boiler, with other customers refusing to correct the situation.
Other items in the Home Section which have nothing to do with gardening, but reading them might deter you from visiting Great Britain; or employing its workforce; or trusting its local or main government.

Problems with electrical re-wire in my home, with the knowledge after the event that the client can do nothing about it, since NAPIT requires you to re-use the same contractor to fix the problems.
Would you; after reading these pages? Manderson emails to us about re-wire.
We wrote the
concerns about the electrical work on 21.03.21;
Questions concerning electrics on 21.03.21 and
re-wire narrative on 19.04.2021
which had no effect on the credit card company or NAPIT. So we commisioned the following report to see if that will make any difference.
Pages 10, 11, 12, 13 contain information concerning the condition of the electrical installation of the complete rewiring of my home by Mr Manderson of Manderson Electrical Services Ltd, with the report by a qualified electrician and this statement about the work carried out:-
"The result of my observations and testing, I am recommending that all the fixed wiring be recovered and a complete new fixed wiring installation is installed. Unfortunately the work previously carried out is of such a poor standard I cannot re-use any of it."
Mr Manderson is a Part P Registered Electrician with Napit; Registered Competent Person Electrical; Approved Electrician from Napit; City & Guilds Qualified; Part P Electrical Safety; and Honest & Transparent. His firm was employed to replace all the wiring, power sockets, light switches and lights and make sure that rodents could not attack them to chew through the cables or cause an electrical problem.
Pages 10 lists 18 electrical faults on the new wiring, re-use of the old wiring, and old wiring that was still either in use or had been cut at the old power socket, at the old light fitting, or old light switch (the plasterers filled an old power socket metal box and short-circuited the fuse - it will be fine in 30 minutes sir; 4 hours later it was still shorting, so presumably that would explain why they switched off one of the fuses in the old fuseboard - see photo on page 15 of the report. As clients; we do appreciate having the opportunity of electrocuting ourselves from their re-wire work) where

• fault 2 is a Code C1 'Danger Present' and immediate action is required from March 2021, (the electricians testing 2 of the double power sockets installed in the kitchen in 1987 found that they were polarity reversed. This risks a short circuit, shock or fire. They corrected the problem immediately)
• Faults 4, 12, 14 and 18 are Code C2 and Urgent remedial action required,
• Faults 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17 are Code C3 where improvement is recommended

Because we had paid part of the cost to Manderson Electrical Services Ltd using a credit card, then after we had contacted them and sent the report, the credit card company re-imbursed us. We then used that money towards a total removal of all wiring and total rewiring by the electrician who had produced the report.

The above was a pointless waste of time - we have now had the house completely rewired again without any recompense from the original contractor's lies, thiefery and extremely dangerous work with the government body Napit being no help at all. The unfortunate consequence of either buying a house or having anything done to it is that you the owner can and will be totally screwed by the majority of the British Workforce.

I have looked at a job of the third replacement of turf in a back garden of a new house. The back garden was clay and sloped down to the house - that house will have subsidence problems within 10 years. The only way that it might save itself is to rip up the lawn and plant shrubs that will absorb every drop of rain that falls on that garden -
you are not allowed to either drain into the storm drain of the house which is what takes the rain from the roof of the house/garage or
drain the rainwater from your garden to outside your property onto either public land or into somebody else's property.
I refused the job and told the owner to get onto the builders to rectify their error.
Since builders are repeating the same error on a massive scale in Ashford, the poor owners of new £500,000 houses are going to be upset.

Table Item Number

C1

Ivydene Gardens Home:
Tree Problems in Pavements in Funchal, Madeira in February 2018

READING THE TEXT IN RED ON THIS PAGE WILL MAKE IT EASIER FOR YOU TO USE EACH PAGE in my educational website.

THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:-

• THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE 2 QUARTZ GRAIN SIBLINGS, and
• HOW ROOTS OF PLANTS ARE IN CONTROL IN THE SOIL
• before continuing in this website.

Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources)

Table C1 - Playing Russian Roulette when you are under a tree in Madeira or Guernsey

I wrote the following about this problem in February 2018 with no result:-

Sadness about Trees in Pavements in Funchal, Maderia, which will either

• send only their branch(es) to the ground or
• include the branches with the tree trunk and send those to the ground,
• within the next 3 years.
• See photos of trees in Monte and the tragedy when people were killed by 1 of them falling on top of them at the bottom of this page. Would a mulch and irrigation have stopped this occuring? If yes and nothing is done for these trees during the next year, then I extend my
  condolences to the bereaved from those tree parts falling on their relatives who might send the Tourism Minister a spray of
  Red Carnation - Alas for my poor heart,
  Christmas Rose - Relieve my anxiety and
  Hawthorne - provide Hope (ISBN 0 7181 0593 1);
  on the funeral day
  condolences to the tourists if they are cut down as a cheaper solution or
  condolences to the remaining trees who no longer have the wind reduction support of their neighbours. Roads who had trees in their pavements could well become wind tunnels.

I walked between the Tourism Department in Funchal to the Forum along the pavements either side of the main road used by buses 1, 2 and 4 including the 2 parallell roads above the Pestana Promenade, the one above the other (which was used as the main road) before the cul-de-sac road below with the Pestana Promenade at its end was turned into the main road instead.

The following explains some of the problems with the

• tree roots
• junction between tree roots and trunk
• trunk and branches

with some suggestions for:-

• tree roots
• junction between tree roots and trunk
• trunk and branches
• where to get the water that is wasted in order to water these trees and
• where to get the mulch material

The trees in the pavement between those 2 points have these problems for their roots:-

• ROOT1 - their roots are being starved of oxygen by the tarmac of the road or pavement, or the concreted white/black marble in the pavement,
• ROOT2 - they are being asphixiated by their own roots release of carbon dioxide and nitrogen,
• ROOT3 - they are being denied water due to the tarmac above.
  The following is from drought care by The Morton Arboretum - " When watering trees, shrubs, and other landscape plants, remember that they absorb water and nutrients through their roots, most of which are in the upper 1 to 2 feet (30-60 cms) of soil. The goal is to keep plant roots moist, but not wet. Constantly saturated conditions also can damage roots. Depending on air temperatures, trees and shrubs need at least 1 inch of water applied every week to 10 days to cope with lack of rain. Larger, established trees have a wide-spreading root system and need not be watered as frequently, perhaps every 2 to 3 weeks. Let the top few inches of soil dry out between watering to avoid saturation and to allow roots and soil organisms to breathe."
  The following is from How and when to water by The Morton Arboretum - "There is no reason to water the leaves of a plant. Water the soil, where the roots are. The Arboretum recommends watering within the drip line of a tree, from the trunk out to the end of the branches, to reach the roots most effectively.",
• ROOT4 - their roots are being cut off, enclosing walls built and 18 inches (45 cms) depth of soil or the excess concrete added on top (If this added soil is in contact with the trunk instead of its roots then the tree will come under more strain than having had 1 of its main roots with 20cm diameter cut off in order to erect the wall). Moist soil piled against a trunk or on top of root flares causes decay at different rates, depending on the tree species and soil type. Constantly moist bark loses its ability to protect the tree from pathogens and insects and puts the tree in stress), and then a new pavement round the wall, so that pedestrians no longer have to step out 1.0 metre from the original pavement edge into the road to get to the next section of pavement,
• ROOT5 - there would appear to be a 1 metre diameter of soil enclosed by a concrete wall of edging or concrete allowed for each tree for its entire life from when it is inserted into that area as a 2.5 cm diameter x 300 cm high trunk and tied with inner tube tyre to a 2.5 cm wooden pole also 300cms high (The Morton Arboretum has a different tree planting system; including the staking method). The ground level within each tree enclosure area was either bare soil, tarmac, tarmac on the road with roots exposed to passing vehicle tyres, or some other pavement material. The following is the care advice given by The Morton Arboretum - "Mulch is another important element in good plant health care maintenance. Apply a 3-to-4-inch layer of organic, composted mulch (wood chips, leaves, or pine bark) extending from the base of the plant out past the drip line (end of the branches). Do not let the mulch rest against the trunk of the plant. All plants benefit from mulch, because, as the mulch breaks down, it provides an excellent growing medium for roots, and acts as a slow release fertilizer. Mulch will also help conserve moisture, moderate soil temperatures, eliminate weeds, and protect the trunk from mechanical injury, especially weed whips and lawn mowers."
• ROOT6 - The soil within some of the enclosures for these trees appears to have shrunk to form a pit and expose the tree roots. Is this because the tree has kept on removing the water from the soil until it becomes dust and so the ground level sinks?

The following is a copy of the information in The Morton Arboretum website:-

"TREE ROOT PROBLEMS

Root systems are vital to the health and longevity of trees. All plants need water, oxygen, and nutrients. These are most readily available near the soil surface where precipitation infiltrates the soil and oxygen from the atmosphere diffuses into the porous soil. Most roots, therefore, especially the important, tiny, absorbing roots, proliferate near the soil surface. The majority of a large tree’s roots are in the upper 18"-24" (45-60 cms) of soil. When space is available, roots can spread two to three times further than the branches. Tree roots are often associated with situations that cause damage to structures, pavements, and utilities. In almost every case, roots are not the cause of the problem.

ROOTS AND UNDERGROUND PIPES

Instances of pipes being broken by the growth of roots are rare, but blockage of damaged pipes is not uncommon. As roots enlarge, they may occasionally break the pipes and enter the cracks. More commonly, the pipes fail (especially at the joints) due to age or slight movement of the soil, allowing roots to invade. Moisture and nutrients released from ruptures can stimulate root growth toward the break in the pipe. Once a root enters a sewer pipe, the conditions of aeration, moisture, and nutrients are quite favorable for rapid growth. Species that are naturally found in wet areas such as poplars, willows, and silver maples, are commonly associated with clogged pipes. Blocked sewers usually must be cleared mechanically. Mechanical routing may be needed on an annual basis. Registered chemical treatments are available. The main advantage of these products is that they can be placed into the sewer as a foam for more effective contact with roots; however, it is essential to follow label directions. The only permanent solution to the problem, however, is to replace ruptured pipes. Modern materials and joints should prevent most problems in the future.

ROOTS AND PAVEMENT

If trees are too close to pavement, or if compacted soil forces large roots to grow very near the soil surface, roots can eventually lift pavement. When roots encounter a paved area, the only entry is often a gap between the soil and pavement. Future problems can be prevented at the time of planting by using smaller plants, providing a minimum distance of 4 feet between the tree and the pavement, or using mechanical barriers to prevent roots from growing under the pavement. Remedies for lifted pavements around mature trees often involve either moving the pavement away from the tree or pruning off the problem roots. Barriers are often installed after the roots are cut to prevent re-growth of the roots and recurrence of the pavement lifting. Cutting off the problem roots often causes stress and instability. Trees without sufficient root support can be blown over more easily in a storm.

ROOTS AND FOUNDATIONS

Roots are often blamed for damage to foundations. In reality, roots are rarely the cause of the problem. Though small roots may penetrate existing cracks in foundations, they are incapable of causing mechanical damage through their growth. Soil subsidence can result in damage to structures. Under very special circumstances roots can contribute to this problem. When soils are prone to shrinking substantially during periods of drought, and if foundations are shallow, roots can contribute to depletion of soil moisture under the foundation, causing it to subside. See further details in the following pages - Subsidence and Case Study number 1.

SURFACE ROOTS

Major tree roots often grow within a few inches of the soil surface. Some species, such as maples, grow roots particularly close to the surface. Alternate freezing and thawing causes frost-heaving, which can expose roots that would otherwise remain below the soil surface. On slopes, soil erosion may also expose roots. These surface roots could become a foot hazard or cause difficulty in mowing, and are easily injured. Removing these roots may disrupt the moisture supply to the tree, causing serious stress. Covering them with soil could cut off the oxygen supply to the fine roots in the soil below. Both situations could lead to decline. The best solution is usually to mulch the area under the tree with compost and/or wood chips. These materials are porous enough to allow sufficient oxygen supply to the soil and may actually encourage fine root growth. Acting as an insulator, the mulch will minimize further frost-heaving and erosion. Another benefit is the replacement of highly competitive turf grass with mulch, which supplies nutrients as it decomposes. Grass removal is not necessary before the mulch is applied. If mulch is not an option, raise the soil surface by adding no more than two inches of halfcompost/ half-topsoil mix. An additional 2 inches can be added each year as necessary to raise the soil level sufficiently to cover the roots. The lawn can then be replanted, but the tree roots may reappear on the surface within a few years.

GIRDLING ROOTS

Tree roots that wrap around the base of the trunk can restrict the flow of water and nutrients up and down the trunk, leading to decline and dieback of the crown. Norway maples are most susceptible to damage from girdling roots, but they can occur in most trees. When roots circling inside of a pot in the nursery cause the problem, the tree seldom survives more than a decade in the landscape. On “balled & burlapped” plants, girdling roots develop for different reasons and the decline may take 20 to 30 years to develop. To prevent girdling roots in nursery stock, make sure that all circling roots on the outside of the root ball are eliminated at time of planting. Research shows that moderate disruption of the container root system does not increase stress. For large girdling roots on established trees, correcting the problem can be difficult. Removal of the girdling roots may cause enough damage to the root system to hasten the decline. Several roots may be intertwined, making it even more difficult. It is difficult to predict if removing the roots will be more damaging than leaving them alone.

GRADE CHANGES

Roots grow much closer to the soil surface than is often believed. Since roots are near the surface and depend on oxygen, raising the soil level around an established tree can have serious impact. This new soil will drastically reduce the oxygen supply to roots. On the other hand, removing just a few inches of topsoil can also remove much of the tree’s root system, severely stressing the plant. When grade changes are necessary, avoid changing the grade within the dripline of the tree. The fewer roots that are impacted, the better the chances that the tree will survive. Another alternative would be to construct a retaining wall outside the dripline to accomplish the grade change. If the grade change is necessary to improve site drainage, be sure to divert the excess water away from the tree.

SEVERING ROOTS

Balance between the tree’s crown (top) and root system is important for maintaining healthy trees. When roots are lost for any reason, the imbalance creates stress. A tree usually has 4 to 7 major roots. Cutting just one of them within a few feet of the trunk can remove up to 25 percent of the root system. In such situations, giving the tree extra water during summer dry periods and thinning the crown may help to minimize decline. During temporary excavation, such as for utility installation or repair, significant root loss may result, but if the soil is replaced soon afterward, roots can regenerate into the replaced soil and recovery is more likely. Extra care (primarily watering) will be required for many years during the restoration of the lost roots. When underground utilities must be installed close to a tree, tunneling or augering under the root system avoids damage altogether."

How does water act in the soil? page shows how even on the sandy-type soil in Maderia that 'soil crusting' can occur where this crusting effectively seals the soil surface so that instead of infiltrating the soil, rain or irrigation water collects in puddles where it is then evaporated.

If you walk from the Lido roundabout down the main road towards the Pestana Promenade Hotel, you come to the first hotel, whose almost horizontal carpark drive runs parallel to the lido roundabout and back to what tourists call Cardiac Hill with its restaurants and supermarket. The hotel has installed a very narrow flower bed with palm trees and a rubber pipe irrigation system that has irrigated those trees since they were planted many years ago. Those trees look in the pink of health, because their roots have had the water and the oxygen and probably some fertiliser in the irrigation water with bare soil above them since they were planted.

One of the first trees on the left side of that drive had 1 or 2 young shoots growing very near the base of the trunk. There are no shoots with any leaves on them for at least 5 metres in height on the trees within the pavements from the Tourism Department to the Forum shopping centre, due to those branches and trunks being repeatedly covered with light bulbs for separate holiday functions every year with the humans who erect them clambering all over those exposed surfaces and destroying any juvenile new growth.

The only fault that is evident within the flower beds of the carpark drive of that hotel is that all waste plant growth is removed from those beds so those plants are entirely reliant on man-made nutrients in soluble form:-

As you walk down the main road to that hotel on the left and seaward side with its irrigated plants in its driveway beds, you will notice the mass of vegetation between that main road and its partner above. This vegetation covers the ground and is not managed - that means all its dead leaves etc stay with it and the geckos and other soil life organisms cycle that waste to the plant's roots as nutrients. The ground-covering vegetation reduces water loss from the sun's rays hitting the ground or the wind from drying it out. Those flowers and plants look healthy with plenty of growth.
It is quite likely that that vegetation is of native Maderian plants - there are experts in the Lido Tours on the native maderian plants, geology, bats, etc who might be able to advise. Opposite the Pestana Promenade Hotel the cliff has been excavated to allow a bed of grass and palm trees to be grown. Apparently people are afraid that the weight of the native trees in the pavement of the main road above are causing the rockfalls. It is possible that the original cliff was at about 150 degrees to the horizontal road below. It is probably now at 120 degrees, thus the weight above is no longer fully supported and the downward force is breaking the cliff. The grass (see the root amount created by a grass plant planted in Type I Roadstone to appreciate how those roots abstract any water they find from their root surroundings) and palm trees continue to rob all the water from the bed area, turning that soil into dust, which does not provide the support or cohesion that soil with sufficient water in it does. If the grass (see the fibrous roots of a Ryegrass Plant to show why all rain is absorbed by roots of the grass before the roots of that tree underneath can receive any and this is why I recommend that a radius of at least 24 inches - 60 cms - from the trunk is left free of grass or any other perennial, shrub or tree. Bulbs planted there are fine providing they not electric bulbs) and palm trees were removed from that bed and the grass growing on the cliff just below the wall alongside the pavement of the road above, that would stop the dehydration of that cliff face. If the same plants as in the cliff area closer to the Lido were planted with an irrigation system, which was used to get them established within 2-3 years and then switched off, and NO PLANT MAINTENANCE CARRIED OUT ON THAT AREA TO REMOVE DEAD PLANT MATERIAL OR PRUNE EXCEPT TO PRUNE OFF ANY MATERIAL ESCAPING THE ALLOTTED AREA, then that cliff face could be stabilised.

Summary of main problems with the ROOTS of the trees in the pavements and roads of Funchal.

Roots of trees require water, oxygen and nutrients as shown above in Tree Root Problems. Airflow through the soil for the roots to breathe in the oxygen and for the roots to breathe out carbon dioxide - The carbon content stored in soil is eventually returned to the atmosphere through the process of respiration, which is carried out by heterotrophic organisms that feed upon the carbonaceous material in the soil. Since plant roots need oxygen, ventilation is an important characteristic of soil. This ventilation can be accomplished via networks of soil pores, which also absorb and hold rainwater making it readily available for plant uptake. Since plants require a nearly continuous supply of water, but most regions receive sporadic rainfall, the water-holding capacity of soils is vital for plant survival.

ROOT3 provides the following:-

• The Arboretum recommends watering within the drip line of a tree, from the trunk out to the end of the branches, to reach the roots most effectively.

ROOT5 provides the following:-

• Mulch is another important element in good plant health care maintenance. Apply a 3-to-4-inch layer of organic, composted mulch (wood chips, leaves, or pine bark) extending from the base of the plant out past the drip line (end of the branches).

Many of these trees have their drip line extending over most of the pavement and some of the road. So how do we provide the water, oxygen and nutrients as required?

Where can we get the water required for these trees?

Besides the main telephone not working, no instructions on how to get a DVD that we had brought with us to work on the tv, the light shade knocking on my head every time I sat down at the table for 4 and had my wife's elbow sticking into my ribs, the 3 seater-sofa-bed being made up although my wife had only asked for an extra duvet so that I could sleep on top of the sofa with pillows at my head and leg end so that I could drain my ankles overnight and stop myself from drowing in my own phlegm - with no instructions on how to convert it back to a sofa in my first weeks accomodation, both toilets were leaking water from the cistern directly to the toilet bowl. Every 2 to 3 hours the liquid in my body needs a normal method of discharge. Being on potassium-sparing diuretics the resulting liquid is coloured ( when I reported this to my doctor, she specified that I needed to drink more since I was dehydrated - didn't like to point out that according to the notes issued within the packaging of my medication, that 3 of the 9 should not taken in conjunction with each other), 3 hours later I was about to release some more liquid and was interested to note that the water in the bowl was not coloured anymore. I called in the hotel staff and the maintenance man removed the stainless steel plunger from the cistern and replaced the broken non-rubber washer with a rubber one in each cistern - having stated that these washers only lasted 2 years. My toilet in the guest bathroom continued to leak; the maintenance man came back with the housekeeper. After their visit, it still leaked.
The following week in different accomodation, my guest bathroom toilet also leaked. This time the discolouration after 3 hours became clear down to just under the top of the U bend in the bowl, so this leak was less. Being your most everso humble servants, we are extremely grateful to pay a mere £50 a day maintenance charges during the fortnight's stay for plumbing that leaks, curtains that are washed without the tapes being untied so that when they are rehung they no longer cover the window area leaving light from the external hotel lights coming inside; and rust on each of the 4 electric cooking plates above the oven.

If you dump the remainder of your strongly-coloured tea from the teapot into each of your loos, you will discover - if out of the million or so toilets with the same flushing system in Funchal - that yours is also leaking.

Where to get the water in order to water these trees?
Instead of the cistern water leaking into the loo this water could irrigate those trees within the pavement or road.

Having got a supply of water, where are we going to get the nutrients required?

In most areas of gardens, that I have seen in Funchal; the soil between the plants is bare. This means all prunings, grass mowings, autumn leaves etc are dumped.

Instead of dumping, collect them with 2% by volume of seaweed (see the benefits of seaweed from how to grow potatoes in Seaweed) and shred them into sawdust - do not compost this mixture as that will provide food for the soil organisms who turn it into further nutrients for the trees. Collect food not eaten from restaurants and put through a BIOGAS Production System and use the Biofertilizer produced to add to the shreddings. Mix with water in a concrete mixer before delivery - after each time the mulch has been transferred under the pavement by the irrigation system above it - to each of the 4 tree's irrigation/seating systems to provide a mulch and fertiliser.

The trees in the pavement between those 2 points have these problems for the junction between tree roots and trunk:-

PAVEMENT1 - The roots do have any or much access to the air for oxygen, carbon dioxide release, water and nutrients. The 100cm wide enclosure for the tree covers less than 1 square metre width of root area. We will assume that the tree is only 4 metres (400 cms = 160 inches) tall with 4 metre radius of roots. The area of root is 50.27 square metres. That means that less than 2% of the root area can ever receive any water, nutrients etc. Unfortunately the tree grows to fill that area with trunk and then overflow onto the pavement. So all of its life the tree in the pavements of Funchal are going to receive less and less water, nutrients or gas exchange until they receive nothing at all.
I have never seen any mulch in this enclosure for a tree in the pavement. I have yet to see any mulch for trees grown in the open ground in Funchal. Plants in public or private gardens seem to have to rely on water only or water with chemical fertiliser added to it.

The gas produced from the BIOGAS Production System can be used as a fuel for the glass destruction machines or to generate electricity for the same purpose. The glass destruction machines can break up the waste glass bottles into cullet of different colours. This will be used for the pavements, when I give the suggestions for providing oxygen to the roots as detailed below in the 'junction between tree roots and trunk' section.

The trees in the pavement between those 2 points have these problems for their Trunk and branches:-

TRUNK1 - The pruning of trees shrubs and conifers by George E. Brown, NDH formerly Assistant Curator, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew was first published in 1972 by Faber and Faber Lited. Reprinted 1982 and 1988. Re-issued 1987. ISBN 0 571 11084 3 was a recommended book by Hadlow College, whilst I was a student for HNC in Horticulture in September 1990 to June 1991; after I was made redundant having coded the display for the RAF Helicopter Pilots to use instead of them using paper maps (I was 42 and personnel over 36 were first in line for redundancy). Apparently people use it in their cars and it is currently named Satnav.
Page 31 has a section on Crown Thinning. Fig. 13. on page 32 shows good and bad methods of dealing with a mature tree which is unsafe and is in need of attention:-

It should be borne in mind that only the main branches have been shown. The broken lines indicate branches which are to be cut out.
(1) This is correct. Those branches which are to remain have been left at full length with very little if any shortening.
(2) The branch systems which are to remain have been shortened. This may lead to cavities in the region of these cuts at a later stage and such shortening should not be carried out.
(3) This form of lopping is definitely wrong.
(4) Lopped to this extent it would make a suitable support for a climber, but the strong shoots resulting from the cuts would need to be cut out occasionally.
Page 33 has a section on Crown Reduction with Fig 14:-

Part of a branch system under consideration for thinning. The broken lines indicate 2 branches which would be removed under a moderate thinning, the cuts being made at (a). Whole lengths are removed, making the cut as close to the parent branch as possible. Under a severe thinning policy, 3 additional branches are suggested for removal by making indicated by (b). With crown reduction, however, the branches are shortened, the cuts being carefully positioned just above a substantial limb growing in the right direction, see Fig. 2. on page 4:-

Cut number 1 is wrong, since it leaves a stump. The tree then produces multiple shoots from this stump, which are weakest at the stump end, overcrowd each other and then all shoots will need cutting out.

A tree in the front garden of the Miramar Hotel within 200 cms of the roadside pavement has been very recently pruned using the same cutting procedure as indicated in (4) of Fig. 13. above with each cut end being at least 15 cms in diameter. It left a trunk and bare branch network covering at least 10 metres width. Unfortunately there was a storm and the wind reduction enjoyed by the tree next to the hotel reception swayed to within 5 cms of the concrete balustrade above that reception area, whilst I watched it from my hotel suites lounge. The trunks of the palm trees that were higher than that tree hardly moved and only their topgrowth of leaves thrashed around. There is a swimming pool above the reception and office area and I do hope that those staff are supplied with diving suits and oxygen tanks. I suspect that nobody did a risk assessment on the result of removal of all foliage and topgrowth of that pruned tree which vastly reduced the wing speed before hitting the trunk swaying tree further up the hill.

None of the cut ends of the tree in the front garden of the Miramar had any protective dressing.
Page 6 of the pruning book by Brown states the following:-
The Protective Dressing
When a cut is made, a considerable amount of heartwood is exposed which, in the case of larger stems and branches, has become salignified or hardened to give mechanical strength. This remains healthy and perfectly preserved, provided it is protected from air and water, pests and other harmful organisms and the tree is in a healthy condition. The cut immediately exposes this wood and it is vital, therefore, to protect it as speedliy as possible before the destructive agents begin their work. It will be apparent how quickly a sealant must be applied, when it is realised that the air is full of spores of all kinds which may alight on the cut surface at any time. All cuts over 25mm (1 inch) in diameter should be treated, although with young specimens even smaller wounds should be dressed. The material used must be waterproof. It should retain its pliable nature for a long period without cracking. It should not be favourable to the development of diseases or pests - in fact the ideal dressing would have an active and lasting fungicidal property. It is necessary to look over the wounds at least annually and, if necessary, make further applications, although a 6-monthly inspection of every tree is in any case is advisable, and it would be natural to inspect wounds at the same time. Often, radial cracks appear in the heartwood on the surface of a large wound as it dries out.
I have never seen any protective dressing on any of the trees in Funchal.

Having informed each hotel's staff, it was suggested I talk with the Tourism Minister. I spoke to the receptionist at the Tourism Department in the centre of Funchal. She stated that the Minister was not in, but got a member of staff to have some words with me. I showed her the site map of the Evergreen Trees on my website www.ivydenegardens.co.uk in her office. Standing by the window which had a view of the trees in the pavement outside her office, I started to show her some of the problems with those trees. Before I was fully into my stride, one of her colleagues appeared and she had to go to a meeting. I thanked her and departed.

On the Sunday, I slowly walked from the Miramar to the roundabout at the bottom of the hill from the Presidents Office and on to to the English Church. I thought I would inspect the trees on my seaside side and inspect the trees on the other side of the road from the seaward side to see how many were damaged. After inspecting the first 5 on my side and discovering that

• where branches had been cut off that rot was occuring in each of them and creating holes,
• 1 of them had a jagged scar about 4-5 metres from the ground where a branch had ripped from its main branch in the storm during the previous week
• 1 had bark missing over a large portion of the branch close to where that branch met the trunk with the knowledge that rot would occur and that tree would fall into the road and onto the zebra crossing at some future date

I didn't bother to check for further numbers of damaged trees any further in the walk to that roundabout to see if the remainder were in the same condition, since they were the same age and looked as if the same amount of care had been taken with them, whether it was crossing branches, missing bark from sections of the trunk or branches, rival leaders, or water sprouts.

I did note the paucity of topgrowth in a tree in the pavement opposite the park and about a third the way down the hill in comparison to a tree in an adjacent garden of probably the same age, due to the above stated problems.

When I reached the English Church to collect my wife after the Sunday service for the 34th time, I was sad to see that a member of the congregation drove his car from the back area of the church to the front and avoided the damaged part of the pebbled drive by putting his nearside wheels onto the lawn. The small pebbles in the drive are packed together on their edge and into the soil below. If 1 or more of these pebbles is dislodged then the ones alongside follow. Unfortunately the church cannot afford to pay for the crypt water damage or for these driveway repairs and even if they did, then someone accelerating too much on this driveway would create the same problem again. If Cedardrive was used to contain the pebbles, then this problem would no longer occur. Being one of the first churches on the Island, the original road system for use by a pony and cart must still be used for this driveway with smaller pebbles than used in the public road or pavement outside the gates of that church.

Walking from the Mirimar to the Lido passing the 17 Maple-leafed trees on the seaward side of the road, I noticed that besides the damage in the other 12, the last 5 had the following:-

• holes in the trunk leading to a weakened trunk, which were continuing to rot
• the end tree trunk was over 24 inches (60 cms) into the road. Its original aluminium post with its sign warning of a tree had been broken and that post had been grown round by the tree. The new sign on its new post had been hit; probably by a wingmirror of a lorry or bus. The base of the tree had been crushed repeatedly and about a 5 cm width of tree trunk removed at tarmac level by wheels of vehicles. Others also had their trunk/root area in the road by less than 24 inches.
• 1 or 2 of them had overgrown the tarmac, concrete pavers or other material at their bases of the pavement. This reduces the trunk supporting width and leaves the tree getting heavier above but without the extra width of heartwood below to support that extra weight; as shown by the following from the introduction to the Garden Maintenance page -
  This tree was tied with plastic baling twine to a fence when very young. The white section shows the width at which it was tied. This tree top snapped in the wind.
• Please never use plastic twine or wire to tie a plant.
• 
•  
• 
• The roots of one tree were exposed to the pounding of the traffic over the top of them.
• If nothing is done, those trunks or top branches will come down.

Walking from the Pestana Promenade to the supermarket on the top main road, I found a tree with a hole at ground level at 12:01 (the road) and 18:00 on the pavement and another at 15:00 about 1.5 metres from the ground. The inside heartwood was rotting and that trunk will fail. There was another tree in a similar state close to the Forum.

Walking next to the swimming pool at the Pestana Promenade, I noticed some grey stone gravel under a newly-laid area of concrete pavers. Unfortunately there was no Plantex weed control fabric under the grey stone. This means that the soil will mix with that gravel and come up between the pavers and then grass will grow in between as a result. I have started to notice this occuring on some of the older pavements in Funchal.

The cheapest answer is to chop those trees down, but at a £1,000,000 worth of each tree to the tourist and the economy of Maderia, I would request that you spend money and look after them.
Since neither the hotels nor the Tourism Department appeared to be interested, all I can do is HOPE.

I suggest that the existing pavement is carefully removed down to soil level without damaging the roots underneath. Use wheelbarrows and a human workforce on the pavements and no machinery which would crush the tender tree roots until the new pavement has been completed. Exposure of the roots can be for no longer than 20 minutes unless they sprayed with a mist spray pattern to keep them from drying out - see explaination of how soil works to understand how easily the rhizosphere round the tree roots can be destroyed. Then refill back to 4 cms from the original ground level with 8 millimetre cullet obtained from the waste bottles collected from the hotels, restaurants and private homes, with the main irrigation pipe next to the building on the other side of the pavement. Then lay Cedardrive (which was known as Cedargravel) on top and get your local artists, schools, etc to fill the Cedardrive with their choice of coloured cullet to create games, pictures etc. An area of 300 cms long and 30 cms wide can be covered with Cedardrive with its geotextile sheet removed. This area has a metal framed box shape sitting on top of it, which is supported by the pavement edge and the other sides by the Cedardrive which has been filled with cullet. A few sections of that metal frame are extended into the 300 x 30 cm area to stop it sliding into the road or the rest of the pavement. The meshed top can then be used as a seat and local artists, lacemakers etc can then use it during the day to make and sell their wares, or by the public as a seating area for us old fogeys. 1 each side of the tree by the pavement edge and 2 more at other side of pavement. The mulch created from edible food waste/ plant waste/ water can then refill the Cedardrive under those metal framed boxes each month using an open end to insert the flexible output pipe into. Instead of using a spray system in the side facing the pavement to spray the pavement and the mulch in the opposing irrigation system, use the system specified in the next row. The irrigation water will aid in transferring this mulch through the cullet which is under the main pavement area to the roots together with help from the soil organisms; whilst the oxygen and carbon dioxide gases can also have access together with the extra rain when that falls; through the cullet in the Cedardrive. Before the Cedardrive is inserted, soak the ground underneath the pavement, insert the mats on top and leave for 2 hours (long lunch-break?) before commencing the insertion of the mats with the correct colour of cullet.

A combination of cullet and expanding foam can be used to fill the holes in the trees, with the exposed area of foam being painted twice with Protective Dressing on the following day.

This paving system will work on both a hill and on horizontal pavements, since the loose cullet has been stabilised in this gravel stabilisation system.

Perhaps this changeover could be achieved with the same enthusiasm as provided after the middle of Funchal was flooded with rainwater, where within 2 weeks all evidence had been removed.

The main irrigation pipe is laid on the furthest side of the pavement from the road under the 2 irrigation/seating areas on that side and connected to them. Pipework from it to each of the 2 irrigation/seating areas by the pavement/road edge is laid between Cedardrive mats, so that in the event of their failure, it only requires the edges of these mats to be pulled up, pipe replaced and mats replaced. Although it would be great to have rainwater, because of the chlorine/fluorine in the water supply, we can't. So the top tank of this seating area is filled very slowly to get the water to automatically flush very 2-4 days. The top tank has a meshed top for ventilation to allow these gases time to escape from the water during that filling time, otherwise that water will kill the organisms in the soil below. The tank below into which this water will flow every 2-4 days has a side with the length of the tank facing the pavement. 60% up this side the remainder is a hinged door. Once the tank has been positioned then a section of geotextile is laid on the open meshed bottom of this lower tank and the cullet is inserted into this up to 75cms in depth. The hinged door is then closed. The water flushing into that tank will have to find its way between the cullet, the geotextile and the meshed bottom to get to the lower section. Thus, it will not flood that lower area by creating a high pressure hose but seep like a Leaky-Pipe Irrigation system instead. If the cullet gets blocked by the impurities in the water supply, then that hinged door can be opened, the cullet replaced and the door rehinged. The irrigation water now seeps onto the mulch below and this then carries that mulch into the area under the rest of the pavement to provide nutrients for the tree and food for the organisms in the soil. The 4 irrigation/seating areas can be cycled so that each day; 1 on each side of the pavement is supplying water to the tree. If this supplies too much or too little water to the tree, then the flow of water to the top tank can changed.

If the pavement is sloped by 1 in 40 towards the middle then this is sufficient for water to flow downhill.

What bliss, on a hot day to find a cool seat to sit on, whilst I watch the lacemaker making lace placemats on the opposing bench!!!

Provide each of your workforce with 3 Three Kneeling Pads to

prevent their knees from being wet or damaged by stones when kneeling on the ground to work on the pavement, etc. Put one beneath each knee and move one knee to the third when required. Why not try the Memory Foam Support Kneeling Mats?

Step One

Step Two

Step Three

As shown on other tools page

If the workforce need to step onto the excavated pavement before the replacement cullet and the Cedardrive has been laid down, then provide 1 metre square kneeling mats for them to lay down before they walk over it and even push wheelbarrows over them as well.

Wear Yellow Criss Cross Gripper Gloves when using any tools to provide high
grip even when in water or in rain. These will prevent damage to your hands. They can be washed repeatedly and if holes appear in the palm of one then swap gloves and those holes get onto the top of the other hand.

I used to use protective barrier skin cream Derma Guard which is currently replaced with Derma Shield to prevent chaps on my hands (applied once in the morning and again after lunch).

Please wear overalls to spare my body reaction to the sight of that exposed skin. Unless I close my eyes when in the Dentist's chair my blood thinning medication goes haywire for 2 months due to long exposure to her face.

Use Rubber Garden Trugs, which are very flexible with tough handles; to put the pavement waste in whilst kneeling and excavating. Then, the waste can be loaded into the wheelbarrows behind them.
Use a combination of the Roughneck Utility, Wrecking and Aligning Bar Set and a Claw hammer with Shock-absorbent handle to the removal of the original pavement with its sub base down to the soil underneath. This will cause minimal damage to the roots of that tree under that original pavement.

A trug can also be used to contain 1 colour of cullet before that cullet is transferred into the Cedardrive using a trowel instead of your hands.

Use the Load Eze Skip Safety Ramp to walk the wheelbarrow up and empty into the skip, or the lorry to get your trugful of cullet (put cullet into trug, trug into wheelbarrow, and wheel it to where you need to use it).

The artist (from the school, the inhabitants of that road, or the grandmother's union whose only remaining task is to grow onions in shady gardens!) who is creating the coloured pattern in the pavement, should lay out the mats of Cedardrive on the pavement behind the workers removing the original pavement surface in the order that they will be laid onto the next excavated space. Dip a cullet of the required cullet in cane syrup and place in the bottom of each pocket of each mat with the colour of the cullet that will fill it, with 3 pieces of cullet in the top right corner pocket for orientation data to the cullt fillers. The correct colour of cullet can then be inserted later and at the end of that day's work fill all the newly laid mats with water to dissolve that syrup and soak the material under those mats. The pockets next to the tree should be empty of cullet and their sides cut and the geotextile removed under that pocket, so that the trunk growth can push them away. There is no reason why games cannot be inserted like hopscotch, or images with humour in them (walking through Gatwick Airport to and from the aircraft there are translations from many different languages on the walls to provide information on the English required for that service to be provided to them, which also make you smile).

If the tree is cut down, do stump-grind so that the risk of honey-fungus is reduced - there is at least 1 that has been recently cut to the ground and its stump left. If you replace that tree, do remember that that tree probably has a similar defense mechanism as Roses do - they release chemicals into the soil to kill any rose planted in the same area within 7 years, so replace it with a tree from a different family. Cutting the stump to provide a dipped are will cause water to collect and hasten the rotting or fungus build up in that trunk/roots. This fungus may well damage the replacement tree.

I have saved a 48 inch (120 cm) diameter of trunk of a tree, that its heartwood was so reduced that I could stand up inside it and if I leaned against it, I could have pushed it over. Using the foam etc, I saved that tree and it was stronger from its growing its outer live area within a year.

Do not give up on a tree.

I have not told you about succession yet - a plant has a life period. If you still want a stand of those trees, then you have to provide new trees at a rate to match the dying off of the old in succession rather that as a complete replacement of all at once.

Coals to Newcastle telling the people of Maderia (Origin - Portuguese, literally 'timber' (From Latin materia 'Substance'), because of the island's dense woods) how to look after trees.

FROM SATURDAY THE 10TH FEBRUARY 2018, I CAN BUT DREAM OF SAVING THESE EXTREMELY STRESSED TREES.
Unfortunately simply walking up Cardiac Hill leaves me breathless, so I cannot help physically to save them. If I reach 70, I might see if anything has happened next year.
No need to worry, the same thing as above is happening to your trees in your town in almost any country in the world.

This website is being created by Chris Garnons-Williams of Ivydene Horticultural Services from it's start in 2005.

I am requesting free colour photographs of any plants grown in or sold in the United Kingdom to add to the plants in the Plant Photographic Galleries and Butterfly photographs for the Butterfly on Plant Photographic Galleries.

Site design and content copyright ©April 2007. Page structure amended October 2012. Page structure changed February 2019 for pages concerning Trees in pavements alongside roads in Madeira. Chris Garnons-Williams.

DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site.  

It should be remembered that nothing is sold from this educational site, it simply tries to give you the best advice on what to use and where to get it (About Chris Garnons-Williams page details that no payment or commision to or from any donor of photos or adverts I place on the site in the Useful Data or other sections is made to Chris Garnons-Williams or Ivydene Horticultural Services). This website is a hobby and not for direct commercial gain for Ivydene Horticultural Services. There is no Google Adscenes or Search Facility in this website.

The information on this site is usually Verdana 14pt text (from December 2023, this is being changed from 14pt to 10pt) and all is in tabular form. This can be downloaded and sorted using WORD or other word-processing software into the order that you personally require, especially for soil subsidence, the Companion Planting Tables and the pages in the Plants section. This would be suitable for use in education as well.

I put jokes in at various places to give you a smile.
 

Table Item Number

C2

Due to intensive farming techniques and chemical fertilisers this has occurred:-
A 2004 US study found important nutrients in some garden crops are up to 38% lower than there were at the middle of the 20th Century. On average, across the 43 vegetables analysed, calcium content declined 16%, iron by 15% and phosphorus by 9%.

The BBC has produced an article as to why modern food as lost its nutrients.
 

The following about trees in pavements show why when the roots are denied access to air, water and nutrients even the fungi cannot work to support the trees.

Pavements of Funchal, Madeira
Damage to Trees - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13
for trees 1-54,
14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
for trees 55-95,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37,
for trees 95-133,
38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
for trees 133-166
 

The following addition of this mulch improved the clay soil, so that
neither the fungi nor the plants would drown.
 

A 150mm deep mulch of mixed peat, sharp washed sand and horticultural grit was applied on top of a heavy clay soil to improve its structure, and stop the plants therein from drowning, at £10 a square metre. The mix was:

• 4 cubic metres of Peat (to provide the Organic Polymers/Organic Matter and Carbon.)
• 2 cubic metres of Sharp Washed Sand (to provide the sand for the production of microaggregates)
• 2 cubic metres of Horticultural Grit (to provide larger particles for aggregation)
• 25kg of Garden Lime (to provide Calcium for the plants and allow clay minerals to bond together to form domains. Once clay minerals are stacked together to form domains, they can then bond with organic matter to form microaggregates)
• 25 kg of Sulphate of Iron (to provide Iron to act as a trace element and to create soil colloid for buffering chemical nutrients in the soil for later use by plants)
• 25Kg of Sulphate of Potash ( to provide fertilizer for the plants)

The following was then sent to me:-

and the following was sent to me in October 2004:-

An unsuccessful planting scheme had left bare areas of garden as plants failed to survive winter in the waterlogged clay soil. The loss of numerous plants and the cost of replacing them had left us disheartened. It was evident that remedial action was need in the form of a mixture of gravel, sand and peat to create an organic loam. Approximately six inches was added in April and left to settle and do its job. By July there was a noticeable difference in the quality of the soil and the plants. Shrubs with sparse, mottled leaves were looking glossy and robust, overall growth had increased (including the weeds!) and the soil was holding its moisture well. But the biggest difference came in the confidence it gave us to transform the garden. The borders used to be a no-go area between May and September as the clay baked and cracked, but the new soil was easy to handle and weeds could be successfully removed. We realised that there are no quick fixes - the key to a healthy garden is rich, nutritous soil. Once our plants began to thrive we were optimistic that, with good advice, we could create a garden to be proud of.

C3

C3 - Flailing a hedge kills the habitat for butterflies

When you look at the life history graphs of each of the 68 butterflies of Britain, you will see that they use plants throughout all 12 months - the information of what plant is used by the egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly is also given in the above first column.
With this proposed removal of all plants required for butterflies etc to live in and pro-create; at least once a year by the autumn or spring clearing up, the wildlife in public parks is destroyed as is done in every managed park in the world.
Please leave something for the wildlife to live in without disturbance; rather than destroy everything so children can ride their bicycles anywhere they want when the park is open during the day and they are not at school.

THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE - This details that life and death from July 1972 to 2019, with the following result:-
"Of the original 186 flowering species (including sub-species), the 5 colour forms and the 8 unconfirmed species, (193 flowering species in total) only 55 have persisted throughout the 35 years of flailing since 1972. Of these 55 species:-
3 species are unchanged.
11 species have disastrously increased.
41 species are seriously reduced in number, most by over 90%. Of these, 18 are now increasing under the somewhat lighter flailing regime. 13 are still decreasing, and 35 have only a few specimens (from 1-12 plants) left.
Of the rest of the original species:-
37 species and 3 colour forms have disappeared, then reappeared after varying lengths of time. Of these, 20 have fewer than 6 plants, most of them only 1 or 2, and are liable to disappear again. Only 6 of the recovered species look capable of surviving in the longer term.
23 species have reappeared, then disappeared again due to being flailed before they could set seed or to being overcome by rank weeds.
Only 3 species have reappeared for a second time, and one of these has since disappeared for the third time.
68 species and 2 colour forms disappeared and have never reappeared to date (2008).
Of the 83 flowering species (excluding 11 rampant species) and 3 colour forms now present in the survey mile, around 50 are unlikely to survive there in the long term, certainly not in viable numbers, if flailing continues.
Unless the degradation of habitat, high fertility and spread of ivy and other rampant weeds can be reversed, it appears highly unlikely that more than a dozen or so of the lost floral species can ever safely return or be re-introduced.
The only birds sighted more than once so far this year along the mile have been magpie, rook, crow and buzzard, and a swallow (probably the same one each time) hunting between the hedges now and then at the sheltered eastern end of the mile. One wren heard June 21st, one blackbird seen June 27th (these also at the eastern end) and one greenfinch today July 31st. On this hot sunny high-summer day counted only 7 hedge brown butterflies (6 of them males), one red admiral and one large white. Half a dozen small bumblebees, two carder bees, half a dozen hoverflies of two common Eristalis species, one flesh fly, one scorpion fly and one dragonfly, Cordulegaster boltonii, not hunting, zooming straight down the road and disappearing into the distance.
Only 8 butterfly species so far this year, and only one specimen each of five of them (red admiral, speckled wood, large white, ringlet and large skipper, the latter seen only once since 1976). Only small white, hedge brown and speckled wood have managed to appear every year since the flail arrived.
For some years I have been noticing very small specimens particularly of hedge brown and speckled wood. This year nearly all the hedge browns seen in the mile ('all' being a dozen or so in total) are of this stunted size, some of the males appearing really tiny. I am wondering if this might be a response to general environmental stress, or due to inbreeding as flail-reduced numbers are so low. The hedge brown does not fly far from its hatching place so mating opportunity is now extremely limited. With the few species of insects now seen in the hedges there seems to be a high proportion of males to females, at least five to one.
So far this year only a single moth has come to the house lights. It was a Drinker, and it killed itself against the bulb before it could be saved.
September 21st. Most of the survey mile closely flailed today along both sides of the road.

End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure.
Times and attitudes have changed since the days when the flail first appeared on the scene. The plight of our once-so-diverse wildlife is officially recognised as a priority; agricultural grants may embrace conservation measures, and perhaps economic strictures will tend more to a live-and-let-live policy in future with less of the expensive, pointless and desecrating "tidying-up". We now have an enthusiastic generation keen to help nature recover its diversity, but often unsure as to how this is best achieved. [Please see CHL "Restoring Biodiversity in Cornish Hedges"] 21st September 2007.
There is still widespread ignorance of the effects of such destructive machinery as the flail-mower and other rotary trimmers and strimmers. Few people but the elderly now remember or understand the life that ought to be abundant in the everyday hedges, verges, field margins and waste places. The simple remedy of returning to the clean-cutting finger-bar scythe used in late winter, trimming alternate sides of the hedge in different years, not trimming green herbaceous growth and leaving the cut material (mainly dead stems and twigs) on or near the hedge, is largely unrealised. This wildlife-friendly type of trimmer is still available from some suppliers.
Cornwall County Council has changed from being (in this instance) the chief offender to employing said-to-be environmentally-aware officers concerned with reconciling conservation and development. In recent years the council has issued instructional leaflets about hedges and their wildlife, including one entitled Cornish Roadside Hedge Management (since altered, perhaps not entirely for the better). This leaflet largely embodied the principles that our petition of 1985 asked for. Ironically, it is no longer the council's employees who are carrying out the work. Although this advice is now available, it does not necessarily reach the farmers and contractors out on the job. The flails are still in destructive action at any time from June onwards, though on the whole the work does seem to be being done later rather than sooner. Some farmers are now correctly leaving it until January and early February, a good time to allot to road work while other farm jobs may have to wait for drier weather. Most farmers, despite the bad publicity they tend to suffer, truly wish to do the best they can for their wildlife. Sadly for all, the flail is still the universally-available tool.
Those ignorant of the flail's real effects may imagine that 'sensitive' use of it is all right, as some common plant and insect species return temporarily and a few others increase when the work is switched to the less damaging time of year and done lightly. In the longer term, this is delusive; even in winter an unacceptable number of individuals are killed at every flailing and the habitat still inexorably degrades. No matter how or when or how seldom the flail is used, species continue to die out.
Until naturalists and environmentalists understand the catastrophic and cumulative effects of the flail they will continue to say they don't know why, despite all well-intentioned efforts, the numbers and diversity of wild flowers, songbirds, bats, butterflies, moths and bumblebees are still falling.
Nature lovers have to stop thinking mainly in terms of schemes to benefit a handful of charismatic species at special sites, and start looking at what the flail and other rotary mowers have done to thousands upon thousands of acres of the British countryside and billions upon billions of its most essential, ordinary inhabitants. It has struck at the major heart of the core existence of our native species, slaughtering them wholesale in that very sanctuary of the hedges and verges. These species had already mostly gone from the rest of the local area; the hedges where they had all taken refuge were their last resort. The remnants of species and their precarious survivors are still being wiped out, smashed to death every time the flail is used. It is the utterly wrong tool for the job and it has to be scrapped.
A brand-new flail-mower operating in February 2008. Right time of year for trimming, wrong kind of trimmer. As long as it is manufactured and turned out into the roads and fields the flail will decimate wild flowers, massacre the small creatures remaining in the hedges and verges, destroy their habitat and ruin the ancient structure of Cornwall's hedges.
Since the last yellowhammer flew across the road in 1980, I have never seen another while walking the survey mile. Since the last grasshopper in July 1981, I have never seen or heard another in these hedges. Since all the other species this diary recorded absent disappeared, they have not been seen again except in the few instances stated in the text. Most of the remaining species are declining. Fewer than half of them are likely to survive in the longer term if present trends continue. The long-vanished flowering species are likely never to return, as repeated flailing before seeding has exhausted their dormant seed stocks. The survey mile is typically representative of a majority of Cornish roadside hedges.
The photographs - in the pdf in their website - illustrating many of the flowering species lost were not taken in the survey hedge,for the obvious reason that they were no longer there. Most were taken in the house's wild garden adjoining, while those that did not grow there were obtained only with extreme difficulty, by searching all over West Penwith in a roughly thirty-mile radius for un-flailed pockets of survival. Along the roadside hedges, in this whole distance I found just one or two plants or patches of only a few of the species sought - common toadflax, field scabious, tufted vetch, scentless mayweed, red clover, self-heal - species that before the flail were so commonly seen along the whole length of hundreds of hedges in West Cornwall, now growing only where for some unusual reason of situation the flail had missed.
Some of the photographs of invertebrate species killed out by the flail in the survey mile were taken in the garden adjoining, where, despite nurturing since pre-flail days, the majority have now disappeared due to over-predation. In the survey mile this year, for the first time since 1992, the hedges remained un-flailed throughout the summer, giving a few common invertebrates the chance to reappear. No adult moth is illustrated because only half a dozen individuals were seen during the whole summer season of 2007, unfortunately at moments when the camera was not in my hand or they were fluttering out of reach. The drinker caterpillar alone was found posing beautifully and goes down to posterity as the only visible surviving moth larva noted in the survey mile this year, illustrating the millions of his kind killed by the flail.
Along this one typical mile of Cornish lane alone my records show that the flail has been the outright death or caused the persisting non-appearance of

• 90 flowering herbaceous species,
• 5 shrub species,
• 20 grass species,
• 60 moss species,
• 40 bird species,
• 23 butterfly species,
• 250 larger moth species,
• many scores of other invertebrate species, and untold thousands of individuals.
• It has condemned the hedge itself to a long-term, silent, living death, wrecked its antique stone construction and destroyed its great beauty. Along the whole of the estimated 30,000 miles of Cornish hedges the deaths of individual plants and creatures from flail-battering and the loss of their generations represent truly astronomical figures. The degradation of habitat resulting from flailing prevents revival in most species even where a few individuals manage to escape the physical impact of the flails. Although the effect in Cornwall with its solid hedge-banks and their more complex ecology may be worse than with the English hedgerow, the flail-induced wildlife crisis is nation-wide - and still almost universally unrecognised or unacknowledged.
• There is no hope of recovery for our countryside wildlife until the flail type of machine is consigned to the black museum of history. To achieve this it will probably have to be banned by law.
• The finger-bar scythe has to be reinstated and any trimming (except where needed for road-junction or access visibility) must be carried out in winter, the later the better between November 1st and February 28th. Trimming must take away the woody scrub growth on the sides of the hedge, leaving the herbaceous growth on the sides and the bushes on the top untouched. Only then can the flail-ruined hedges and verges begin to see a real return to some kind of healthy and abundant life."

CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:-
"This check-list is a simple guide to the herbaceous plants typically indicating different habitat types found in the Cornish hedge. The short lists are of typical plants, not complete species lists for the habitat. Many of the plants in the Typical Hedge list also appear in the other types of hedge. Areas of intermediate population where location or physical conditions begin to change and habitats overlap are not included.
Hedge Type:-

• Typical Cornish Hedge (woodland-edge/ heathland mixture)
• Coastal Hedge
• Moorland/ Heathland Hedges
• Woodland Hedge
• Wet Hedge (marsh or ditch)
• Stone Hedge (Earth capping but with stone core)
• Typical garden escapes in Cornish Hedges
• Typical species rampant in flail-damaged hedges

Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:-

• Advice for Working on Roadside Hedges
• Building Hedges in Cornwall
• Building Turf Hedges
• Building and Repairing Cornish Stone Stiles
• Butterflies, Moths and Other Insects in Cornish Hedges
• Check-list for Inspecting New or Restored Hedges in Cornwall
• Check-list of Types of Cornish Hedge Flora
• Code of Good Practice for Cornish Hedges
• Comments on the © Defra Hedgerow Survey Handbook (1st Edition)
• Comments on the © Defra Hedgerow Survey Handbook (2nd Edition)
• Cornish Hedges in Gardens
• Cornish Hedges on Development and Housing Sites
• Gates and Gateways in Cornish hedges
• Geology and Hedges in Cornwall
• Glossary of some Cornish Words used in the Countryside
• Hedges in the Cornish Landscape
• How to Look After a Cornish Hedge
• How Old is That Cornish Hedge?
• Literature Sources
• Mediaeval Hedges in Cornwall (450AD - 1550)
• Modern Hedges in Cornwall (1840 - present day)
• Mosses, Lichens, Fungi and Ferns in Cornish Hedges
• Pipe-laying and Other Cross-country Works Involving Hedges
• Post-Mediaeval Hedges in Cornwall (1550 - 1840)
• Prehistoric Hedges in Cornwall (5,000BC - 450AD)
• Repairing Cornish Hedges and Stone Hedges
• Repairing Turf Hedges
• Risk Assessment Guidance for working on Cornish Hedges
• Roadside Hedges and Verges in Cornwall
• The Curse of Rabbits in Cornish Hedges
• The Life and Death of a Flailed Cornish Hedge
• Trees on Hedges in Cornwall
• Unusual Old Features in Cornish Hedges
• Who Owns that Cornish Hedge?
• Wildlife and the Cornish Hedge

THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges."
 

More Details

It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:-

Closed Bud

Opening Bud

Juvenile Flower

Older Juvenile Flower

Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its
Rose Description Page is
"Buff Yellow, with a very slight pink tint at the edges in May-October."

Mature Flower

Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower

Form of Rose Bush

There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page.

So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!!

UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given.

Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly.
 

Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in
A Butterfly Book for the Pocket by Edmund Sandars.
Published by Oxford University Press London: Humphrey Milford in 1939.
 

Plant Name

Butterfly Name

Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly

Plant Usage

Plant Usage Months

Alder Buckthorn

Brimstone

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg under leaf.

Eats leaves.
---

10 days in May-June
28 days.
12 days.

Aspen

Large Tortoiseshell

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem.

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May
9 days in June.

Black Medic

Common Blue

Egg,

Caterpillar


Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats buds and flowers.


Base of food plant.

-
-
Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March.
2 weeks

Common Birdsfoot Trefoil

Chalk-Hill Blue

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg at base of plant.
Eats leaves.
---

Late August-April
April-June
1 Month

Common Birdsfoot Trefoil

Common Blue

Egg,

Caterpillar


Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats buds and flowers.


Base of food plant.

-
-
Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March.
2 weeks

Common Birdsfoot Trefoil

Wood White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts.
Eats leaves.
---

7 days in June.

32 days in June-July.
July-May.

Bitter Vetch

Wood White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts.
Eats leaves.
---

7 days in June.

32 days in June-July.
July-May.

Borage

Queen of Spain Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar


Chrysalis

1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower.
Eats leaves, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies.
---

7 days in August.

23 days in August-September.

3 weeks in September

Bramble

Holly Blue

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

 

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

 

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Buckthorn

Holly Blue

Egg,


Caterpillar
Chrysalis

 

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---


 

7 days.


28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Buckthorn -
Alder Buckthorn and Common Buckthorn

Brimstone

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg under leaf.

Eats leaves.
---

10 days in May-June.

28 days.
12 days.

Burdocks

Painted Lady

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

2 weeks
7-11days
7-11 days

Cabbages - Large White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed

Large White
 

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf.

Eats leaves.
---
 

May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days.
30-32 days
14 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till April

Cabbages

Small White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of leaf.

Eats leaves.
---
 

May-June and August. 7 days.
28 days
21 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till March

Cabbages:-
Charlock,
Cuckoo Flower (Lady's Smock),
Hedge-Mustard,
Garlic-Mustard,
Yellow Rocket (Common Winter-Cress),
Watercress

Green-veined White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis


 

1 egg on underside of leaf.

Eats leaves.
---


 

July or August; hatches in 3 days.
16 days.
14 days in July or for caterpillars of August, they overwinter till May.

Cabbages:-
Charlock,
Creeping Yellow-cress,
Cuckoo Flower (Lady's Smock),
Dame's Violet,
Hedge-Mustard,
Horseradish,
Garlic-Mustard,
Lady's Smock,
Large Bittercress,
Rock-cress (Common Winter-Cress),
Yellow Rocket (Common Winter-Cress),
Watercress,
Wild Turnip

Orange Tip

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers.
Eats leaves, buds, flowers and especially the seed pods.
---

May-June 7 days.

June-July 24 days.

August-May

Cherry with
Wild Cherry,
Morello Cherry and
Bird Cherry

Large Tortoiseshell

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem.

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May.
9 days in June.

Clovers 1, 2, 3

Common Blue

Egg,

Caterpillar


Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats buds and flowers.


Base of food plant.

-
-
Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March.
2 weeks.

Clovers 1, 2, 3

Pale Clouded Yellow

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.

 

10 days in May-June.
July-August.
17 days in August-September.

Clovers 1, 2, 3

Clouded Yellow

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
 

6 days in May-June.
30 days.
18 days in July-August.

Cocksfoot is a grass

Large Skipper

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg under leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

11 Months
3 weeks from May

Cow-wheat

(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat)

Heath Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar



Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until end of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until June.
---

Hatches after 16 days in June.
June-April



25 days in June.

Currants
(Red Currant,
Black Currant and Gooseberry)

Comma

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

Devilsbit Scabious

Marsh Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar



Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May.
---

Hatches after 20 days in July.
July-May.



15 days in May.

Dog Violet with
Common Dog Violet,
Heath Dog Violet and
Wood Dog Violet

Silver-washed Fritillary

Egg,
Caterpillar



Chrysalis

1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk
Hibernates in a crevice in the bark of the tree trunk.
Moves out of tree to eat Dog Violet leaves.
On rock or twig.

15 days in July.
August-March.

March-May.

Late June-July

Dog Violet with
Common Dog Violet,
Heath Dog Violet and
Wood Dog Violet

Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar



Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf or stem.

Feeds on leaves until July. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until May.
---

Hatches after 15 days in May-June.
July-May.



9 days in June.

Dog Violet with
Common Dog Violet,
Heath Dog Violet and
Wood Dog Violet

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar



Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf or stem.

Feeds on leaves until July. Hibernates in dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until April.
---

Hatches after 10 days in May-June.
June-April



April-June.

Dogwood

Holly Blue

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

 

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

 

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Elm and Wych Elm

Large Tortoiseshell

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem.

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May.
9 days in June.

False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome)

Large Skipper

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg under leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

...
11 Months
3 weeks from May

Foxglove

Marsh Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar



Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May.
---

Hatches after 20 days in July.
July-May



15 days in May.

Fyfield Pea

Wood White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts.
Eats leaves.
---

7 days in June.

32 days in June-July.
July-May.

Garden Pansy

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar


Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf or stem.
Feeds on leaves until July. Hibernates in dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until April.
---

Hatches after 10 days in May-June.
June-April


April-June.

Gorse

Holly Blue

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

 

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

 

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Heartsease

Queen of Spain Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar


Chrysalis

1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower.
Eats leaves, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies.
---

7 days in August.

23 days in August-September.

3 weeks in September

Hogs's Fennel

Swallowtail

Egg,


Caterpillar


Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf.
Eats leaves, and moves to stems of sedges or other fen plants before pupating.
---

14 days in July-August.


August-September.


September-May.

Holly

Holly Blue

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

 

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

 

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Honesty
(Lunaria biennis)

Orange Tip

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers.
Eats leaves, buds, flowers and especially the seed pods.
---

May-June 7 days.

June-July 24 days.

August-May

Honeysuckle

Marsh Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar



Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May.
---

Hatches after 20 days in July.
July-May.



15 days in May.

Hop

Comma

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

Horseshoe vetch

Adonis Blue




Chalk-Hill Blue


Berger's Clouded Yellow

Egg,
Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Egg,


Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg under leaf.
Eats leaves.

---

1 egg at base of plant.
Eats leaves.
---

1 egg on leaf.


Eats leaves.

---

1 then
June-March or September to July
3 weeks.

Late August-April.
April-June
1 Month

8-10 days in Late May-June or Middle August-September
June-July or September to October
8-15 days

Ivy

Holly Blue

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

 

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

 

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Kidney Vetch

Chalk-Hill Blue

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis
Butterfly

1 egg at base of plant.
Eats leaves.
---
Eats nectar.

Late August-April.
April-June
1 Month
20 days

Lucerne

Pale Clouded Yellow



Clouded Yellow

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis


Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.



1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

10 days in May-June.
July-August.
17 days in August-September.

6 days in May-June.
30 days.
18 days in July-August.

Mallows

Painted Lady

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

2 weeks
7-11days
7-11 days

Melilot

Clouded Yellow

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
 

6 days in May-June.
30 days.
18 days in July-August.

Mignonettes

Small White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of leaf.

Eats leaves.
---
 

May-June and August. 7 days.
28 days
21 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till March

Milk Parsley

Swallowtail

Egg,


Caterpillar


Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf.
Eats leaves, and moves to stems of sedges or other fen plants before pupating.
---

14 days in July-August.


August-September


September-May

Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain)

Heath Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar



Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until end of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until June.
---

Hatches after 16 days in June.
June-April.



25 days in June.

Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain)

Glanville Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar



Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until middle of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until April-May.
---

Hatches after 16 days in June.
June-April.



25 days in April-May.

Nasturtium from Gardens

Small White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of leaf.

Eats leaves.
---
 

May-June and August. 7 days.
28 days.
21 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till March

Oak Tree

Silver-washed Fritillary

Egg,
Caterpillar



Chrysalis

1 egg on tree trunk
Hibernates in a crevice in the bark of the tree trunk.
Moves out of tree to eat Dog Violet leaves.
On rock or twig.

15 days in July.
August-March.

March-May.

Late June-July

Mountain pansy,
Seaside Pansy,
Field Pansy and Cultivated Pansy.
 

Queen of Spain Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar

 

Chrysalis

1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower.
Eats leaves of borage, sainfoin and heartsease, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies.
---

7 days in August.

23 days in August-September
 

3 weeks in September

Pine Tree

Silver-washed Fritillary

Egg,
Caterpillar



Chrysalis

1 egg on tree trunk.
Hibernates in a crevice in the bark of the tree trunk.
Moves out of tree to eat Dog Violet leaves.
On rock or twig.

15 days in July.
August-March.

March-May.

Late June-July

Plantains

Marsh Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar



Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May.
---

Hatches after 20 days in July.
July-May



15 days in May.

Poplar

Large Tortoiseshell

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem.

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May.
9 days in June.

Restharrow

Common Blue

Egg,

Caterpillar


Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats buds and flowers.


Base of food plant.

-
-
Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March.
2 weeks

Rock-rose

Brown Argus

Egg,
Caterpillar

1 egg under leaf.
Eats leaves.

Sainfoin

Queen of Spain Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar


Chrysalis

1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower.
Eats leaves, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies.
---

7 days in August.

23 days in August-September

3 weeks in September

Common Sallow (Willows, Osiers)

Large Tortoiseshell

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May.
9 days in June.

Sea Plantain

Glanville Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar



Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until middle of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until April-May.
---

Hatches after 16 days in June.
June-April



25 days in April-May.

Snowberry

Holly Blue

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

 

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---
 

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Spindle-tree

Holly Blue

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

 

1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk.
Eats flower bud.
---

 

7 days.

28-42 days.
18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.

Stinging Nettle

Comma




Painted Lady



Peacock

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Egg
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Egg,


Caterpillar

Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

Dense mass of 450-500 eggs on the under side of leaves over a 2 hour period.
Eats leaves, and moves to another plant before pupating.
---

2 weeks in June.
7-11 days.
7-11 days.

14 days in April-May.


28 days.

13days.

Storksbill

Brown Argus

Egg,
Caterpillar

1 egg under leaf.
Eats leaves.

Thistles

Painted Lady

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

2 weeks
7-11days
7-11 days

Trefoils 1, 2, 3

Clouded Yellow

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
 

6 days in May-June.
30 days.
18 days in July-August.

Vetches

Common Blue

Egg,

Caterpillar


Chrysalis

Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf.
Eats buds and flowers.


Base of food plant.

-
-
Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March.
2 weeks

Vetches

Wood White

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts.
Eats leaves.
---

7 days in June.

32 days in June-July.
July-May.

Violets:-
Common Dog Violet,
Hairy Violet,
Heath Dog-violet
Pale Dog violet
Sweet Violet

Dark Green Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar


Chrysalis

1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk.
Hibernates where it hatches.
Eats leaves.

Base of food plant.

July-August for 17 days.

Spends winter on plant until end of March. Eats leaves until end of May.
4 weeks.

Violets:-
Common Dog Violet,
Hairy Violet,
Heath Dog-violet
Pale Dog violet
Sweet Violet

High Brown Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar

Chrysalis

1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base.
Feed on young leaves, stalks and stems
---

July to hatch in 8 months in March.
9 weeks ending in May.

4 weeks

Vipers Bugloss

Painted Lady

Egg,
Caterpillar
Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf.
Eats leaves.
---

2 weeks.
7-11days.
7-11 days

Whitebeam
(White Beam)

Large Tortoiseshell

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem.

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May.
9 days in June.

Wild Angelica

Swallowtail

Egg,


Caterpillar


Chrysalis

1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf.
Eats leaves, and moves to stems of sedges or other fen plants before pupating.
---

14 days in July-August.


August-September.


September-May

Willow
(Bay Willow)

Large Tortoiseshell

Egg,

Caterpillar
Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant.
Feeds on leaves.
Hangs suspended from stem.

Hatches after 18-22 days in April.
30 days in May.
9 days in June.

Wood-Sage

Marsh Fritillary

Egg,

Caterpillar



Chrysalis

Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves.
Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May.
---

Hatches after 20 days in July.
July-May.



15 days in May.

Plant Name

Butterfly Name

Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly

Plant Usage

Plant Usage Months

Asters
in gardens

Comma

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens

Large White


Small White

Butterfly

Eats nectar

April-June or July-September.

March-May or June-September

Aubretia in gardens

Clouded Yellow

Butterfly

Eats nectar

May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November

Birch

Holly Blue

Butterfly

Eats sap exuding from trunk.

April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation.

Common Birdsfoot Trefoil

Chalk-Hill Blue

Wood White

Marsh Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

20 days.


May-June.

30 days in May-June.

Bitter Vetch

Wood White

Butterfly

Eats nectar

May-June

Bluebell

Holly Blue




Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar

April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation.


June.



June-August.

Bramble

Comma

Silver-washed Fritillary

High Brown Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

July-October.

7 weeks in July-August.



June-August

Buddleias
in gardens

Comma

Peacock

Butterfly

Eats nectar.

July-October.

July-May

Bugle

Wood White

Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

Heath Fritillary

Butterfly

Eats nectar

May-June.

June.



June-August.



June-July.

Cabbage and cabbages in fields

Large White


Small White


Green-veined White

Orange Tip

Butterfly

Eats nectar

April-June or July-September.

March-May or June-September.

A Month during May-June or second flight in late July-August.

May-June for 18 days.

Charlock

Painted Lady

Butterfly

Eats nectar

July-October

Clovers 1, 2, 3