Ivydene Gardens Stage 2 - Infill2 Plants Index Gallery: |
Ivydene Gardens Stage 2 - Infill2 Plants Index Gallery: |
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"Some ways of using Annuals and Biennials" from Chapter 1 of Annuals & Biennials, the best annual and biennial plants and their uses in the garden by Gertrude Jekyll published in 1916 and republished by Forgotten Books in 2012 (Forgotten Books is a London-based book publisher specializing in the restoration of old books, both fiction and non-fiction. Today we have 372,702 books available to read online, download as ebooks, or purchase in print.):- Introduction Those who are not well acquainted with annual plants are often bewildered by their numbers; and, consulting the attractive pages of seedsmen's catalogues, where a large number receive equally unstinted praise, they are at a loss to which are those that can most profitably be grown for the beauty of the garden. The purpose of the above book is to give practical advice as to the choice of kinds, to point out which are the best, to give simple cultural directions, and to offer a few suggestions relating to the use of annuals and biennials in various departments of garden practice. For cultural purposes, it is convenient to class annuals in 2 divisions, namely, hardy annuals that are sown in the open ground, either in September for early flowering the year following, or from March-May for a middle and late display in the summer of the same yeay; and half-hardy annuals that are grown in pots, pans, or boxes in a slight heat in a greenhouse or frame, then pricked off into other boxes or a prepared frame when of a convenient size to handle, hardened off by gradual inuring to the open air, and finally planted in their places at the end of May or beginning of June. Autumn-sown annuals are in fact treated as biennials, except that in the case of truw biennials these are sown earlier in the year - from the beginning of July to the middle of August. Annuals when sown in autumn are much more vigorous than when sown in spring. Biennials are plants that must be grown one year to flower the next; of these some of the best known examples are Wallflowers, Sweet Williams and Canterbury Bells. There are also a number of plants from tropical and sub-tropical regions that are actually perennial but are not hardy in our climate; these it is convenient to grow as biennials, giving winter protection and planting it out at the end of May or beginning of June. And divergence from the above rules of culture, treatment, or time of sowing wll be found mentioned in the note relating to the plant. Some Ways of Using Annuals and Biennials Annuals are not so often used in borders by themselves as they might be. Quite unusual effects may be made by them alone, especially if borders for special seasons are required. Thus, spring-sown plants will make a display from the middle of July to near the end of August, or, in the case of autumn-sown plants, the show will be from the middle of May to the end of June. It is very desirable to have such annual borders in places where, as is often the case, there is ampl;e room in a large kitchen garden. It will of course, be all the better if the place is creened from the usuall vegetable crops by a hedge-like row of Globe Artichoke, in itself one of the finest of garden plants, or, in the case of autumn sowing, by a hedge of Sweet Peas. Annuals are of special use in the case of a garden occupied on a short tenancy, for not only is there an ample choice of good things for flower borders, but there are climbers to form arches and bowers or to train up house-walls, and there are the giant gourds and others of curious shapes and brilliant colourings, with which any roughly constructed pergolamay be quickly covered. The same gourds, both large and small, also serve to cover any unsightly heap or mound of rubbish or bare bank, and are all the better for the company of the gorgeous trailing Nasturtiums. A Rose Garden has often unbeautiful bare spaces of earth; here nothing is more delightful than wide sowings of Mignonette; or if the roots of the annual claim something of the goodness of the bed the slight degree of exhaustion is more than compensateed by the spreading plants covering the ground surface and keeping it cool. Small bare patches at the foot of shrubs near paths should be sown with Matthiola bicornis, the Night-Scented Stock, a modest plant that has no particular beauty by day but gives out a delicious fragrance in the evening. For beds by themselves or for larger spaces between shrubs, or for any place where a temporary filling is desired of plants of important aspect, there are the:-
Then, again, for beds or for filling spaces in borders of perennials there is the whole range of half-hardy annuals and biennials, such as
Borders for spring bulbs can conveniently be arranged with autumn-sown annuals. They are prettier if the plants are placed in successive stripes diagonally across the border. Some of the bulbs, Daffodils for instance, will remain in their places for 2-3 years; Tulips or any others that have to be lifted can be taken up at the end of June when the best bloom of the annuals will be over. 7 feet = 84 inches = 210 cms is a convenient width for such borders. |
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Botanical Plant Name with link to |
Flower Colour Sun Aspect of Full Sun, with link to external website for photo/data |
Flowering Months with link to |
Height with Spacings or Width (W) in inches (cms) 1 inch = |
Foliage Colour followed by with link to Australia or New Zealand mail-order supplier
with data for rows in |
Plant Type is:-
followed by:-
with links to |
Comments |
Adjacent Planting |
Plant Associations It is sad to reflect that in England so few gardens open to the public label their plants or label them so that the label is visible when that plant is in flower, so that visitors can identify; and then later locate and purchase that plant. Few mail-order nurseries provide the detail as shown in my rose or heather galleries. If you want to sell a product, it is best to display it. When I sold my Transit van, I removed its signage, cleaned it and took photos of the inside and outside before putting them onto an advert in Autotrader amongst more than 2000 other Transit vans - it was sold in 20 minutes. If mail-order nurseries could put photos to the same complexity from start of the year to its end with the different foliage colours and stages of flowering on Wikimedia Commons, then the world could view the plant before buying it, and idiots like me would have valid material to work with. I have been in the trade (until ill health forced my Sole Trader retirement in 2013) working in designing, constructing and maintaining private gardens for decades and since 2005 when this site was started, I have asked any nursery in the world to supply photos. R.V. Roger in Yorkshire allowed me to use his photos from his website in 2007 and when I got a camera to spend 5 days in July 2014 at my expense taking photos of his roses growing in his nursery field, whilst his staff was propagating them. I gave him a copy of those photos. |
Dianthus barbatus (Sweet William) Supplier in UK |
Red, Pink or White Full Sun |
May-Aug |
6-24 x 8-10 (for Standard) or 4-6 (for Dwarf varieties) |
Well-drained Blue-Green foliage |
Ann / Biennial Alk, Chalk |
It is easier to grow Sweet Williams as a Biennials, as the seed can be sown directly into the ground in a prepared seed-bed in early summer or alternatively buy plants late Summer, these can then be planted in their flowering positions in September or October. Water in until well established. The Sweet Williams will flower June or July of the coming year. |
Sweet Williams make great plants for a Wildlife garden, planted in full sun they will often flower from May through to August, the bright colours and sweet scented flowers are attractive to a variety of Summer Butterflies, Moths and Bees. Sweet William should be planted on a site with full sun and grows best if planted in fairly dry lime or chalky Soils. They are usually grown as an annual or biennial and can be planted singular or as a mass planting of mixed colours and varieties to create a striking display. They are so undemanding that they need no extra feed and will tolerate salty sea spray in coastal areas. You actually can grow Sweet William as a short lived perennial for 2 or 3 years. Cutting back the old flower stems at the end of each year, will keep the plants strong. It is well worth remembering when cutting back, to leave on just a few of the old flower-heads for the plant to self seed itself. The new seedlings can be thinned out and grown on, to replace older flowers. |
Dianthus barbatus. By Ghislain118 (AD), via Wikimedia Commons |
Lychnis coronaria (Silene coronaria, Agrostemma coronaria, Rose Campion, Mullein Pink, Dusty Miller) Supplier in UK |
Crimson Full Sun, |
Jul-Aug |
24-36 x 16-20 |
Grey woolly leaves. Dry |
Biennial (Short-lived Perennial) Well-drained Sand |
Too easily grown from seed to make any other method worth while. Prior to sowing soak seeds in hot water for 1-3 days until swelling is noticeable. Plant out after danger of frost has passed. This must-have plant for the classic cottage garden will gently self-seed into cracks and shady corners but rarely becomes a nuisance. |
Always a garden favourite, this is a short-lived perennial that will usually self-seed for many years. Plants form a low mound of felted silvery-grey leaves, bearing upright stems in summer with loads of bright magenta-pink to red flowers. Attractive to butterflies. This is rather a garish colour, but fun in the garden for its shock value, especially when combined with orange or purple. Seedlings that form may be easily moved in spring or early fall. Foliage often needs to be tidied in early spring. Drought tolerant once established. Flowers are great for cutting. Nectar and pollen for insects. |
Kronenlichtnelke, Lychnis coronaria, fotografiert am 17.06.2006 von Dr. Hagen Graebner. By Dr. Hagen Graebner, via Wikimedia Commons |
White to Dark Red, including pink, yellow and orange, funnel-shaped Full Sun The darker red variety seems to favour sandy soils, while the lighter colour seems to favour clay soils. The plants are easily grown from seed, and readily self-seed. However, tender plants, whether young from seed or from old stock, may be wiped out by slugs and snails. |
Jun-Oct |
60-100 x 12-24W Recom-mended planting distance is 28 inches (70 cms) in groups of 3 or 5. It frequently self-sows, which may create a perception that the plants are perennial. The plant may flower during its first year when sown early. |
Bluish-green. Moist |
Alcea rosea is variously described as a biennial (having a two-year life cycle), as an annual, or as a short-lived deciduous perennial. The substrate should be sandy-loamy or gritty-loamy soil with a pH between 6,5 and 7,5. |
They thrive well in almost any soil when once established, but they prefer deep, loamy soil, and a soaking with liquid manure occasionally when the flower spikes are developing. When preparing the soil, trench it 3 spits deep and work in plenty of decayed manure. If planted singly, they should be 36 inches (90 cms) apart each way, or they can be planted in groups of 3 with a distance of 12 inches (30 cms) from plant to plant. They should be planted out in April. Suited for cottage gardens and for beds and borders, as well as suited as cut flowers and as bee pasture. |
Offshoots can be removed from the base of the plants in June. After flowering, they should be cut down to within 6 inches (15 cms) of the ground. |
Hollyhocks in front of a House in Winsum (Netherlands). By Elrond, via Wikimedia Commons |
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Anchusa capensis |
Indigo-Blue Full Sun |
Jul |
12-18 x 12 |
Bright Green foliage. Prefers dry sandy soil, and tolerates moist soil. |
Biennial. Will succeed in almost any kind of soil that has been well dug. |
On sunny days the bees love visiting the flowers. Ideal for tucking into larger containers or massing towards the front of a sunny border. These are not plants to caress, in fact the less you handle them the better, the hairs on the stem may prove irritating to the skin be sure to wear gloves whenever handling the plants. The stems are hollow so they do not stand well in water and are never used as a cut flower, so there should be no need to handle them. |
Sow in patches or clumps in April in sunny position, and thin out to at least 12 inches (30 cms) apart. Root cuttings in February or sow seed in sandy soil in temperature 55-65 Fahrenheit (13-18 Celsius) in March. Will succeed in almost any kind of soil that has been well dug. Plant October or March. At Kirstenbosch they make a beautiful display flowering with the pink diascias and white osteospermums of the Drakensberg. |
Anchusa capensis at the UC Botanical Gardens, Berkeley, California, USA. Identified by sign. By Stickpen , via Wikimedia Commons |
Aster Bigelovii (Machaer-anthera bigelovii, Machaer-anthera mucronata, Bigelow's Aster, Purple Tansy Aster) |
Purple Full Sun |
Sep-Oct |
36 x 36 Drought Tolerant but prefers moist soil |
Mid-Green |
Biennial / Perennial Not fussy about its soil, but does grow well in sandy soil with little water once established |
Bigelow's tansyaster is common in plant communities such as meadows, open areas, subalpine coniferous forests, oak woodlands, grasslands, creosote bush or sagebrush scrublands, often found along streams and roadsides. Native plant of USA. |
A variety of generalist bees, such as honey and leaf-cutter bees, which are active late in the summer or early autumn, utilize the prolific blooms of Bigelow's tansyaster. |
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Bellis Perennis (lawn daisy, double daisy) Supplier in UK Bellis is Latin for "pretty" and perennis is Latin for "everlasting". The name "daisy" is considered a corruption of "day's eye", because the whole head closes at night and opens in the morning. |
White with Yellow centre Full Sun, |
Mar-Oct |
8 x 3 |
Green |
They are generally grown from seed as biennial bedding plants. Well-drained Chalk or Sand soil |
Plant in October-November. Propagate by division of old plant in June, inserting divisions 3 inches (7.5 cms) apart in shady border; seeds sown 0.125 inches (3mm) deep in boxes of light soil (Sand) in cold frame in March; transplanting seedligs in open border in July. The upturned flower heads look like single flowers, but actually consist of a number of small, tightly packed individual flowers or 'florets'; this arrangement is a type of inflorescence known as a 'capitulum'. The capitula open at dawn, are visited by many small insects. |
Very useful in lawns to create flowers over the summer. Valuable groundcover in Cottage Gardens. Daisies have traditionally been used for making daisy chains in children's games. Often used to underplant tulips in large public landscapes, these are excellent anywhere in the garden, as well as in containers or tubs. |
Bellis perennis / Daisy-Flower in North Rhine-Westphalia / Germany / April 2011. By Dahola , via Wikimedia Commons |
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"Chart of Colour and Height for Purple and Blue Flowers from Annuals and Biennials in 1916" from Part II of Annuals & Biennials, the best annual and biennial plants and their uses in the garden by Gertrude Jekyll published in 1916 and republished by Forgotten Books in 2012 (Forgotten Books is a London-based book publisher specializing in the restoration of old books, both fiction and non-fiction. Today we have 372,702 books available to read online, download as ebooks, or purchase in print.):- |
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Tall |
Height in inches (cms) |
Flower Colour |
Flowering Months |
Description |
Photo |
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Anchusa italica (Anchusa azurea, Garden Anchusa, Italian Bugloss) |
36-60 (90-150) |
Blue flowers |
Jun-Jul |
A perennial, but best treated as a biennial. The finest are the Dropmore varieties; the one named Opal is of a very beautiful, rather pale, but extremely pure blue colour. They flower throughout June and July. To keep this fine plant true, it must be propagated by root cuttings made in august. |
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60-84 (150-210) |
Shades of Blue and White |
May-Jul |
A short-lived perennial, but usually treated as a biennial. It forms great columns of bloom 60-84 inches (150-210 cms) high in late summer and autumn. It may be grown out of doors, but is finest when well cultivated in pots. Sow in June in the open. It is a grand plant for the conservatory. Both the type-coloured purple and the white should be grown. |
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Cobaea scandens (Cup and Saucer Plant) Supplier scandens |
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Purple and Blue |
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A vigorous climber from Mexico with large, pale violet or purple flowers. Strictly a perennial (grown as such it will take over the greenhouse), but best grown as a half-hardy annual when it can be grown in the open. May be hardy outside in some regions with frost-free protection in winter. |
Cobaea scandens im Botanischen Garten Dresden. By Michael Wolf via Wikimedia Commons |
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Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove is a member of the Wildflower Figwort: Mulleins Family) Supplier in UK |
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Purple and Blue |
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Ipomaea |
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Purple and Blue |
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Lunaria |
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Purple and Blue |
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Lunaria annua - Annual Honesty. By Philipendula 11:18, 10 May 2005 (UTC), via Wikimedia Commons |
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Lupinus (Lupins, Scottish Lupin - Lupinus nootkatensis - is a member of the Wildflower Peaflower Family) Supplier in UK |
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Purple and Blue |
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Lupinus nootkatensis (de:Alaska-Lupine) in Iceland. By de:User:Jutta234, via Wikimedia Commons |
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Maurandya |
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Purple and Blue |
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Meconopsis |
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Grey-Blue |
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Onopordon |
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Purple and Blue |
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Rocket |
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Purple and Blue |
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Salvia scalerea |
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Purple and Blue |
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Lathyrus odoratus with 900 results from RHS The National Sweet Pea Society promotes knwledge and cultivation of Lathyrus odoratus (Sweet Peas) and other members of the Lathyrus family. |
71 x 12 |
Purple and Blue |
May-Aug |
Sweet Pea 'Blue Shift' The astonishing colour-changing blooms of Sweet Pea 'Blue Shift' transform from light mauve to true blue as they mature. These extraordinary annuals make a spectacular display bearing different coloured blooms at the same time - flowers even change colour in the vase after cutting! Bred by renowned New Zealand Lathyrus breeder, Dr. Keith Hammett, this is a 'must have' for the sweet pea enthusiast. Height: 180cm (71"). Spread: 30cm (12"). Useful links: Ideal For: patio, walls and fences, cottage gardens, scented gardens, cut flower garden Flowering Period: May, June, July, August Sowing Months: March, April, October Position: full sun See Growing Sweet Peas page from The National Sweet Pea Society for further sowing details, or Join The National Sweet Pea Society and receive the Booklet "Enjoy Sweet Peas" Produced by the Society - Softback – 9th edition 2008 (sent free to new members). First written in 1946, this completely revised and illustrated 88 page booklet contains invaluable information on cultivation of the Sweet Pea. |
English: Lathyrus odoratus, Sweet Pea - Flower - Kerava, Finland Suomi: Tuoksuherne (hajuherne) kukkii Keravalla.. By Anneli Salo, via Wikimedia Commons |
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Medium |
Height in inches (cms) |
Flower Colour |
Flowering Months |
Description |
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Borago officinalis (Starflower, Borage is a member of the Wildflower Borage Family) |
24 (60) |
Blue |
Jun-Sep |
This is usually grown among the pot herbs, but is well worth a place in the flower garden for the sake of the pure blue bloom. It is about 24 inches (60 cms) high, and should be sown in spring where it is to remain. The flower has a sweet honey-like taste and is often used to decorate desserts and cocktails. Borage is used in companion planting. It is said to protect or nurse legumes, spinach, brassicas, and even strawberries. It is also said to be a good companion plant to tomatoes because it confuses the mother moths of tomato hornworms or manduca looking for a place to lay their eggs. |
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24 (60) |
Purple |
Though this is not among the more commonly grown annuals it is handsome and interesting. The purple flowers are distinctly veined and are remarkable for the very long protruding style. It does well sown in autumn, and is under 24 inches (60 cms) high. |
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Campanula medium (Canterbury Bells is a memberof Wildflower Bellflower Family ) |
24-36 (60-90) |
Purple, pink and white |
Jun-Aug |
One of the best of summer flowers, 24-36 inches (^0-90cms) high; coloured purple in several shades, pink and white. There double varieties, but in these the pretty bell is confused and disfigured by the tight, crumpled mass inside; the single and the calycanthema (Cup and Saucer) forms are the best. Sow in a warm place in the open about the second week of May; prick out, for preference in slight shade, and keep watered, and put out where they are to flower in early autumn. They are useful in pots, and may be potted from the open ground even when they are showing bloom. |
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China Aster (Callistephus hortensis, Callistephus chinensis) |
24-36 (60-90) |
Purple with Yellow centre |
Jul-Sep |
Among the large numbers offered in seed lists it may appear, at first sight, difficult to make a choice, but for general garden use the kinds that may be most confidently recommended are the varieties of the Victora, Comet, and Ostrich Plume groups, and of these, those of the so-called blue and white colourings. The "blues" are various shades of light and dark purple, all of good quality. Mammoth, formerly known as Vick's White, is a capital late kind of large bloom and tall habit, excellent for cutting. The typw plant Callistephus hortensis, purple with yellow centre, is also good for cutting and for garden use. China Asters are sown in March in slight heat, pricked off in boxes, and planted out at the end of May in well-prepared beds. They require rich soil that has been deeply dug. |
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Centaurea cyanus (Cornflower is a member of the Wildflower Daisy: Thistle Family) |
24-36 (60-90) |
Blue |
Jun-Aug |
A native plant of improved form, pure blue, about 36 inches (90 cms) high. Best autumn sown outdoors, when, if given space, a single plant will branch a yard = 36 inches = 90 cms wide. The dwarfer forms are not so good as the tall. There are purple and white varieties, but the strong, pure blue and a lighter blue are the best. |
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Didiscus |
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Soft Blue |
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Eutoca |
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Blue |
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Larkspur |
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Purple and Blue |
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Lupinus hartwegi |
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Soft Blue |
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Nigella |
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Blue |
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Phacelia tanacetifolia |
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Purple and Blue |
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Salpiglossis |
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Purple and Blue |
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Salvia patens |
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Blue |
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Salvia horminum |
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Purple and Blue |
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Scabiosa (Small Scabious - Scabiosa columbaria - is a member of Wildflower Teasel Family) Supplier in UK |
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Purple and Blue |
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Matthiola incana (Stocks, Sea Stock is a member of Wildflower Crucifer or Cabbage Family) |
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Purple and Blue |
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Gartenlevkoje (Matthiola incana) - Habitus in situ photo taken on 22 March 2008. By Ixitixel via Wikimedia Commons |
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Centaurea moschata (Amberboa moschata, Purple Sweet Sultan), Centaurea margarita (White), and Centaurea suaveolens (Amberboa amberboi, Yellow Sweet Sultan) |
18-24 (45-60) |
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These are all charming and desirable sweet-scented plants, best autumn sown in the open, but can also be sown in April. They prefer a loamy or calcareous soil. |
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Cheiranthus cheiri (Erisimum cheiri, Wallflower) |
9-24 (22.5-60 |
Yellow, orange, red, maroon, purple, brown, white and cream |
Wallflowers are so well known that they need not be described. There are many garden varieties, but among the best are some good strain of Blood Red and the shorter kind named Vulcan, of intense red-brown colour and bushy habit. The old Purple should not be neglected, it is better in some combinations of plants than the redder variety obtained from it, named Ruby Gem; Fire King is a gorgeous colour and Yellow Phoenix a fine yellow. Primrose Dame is a pretty pale yellow; other colourings of the single Wallflowers will be found in trade lists. The early Paris kinds are valuable. The double German kinds, especially those of full and pale yellow colourings, are extremely desirable in the spring garden; their massive spikes are of fine appearance and they last longer than any other spring flower. Wallflowers should be sown out of doors in May, preferably in rather poor soil trodden firm; this keeps the plants compact and of strong constitution. They are best put out in any damp weather in July if the place for spring flowers is dedicated to them only, but if they have to follow bedding plants they must wait till October or November. In any case they must not be allowed to grow large and rank before they are put in the places where they are to bloom. |
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Short |
Height in inches (cms) |
Flower Colour |
Flowering Months |
Description |
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Anagallis indica (Blue Pimpernel , Lysimachia monelli) |
12 (30) |
Blue |
Jun-Sep |
The only species that is a hardy annual, though others, really perennial, are treated as half-hardy annuals. Of these the best are Anagallis linifolia, commonly called coerulea, and Anagallis monelli philipsi; the latter very dwarf and good for the rock garden. All those named are of a good blue colour and like warm banks in full sun. |
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9 (22.5) |
Grey-blue |
Jun-Sep |
A charming little plant with many heads of grey-blue bloom; it does well in poor soil and does not object to a little shade; it is of much use for filling bare spaces anywhere in the rock garden. |
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Brachyscome iberidifolia (Swan River Daisy, Australian Daisies) |
12 (30) |
Soft Blue |
A charming Australian plant varying in the colour of the bloom, the best being a pretty soft blue. Seedsmen should be asked for a selected strain of good blue colouring. Sow in spring in slight heat and put out in May. This is the surest way of culture, though it may be sown in the open in April. |
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China Aster (Callistephus hortensis, Callistephus chinensis) |
24-36 (60-90) |
Purple with Yellow centre |
Jul-Sep |
Among the large numbers offered in seed lists it may appear, at first sight, difficult to make a choice, but for general garden use the kinds that may be most confidently recommended are the varieties of the Victora, Comet, and Ostrich Plume groups, and of these, those of the so-called blue and white colourings. The "blues" are various shades of light and dark purple, all of good quality. Mammoth, formerly known as Vick's White, is a capital late kind of large bloom and tall habit, excellent for cutting. The typw plant Callistephus hortensis, purple with yellow centre, is also good for cutting and for garden use. China Asters are sown in March in slight heat, pricked off in boxes, and planted out at the end of May in well-prepared beds. They require rich soil that has been deeply dug. |
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Centaurea cyanus (Cornflower is a member of the Wildflower Daisy: Thistle Family) |
24-36 (60-90) |
Blue |
Jun-Aug |
A native plant of improved form, pure blue, about 36 inches (90 cms) high. Best autumn sown outdoors, when, if given space, a single plant will branch a yard = 36 inches = 90 cms wide. The dwarfer forms are not so good as the tall. There are purple and white varieties, but the strong, pure blue and a lighter blue are the best. |
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Collinsia |
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Purple and Blue |
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Convolvulus minor |
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Blue |
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Gilia |
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Purple and Blue |
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Heliotrope |
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Purple and Blue |
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Kaulfussia |
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Purple and Blue |
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Lobelia |
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Blue |
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Lobelia siphilitica, Campanulaceae, Great Blue Lobelia, habitus. The whole, fresh plant is used in homeopathy as remedy: Lobelia siphilitica (Lob-s.). By H. Zell via Wikimedia Commons. |
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Myosotis |
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Blue |
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Nemesia Blue Gem |
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Grey-Blue |
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Nemophila |
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Blue |
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Petunia |
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Purple and Blue |
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Phacelia campanularia |
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Blue |
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Limonium sinuatum (Statice) |
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Purple and Blue |
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Matthiola incana (Stocks, Sea Stock is a member of Wildflower Crucifer or Cabbage Family) |
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Purple and Blue |
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Gartenlevkoje (Matthiola incana) - Habitus in situ photo taken on 22 March 2008. By Ixitixel via Wikimedia Commons |
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Viola (Violets, Gardens in the Wood is not open to the public |
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Purple and Blue |
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Culture of Violet: Soil, ordinary, previously well enriched with well-decayed manure. Clay soils require plenty of grit, decayed vegetable refuse and manure incorporated with them. Light and gravelly soils need a liberal amount of cow manure and loam or clay mixed with them. Position, border or bed on north or north-east side of hedge or under shade of fruit trees. Full exposure to hot summer sun undesirable. Plant crowns 9 inches (22.5 cms) apart in rows 12 inches (30 cms) asunder, April. 'Crowns' are portions separated from parent plant, each furnished with roots. Water when first planted and shade from sun. Apply manures recommended for pansies at intervals of 3 weeks during summer. Remove runners, i.e. shoots that issue from the crowns, as they form during summer and keep plants free from weeds. Lift plants for winter blooming in September and replant, 6 to 8 inches (15-20 cms) apart, in equal parts good soil and leaf-mould in a cold, sunny frame. Water freely in fine weather. Protect from frost. Replant annually. |
Viola odorata (Sweet Violet) on a lawn near Paris. By Strobilomyces, via Wikimedia Commons |
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"Will butterflies breed in my garden? If Peacock, Comma, or Small Tortoiseshell butterflies are visitors to your garden you can encourage them to breed by planting some Nettles. The Nettles are best planted in a tub or trough then buried in the ground, this will stop them from spreading around the garden. Carefully choose a sunny position near nectar plants, female butterflies can be quite fussy where they lay their precious eggs." from Urban Butterfly Garden. |
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In April 1997 John Noble-Milner started a little business making pottery and ceramic geckos and frogs, selling them at weekend craft markets in Leeds. On the craft fair circuit you often become known by what you make, so pretty quickly I was ‘Gecko’ or ‘Geckoman’ and that’s how my business got its name. |
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It's lovely when people see my work and their initial response is "Wow, look at that gecko!" If my sculpture is perceived as real then that is the greatest compliment I can be paid. However, I believe its greatest success is achieved if it has the power to remind people that we're losing these animals and their habitat at an alarming rate and that we urgently need to do something about it. He is continuing to create original art and sculpture in 2017. 'More power to his elbow'. |
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STAGE 2 |
STAGE 1 GARDEN STYLE INDEX GALLERY PAGES Links to pages in Table alongside on the left with Garden Design Topic Pages |
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Plant Type |
STAGE 2 INFILL PLANT INDEX GALLERIES 1, 2, 3 with its Cultivation Requirements |
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Alpines for Rock Garden (See Rock Garden Plant Flowers) |
Alpines and Walls |
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Aquatic |
Water-side Plants |
Wildlife Pond Plants |
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Annual for ----------------
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Cut Flowers |
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Scent / Fra-grance with Annuals for Cool or Shady Places from 1916 |
Low-allergen Gardens for Hay Fever Sufferers |
Annual Plant Pairing Ideas and Colour Schemes with Annuals |
Medium-Growing Annuals |
Tall-Growing Annuals with White Flowers from 1916 |
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Black or Brown Flowers |
Blue to Purple Flowers |
Green Flowers with Annuals and Biennials from 1916 |
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Vining Annuals |
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Bedding for |
Bedding for Light Sandy Soil |
Bedding for Acid Soil |
Bedding for Chalky Soil |
Bedding for Clay Soil |
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Attract-ive to Wildlife including Bees, Butterflies and Moths |
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Bedding Plant Use |
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Use in Hanging Baskets |
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Flower Simple Shape |
Shape of |
Shape of |
Shape of |
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Shape of |
Use in Pots and Troughs |
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Flower Elabo-rated Shape |
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Use in |
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Shape of |
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Shape of |
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Use in Bedding Out |
Use in |
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Biennial for |
Patio Con-tainers with Biennials for Pots in Green-house / Con-servatory |
Bene-ficial to Wildlife with Purple and Blue Flowers from 1916 |
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Bulb for |
Indoor Bulbs for Sep-tember |
Bulbs in Window-boxes |
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Any Plant Type (some grown in Cool Green-house) Bloom-ing in |
Any Plant Type (some grown in Cool Green-house) Bloom-ing in |
Any Plant Type (some grown in Cool Green-house) Bloom-ing in |
Any Plant Type Blooming in Smallest of Gardens |
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Bulbs in Green-house or Stove |
Achi-menes, Alocasias, Amorpho-phalluses, Aris-aemas, Arums, Begonias, Bomar-eas, Calad-iums |
Clivias, |
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Hardy Bulbs
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Amaryllis, Antheri-cum, Antholy-zas, Apios, Arisaema, Arum, Aspho-deline, |
Cyclamen, Dicentra, Dierama, Eranthis, Eremurus, Ery-thrnium, Eucomis |
Fritillaria, Funkia, Gal-anthus, Galtonia, Gladiolus, Hemero-callis |
Hya-cinth, Hya-cinths in Pots, |
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Lilium in Pots, Malvastrum, Merendera, Milla, Narcissus, Narcissi in Pots |
Half-Hardy Bulbs |
Gladioli, Ixias, |
Plant each Bedding Plant with a Ground, Edging or Dot Plant for |
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Climber 3 sector Vertical Plant System with
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Raised |
Plants for Wildlife-Use as well |
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Least prot-ruding growth when fan-trained |
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Needs Conserv-atory or Green-house |
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Climber - Simple Flower Shape |
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Climber - Elabo-rated Flower Shape |
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DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site. |
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Scented Flora of the World by Roy Genders - was first published in 1977 and this paperback edition was published on 1 August 1994 ISBN 0 7090 5440 8:- |
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I am using the above book from someone who took 30 years to compile it from notes made of his detailed observations of growing plants in preference to |
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The Propagation of Alpines by Lawrence D. Hills. Published in 1950 by Faber and Faber Limited describes every method of propagation for 2,500 species. Unlike modern books published since 1980, this one states exactly what to do and is precisely what you require if you want to increase your alpines. |
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Topic |
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STAGE 4C CULTIVATION, POSITION, USE GALLERY
Cultivation Requirements of Plant |
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Outdoor / Garden Cultivation |
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Indoor / House Cultivation |
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Cool Greenhouse (and Alpine House) Cultivation with artificial heating in the Winter |
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Conservatory Cultivation with heating throughout the year |
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Stovehouse Cultivation with heating throughout the year for Tropical Plants |
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Sun Aspect |
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Soil Type |
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Soil Moisture |
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Position for Plant |
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Ground Cover 0-24 inches (0-60 cms) |
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Ground Cover 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) |
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Ground Cover Over 72 inches (180 cms) |
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1, 2, |
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Use of Plant |
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STAGE 4D Plant Foliage |
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Flower Shape |
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Number of Flower Petals |
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Flower Shape - Simple |
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Flower Shape - Elaborated |
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Natural Arrangements |
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STAGE 4D |
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Form |
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STAGE 1
Fragrant Plants adds the use of another of your 5 senses in your garden:- |
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STAGE 2 Fan-trained Shape From Rhododendrons, boxwood, azaleas, clematis, novelties, bay trees, hardy plants, evergreens : novelties bulbs, cannas novelties, palms, araucarias, ferns, vines, orchids, flowering shrubs, ornamental grasses and trees book, via Wikimedia Commons |
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Ramblers Scramblers & Twiners by Michael Jefferson-Brown (ISBN 0 - 7153 - 0942 - 0) describes how to choose, plant and nurture over 500 high-performance climbing plants and wall shrubs, so that more can be made of your garden if you think not just laterally on the ground but use the vertical support structures including the house as well. The Gardener's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Climbers & Wall Shrubs - A Guide to more than 2000 varieties including Roses, Clematis and Fruit Trees by Brian Davis. (ISBN 0-670-82929-3) provides the lists for 'Choosing the right Shrub or Climber' together with Average Height and Spread after 5 years, 10 years and 20 years. |
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STAGE 2
The Book of Bulbs by S. Arnott, F.R.H.S. Printed by |
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STAGE 4D Trees and Shrubs suitable for Clay Soils (neutral to slightly acid) Trees and Shrubs suitable for Dry Acid Soils Trees and Shrubs suitable for Shallow Soil over Chalk Trees and Shrubs tolerant of both extreme Acidity and Alkalinity Trees and Shrubs suitable for Damp Sites Trees and Shrubs suitable for Industrial Areas Trees and Shrubs suitable for Cold Exposed Areas Trees and Shrubs suitable for Seaside Areas Shrubs suitable for Heavy Shade Shrubs and Climbers suitable for NORTH- and EAST-facing Walls Shrubs suitable for Ground Cover Trees and Shrubs of Upright or Fastigiate Habit Trees and Shrubs with Ornamental Bark or Twigs Trees and Shrubs with Bold Foliage Trees and Shrubs for Autumn Colour Trees and Shrubs with Red or Purple Foliage Trees and Shrubs with Golden or Yellow Foliage Trees and Shrubs with Grey or Silver Foliage Trees and Shrubs with Variegated Foliage Trees and Shrubs bearing Ornamental Fruit Trees and Shrubs with Fragrant or Scented Flowers Trees and Shrubs with Aromatic Foliage Flowering Trees and Shrubs for Every Month:- |
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Soil contains living material that requires the right structure and organic material to provide food for plants. If the structure of the soil tends towards a loam of about 20-50% sand, silt and 20 - 40% clay with a pH between 6 and 7.5, then this suitable for a high proportion of plants. Otherwise an application of a mulch of sand and horticultural grit for clay, or clay and horticultural grit for sand, is required to improve plant growth. If an annual mulch of organic material (Spent Mushroom Compost, Cow Manure, Horse Manure does contain weed seeds and should only be used under hedges or ground-covering trees/shrubs) is applied of 100mm (4”) thickness to the soil, then the living material in the soil can continue their role of feeding the plants. This mulch will stop the ground drying out due to wind or sun having direct access to the ground surface. The annual loss of organic matter from soils in cool humid climates is about 6lbs per square metre. If there is also a drip-feed irrigation system under the mulch (which is used for 4 continuous hours a week - when there is no rain that week from April to September), then the living material can get their food delivered in solution or suspension. If the prunings from your garden are shredded (or reduced to 4” lengths) and then applied as a mulch to your flower beds or hedges, followed by 0.5” depth of grass mowings on top; this will also provide a start for improvement of your soil. The 0.5" layer can be applied again after a fortnight; when the aerobic composting stage (the aerobic composting creates heat and 0.5" - 1 cm - thickness does not become too hot to harm the plants next to it) has been completed during the summer. Anaerobic (without using air) composting then completes the process. Application of Seaweed Meal for Trace Elements and other chemicals required to replenish what has been used by the plants in the previous year for application in Spring are detailed in the How are Chemicals stored and released from Soil? page.
You normally eat and drink at least 3 times every day to keep you growing, healthy and active; plants also require to eat and drink every day. Above 5 degrees Celcius plants tend to grow above ground and below 5 degrees Celcius they tend to grow their roots underground. 2 minor points to remember with their result-
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Soils and their Treatment
Soil Improvement |
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and • Watering Schedule - Far and away the best course of action against slugs in your garden is a simple adjustment in the watering schedule. Slugs are most active at night and are most efficient in damp conditions. Avoid watering your garden in the evening if you have a slug problem. Water in the morning - the surface soil will be dry by evening. Studies show this can reduce slug damage by 80%.
• Seaweed - If you have access to seaweed, it's well worth the effort to gather. Seaweed is not only a good soil amendment for the garden, it's a natural repellent for slugs. Mulch with seaweed around the base of plants or perimeter of bed. Pile it on 3" to 4" thick - when it dries it will shrink to just an inch or so deep. Seaweed is salty and slugs avoid salt. Push the seaweed away from plant stems so it's not in direct contact. During hot weather, seaweed will dry and become very rough which also deters the slugs.
• Copper - Small strips of copper can be placed around flower pots or raised beds as obstructions for slugs to crawl over. Cut 2" strips of thin copper and wrap around the lower part of flower pots, like a ribbon. Or set the strips in the soil on edge, making a "fence" for the slugs to climb. Check to make sure no vegetation hangs over the copper which might provide a 'bridge' for the slugs. Copper barriers also work well around wood barrels used as planters.
• Diatomaceous Earth - Diatomaceous earth (Also known as "Insect Dust") is the sharp, jagged skeletal remains of microscopic creatures. It lacerates soft-bodied pests, causing them to dehydrate. A powdery granular material, it can be sprinkled around garden beds or individual plants, and can be mixed with water to make a foliar spray.
• Electronic "slug fence" - An electronic slug fence is a non-toxic, safe method for keeping slugs out of garden or flower beds. The Slugs Away fence is a 24-foot long, 5" ribbon-like barrier that runs off a 9 volt battery. When a slug or snail comes in contact with the fence, it receives a mild static sensation that is undetectable to animals and humans. This does not kill the slug, it cause it to look elsewhere for forage. The battery will power the fence for about 8 months before needing to be replaced. Extension kits are availabe for increased coverage. The electronic fence will repel slugs and snails, but is harmless to people and pets.
• Lava Rock - Like diatomaceous earth, the abrasive surface of lava rock will be avoided by slugs. Lava rock can be used as a barrier around plantings, but should be left mostly above soil level, otherwise dirt or vegetation soon forms a bridge for slugs to cross.
• Salt - If all else fails, go out at night with the salt shaker and a flashlight. Look at the plants which have been getting the most damage and inspect the leaves, including the undersides. Sprinkle a bit of salt on the slug and it will kill it quickly. Not particularly pleasant, but use as a last resort. (Note: some sources caution the use of salt, as it adds a toxic element to the soil. This has not been our experience, especially as very little salt is used.)
• Beer - Slugs are attracted to beer. Set a small amount of beer in a shallow wide jar buried in the soil up to its neck. Slugs will crawl in and drown. Take the jar lid and prop it up with a small stick so rain won't dilute the beer. Leave space for slugs to enter the trap.
• Overturned Flowerpots, Grapefruit Halves, Board on Ground - Overturned flowerpots, with a stone placed under the rim to tilt it up a bit, will attract slugs. Leave overnight, and you'll find the slugs inside in the morning. Grapefruit halves work the same way, with the added advantage of the scent of the fruit as bait.
• Garlic-based slug repellents
Laboratory tests at the University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (UK) revealed that a highly refined garlic product (ECOguard produced by ECOspray Ltd, a British company that makes organic pesticides) was an effective slug killer. Look for garlic-based slug deterrents which will be emerging under various brand names, as well as ECOguard.
• Coffee grounds; new caffeine-based slug/snail poisons - Coffee grounds scattered on top of the soil will deter slugs. The horticultural side effects of using strong grounds such as espresso on the garden, however, are less certain. When using coffee grounds, moderation is advised. |
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UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given. Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Cabbages - Large White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed |
Egg,
|
40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf. |
May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
July or August; hatches in 3 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Cherry with |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
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(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Currants |
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
|
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 15 days in May-June. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
|
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome) |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
... |
|
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
1 then |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
|
Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
|
Nasturtium from Gardens |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
|
Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Mountain pansy, |
Egg, Chrysalis |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. 3 weeks in September |
|
Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk. |
15 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
||
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
||
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
|
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
||
Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk. |
July-August for 17 days. |
|
Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base. |
July to hatch in 8 months in March. |
|
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks. |
||
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
||
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Willow |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
|
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
Asters |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
|
|
Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Aubretia in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
|
Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Holly Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Buddleias |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
|
Wood White |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
|
Cabbage and cabbages in fields |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October |
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Adonis Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
|
Pale Clouded Yellow |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
|
Cow-wheat |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
30 days in May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
May-June for 18 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Painted Lady |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
|
Marigolds in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September. |
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Michaelmas Daisies |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|
Nasturtiums in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September |
|
Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-May |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
7 weeks in July-August. |
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Comma |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days in August. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June.
|
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
April-May |
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Rotten Fruit |
Butterfly |
Drinks juice |
July-September |
|
Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar |
Butterfly |
Hibernates inside hollow trees or outhouses until March. Eats sap or fruit juice until April. |
10 months in June-April |
|
Wild Flowers |
Large Skipper |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
June-August |
Links to the other Butterflies:- Black Hairstreak |
Topic - Wildlife on Plant Photo Gallery. Some UK native butterflies eat material from UK Native Wildflowers and live on them as eggs, caterpillars (Large Skipper eats False Brome grass - Brachypodium sylvaticum - for 11 months from July to May as a Caterpillar before becoming a Chrysalis within 3 weeks in May) chrysalis or butterflies ALL YEAR ROUND. |
Wild Flower Family Page (the families within "The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers" by David McClintock & R.S.R. Fitter, Published in 1956 They are not in Common Name alphabetical order and neither are the common names of the plants detailed within each family. The information in the above book is back-referenced to the respective page in "Flora of the British Isles" by A.R. Clapham of University of Sheffield, |
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When you look at the life history graphs of each of the 68 butterflies of Britain, you will see that they use plants throughout all 12 months - the information of what plant is used by the egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly is also given in the above first column.
THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE - This details that life and death from July 1972 to 2019, with the following result:- End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure.
CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:-
Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:-
THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges." |
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Recommended Plants for Wildlife in different situations
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From the Ivydene Gardens Box to Crowberry Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
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The Bumblebee Pages website is divided into five major areas:
FORCED INDOOR BULBS in Window Box Gardens. |
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Theme |
Plants |
Comments |
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Thyme |
Thymus praecox, wild thyme Thymus pulegioides Thymus leucotrichus Thymus citriodorus |
Thymes make a very fragrant, easy to care for windowbox, and an excellent choice for windy sites. The flower colour will be pinky/purple, and you can eat the leaves if your air is not too polluted. Try to get one variegated thyme to add a little colour when there are no flowers. |
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Herb |
Sage, mint, chives, thyme, rosemary |
Get the plants from the herb section of the supermarket, so you can eat the leaves. Do not include basil as it need greater fertility than the others. Pot the rosemary up separately if it grows too large. |
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Mints |
Mentha longifolia, horse mint Mentha spicata, spear mint Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal Mentha piperita, peppermint Mentha suaveolens, apple mint |
Mints are fairly fast growers, so you could start this box with seed. They are thugs, though, and will very soon be fighting for space. So you will either have to thin and cut back or else you will end up with one species - the strongest. The very best mint tea I ever had was in Marrakesh. A glass full of fresh mint was placed in front of me, and boiling water was poured into it. Then I was given a cube of sugar to hold between my teeth while I sipped the tea. Plant this box and you can have mint tea for months. |
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Heather |
Too many to list See Heather Shrub gallery |
For year-round colour try to plant varieties that flower at different times of year. Heather requires acid soils, so fertilise with an ericaceous fertilser, and plant in ericaceous compost. Cut back after flowering and remove the cuttings. It is best to buy plants as heather is slow growing. |
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Blue |
Ajuga reptans, bugle Endymion non-scriptus, bluebell Myosotis spp., forget-me-not Pentaglottis sempervirens, alkanet |
This will give you flowers from March till July. The bluebells should be bought as bulbs, as seed will take a few years to flower. The others can be started from seed. |
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Yellow |
Anthyllis vulneraria, kidney vetch Geum urbanum, wood avens Lathryus pratensis, meadow vetchling Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lotus corniculatus, birdsfoot trefoil Primula vulgaris, primrose Ranunculus acris, meadow buttercup Ranunculus ficaria, lesser celandine |
These will give you flowers from May to October, and if you include the primrose, from February. Try to include a vetch as they can climb or trail so occupy the space that other plants can't. All can be grown from seed. |
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White |
Trifolium repens, white clover Bellis perennis, daisy Digitalis purpurea alba, white foxglove Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette |
All can be grown from seed. The clover and daisy will have to be cut back as they will take over. The clover roots add nitrogen to the soil. The mignonette flower doesn't look very special, but the fragrance is wonderful, and the alyssum smells of honey. |
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Pink |
Lychnis flos-cucli, ragged robin Scabiosa columbaria, small scabious Symphytum officinale, comfrey |
The comfrey will try to take over. Its leaves make an excellent fertiliser, and are very good on the compost heap, though windowbox gardeners rarely have one. |
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Fragrant |
Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette Lathyrus odoratus, sweet pea |
The sweet pea will need twine or something to climb up, so is suitable if you have sliding windows or window that open inwards. You will be rewarded by a fragrant curtain every time you open your window. |
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Spring bulbs and late wildflowers |
Galanthus nivalis, snowdrop Narcissus pseudonarcissus, narcissius Crocus purpureus, crocus Cyclamen spp. |
The idea of this box is to maximize your space. The bulbs (cyclamen has a corm) will flower and do their stuff early in the year. After flowering cut the heads off as you don't want them making seed, but leave the leaves as they fatten up the bulbs to store energy for next year. The foliage of the wildflowers will hide the bulb leaves to some extent. Then the wildflowers take over and flower till autumn |
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Aster spp., Michaelmas daisy Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Succisa pratensis, devil's bit scabious Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal |
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Bee Garden in Europe or North America |
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Plants for moths (including larval food plants and adult nectar sources) from Gardens for Wildlife - Practical advice on how to attract wildlife to your garden by Martin Walters as an Aura Garden Guide. Published in 2007 - ISBN 978 1905765041:- |
Marjoram - Origanum officinale |
"On average, 2 gardeners a year die in the UK as a result of poisonous plants. Those discussed in this blog illustrate a range of concerns that should be foremost in the designer’s mind." from Pages on poisonous plants in this website:- |
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Wildlife-friendly Show Gardens
Many of our gardens at Natural Surroundings demonstrate what you can do at home to encourage wildlife in your garden:-
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Ivydene Gardens Water Fern to Yew Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
Only Wildflowers detailed in the following Wildflower Colour Pages |
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Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
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1 |
Blue |
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Cream |
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White A-D |
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1 Yellow |
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Flowering plants of |
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Flowering plants of |
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The following table shows the linkages for the information about the plants
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STAGE 1 GARDEN STYLE INDEX GALLERY |
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Private Garden Design:- |
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<---- |
Yes |
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No |
Cannot be bothered. |
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At Home with Gard-ening Area |
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Balcony Garden or Roof Garden |
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Grow flowers for flower arranging and vegetables on Balcony Garden or Roof Garden |
Pan Plant Back-grou-nd Colour |
STAGE 3b |
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Outside Garden |
Pan, Trough and Window-Box Odds and Sods |
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Kinds of Pan Plants that may be split up and tucked in Corners and Crevices |
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Trough and Window-box plants 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
Pan Plant |
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You need to know the following:- |
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A) Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers List leads onto the |
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Human Prob-lems |
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Blind, |
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Garden Style, which takes into account the Human Problems above |
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Classic Mixed Style |
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Cottage Garden Style |
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Naturalistic Style |
Formal English Garden |
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Mediterranean Style |
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Meadow and Corn-field |
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Paving and Gravel inland, |
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Problem Sites within your chosen Garden Style from the above |
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Exce-ssively Hot, Sunny and Dry Site is suitable for Drought Resistant Plants |
Excessively Wet Soil - especially when caused by poor drainage |
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Control of Pests (Aphids, Rabbits, Deer, Mice, Mole, Snails) / Disease by Companion Planting in Garden |
Whether your Heavy Clay or Light Sandy / Chalk Soil is excessively Alkaline (limy) / Acidic or not, then there is an Action Plan for you to do with your soil, which will improve its texture to make its structure into a productive soil instead of it returning to being just sand, chalk, silt or clay. |
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Problems caused by builders:- 1. Lack of soil on top of builders rubble in garden of just built house. |
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In planning your beds for your garden, before the vertical hard-landscaping framework and the vertical speciman planting is inserted into your soft landscaping plan, the following is useful to consider:- |
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Reasons for stopping infilling of Sense of Fragrance section on 28/07/2016 at end of Sense of Fragrance from Stephen Lacey Page. From September 2017 will be creating the following new pages on Sense of Fragrance using Scented Flora of the World by Roy Genders. |
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After you have selected your vertical hard-landscaping framework and the vertical speciman plants for each bed or border, you will need to infill with plants taking the following into account:- |
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Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders Flower Perfume Group:- |
Flower Perfume Group:- |
Flower Perfume Group:- |
Leaf Perfume Group:- |
Scent of Wood, Bark and Roots Group:-
Scent of Fungi Group:- |
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Sense of Sight |
Emotion of |
Emotion of |
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Emotion of |
Emotion of Intellectual versus Emotional |
Sense of Touch |
Sense of Taste |
Sense of Sound |
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STAGE 2 INFILL PLANT INDEX GALLERIES 1, 2, 3 for |
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STAGE 3a ALL , 3 AND 4 PLANTS INDEX GALLERIES with pages of content (o) |
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Plant Type |
ABC |
DEF |
GHI |
JKL |
MNO |
PQR |
STU |
VWX |
YZ |
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Alpine in Evergreen Perennial, |
1 (o) |
1 (o) |
1 (o) |
1 (o) |
1 (o) |
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Annual/ Biennial |
1 (o) |
1 (o) |
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Bedding, 25 |
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Bulb, 746 with Use, Flower Colour/Shape of |
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Climber 71 Clematis, 58 other Climbers with Use, Flower Colour and Shape |
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1 (o) |
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Deciduous Shrub 43 with Use and Flower Colour |
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1 (o) |
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Evergreen Perennial 104 with Use, Flower Colour, Flower Shape and Number of Petals |
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Evergreen Shrub 46, Semi-Evergreen Shrub and Heather 74 with Use and Flower Colour |
1 (o) |
1 (o) |
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1 (o) |
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Fern with 706 ferns |
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1 (o) |
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Herbaceous Perennial 91, |
1 (o) |
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Rose with 720 roses within Flower Colour, Flower Shape, Rose Petal Count and Rose Use |
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Sub-Shrub |
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Wildflower 1918 with |
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Finally, you might be advised to check that the adjacent plants to the one you have chosen for that position in a flower bed are suitable; by checking the entry in Companion Planting - like clicking A page for checking Abies - and Pest Control page if you have a pest to control in this part of the flower bed. |
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STAGE 1 GARDEN STYLE INDEX GALLERY |
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STAGE 2 INFILL PLANT INDEX GALLERIES 1, 2, 3 Reference books for these galleries in Table on left |
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STAGE 3a ALL PLANTS INDEX GALLERY |
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STAGE 4C CULTIVATION, POSITION, USE GALLERY |
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Since 2006, I have requested photos etc from the Mail-Order Nurseries in the UK and later from the rest of the World. Few nurseries have responded.
with the aid of further information from other books, magazines and cross-checking on the internet. |
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