Ivydene Gardens Stage 3a - All Plants Index Gallery:
Conifer Plants A-C Page 1

Ivydene Gardens Stage 3a - All Plants Index Gallery:
Conifer Plants A-C Page 1

Van den Berk on Trees . Second revised edition in 2004. Published by Van den Berk Nurseries in Holland. United Kingdom : ISBN 90-807408-8-8.
"In our capacity as growers we have for years wanted to put together a book containing the information we have always been searching for. It was to be a book that would provide answers to the many questions asked by our customers over a period of more than 50 years. You have the result in your hands" and information from it is used in this gallery.

The Hillier Manual of Trees & Shrubs. ISBN 0 7153 1073 9. Continuously in print since 1972 (this edition published 2002) and regularly revised and updated, its detailed descriptions of over 10,500 plants representing more than 650 genera, it is both an erudite source of reference and an invaluable look-up companion for every horticulturalist and gardener.

Botanical Plant Name

with link to
UK or
European Union
mail-order supplier for you to contact to buy this plant

Cone Colour

Sun Aspect of Full Sun,
Part Shade, Full Shade

with link to external website for photo/data

Flowering Months

with row in each month that it flowers in that colour in
STAGE 4A
12 BLOOM COLOURS PER MONTH INDEX GALLERY/

with link to
USA or
Canada
mail-order supplier

American Conifer Society - The purpose of the ACS is to promote the use of conifers in the garden and landscape and to educate the public about their care and conservation.

Height with Spacings or Width (W) in inches (cms)

1 inch =
2.5 cms
12 inches = 30 cms
40 inches = 100 cms

Foliage Colour


with row in relevant pages that it has foliage of that colour in
STAGE 4B
12 FOLIAGE COLOURS PER MONTH INDEX GALLERY
or
Background Colour nearest to middle-aged leaf colour from 212 foliage colours /

followed by
Soil Moisture:-
Dry,
Moist,
Wet

with link to Australia or New Zealand mail-order supplier

with data for rows in
STAGE 4C CULTIVATION, POSITION, USE GALLERY and
STAGE 4D
SHAPE, FORM INDEX GALLERY
Pages

Plant Type is:-

A for Aquatic
Ann for Annual / Biennial

Ba for Bamboo

Bu for Bulb

Cl for Climber

Co for Conifer

F for Fern

G for Grass

H for Herb

P for Perennial

Rh for Rhodo-dendron, Azalea, Camellia

Ro for Rose

Sh for Shrub

So for Soft Fruit

To for Top Fruit

Tr for Tree

V for Vegetable

W for Wildflower

followed by:-
E for Evergreen,
D for Deciduous,
H for Herbaceous,
Alpine for being an Alpine as well as being 1 of above Plant Type /

 

Acid for Acidic,
Alk for Alkaline,
Any for AnySoil

 

with links to
STAGE 2 INFILL PLANT INDEX GALLERIES
1, 2, 3 and
STAGE 3
ALL PLANTS INDEX GALLERIES
1, 2 pages
 

Abies alba
(Abies pectinata, Abies nobilis, Abies picea, Abies excelsa, Silver Fir , European Silver Fir)
The wood is white, leading to the species name "alba".

Photo

Photos of trees

Supplier from France
Supplier from England with the following:- "PROVENANCE  
All our hedging, fruit and ornamental trees come from UK sources unlike our humour which comes from mostly age and cynicism."

Cones starting
Green; maturing to red-brown

Full Sun

Photo

Flowers from April-May, cones mature in September

Supplier - Kigi Nursery is hosting Garden Parties

A very large tree which is one of the least satisfactory species for the southern counties of the British Isles - from The Hillier Manual of Trees & Shrubs, Consultant Editors John Hillier & Allen Coombes, First published in 1972; this edition published by David & Charles 2002

600-1000 x 200-320 (1500-2500 x 500-800)

Plant in mixed woods of firs, Norway spruce and beeches as shelter for game.

Dark Green needles, silvery underneath
Moist Soil - increased soil moisture on slopes increases diameter of trunk and depth of clay soil its height

Photos of top of needle and its underside

Supplier

Co E
Clay - silty clay with negligible amounts of sand. Should not be planted on peats or very dry soils and does not tolerate very poor soils or heather competition. Use as a shade tolerant component of Continuous Cover Forestry stands.

All Plants Index
 

Abies amabilis (Pacific Fir, Beautiful Fir, Pacific silver fir, red fir, white fir, Picea amabilis, Pinus amabilis)

Supplier

amabilis means "lovely".

Violet-blue
Full Sun

Sep
Autumn

Native to Canada.
Found with Abies lasiocarpa, Abies grandis and Abies procera, Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Tsuga mertensiana, and Cupressus nootkatensis; as well as douglas fir.

600 x 160-200 (1500 x 400-500)

The most common understory shrub is Vaccinium alaskaense. Among the most shade-tolerant of all conifers.

Dark Green needles, banded with white underneath. Foliage smelling of oranges when crushed.
Moist Soil

Supplier
 

Co E Sand, Acid

All Plants
Index

Unsuitable for dry or chalky soils. Spire form. Thrives in coastal forests with back huckleberry and mountain-heathers.

Abies amabilis 'Spreading Star' (Spreading Star Pacific Fir)
Abies amabilis means lovely and pleasing, probably because of the amabilis fir’s thick and shiny foliage.

Supplier

Violet-blue

Photo of Male pollen cones

Full Sun in cooler climates, Part Shade in warmer areas

Sep-Nov Autumn.

Wholesale Supplier with its Companion Plants Page and Companion Trees Page for Conifers in USA

Wholesale Supplier in Canada
Supplier in USA

36 x 72
(90 x 180)
Grows
3-6 inches (7.5-15cms)
a year as a low-growing spreader , ground-cover ,
Low maintenance , alongside rock garden , prostrate

Dark Green needles, white beneath
Moist Soil

Photo of underneath of needle

Supplier

Co E
Sand, Acid

Tree for small garden

All Plants
Index

Wide-spreading, horizontally arranged branches

Abies balsamea 'Hudsonia'
(Hudson fir, Hudsonia Balsam Fir)

Photo of bun-shaped tree

Supplier in UK
Supplier in Russia
Supplier in Australia
Available in New Zealand
Available in Sweden

Cherry-red tubular blossom

Never bears cones

Full Sun in morning, but best protected from the hot afternoon sun. Tolerates Part Shade.

Attracts birds and deer resistant.

...

Available from Grown in the UK

24-40 x 24-40 (60-100 x 60-100)

Dwarf: 1 to 6 inches (2.5 - 15 cm) per year / 1 to 5 feet (0.3 - 1.5 m) after 10 years.

Grey-green needles, silvery beneath with typical balsam odour (See Fragrant Plants by Type - Trees)

Moist Soil

Co E
Rich Well-drained, Clay, Sand, Acid, Neutral.
Mound-forming,
Low maintenance , rock garden , scree garden, speciman, Container in Garden

All Plants
Index

Abies bracteata (Abies venusta, Bristle Cone Fir, Santa Lucia Fir)

Because of its rare location and requirements, it is not normally grown in nurseries, except by Conifers Garden - We in Hungary undertake to send and fulfill your order anywhere in the world and we also take care of the necessary phytosanitary permits and the customs clearance.

Golden-brown

Part Shade

Deer resistant.

Flowers in late May; cones mature in late August-October. Autumn

May be available from wholesale Stanley and Sons Nursery - They sell only true dwarf and miniature conifers for shipping in the USA and Canada to wholesale nurseries and garden centers.

960 x 240 (2400 x 600)

Pyramid shape. Endangered species.

Dark Green, silvery green beneath
Dry Soil

A popular ornamental, it can be seen in many arboreta.

Co E
On very rocky slopes and the moist bottoms of rocky canyons, which prevent fallen needles from staying under the tree. Succeeds on deep soil over chalk.

All Plants
Index

English: Photo of Abies bracteata at the Regional Parks Botanic Garden, Berkeley, California

By Stan Shebs via Wikimedia Commons.

English: Photo of Abies bracteata at the Regional Parks Botanic Garden, Berkeley, California

By Stan Shebs via Wikimedia Commons.

Abies bracteata upper crown with cones, Bottcher's Gap, California, USA

By Silversyrpher (very busy at the moment) from Scotland, UK via Wikimedia Commons.

Abies bracteata foliage and cone, Cone Peak, California, 1965. A narrow endemic of San Luis Obispo and Monterey Counties. Has that strange cone, and a remarkable habit, you can recognize it from far away by the long, narrow crown. Hasselblad camera.

By aroid from San Luis Obispo, CA, USA via Wikimedia Commons.

Abies cephalonica (Greek Fir)

Supplier

Greenish-Brown
Full Sun ,
Part Shade

Autumn

It is also grown as an ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, though in areas that often get late frosts it is prone to frost damage, as it is one of the first conifers to open fresh growth in spring.

800-1200 x 200-400 (2000-3000 x 500-1000)

Upright broadly pyramidal conifer with horizontal branches, which grows best on cool, wet mountain-sides.

Deep Green with whitish-green beneath
Moist Soil

Use as windbreak or specimen tree.

Co E
Well-drained Sand. One of the best species for chalky soils.

All Plants
Index

English: Abies cephalonica in spring snow. Petrouli, Thessalia, Greece, 39°33'26"N 21°30'21"E, 1170m altitude.

By gterez at Flickr via Wikimedia Commons.

Deutsch: Griechische Tanne (Abies cephalonica), Standort: Neuer Botanischer Garten Marburg, Hessen, Deutschland.
English: Greek Fir (Abies cephalonica), Location: New Botanical Garden Marburg, Hesse, Germany

By Willow via Wikimedia Commons.

English: Abies cephalonica cones
Ελληνικά: Γύρη κώνοι της ελάτης Abies cephalonica

By Gepsimos (Permission in Reusing this file is CC-BY-SA-3.0; Released under the GNU Free Documentation License) via Wikimedia Commons.

Abies cephalonica : twigs

By JFKCom via Wikimedia Commons.

Abies concolor (Colorado White Fir, concolor fir, Blue Fir, Silver Fir, White Fir)

concolor means that both upper and lower needle surfaces are the same color.

Supplier

Yellowish green with purplish bloom ages to brown upright cylindrical cones. Cones are produced after tree is over 40 years old
Full Sun ,
Part Shade
Photo

Sep-Nov Autumn. The winged seeds provide food for songbirds and small mammals; deer eat the foliage, and porcupines the bark.

Supplier

480-840 x 240-360 (1200-2100 x 600-900)
 

Upright narrow pyramidal conifer with grey bark

Use as a Park tree, in Industrial areas, does not stand up to hard surfaces on the ground above its roots

Blue-grey needles
Moist Soil

Supplier to the Nursery Industry in New Zealand

It has a dark, dense crown.

Co E
Gravelly-Sand, Chalk, tolerates dry, poor soil. Dislikes heavy clay. Well-drained soil; tolerates heat and drought

All Plants Index
 

Abies concolor 'Compacta'
(Abies concolor 'Glauca Compacta', Compact White Fir)

concolor means that both upper and lower needle surfaces are the same color.

Supplier

Brown cones held upwards on top of the branches after several decades of growth.

Full Sun ,
Part Shade

Autumn

Thrives in areas with long winters followed by cool summer climates. Perfect for city gardens, scree gardens and small gardens. No pruning required.

72 x 80-120 (200 x 200-300)

Ultimate height and spread 250 x 250 cms after 10-20 years

Oval shape.

Steel-Blue needles. Glaucous particularly in the period of new growth, May-July
Moist Soil

Photo of tree

Co E
Well-drained Clay, Sand, Acid, Neutral. Use as isolated lawn speciman tree ,
Low maintenance , large rock garden, Container in Garden

All Plants
Index

Abies firma (Abies bifida, Japanese Fir, momi fir)

Supplier

Green maturing yellow-brown

Full Sun ,
Part Shade

Photos

Cones disintegrate in October

1200 x 240 (3000 x 600)

Deep Green needles, which are extremely sharp to the touch

Dry Soil and
Moist Soil
Supplier

Co E Sand

Susceptible to spring frost damage

All Plants Index

Abies fraseri (Fraser Fir, Southern Balsam Fir, Southern Fir)

Supplier

Green to Dark Purple ripening to Brown

Full Sun ,
Part Shade

Autumn

Supplier in USA

720 x 240 (1800 x 600)

Mid to Dark Green with 2 broad silvery bands on the underside

Moist Soil

Co E Sand

All Plants Index

Abies grandis
(Giant Fir, Grand Fir, lowland white fir)

There are 2 varieties -
Abies grandis var. grandis - Coast grand fir
Abies grandis var. idahoensis - Interior grand fir

Supplier

Greenish-brown to yellowish-brown cones
Full Sun,
Part Shade in light woodland, Full Shade in deep woodland
Photo

Sep-Nov Autumn. Woodpigeons nest in this tree because of its pleasant aroma.

Native to Canada.

Supplier

3000 x 320 (7500 x 800)

Photo

Column-shaped with Upright Form.
 

Use in parks as a specimen and in moist conifer forests

Glossy Dark Green needles, underside with 2 greyish-white stripes
Moist Soil

Supplier to the Nursery Industry in New Zealand

Photo

Photo

(See Fragrant Plants by Type - Trees)

Co E Sand, Chalk, Peaty
Coast grand fir habitat is coastal lowland forests (Coastal Conditions).
Interior grand fir habitat is interior forests from 900-1800 metres altitude. Found alongside streams and lower slopes in Canada.

All Plants Index

Abies homolepis (Abies brachyphylla, Nikko Fir, Manchurian Fir)

Supplier

Violet-blue turning Brown with age

Full Sun ,

Supplier

600 x 240 (1500 x 600)

Pale Green needles, silver beneath
Moist Soil
 

Co E Sand

All Plants Index

Abies lasiocarpa (Rocky Mountain Fir, Subalpine fir, Alpine Fir, Western balsam fir, caribou fir) Abies lasiocarpa comes from the Greek lasios, meaning shaggy/woolly, and karpos, meaning fruit; the word refers to the alpine fir’s cone scales, which are covered in fine hairs.

turn from dark Purple to Brown as they ripen

Full Sun

A popular Christmas tree.

Subalpine fir is a forest pioneer on severe and disturbed sites. Grows with Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce and blue spruce.

Autumn

Native to Canada.
Supplier in
USA

Tall, narrow, pyramid in habit, the trees are able to resist limb breakage from the snow.
Cool summers, cold winters, and deep winter snowpacks are important.

400-600 x 120-160 (1000-1500 x 300-400)

Chalk-white bark

Grey or Blue-Green needles with bluish stripes on both sides
Moist Soil

Erect branches makes an attractive specimen tree.
 

Co E Sand

All Plants Index

Moderately lime-tolerant.

It is commonly found at and immediately below the tree line.

Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica (Corkbark Fir)

Photo

Supplier

Full Sun

Supplier in USA

Slow grower 4-6 inches (10-15 cms) per year reaching 72-96 inches (180-2400 cms) in 10 years

Baby Blue
Silver-gray needles
Moist Soil
 

Photo

Co E - Well-drained soil, Sand

Tree for small garden

All Plants Index

Abies lowiana (Sierra fir)

Full Sun

1600-2000 x (4000-5000 x )

Grey-Green needles
Moist Soil

Supplier to the Nursery Industry in New Zealand

Co E Sand

Drought tolerant.

All Plants Index

Abies
nordmanniana (Nordman Fir), Caucasian Fir)

Supplier

Often planted to replace the disease-prone Silver Fir - Abies alba

upright green cones, then turn brown

Full Sun

Photo

Sep-Nov Autumn.
Siskin and Crossbill birds use it for nesting and to feed on the insects and cones

Supplier

320 x 120
(800 x 300) after 10 years
600 x 160 (1500 x 400) after 20 years, ultimate height in 20-50 years

Dark Green needles, underside with 2 white stripes
Moist well-drained Soil

Photo of juvenile needles and mature top of needles,
Photo of underside

Supplier to the Nursery Industry in New Zealand

Co E Clay, Sand, Acid, Neutral. Intolerant of alkaline soils, chalk Soils, dry soils; wind.

All Plants Index

Abies pinsapo (Spanish Fir)

Supplier

Purplish- brown

Full Sun

Autumn

960 x 180 (2400 x 450)

Dark Green needles

Supplier to the Nursery Industry in New Zealand

Co E Sand

Slow growing, but tolerates very dry and exposed conditions.

All Plants Index

Abies pinsapo 'Glauca'
(Blue Spanish Fir)

Photo of potted tree for sale

Supplier

Purplish- brown

Full Sun

Autumn

Supplier in USA

Will reach 180 inches (450 cms) in 10 years maturing to 720 inches (1800 cms) tall with 360 inches (900 cms) spread

Sky Blue
Grey-blue needles

Photo of foliage

Supplier

Co E
Well-drained Chalk, Sand, Acid, Alkaline

Very lime-tolerant

Abies procera, (Abies nobilis, Noble Fir)

Supplier

Barrel-shaped Green cones, then turn purplish-brown

Full Sun ,
Part Shade

Autumn

Supplier in USA

600 x 200 (1500 x 500)

Baby Blue
Grey-green or bright Blue-grey needles, banded gray underneath
Moist well-drained Soil

Photo

Co E Sand,
Acid,
Use as
speciman tree

All Plants Index

Abies spectabilis (Abies Webbiana, West Himalayan fir)

Violet-blue

Full Sun
Part Shade in light woodland, Full Shade in deep woodland

Seeds ripen from October-November

1200 x
(3000 x )

Dark Green needles,
Moist Soil

Supplier to the Nursery Industry in New Zealand

Co E
Sand, can grow in heavy Clay

Growing well in New Zealand

All Plants Index

Abies veitchii (Veitch's fir, Veitch's silver fir)

Supplier

Bright gray-blue cones ripen to Brown

Full Sun ,
Part Shade

Autumn

720 x 240 (1800 x 600)

Upright conifer,

Dark Green needles, silvery beneath
Moist well-drained Soil

Co E Sand,
Acid,
Use as
speciman tree
 

All Plants Index

Abies balsamea, (Balsam Fir, Dwarf Balsam Fir, Balm of Gilead, Canadian Fir)

Supplier

The foliage has also induced contact dermatitis.

Thrives in cool, damp, places; very shade tolerant.

Dark violet turns gray-Brown

Full Sun

September Summer-Autumn
White-tailed Deer and Moose eat the foliage in the winter, Red Squirrels eat the seeds, Porcupines feed on the bark. It provides food and breeding habitat for birds.
Native to Canada.
Supplier

Flowering in May, fruiting August-September; seeds are dispersed in late September.

540-900 x 240-300 (1350-2500 x 600-750)

Narrow Pyramidal form.
Grows with Black Spruce, (Picea mariana), White Spruce (Picea glauca) , Picea rubens and Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides).
Used as Christmas tree in the garden, since it does not hold its needles very long in a dry house.

Dark Green needles, whitish beneath with typical balsam odour (See Fragrant Plants by Type - Trees)

Moist Soil

Sweet, turpentine smell created by the abundant resin in its bark and needles.

Co E
Sand, Acid , can grow on wet, peaty soil

Use as
speciman tree and in
Coastal Conditions.

All Plants
Index

Habitat is Forests, swamps, and wetland margins (edges of wetlands)

Abies balsamea tree, Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge, Minnesota - US FWS photo

By This image or recording is the work of a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service employee, taken or made as part of that person's official duties. via Wikimedia Commons.

Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.
English: Balsam Fir. Branch.

By Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. 1995. Northeast wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. Northeast National Technical Center, Chester, PA. via Wikimedia Commons.

English: Abies balsamea pollen cones.

By Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest Service, United States via Wikimedia Commons.

Français : Cones de Abies balsamea sur l'Île Niapiskau, Réserve de parc national de l'Archipel-de-Mingan, Québec, Canada

English: Abies balsamea cones on Niapiskau island, Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve, Quebec, Canada.

By Cephas via Wikimedia Commons.

All Plants
Index

Van den Berk on Trees by Van den Berk Nurseries in The Netherlands. Published by Boomkwekerif Gebr. Van den Berk B.V. in 2004. - " In our capacity as growers we have for years wanted to put together a book containing the information we have always been searching for. It was to be a book that would provide answers to many of the questions asked by our customers over a period of more than 50 years, and as entrepreneurs we wanted to make it a book that we could put our name to. You have the result in your hands."

American Conifer Society:-

"The purpose of the ACS is to promote the use of conifers in the garden and landscape and to educate the public about their care and preservation.

Our mission is:

• to promote the development, propagation and conservation of conifers
• to encourage the appreciation and use of conifers in the landscape
• to educate the public and professionals about conifers
• to spread the joy, knowledge and diversity of conifers across the world!"

From page 7 (of 1187 pages ) of Manual of Woody Landscape Plants Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses by Michael A. Dirr, Department of Horticulture, University of georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. Fifth Edition Revised 1998 ISBN 0-87563-795-7:-

"For cultivars of Abies and other conifers, I highly recommend the reference 'Conifers: The Illustrated Encyclopedia 1996. Timber Press. Great photographs and a sufficient captioned text by van Gelderen and van Hoey Smith to realize that experts have assembled the treatise."

Ivydene Gardens Stage 3a - All Plants Index Gallery:
Conifer Plants A-C Page 1

Hardiness Zones in the United Kingdom - Based on the minimum ten-year average winter temperatures, plant hardiness zone maps have been progressively developed, first by the Department of Argiculture (USDA) for the United States and then more or less applied to the rest of the planet. The purpose of these hardiness zones is to identify how well plants will withstand the cold winter temperatures of these zones. If you know your hardiness zone, find the best plants for your climate area.

Botanical Plant Name

with link to
UK or
European Union
mail-order supplier for you to contact to buy this plant

Description and Classification

Cultivation

Propagation

Species Cultivated

Abies (Fir)
Genus name is an ancient Latin name for a tree described by Pliny around 77 A.D.

The name Abies is derived from the Latin abeo meaning "to rise" and refers to the great height attained by some species. Fir is derived from the Old English furh or fyrh or the Danish fyrr, meaning "fire", from its use as firewood.

Hardy coniferous evergreen trees of pyramidal habit. First introduced early seventeenth century

Outdoor Cultivation:
Soil, sandy loam. Position, cool humid areas with a good depth of soil. Plant October or April. Abies alba, is a good species to plant in mixed woods as shelter for game. Timber valuable for joists, rafters and floor boards. Grows rapidly after first few years.

By seeds sown 1/8 inch (3mm) deep in sandy loam in temperature 55 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees Celsius) in March, or outdoors in April.

alba (syn Abies pectinata), 'Silver Fir', 100-120 feet (3000-3600 cms) high Narrow Pyramidal

balsamea, 'Balsam Fir', 70-80 feet (2100-2400 cms)
Narrow Pyramidal

Abies alba selections include:
'Green Spiral',
'Pendula',
'Pyramidalis' and
'Tortuosa'.

Polski: Młoda jodła pospolita (Abies alba) w Pieninach, w Polsce.

English: Young european silver fir (Abies alba), Pieniny, Poland.

By Crusier via Wikimedia Commons.

English: Abies alba lower crown foliage. Pyrenees.

By Pastilletes on Flickr via Wikimedia Commons.

The light green foliage is the new spring foliage of the year that this photo was taken.

Polski: Kora jodły pospolitej (Abies alba) w Beskidzie Śląskim, w Polsce.

English: Silver Fir (Abies alba) bark, Silesian Beskids, Poland

By Crusier via Wikimedia Commons.

File:Abies alba 3.jpg -
aspect des aiguilles, avec les deux lignes caractérist-iques

By Gerriet Olivier from projet ID-Bio Fournier via Wikimedia Commons.

Abies alba cones

By Jerzy Opioła via Wikimedia Commons.

Juvenile cones

Abies alba (habitat: Pieniny (Nowa Góra (Poland))

By Jerzy Opioła via Wikimedia Commons.

Mature cones

"Both male pollen cones and female seed cones are on the same tree near the top although female cones are higher up in the crown.
Fir needles and twigs have also been used as a moth repellent.
Firs are not very drought tolerant so ensure the base is well mulched, but not the trunk."

Larch Cottage Nurseries in the UK has many cultivars of Abies which are small enough for small british gardens. They sell over 15,000 varieties of plants.

"Abies balsamea is a constituent of coniferous forests with Picea spp., Pinus strobus, Tsuga canadensis and sometimes Pinus banksiana, or it grows mixed with broad-leaved trees such as Populus tremuloides, Betula spp. and, further south, Acer spp., Fagus grandifolia and Betula alleghaniensis. Taxus canadensis is the most common conifer shrub in these mixed forests."

balsamea var. hudsonia
2 feet (60 cms) Flattened Spherical

bracteata, 100-150 feet
(3000-4500 cms)
Narrow Pyramidal

cephalonica, 80-100 feet (2400-3000 cms) Narrow Pyramidal

Abies concolor (Colorado White Fir, concolor fir, Blue Fir, Silver Fir, White Fir)

From ©Denver Botanic Gardens.

The 3 images in the next 2 rows come from same webpage of Denver Botanic Gardens

Outdoor Cultivation:
Soil, sandy loam. Position, cool humid areas with a good depth of soil. Plant October or April.

By seeds sown 1/8 inch (3mm) deep in sandy loam in temperature 55 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees Celsius) in March, or outdoors in April.

concolor, 80-100 feet (2400-3000 cms) - There are at least 20 cultivars of this Abies concolor. Narrow Pyramidal dark dense Crown, use in large garden / parks as a large speciman and as Christmas Tree,

concolor var. compacta, low rounded bush

Form from image 8

Form from image 3

Foliage from image 6

Abies concolor foliage and disintegrating mature cones.

By Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service via Wikimedia Commons.

firma, 120-150 feet (3600-4500 cms)

fraseri, 30-40 feet (900-1200 cms) Narrow Pyramidal Crown.
Has been designated the Cadillac of Christmas Trees - 2 cultivars:- Abies fraseri 'Klein's Nest', Abies fraseri 'Prostrata'

Abies grandis
(Giant Fir, Grand Fir, lowland white fir)

There are 2 varieties -
Abies grandis var. grandis - Coast grand fir
Abies grandis var. idahoensis - Interior grand fir

Supplier

grandis, 246 feet (7500 cms) Narrow Pyramidal dark dense Crown, later Column-shaped, Upright Form, Coastal Conditions, use in parks and moist conifer forests and as Christmas Tree, it cannot tolerate atmos-pheric pollution.

From ©Denver Botanic Gardens.

The 3 images in the next 2 rows come from same webpage of Denver Botanic Gardens

Form from image 1

Trunk from image 4

Foliage from image 2

homolepis
(syn Abies brachyphylla) , 120 feet (3600 cms) Narrow Pyramidal Crown, later Column-shaped,

Abies lasiocarpa

Outdoor Cultivation:
Soil, sandy loam. Position, cool humid areas with a good depth of soil. Plant October or April.

By seeds sown 1/8 inch (3mm) deep in sandy loam in temperature 55 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees Celsius) in March, or outdoors in April.

lasiocarpa, 'Rocky Mountain Fir', 100 feet (3000 cms) Narrow Pyramidal Crown

lasiocarpa var. arizonica, slow growing, grey foliage

lowiana, 200 feet (6000 cms)

From ©Denver Botanic Gardens.

The 3 images in the next 2 rows come from same webpage of Denver Botanic Gardens

Form from image 1

Trunk from image 1

Foliage from image 1

nordman-niana,
480 x 280 inches
(1200 x 700 cms) Broad Pyramidal dark dense Crown later Oval,
Upright Form, use in parks, speciman tree and as Christmas Tree , low maintenance

pinsapo, 60-100 feet (1800-3000 cms) Narrow Pyramidal Crown

pinsapo 'Glauca' with gray-blue needles

procera, (syn Abies nobilis), 200 feet (6000 cms) Narrow Pyramidal dense Crown

spectabilis, (syn Abies Webbiana), 80-150 feet (2400-4500 cms) Broad Pyramidal

veitchii, 50-70 feet (1500-2100 cms) Broad Pyramidal

Abies amabilis (Pacific Fir, Beautiful Fir, Pacific silver fir, red fir, white fir)

Supplier

amabilis, 100-250 feet (3000-7500 cms)
Narrow Pyramidal

English: In the Marble Mountain Wilderness, a wide variety of terrain can be witnessed. Pacific Silver Fir Abies amabilis, pictured here in the southern part of the wilderness (specifically the Salmon Mountains), reaches the southern extent of its range near English Peak (also pictured).
By michael_kauffmann@yahoo.com via Wikimedia Commons.

Description: Pacific Silver Fir (Abies amabilis) bark with pitch blisters and lichen. Its diameter is about 0.25 m.
Viewpoint location: Kachess Ridge Trail 1315. Kachess Ridge is located in Wenatchee National Forest, Washington, USA, about 26 km southeast of Snoqualmie Pass.
By ©2005 Walter Siegmund via Wikimedia Commons.

Abies amabilis
English: Pacific Silver Fir
By Walter Siegmund via Wikimedia Commons.

Abies amabilis
English: Pacific Silver Fir
MPF who comments, "it is two aborted cones (probably caught by a late frost), the bracts develop before the seed scales in early spring."
By Walter Siegmund via Wikimedia Commons.

Description: Pacific Silver Fir foliage (Abies amabilis) foliage

Viewpoint location: French Creek trail 1595. The trail is in the Wenatchee Mountains, an eastern spur of the Cascade Range, located in Wenatchee National Forest, Washington, USA, about 21 km south of Stevens Pass. The trailhead is near the Cle Elum River.

By Walter Siegmund via Wikimedia Commons.

From The Gymnosperm Database:-

"Welcome to the Gymnosperm Database, the web's premier source of information on conifers and their allies. Since we went online on 1997, the Database has attracted worldwide attention as a readily accessible, scientifically accurate source of information on the classification, description, ecology and uses of this culturally and ecologically important group of plants. This home page gives some hints about how to navigate the Database, as well as providing background information for the curious.

There are four major sections of the site:

Species - In-depth descriptions of all the families, genera, and species of gymnosperms. For each species I provide information on classification, description, ecology, ethnobotany, and various other topics of interest. This section comprises about 90% of the site.

Topics - Things that are not strictly tied to a particular species. For instance, it includes pages on the gymnosperms of Australia, the oldest trees in the world, and accounts of some of my field excursions. If you are interested in exploring the site, I encourage you to check out Topics.

Bookstore - Most of the books sold here are linked through Amazon, and if you buy them through this site, the price is the same to you but some of the proceeds come to me, to help support the Database. Some books aren't available through Amazon but I list them anyway, because in the Bookstore I try to give you access to every important gymnosperm publication currently in print."

Tree Canada:-

"For over twenty years, Tree Canada has engaged communities, governments, corporations, and individuals in the pursuit of a greener and healthier living environment for Canadians. Under the direction of our volunteer board of directors, we provide Canadians with education, technical expertise, and resources to plant and care for urban and rural trees. We’ve planted nearly 80 million trees and greened more than 550 schoolyards across the country.

Planting trees beautifies and rejuvenates backyards, city streets, and parks. It nurtures Canada’s heritage of biodiversity and multifaceted landscape. Not only that – it cleans the air (other Benefits of Trees). Canadians can breathe easier knowing that every tree planted helps to combat climate change, absorbing carbon dioxide emissions and producing oxygen. Trees naturally cool cities during the summer months, providing shade in scorching heat and habitats for wildlife. A charitable not-for-profit organization, Tree Canada is committed to working with its corporate, government, and individual partners on tree-planting programs, including providing “ReLeaf” to areas suffering damage from natural disasters, offering funding to communities for fruit-bearing trees, greening school grounds, and more. The trees we plant are a living legacy that benefits communities for decades to come.

25 top plants, which have been shown to be effective in removing common pollutants from indoor air including formaldehyde, benzene and carbon monoxide:-

"

STAGE 3a
ALL PLANTS INDEX GALLERY PAGES

Site Map

STAGE 1 GARDEN STYLE INDEX GALLERY PAGES Links to pages in Table alongside on the left with Garden Design Topic Pages

Website Structure Explanation and User Guidelines

Plant Type
 

STAGE 2 INFILL PLANT INDEX GALLERIES 1, 2, 3 with its Cultivation Requirements

Alpines for Rock Garden (See Rock Garden Plant Flowers)

Alpine Shrubs and Conifers

The Alpine Meadow
Page 1
Page 2
Page 3

The Alpine Border
1, 2

Alpine Plants for a Purpose

The Alpines that Dislike Lime 1, 2

Alpines and Walls
Dry Sunny Walls 1a, b
Tops of Walls 2a, b
Dry Shady and Conifers 3a, b

Alpines and
Paving
1, 2

Sink and Trough gardens
1, 2

Aquatic
(Water Plants) for

Anti-erosion River-bank

Marginal Plants (Bog Garden Plants)
1, 2

Oxy-genating Weeds

Water Lilies

Floating Plants

Water-side Plants
and Plants for Dry Margins next to a Pond
1, 2

Wildlife Pond Plants

Annual for

----------------

Exposed Sites

Sheltered Sites with Green-house Annuals from 1916

Extra Poor Soil with Half-Hardy Annuals from 1916

Very Rich Soil with Biennials from 1916

Gap-filling in Mixed Borders with Hardy Annuals from 1916

Patio Con-tainers

Cut Flowers
1, 2, 3 Ever-lasting Flowers with Red Flowers from 1916

Attract-ing bene-ficial insects
1, 2

Scent / Fra-grance with Annuals for Cool or Shady Places from 1916

Low-allergen Gardens for Hay Fever Sufferers

Annual Plant Pairing Ideas and Colour Schemes with Annuals
1, 2

Low-Growing Annuals
1, 2

Medium-Growing Annuals

Tall-Growing Annuals with White Flowers from 1916

Black or Brown Flowers

Blue to Purple Flowers

Green Flowers with Annuals and Biennials from 1916

Red to Pink Flowers and Cut Flowers
Page
1, 2, 3

White Flowers
1, 2

Yellow or Orange Flowers
1, 2

Dec-orative Foliage

Moist Soil

Shade
1, 2

House-plants with Yellow Flowers from 1916

Edging Beds

Hanging Baskets

Vining Annuals

Bedding for

Spring Bedding

Summer Bedding

Autumn/ Winter Bedding

Bedding for Light Sandy Soil

Bedding for Acid Soil

Bedding for Chalky Soil

Bedding for Clay Soil

Black Flowers

Blue Flowers

Orange Flowers

Pink Flowers

Long Flowering

Coloured Leaves

Attract-ive to Wildlife including Bees, Butterflies and Moths

Purple Flowers

Red Flowers

White Flowers

Yellow Flowers

Multi-Coloured Flowers

Aromatic Foliage or Scented Flowers

Bedding Plant Use

Flowers with 2 Petals

Flowers with 3 Petals

Flowers with
4 Petals

Flowers with 5 Petals

Flowers with 6 Petals

Flowers with more than 6 Petals

Use in Hanging Baskets

Flower Simple Shape

Shape of
Stars

Shape of
Bowls, Cups and Saucers

Shape of
Globes, Goblets and Chalices

Shape of
Trumpets and Funnels

Shape of
Bells, Thimbles and Urns

Use in Pots and Troughs

Flower Elabo-rated Shape

Shape of
Tubes, Lips and Lobes

Shape of
Slippers, Spurs and Lockets

Shape of
Hats, Hoods and Helmets

Use in
Screen-ing

Use in
Window Boxes

Shape of
Stand-ards, Wings and Keels

Shape of
Discs and Florets

Shape of
Pin-Cushions and Tufts

Shape of
Rosettes, Buttons and Pompons

Use in Bedding Out

Use in
Filling In

Biennial for

Cottage and Other Gardens
1, 2

Cut Flower with Biennials for Rock Work from 1916

Patio Con-tainers with Biennials for Pots in Green-house / Con-servatory

Bene-ficial to Wildlife with Purple and Blue Flowers from 1916

Scent with Biennials for Sunny Banks or Borders from 1916

Bulb for
--------------
Explan-ation Intro to Bulbs
--------------
725 Blue, White, Yellow, Unusual Colour, or Red-Purple-Pink flowering Bulbs in each month they flower.

Indoor Bulbs for
Dec-ember
January
February

Indoor Bulbs for
March
April
May

Indoor
Bulbs for
June
July
August

Indoor Bulbs for Sep-tember
October
November

Bulbs in Window-boxes
1, 2

Bulbs in the Border

Bulbs natural-ised in Grass

Any Plant Type (some grown in Cool Green-house) Bloom-ing in
Dec-Jan
Feb-Mar

Any Plant Type (some grown in Cool Green-house) Bloom-ing in
Apr-May
Jun-Aug 1, 2, 3, 4

Any Plant Type (some grown in Cool Green-house) Bloom-ing in
Sep-Oct
Nov-Dec

Any Plant Type Blooming in Smallest of Gardens

Bulbs for the Bulb Frame

Bulbs in the Wood-land Garden

Bulbs in the Rock Garden

Bulbs in Green-house or Stove

Achi-menes, Alocasias, Amorpho-phalluses, Aris-aemas, Arums, Begonias, Bomar-eas, Calad-iums

Clivias,
Colo-casias, Crinums, Cyclam-ens, Cyrt-anthuses, Euchar-ises, Urceo-charis, Eurycles

Freesias, Gloxinias, Hae-manthus, Hipp-eastrums

Lachen-alias, Nerines, Lycorises, Pen-cratiums, Hymen-ocallises, Richardias, Sprekelias, Tuberoses, Vallotas, Watsonias, Zephy-ranthes

Bulbs in Bowls

Bulbs in the Alpine House

Hardy Bulbs

Aconitum, Allium, Alstroe-meria, Anemone 1, 1a

Amaryllis, Antheri-cum, Antholy-zas, Apios, Arisaema, Arum, Aspho-deline,

Aspho-delus, Belam-canda, Bloom-eria, Brodiae, Bulbo-codium

Calo-chorti, Cyclo-bothras, Camassia, Col-chicum, Con-vallaria,
Forcing Lily of the Valley, Corydalis, Crinum, Crosmia, Mon-tbretia , Crocus

Cyclamen, Dicentra, Dierama, Eranthis, Eremurus, Ery-thrnium, Eucomis

Fritillaria, Funkia, Gal-anthus, Galtonia, Gladiolus, Hemero-callis

Hya-cinth, Hya-cinths in Pots,
Scilla, Pusch-kinia, Chion-odoxa, Chiono-scilla, Muscari

Iris,
Kniphofia, Lapey-rousia, Leucojum

Lilium,

Lilium in Pots, Malvastrum, Merendera, Milla, Narcissus, Narcissi in Pots

Orni-thogalum, Oxalis, Paeonia, Ran-unculus, Romulea, Sanguin-aria,
Stern-bergia,
Schi-zostylis, Teco-philaea, Trillium

Tulip,
Zephy-ranthus

Half-Hardy Bulbs

Acidan-thera, Albuca, Alstroe-meri, Andro-stephium, Bassers, Boussing-aultias, Bravoas, Cypellas, Dahlias, Galaxis,
Geis-sorhizas, Hesper-anthas

Gladioli, Ixias,
Sparaxises, Babianas, Morphixias, Tritonias

Ixio-lirions, Moraeas, Orni-thogal-ums, Oxalises, Phaedra-nassas,
Pan-cratiums, Tigridias, Zephyr-anthes, Cooper-ias

Bulbs for Bedding

Plant each Bedding Plant with a Ground, Edging or Dot Plant for
Spring
1, 2
or
Summer
1, 2

Climber 3 sector Vertical Plant System with

----------
Choosing the right Plant

1a.
The Base -
Base of Wall Plants

1b.
Annuals

1c.
Herbs and Vege-tables

1d.
Cut
flowers, Cut Foliage

1e.
Scented flower or foliage

1f.
Foliage use only

2a. 1,2,3,4
The Prime - Wall Shrubs

2b.
Fruit trees

3a.
The Higher Reaches -
House-wall Ramblers

3b. 1,2
Non-House-Wall - Climbing Twiners

3c.
Non-House-Wall - Self-clinging Climbers

Raised
Bed for Wheel-chair Users

Plants for Wildlife-Use as well

Fastest Covering

Least prot-ruding growth when fan-trained

1, 2
Evergreen

Use as
Hedge

Exposed Positions

Use as Ground-cover

1,2
Ornam-ental Fruit

Scented Flowers

1, 2
Autumn Foliage Colour

Winter Bark

Winter and Early Spring Flowers

Summer Colour or Shape of Foliage

Edible Fruit

Needs Conserv-atory or Green-house

Large
Pots and Con-tainers
1, 2

Cut Flowers

Attractive to Bees

Climber - Simple Flower Shape

Stars

Bowls, Cups and Saucers

Globes, Goblets and Chalices

Trumpets and Funnels

Salver-form

Bells, Thimbles and Urns

Climber - Elabo-rated Flower Shape

Tubes, Lips and Straps

Slippers, Spurs and Lockets

Hats, Hoods and Helmets

Stand-ards, Wings and Keels

Disks and Florets

Pin-cushions, Tufts, Petal-less and Cushions

Umbels, Buttons and Pompoms

Site design and content copyright ©March 2016.
Top menus revised June 2018. Chris Garnons-Williams.

DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site.  

Ivydene
Horticultural
Services

Scented Flora of the World by Roy Genders - was first published in 1977 and this paperback edition was published on 1 August 1994 ISBN 0 7090 5440 8:-
This comprehensive book looks at scented flowers and leaves of plants from all over the world. The work has been prepared to the standards of the Index Kewensis, and is filled with the most interesting facts about the scented flora of the world.

I am using the above book from someone who took 30 years to compile it from notes made of his detailed observations of growing plants in preference to
The RHS Companion to Scented Plants Hardcover – 16 Oct 2014 by Stephen Lacey (Author), Andrew Lawson (Photographer) ISBN 978-0-7112-3574-8 even though this is the only major reference work on scent and scented plants which is endorsed by the Royal Horticultural Society. See reasons for stopping infilling of previous Sense of Fragrance section on 28/07/2016 at end of Sense of Fragrance from Stephen Lacey Page.

The Propagation of Alpines by Lawrence D. Hills. Published in 1950 by Faber and Faber Limited describes every method of propagation for 2,500 species. Unlike modern books published since 1980, this one states exactly what to do and is precisely what you require if you want to increase your alpines.

STAGE 4C CULTIVATION, POSITION, USE GALLERY

Cultivation Requirements of Plant

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1, 2,
3, 4,
5, 6,
7, 8,
9, 10,
11,12,
13,14,
15,16,
uses of tree/ shrub

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1



1, 2,
3, 4,
5, 6,
7, 8,
9,10,
11,12,
13,14

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Poison-ous Plant

1

STAGE 1
GARDEN STYLE INDEX GALLERY

Fragrant Plants adds the use of another of your 5 senses in your garden:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Leaves
1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Trees and Shrubs with Aromatic Bark
1, 2, 3

Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an
Acid Soil
1, 2, 3, 4

Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil
1, 2, 3, 4

Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil
1, 2, 3

Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3

Herbaceous Plants with Scented Leaves
1, 2, 3

Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves
1, 2

Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit
1, 2, 3

Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2

Night-scented Flowering Plants
1, 2

Scented Aquatic Plants
1

Plants with Scented Fruits
1

Plants with Scented Roots
1, 2

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Wood
1

Trees and Shrubs with Scented Gums
1

Scented Cacti and Succulents
1

Plants bearing Flowers or Leaves of Unpleasant Smell
1, 2
 

STAGE 2
INFILL PLANT INDEX GALLERY 3

Fan-trained Shape

From Rhododendrons, boxwood, azaleas, clematis, novelties, bay trees, hardy plants, evergreens : novelties bulbs, cannas novelties, palms, araucarias, ferns, vines, orchids, flowering shrubs, ornamental grasses and trees book, via Wikimedia Commons

Ramblers Scramblers & Twiners by Michael Jefferson-Brown (ISBN 0 - 7153 - 0942 - 0) describes how to choose, plant and nurture over 500 high-performance climbing plants and wall shrubs, so that more can be made of your garden if you think not just laterally on the ground but use the vertical support structures including the house as well.

The Gardener's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Climbers & Wall Shrubs - A Guide to more than 2000 varieties including Roses, Clematis and Fruit Trees by Brian Davis. (ISBN 0-670-82929-3) provides the lists for 'Choosing the right Shrub or Climber' together with Average Height and Spread after 5 years, 10 years and 20 years.