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The 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:-
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Choose 1 of these different Plant selection Methods:- 1. Choose a plant from 1 of 53 flower colours in the Colour Wheel Gallery. 2. Choose a plant from 1 of 12 flower colours in each month of the year from 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery. 3. Choose a plant from 1 of 6 flower colours per month for each type of plant:- 4. Choose a plant from its Flower Shape:- 5. Choose a plant from its foliage:- 6. There are 6 Plant Selection Levels including Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in or 7. When I do not have my own or ones from mail-order nursery photos , then from March 2016, if you want to start from the uppermost design levels through to your choice of cultivated and wildflower plants to change your Plant Selection Process then use the following galleries:-
I like reading and that is shown by the index in my Library, where I provide lists of books to take you between designing, maintaining or building a garden and the hierarchy of books on plants taking you from
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There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-
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Site design and content copyright ©December 2006. Page structure amended October 2012. Chalk plants per month added in January 2023. Chris Garnons-Williams. DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site. |
• Watering Schedule - Far and away the best course of action against slugs in your garden is a simple adjustment in the watering schedule. Slugs are most active at night and are most efficient in damp conditions. Avoid watering your garden in the evening if you have a slug problem. Water in the morning - the surface soil will be dry by evening. Studies show this can reduce slug damage by 80%.
• Seaweed - If you have access to seaweed, it's well worth the effort to gather. Seaweed is not only a good soil amendment for the garden, it's a natural repellent for slugs. Mulch with seaweed around the base of plants or perimeter of bed. Pile it on 3" to 4" thick - when it dries it will shrink to just an inch or so deep. Seaweed is salty and slugs avoid salt. Push the seaweed away from plant stems so it's not in direct contact. During hot weather, seaweed will dry and become very rough which also deters the slugs.
• Copper - Small strips of copper can be placed around flower pots or raised beds as obstructions for slugs to crawl over. Cut 2" strips of thin copper and wrap around the lower part of flower pots, like a ribbon. Or set the strips in the soil on edge, making a "fence" for the slugs to climb. Check to make sure no vegetation hangs over the copper which might provide a 'bridge' for the slugs. Copper barriers also work well around wood barrels used as planters.
• Diatomaceous Earth - Diatomaceous earth (Also known as "Insect Dust") is the sharp, jagged skeletal remains of microscopic creatures. It lacerates soft-bodied pests, causing them to dehydrate. A powdery granular material, it can be sprinkled around garden beds or individual plants, and can be mixed with water to make a foliar spray.
• Electronic "slug fence" - An electronic slug fence is a non-toxic, safe method for keeping slugs out of garden or flower beds. The Slugs Away fence is a 24-foot long, 5" ribbon-like barrier that runs off a 9 volt battery. When a slug or snail comes in contact with the fence, it receives a mild static sensation that is undetectable to animals and humans. This does not kill the slug, it cause it to look elsewhere for forage. The battery will power the fence for about 8 months before needing to be replaced. Extension kits are availabe for increased coverage. The electronic fence will repel slugs and snails, but is harmless to people and pets.
• Lava Rock - Like diatomaceous earth, the abrasive surface of lava rock will be avoided by slugs. Lava rock can be used as a barrier around plantings, but should be left mostly above soil level, otherwise dirt or vegetation soon forms a bridge for slugs to cross.
• Salt - If all else fails, go out at night with the salt shaker and a flashlight. Look at the plants which have been getting the most damage and inspect the leaves, including the undersides. Sprinkle a bit of salt on the slug and it will kill it quickly. Not particularly pleasant, but use as a last resort. (Note: some sources caution the use of salt, as it adds a toxic element to the soil. This has not been our experience, especially as very little salt is used.)
• Beer - Slugs are attracted to beer. Set a small amount of beer in a shallow wide jar buried in the soil up to its neck. Slugs will crawl in and drown. Take the jar lid and prop it up with a small stick so rain won't dilute the beer. Leave space for slugs to enter the trap.
• Overturned Flowerpots, Grapefruit Halves, Board on Ground - Overturned flowerpots, with a stone placed under the rim to tilt it up a bit, will attract slugs. Leave overnight, and you'll find the slugs inside in the morning. Grapefruit halves work the same way, with the added advantage of the scent of the fruit as bait.
• Garlic-based slug repellents
Laboratory tests at the University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (UK) revealed that a highly refined garlic product (ECOguard produced by ECOspray Ltd, a British company that makes organic pesticides) was an effective slug killer. Look for garlic-based slug deterrents which will be emerging under various brand names, as well as ECOguard.
• Coffee grounds; new caffeine-based slug/snail poisons - Coffee grounds scattered on top of the soil will deter slugs. The horticultural side effects of using strong grounds such as espresso on the garden, however, are less certain. When using coffee grounds, moderation is advised. |
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It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:- |
Closed Bud |
Opening Bud |
Juvenile Flower |
Older Juvenile Flower |
Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its |
Mature Flower |
Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower |
Form of Rose Bush |
There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page. So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!! |
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Ivydene Gardens Garden Construction followed by Plants Suitable for a Chalk Soil: |
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Botanical Plant Name, |
Flower Colour |
Flower Thumb-nail will be entered into the Ever-green Peren-nial 7 Flower Colours per month Colour Wheel, with its links in the next table |
Flowering Months |
Height x Width in inches (cms) - 1 inch = 2.5 cms, 12 inches = 1 foot = 30 cms, 36 inches = 3 feet = 1 yard = 90 cms, 40 inches = 100 cms |
Foliage Colour |
Comments
Here are some more cultivated plants:- From Colour Wheel Uses Gallery From Bulb Shape Gallery From P Garden Style Index Gallery Roses from Rose Use Gallery
Here are some UK wildflower plants:- |
Plant
There are 5861 plants |
Acer cappadocicum var sinicum |
Small and Yellow-green, borne in upright clusters with the young leaves |
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May |
320-400 x |
Young growth is coppery red becomes 5 lobe glossy green leaves that turn bright yellow in autumn. |
'It was growing on a high bank in the chalk pit. It's scarlet seed covered the tree in July.' |
Very rare tree. |
Acer griseum |
Yellow-green in clusters |
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May |
400 x |
Young twigs red-brown, older twigs and trunk peel back. Trifoliate, dark green. Prefers neutral and lightly acid soil, but grows happily on chalk rubble. In autumn the foliage colour changes into orange to crimson. |
'It has unique red bark which is always peeling, and the leaves turn a lovely colour of red and gold in the autumn. In the opinion of the author of the book this is the best looking maple'. Round crown. |
Solitary. |
Acer mono subsp. tricuspis |
Yellow-green petals |
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May Fruit in September (China) |
Up to 400 x |
Brown or gray bark with thin, papery, and 3 to 5 lobe leaves - upper surface dull dark green, lower surface pale green; autumn colour is yellow. |
Asian species of Maple from China. Zones 6-7 Its charm lies in its small, rather rounded leaves, said to quiver in the breeze like those of Aspen (Populus tremula) |
'It has become a large shrub after many years on the nearly pure chalk of the cliff in the pit, but it has seldom gone to seed'. Habitat in mixed forest between 1200 and 1800 metres. |
Aegle sepiaria (Poncirus trifoliata, |
Fragrant White |
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Apr-May |
96-120 x |
Compound foliage. This |
Full Sun on a well-drained, fibrous loam and leaf-mould. Requires protection in cold gardens in the north of the UK. Plant out in Mar-Apr. In February cut out dead wood, and trim and thin the bushes to keep them in shape. |
Native of China and Japan 'This does well on the chalky soil with white flowers at the end of April, and in October producing small orange-like fruit with thick skins. The leaves of this plant are like enlarged spines which are sharply pointed.' |
Abutilon vitifolium |
Flowers saucer-shaped, white to violet-purple |
See large photos from Ron or Christine Foord. |
160 x 100 |
Maple-like, toothed, dark green leaves on erect shrub in well-drained Sandy or broken chalk, moist soil in Full Sun. |
'It withstands wind well and is beautiful when the blue or white flowers are out in June. If raised from seed the flowers vary in colour, so a good-coloured form should be propagated by cuttings.' "This species from Chile is one of a group of abutilons with pink or mauve flowers. A weak-branched deciduous shrub, it has maple-like toothed leaves. Flowers saucer-shaped, white to violet-purple, in spring-summer. Zones 8-9" from Flora - The Gardener's Bible. |
Grow in pots, supported on wallside or trellis or in Greenhouse. |
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Acer davidii |
Light yellow, pendent corymb-shaped racemes |
See large photos from Ron or Christine Foord. |
May |
320-480 x |
Its bark is striped silvery gray on an olive green background and dark green leaves that are long pointed but mostly unlobed. Any soil, including clay and chalk |
It has an open habit and flat-topped outline. Light, open crown. 'The maples do well on chalk, except the Japanese ones' |
Use as speciman, as a park tree and in large gardens. You can see the stripes on the bark during the late autumn/winter. |
Narcissus - Division 2: |
Yrellow/ Orange |
April, May |
24 x 6 |
Narrow, Dark Green |
Spring flowering bulb with bright yellow perianth segments and orange cups with frilled edges. Sturdy habit and vigorous growing. |
Outstanding in the garden and for early work in pots with smooth flat perianth petals of deepest yellow and with a deep cup of tangerine-orange. |
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Narcissus - |
Yellow/ Golden-yellow |
March, april, may |
8 x 4 |
Slender, semi-cylindrical and dark green 4-16 inches (10-40cm) long |
The "hoop-petticoat daffodil". This earliest and tiniest dwarf gem with golden conical cup-flowers, and narrow pointed petals, thrives on the hottest of rockeries and will do well and even self-seed in moist turf rather like cylamen do. It enjoys a sunny situation and a light sandy soil and may take a year to become established before it blooms, but will soon form a large clump and once established will bloom profusely. |
It makes a striking specimen plant for an alpine display house or cool glasshouse. Blooms can last up to two to three weeks, adding cheerfulness to overcast winter days. It is suitable for naturalising in damp, rough grass that dries out in summer. |
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Rosa banksiae lutea, evergreen Wild Rose Climbing Banksian Rose, Yellow Banksia |
Pale Yellow in large cascading trusses of double flowers slightly fragrant |
Apr-Jun 39 Rosa banksiae lutea |
240 x 120 |
Profuse, Light Green foliage |
Chalk, Sand. Full Sun to thrive. Pruning should consist of only thinning where necessary. This interesting rose of Chinensis origin needs a sunny but sheltered wall to be at its best when it will reach considerable height. The large trusses of pale yellow double flowers are usually all over by mid June. This is in Rose Class 39 |
Climber, Thornless rose. Tolerant of poor soil. This flowers upon the old wood, and not then, as a rule, until it is well established. It is unfortunately not suited to exposed positions, and is most suitable for sheltered, hot, sunny walls, and should be grown in deep rich soil. It should not be pruned; thinning only is nececessary. |
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Rosa centifolia, (Rosa 'Cabbage Rose', Rosa 'Provence Rose') Cabbage Rose |
Deep Pink with strong, heady perfume. It produces large, nodding, many-petalled flowers, never reflexed, |
May-Jul 29 Rosa x centifolia SUN |
72 x 60 |
Thick, coarse, grey-green leaves made up of 5 leaflets, each up to 2 inches (5 cm) in length. |
Medium-sized shrub with abundant thorns. Susceptible to mildew - see bottom of this page. Chalk, Sand. Full Sun This Rose Class 29 has the following Species with their cultivars:- Centifolia (Provence) Old Garden Roses:-
Pruning requirement:-
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Tolerant of poor soil. Hates wet weather when in flower. Grow a group in woodland. It requires hard pruning and good cultivation, and is said to have been grown at Mitcham for the preparation of rose-water. |
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Rosa farreri var. 'Persetosa' (Rosa elegantula 'Persetosa'), Rose Threepenny-bit Rose |
Deep pink followed by small coral-red fruits |
May-June 38 Rosa farreri var. perse-tosa |
60 x 60 |
Reddish bristly wood and foliage of dark green turns purple in autumn |
It is very bristly. Hybrid polyantha roses and certain species roses like this one, require very little pruning, dead wood only being removed, and the removal of the tips of the old shoots which have bloomed, being sufficient. |
Hardy. Speciman |
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Rosa hugonis, Old Garden Rose Golden Rose of China |
Primrose-yellow with mild fragrance followed by hips |
Mid May |
96 x 60 |
Mid-Green leaves plentiful with a fern-like quality both in appearance and to touch, turning bronzy-orange in autumn. Good Autumn Foliage. Densely thorny, the stems are bronzy-brown |
Chalk, Sand. Prefers Full Sun to thrive. This Rose Class 28 has the following Species with their cultivars:- Rosa pimpinellifolia (Scotch Roses) species have been used to create the taller shrubs by Kordes, which are trouble-free, easy to grow and early flowering, with some hybrids providing the first roses of summer. Portland Old Garden Roses:- • Upright, compact shrub roses with thorny stems. • Dark green foliage. • Semi- to fully double, usually scented flowers are produced, singly or in clusters of 3, in flushes from summer to autumn, on shoots from second-year wood. • Use in a bed. Pruning requirement:- ▪ For Maintenance - During the late winter to early spring season (dormant season), prune the main stems back by 0.33 as necessary, reduce sideshoots by 0.5 to 0.66. ▪ For Renewal - During the late winter to early spring season, Cut out up to 0.2 to 0.25 of the oldest stems; then cut back the rest by 33%. |
Group in a woodland, tolerates poorer soil |
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Rosa x macrantha, Rose |
Pale pink Very fragrant |
May-Jun 38 Rosa macr-antha |
60 x 108 |
It has long whiplike canes and bright green leaves made up of 5 to 7 leaflets |
It makes a very large speciman bush which bears many very pale pink, rose-flushed, large single flowers of 4 inches (10 cms) in diameter, followed by bright red fruits. Hybrid polyantha roses and certain species roses require very little pruning, dead wood only being removed, and the removal, of the tips of the old shoots which have bloomed, being sufficient. |
Very Hardy. Speciman, ground cover, attracts bees |
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Rosa omeiensis (Rosa sericea), Mount Omi Rose |
White |
120 x 72 |
Strong, six-to seven foot (72-84 inches (150-180 cms) shoots having red thorns and graceful small foliage made up of from 7 to 11 leaflets. It has good autumn foliage |
From China and it differs from most other single roses by having only 4 petals, arranged in the shape of a cross. Habit is vigorous and branching. The flowers are followed by elliptical red and orange fruits. |
Speciman. Hardy. Tolerant of poor soil. Woodland and covert planting, hedge |
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Rosa primula, Rose Incense rose |
White may be followed by small reddish fruit Very fragrant when damp |
May |
60 x 48 |
The glossy fern-like foliage has a strong aroma of incense. It has strong, upright, dark-brown thorny stems supporting arching laterals |
The flowers, which appear early in the season, are single and soft butter-cup-yellow with pronounce stamens; they are strongly scented. Chalk, Alkaline Soil. |
Woodland and covert planting, tolerant of poor soil, grow in pots, attracts bees Species Roses See Rose Use Gallery for comparisons of different roses with the same |
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Rosa spinosissima (Rosa pimpin-ellifolia), Rose Scots Rose, Burnet Rose, Scotch Briar |
Milk-White fragrant |
May-Jun 28 Rosa spinos-issima |
36 x 36 |
The leaves, consisting of from 5 to 11 small leaflets, are very attractive |
It makes a densely spiny bush with sweetly-scented milk-white flowers profusely produced. It can be freely propagated from either seed or suckers, and is the parent of the Burnet Roses of various colours. |
It forms a most attractive dwarf hedge and grows well in almost any poor soil when its height becomes negligible. The fruits are black and round. Speciman, Woodland and covert planting, good autumn foliage, tolerant of shade and grow in pots. |
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Rosa spinosissima altaica (Rosa pimpinellifolia altaica, Rosa pimpinellifolia spinosissima 'Altaica' ), Rose |
single pale lemon fragrant |
May |
60 x 36 |
Dark brownish wood with numerous spiny thorns and soft-textured, well-serrated, greyish-light green foliage. |
A useful, healthy shrub with maroon-purple to black hips in the autumn. |
Well suited by its growth to the formation of a hedge. Woodland and covert planting, tolerant of poor soils, with good autumn foliage, tolerant of shade, pot |
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Rosa spinosissima lutea (Rosa 'Lutea'), Rose |
single bright-yellow |
May-Jun |
48 x 36 |
Shoots darkish green to brown with numerous spiny thorns. |
Upright bushy plant. |
Hedge, Woodland and covert planting, Tolerant of poor soils, tolerant of shade, |
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Rosa xanthina spontanea |
Golden-yellow followed by spherical, maroon hips moderat-ely fragrant |
Apr-May 10 Rosa 'Canary Bird' |
96 x 72 |
dark green, fern-like foliage from march to october |
From Korea, it has large, flat, single, golden-yellow flowers. |
Hardy. Hedge, tolerant of poor soils, tolerant of shade, cut flower, pot, fragrant, cottage garden, |
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'American Pillar', |
Single flowers, at first reddish-pink, paling to deep pink with off-white centres, usually in large trusses once in the season. |
May-Aug Slightly fragrant. Carries hips which are soon eaten by the birds. 16 Rosa 'Ameri-can Pillar' |
180 x 120 |
Large glossy dark green foliage on strong, thorny long green stems Good purple autumn foliage which hangs on well into the winter. |
Chalk, Sand. Full Sun, Tolerant of shade. Tolerant of poor soils. This is in Rose Class 16 |
Ground cover covering banks, |
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'Cantabri-giensis', Wild Non-climbing rose The Cambridge Rose |
Primrose yellow ages to Cream, single, flat |
May-Jun followed by hips 38 Rosa 'Cantab-rigiensis' |
120 x 120 |
Light green and fernlike. Arching Branches armed with thorns. |
A very fine shrub. Pale yellow, saucer shaped flowers wreath its branches in a mass of delicate bloom, creating a magnificent sight in mid May. The flowers are about 2.5 inches (6 cm) across and are very lightly scented. Fern-like foliage. One of the very best. Simiar to R. hugonis, but stronger growing. Up to 10 x 10 ft (300 x 300 cm). Chalk, Sand. Prefers Full sun to thrive. This is in Rose Class 38 |
Grow group in Woodland, bedding, speciman, tolerant of poor soil, tolerant of shade, fragrant |
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Rosa 'Fruhlingsgold', Rose |
Rich Golden- Yellow paling to primrose. Very fragrant |
10 Rosa 'Fruhlin-gsgold' SUN, part shade hedge, wood-land, poorer soils, shade, fragrant |
May-June |
84 x 60 |
Dark Green |
Chalk. Full Sun, Tolerant of Part Shade.
This Rose Class 10 has the following Species with their cultivars:- Nutkana Roses are easy-going and will do well in almost any garden. Canina Roses as the 'Dog Rose' is a beautiful native hedgerow plant. They are best in a woodland or wild garden setting. Multibracteata Hybrids are shrubs with fern-like leaves from thick arching stems with numerous spiky thorns. Glauca (Rubrifolia) and Villosa Roses are useful for unending supplies of foliage for flower-arranging |
Hedge, Woodland, Tolerant of Poor Soil |
Rosa 'Fruhlings-morgen', |
Cherry- Pink and White with primrose centres Sweetly scented |
10 Rosa 'Fruhlin-gsmor-gen' hips, hedge, wood-land, poorer soils, into trees, shade, fragrant |
May-Jun followed by hips |
72 x 48 |
Dark Green |
Chalk. Full Sun, Tolerant of Part Shade.
This Rose Class 10 has the following Species with their cultivars:- Nutkana Roses are easy-going and will do well in almost any garden. Canina Roses as the 'Dog Rose' is a beautiful native hedgerow plant. They are best in a woodland or wild garden setting. Multibracteata Hybrids are shrubs with fern-like leaves from thick arching stems with numerous spiky thorns. Glauca (Rubrifolia) and Villosa Roses are useful for unending supplies of foliage for flower-arranging |
Hedge, Woodland, Tolerant of Poor soil, grow into trees |
Rosa 'Goldilocks', Rose |
Creamy- Yellow Strongly fragrant |
5 Rosa 'Goldi-locks' bedding, hedge, fragrant, prickly stems |
May-Oct |
18 x 18 |
Dark Green |
Chalk, Sand. Full Sun
This Rose Class 5 has the following Species with their cultivars:- Floribunda (Cluster-flowered bush) Modern Roses:-
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Bedding, hedge, fragrant, prickly stems |
Rosa 'Nevada', Climber Rose |
White |
Late May to Early June Flowering is repeat or recurrent throughout the summer |
96 x 84 |
Plentiful light green foliage |
Chalk, Alkaline. Full Sun.
This Rose Class 10 has the following Species with their cultivars:- Nutkana Roses are easy-going and will do well in almost any garden. Canina Roses as the 'Dog Rose' is a beautiful native hedgerow plant. They are best in a woodland or wild garden setting. Multibracteata Hybrids are shrubs with fern-like leaves from thick arching stems with numerous spiky thorns. Glauca (Rubrifolia) and Villosa Roses are useful for unending supplies of foliage for flower-arranging |
Modern Shrub Roses |
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Rosa 'Peace', Rose |
Creamy-yellow with pink edges |
May-Oct |
48 x 36 |
Deep green glossy foliage with strong growth |
Perhaps the best known and loved rose of all time. Chalk, Sand. Full Sun This Rose Class 4 has the following Species with their cultivars:- Hybrid Tea ( Large-flowered Bush) Modern Roses:-
Hybrid Perpetuals (Large-flowered Shrubs) Modern Roses led the field as exhibition roses throughout Queen Victoria's reign, so breeders seeked ever larger blooms. |
Cut-flower, |
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Garden Construction Pages followed by Plants suitable for a Chalk Soil Work schedule for hard and soft landscaping with Soil Conditioning:- A Chalk Garden by F C Stern. Published by Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd in 1960. Chalk Plant Index - These index pages are complete with the names in 2022. The information from the above book is being viewed in June 2024 and added to the relevant page below. Then further research will be carried out to give the details for each plant from other books and the Internet. May be finished in August 2025 for this gallery and then flower comparisons will be added to 7 flower colours per month Colour Wheel - below - in Evergreen Per Gallery. 7 Flower Colours per Month in Colour Wheel below
Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month. Other Plants to grow in Chalk:- |
UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given. Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Cabbages - Large White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed |
Egg,
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40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf. |
May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
July or August; hatches in 3 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Cherry with |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
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(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Currants |
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 15 days in May-June. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome) |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
... |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
1 then |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Nasturtium from Gardens |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Mountain pansy, |
Egg, Chrysalis |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. 3 weeks in September |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk. |
15 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk. |
July-August for 17 days. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base. |
July to hatch in 8 months in March. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Willow |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
Asters |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
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Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Aubretia in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Holly Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Buddleias |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Wood White |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Cabbage and cabbages in fields |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October |
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Adonis Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Pale Clouded Yellow |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Cow-wheat |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
30 days in May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
May-June for 18 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Painted Lady |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Marigolds in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September. |
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Michaelmas Daisies |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Nasturtiums in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-May |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
7 weeks in July-August. |
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Comma |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days in August. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June.
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
April-May |
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Rotten Fruit |
Butterfly |
Drinks juice |
July-September |
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Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar |
Butterfly |
Hibernates inside hollow trees or outhouses until March. Eats sap or fruit juice until April. |
10 months in June-April |
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Wild Flowers |
Large Skipper |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
June-August |
Links to the other Butterflies:- Black Hairstreak |
Topic - Wildlife on Plant Photo Gallery. Some UK native butterflies eat material from UK Native Wildflowers and live on them as eggs, caterpillars (Large Skipper eats False Brome grass - Brachypodium sylvaticum - for 11 months from July to May as a Caterpillar before becoming a Chrysalis within 3 weeks in May) chrysalis or butterflies ALL YEAR ROUND. |
Wild Flower Family Page (the families within "The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers" by David McClintock & R.S.R. Fitter, Published in 1956 They are not in Common Name alphabetical order and neither are the common names of the plants detailed within each family. The information in the above book is back-referenced to the respective page in "Flora of the British Isles" by A.R. Clapham of University of Sheffield, |
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When you look at the life history graphs of each of the 68 butterflies of Britain, you will see that they use plants throughout all 12 months - the information of what plant is used by the egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly is also given in the above first column.
THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE - This details that life and death from July 1972 to 2019, with the following result:- End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure.
CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:-
Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:-
THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges." |
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Recommended Plants for Wildlife in different situations
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From the Ivydene Gardens Box to Crowberry Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
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The Bumblebee Pages website is divided into five major areas:
FORCED INDOOR BULBS in Window Box Gardens. |
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Theme |
Plants |
Comments |
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Thyme |
Thymus praecox, wild thyme Thymus pulegioides Thymus leucotrichus Thymus citriodorus |
Thymes make a very fragrant, easy to care for windowbox, and an excellent choice for windy sites. The flower colour will be pinky/purple, and you can eat the leaves if your air is not too polluted. Try to get one variegated thyme to add a little colour when there are no flowers. |
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Herb |
Sage, mint, chives, thyme, rosemary |
Get the plants from the herb section of the supermarket, so you can eat the leaves. Do not include basil as it need greater fertility than the others. Pot the rosemary up separately if it grows too large. |
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Mints |
Mentha longifolia, horse mint Mentha spicata, spear mint Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal Mentha piperita, peppermint Mentha suaveolens, apple mint |
Mints are fairly fast growers, so you could start this box with seed. They are thugs, though, and will very soon be fighting for space. So you will either have to thin and cut back or else you will end up with one species - the strongest. The very best mint tea I ever had was in Marrakesh. A glass full of fresh mint was placed in front of me, and boiling water was poured into it. Then I was given a cube of sugar to hold between my teeth while I sipped the tea. Plant this box and you can have mint tea for months. |
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Heather |
Too many to list See Heather Shrub gallery |
For year-round colour try to plant varieties that flower at different times of year. Heather requires acid soils, so fertilise with an ericaceous fertilser, and plant in ericaceous compost. Cut back after flowering and remove the cuttings. It is best to buy plants as heather is slow growing. |
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Blue |
Ajuga reptans, bugle Endymion non-scriptus, bluebell Myosotis spp., forget-me-not Pentaglottis sempervirens, alkanet |
This will give you flowers from March till July. The bluebells should be bought as bulbs, as seed will take a few years to flower. The others can be started from seed. |
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Yellow |
Anthyllis vulneraria, kidney vetch Geum urbanum, wood avens Lathryus pratensis, meadow vetchling Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lotus corniculatus, birdsfoot trefoil Primula vulgaris, primrose Ranunculus acris, meadow buttercup Ranunculus ficaria, lesser celandine |
These will give you flowers from May to October, and if you include the primrose, from February. Try to include a vetch as they can climb or trail so occupy the space that other plants can't. All can be grown from seed. |
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White |
Trifolium repens, white clover Bellis perennis, daisy Digitalis purpurea alba, white foxglove Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette |
All can be grown from seed. The clover and daisy will have to be cut back as they will take over. The clover roots add nitrogen to the soil. The mignonette flower doesn't look very special, but the fragrance is wonderful, and the alyssum smells of honey. |
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Pink |
Lychnis flos-cucli, ragged robin Scabiosa columbaria, small scabious Symphytum officinale, comfrey |
The comfrey will try to take over. Its leaves make an excellent fertiliser, and are very good on the compost heap, though windowbox gardeners rarely have one. |
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Fragrant |
Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette Lathyrus odoratus, sweet pea |
The sweet pea will need twine or something to climb up, so is suitable if you have sliding windows or window that open inwards. You will be rewarded by a fragrant curtain every time you open your window. |
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Spring bulbs and late wildflowers |
Galanthus nivalis, snowdrop Narcissus pseudonarcissus, narcissius Crocus purpureus, crocus Cyclamen spp. |
The idea of this box is to maximize your space. The bulbs (cyclamen has a corm) will flower and do their stuff early in the year. After flowering cut the heads off as you don't want them making seed, but leave the leaves as they fatten up the bulbs to store energy for next year. The foliage of the wildflowers will hide the bulb leaves to some extent. Then the wildflowers take over and flower till autumn |
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Aster spp., Michaelmas daisy Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Succisa pratensis, devil's bit scabious Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal |
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Bee Garden in Europe or North America |
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Plants for moths (including larval food plants and adult nectar sources) from Gardens for Wildlife - Practical advice on how to attract wildlife to your garden by Martin Walters as an Aura Garden Guide. Published in 2007 - ISBN 978 1905765041:- |
Marjoram - Origanum officinale |
"On average, 2 gardeners a year die in the UK as a result of poisonous plants. Those discussed in this blog illustrate a range of concerns that should be foremost in the designer’s mind." from Pages on poisonous plants in this website:- |
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Wildlife-friendly Show Gardens
Many of our gardens at Natural Surroundings demonstrate what you can do at home to encourage wildlife in your garden:-
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Ivydene Gardens Water Fern to Yew Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
Only Wildflowers detailed in the following Wildflower Colour Pages |
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Flowering plants of |
Ivydene Gardens Garden Construction followed by Plants Suitable for a Chalk Soil: |
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Botanical Plant Name, |
Flower Colour |
Flower Thumb-nail will be entered into the Ever-green Peren-nial 7 Flower Colours per month Colour Wheel, with its links in the next table |
Flowering Months |
Height x Width in inches (cms) - 1 inch = 2.5 cms, 12 inches = 1 foot = 30 cms, 36 inches = 3 feet = 1 yard = 90 cms, 40 inches = 100 cms |
Foliage Colour |
Comments including comments from |
Plant |
Tulipa sprengeri, |
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'The last 2 to flower in late May at T. sprengeri with scarlet flowers, which grows anywhere and seeds itself freely; and T. schmidtii, a taller plant with scarlet flowers which increases very slowly. |
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Tulipa schmidtii, |
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'The last 2 to flower in late May at T. sprengeri with scarlet flowers, which grows anywhere and seeds itself freely; and T. schmidtii, a taller plant with scarlet flowers which increases very slowly. |
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Tulipa Darwin, |
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'The Darwin tulips are in full flower in May. In 1909.' |
flowers in may |
Syringa josiflex 'Bellicent', |
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'This has delicate pink flowers. In 1909.' |
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Malus baccata, |
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'This makes a small tree with a mass of white flowers in may. In 1909.' |
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Prunus longipes', |
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'One of the prettiest of them all, is still in flower in May. In 1909.' |
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Prunus |
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'Our native bird cherry is really magnificent, covered with white flowers and coming out at the same time in may as the dark red lilac 'Massena', one of the best of all the hybrid lilacs, together they make a fine contrast showing each other off so well. In 1909.' |
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Syringa 'Massena' |
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'Our native bird cherry is really magnificent, covered with white flowers and coming out at the same time in may as the dark red lilac 'Massena', one of the best of all the hybrid lilacs, together they make a fine contrast showing each other off so well. In 1909.' |
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Prunus padus watereri, |
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'This is slendid in full flower in may in the garden, but not as decoration in the house as the scent is too strong. In 1909.' |
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Magnolia x high-downensis, |
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'The 2 highlihts of May-flowering trees in this garden are Magnolia x highdownensis and Davidia involucrata; they both enjoy the chalk and nether suffered from the long cold winter of 1955/6. The magnolia grows into a bushy tree about 15 feet (180 inches = 450 cms) high and is covered with hanging pure white flowers about 6 inches (15 cm) in diameter with deep red-purple stamens at the base of the petals. The 3 magnolias are now large plants flowering profusely each year. In 1909.' |
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Magnolia sinensis, |
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'Flowers in May. In 1909.' |
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Davidia involucrata, |
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'The 2 highlihts of May-flowering trees in this garden are Magnolia x highdownensis and Davidia involucrata; they both enjoy the chalk and nether suffered from the long cold winter of 1955/6. The magnolia grows into a bushy tree about 15 feet (180 inches = 450 cms) high and is covered with hanging pure white flowers about 6 inches (15 cm) in diameter with deep red-purple stamens at the base of the petals. The 3 magnolias are now large plants flowering profusely each year. Davidia involucrata is a wonderful sight when every branch is covered wit the long pure white bracts, the 2 bracts, one on each side of the flower, are in every case of different lengths, one twice the length of the other, and are about the same thickness as the leaves; these bracts have given it the name of the 'pocket handkerchief' tree. The tree in the chalk pit is now over 30 feet (900cm) high. In 1909.' |
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Davidia vilmoriniana, |
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'This has oblong fruit and nearly glabrous leaves. In 1909.' |
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Syringa 'Souvenir de Louis Spath' |
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'The lilacs enjoy the chalk soil. This one has deep red flowers, which has grown on chalk for a great many years, and we think they flower better here than in more acid soils. In 1909.' |
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Syringa 'J.C. van Tol' (Lilac), |
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'This is one of the finest white flowered lilacs, which has grown on chalk for a great many years, and we think they flower better here than in more acid soils. In 1909.' |
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Lilacs (See also Syringa) |
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'Marechal Foch, Clarke's Giant, Katherine Meyer, and best of all 'Massena. These all make large shrubs which are good windbreaks and lovely in May when a mass of flowers. We prune them back after flowering, cutting off all the old flowers, thinking that this increases their floriferousness the following year. In 1909.' |
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Syringa 'Katherine Havemeyer' |
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'Marechal Foch, Clarke's Giant, Katherine Meyer, and best of all 'Massena. These all make large shrubs which are good windbreaks and lovely in May when a mass of flowers. We prune them back after flowering, cutting off all the old flowers, thinking that this increases their floriferousness the following year. In 1909.' |
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Syringa 'Marechal Foch' |
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'Marechal Foch, Clarke's Giant, Katherine Meyer, and best of all 'Massena. These all make large shrubs which are good windbreaks and lovely in May when a mass of flowers. We prune them back after flowering, cutting off all the old flowers, thinking that this increases their floriferousness the following year. In 1909.' |
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Syringa velutina (used to go by this name Syringa microphylla), |
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'This is one of the first to flower, with sweet-scented deep lilac flowers, making a bush some 8 feet (96 inches=240cm) high. In 1909.' |
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Syringa palibiniana, |
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'This low-growing lilac has light mauve flowers and looks well in the herbaceous border. The old idea of the herbaceous border with just herbaceous plants and annuals to fill up, seems out of date in 1960 when labour is scarce. Low-growing shrubs should be mixed up with the herbaceous plants that do best in the soil of each particular garden, also interplanted with all the different Bulbs. Shrubs like potentillas, low-growing 'old-fashioned' roses, deutzias such as Deutzia kalmiaefolia (Deutzia kalmiifolia), shrubby euphorbias and many others blend together with the herbaceous plants and bulbs, producing flowers from early spring to late autumn with far less work than in the old type of herbaceous border. In 1909.' Using ground cover plants of either below 24 inches (below 60 cms) or 24-72 (60-180) or above 72 (180) will reduce your weeding workload. |
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Syringa julianae, |
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'It has deep mauve flowers and grows into a large bush with the flowers strongly scented and is very hardy. In 1909.' |
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Deutzia albida, |
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'It makes a big bush some 7 feet (84=210) high, covered in white flowers in may. In 1909.' |
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Clematis macropetala, |
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'It is delightful, covering the potting shed with its long-petalled blue flowers in may. When raised from seed it varies a good deal in colour, but the best forms can be easily propagated. In 1909.' |
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Clematis alpina, |
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'Both the light blue form and the white flowering form which comes true from seed, are both such delightful plants and easy to grow that they should be more often seen in gardens. In 1909.' |
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Clematis indivisa lobata, |
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'This is from New Zealand, has pure white flowers, large with pointed petals, coming out at the end of April or beginning of may. On this soil the species clematis do well, but the hybrids seem to like a more acid soil and have never been successful in this garden. In 1909.' See Clematis gallery for descriptions of other Clematis. |
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Berberis darwinii, |
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'Nearly all the berberis enjoy the lime soil; the exception is Berberis darwinii, which never looks well on these soils; yet hybrids with this plant such as the well-known B. x stenophylla and B. lolgoensis both grow well on the chalkiest soil. It has been found that in several cases first hybrids between lime-loving plants (Calcicole) and those disliking lime (Calcifuge) will grow quite well on lime soils. In 1909.' |
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Berberis linearifolia, |
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'H.F. Comber brought back seed from Chile and the Argentine of these B. empetrifolia, B. linearifolia, B. lologensis and B. montana (B. chillanensis var. hirsutipes). South American plants do not as a rule like the chalk soil, but these berberis are the exception and have done well here for many years, growing into large plants. In 1909.' |
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Berberis vernae, |
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'A number of Chinese berberis are alo in flower in May; Berbis vernae when it becomes a large bush carries short racemes of yellow flowers all along its arching stems |
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Berberis calliantha, |
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'The large nunber of rhododendron, other ericaceous plants, gentians and most of the primulas will not grow here on lime, but the hardy woody shrubs do well and decorate the garden. This Berberis calliantyha is a low-growing shrub with large yellow flowers. In 1909.' |
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Berberis hypokerina, |
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'Has yellow flowers and most curious holly-like leaves white on the underside. In 1909.' |
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Berberis parisepala, |
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'An unusual berberis, very spiny with particularly large yellow flowers, followed by red berries in autumn; it is deciduous and looks dead all winter, breaking into leaf only in late spring. In 1909.' |
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Euphorbia wulfenii, |
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'In early may or sometimes in April this euphorbi, making a bus about 36-48 inches (90-120cm) high, comes out with large heads of flowers surrounded with light green bracts; it is cheerful and attractive plant and looks well on the rubble chalk at the base of the cliff. In 1909.' |
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Euphorbia griffithii, |
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'This looks like making a good herbaceous plant with deep green leaves and bright scarlet bracts surrounding the flower, and seems to be quite hardy. In 1909.' |
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Euphorbia sikkimensis, |
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'This herbaceous plant is useful in the border, as it flower much later than the others, usually in August and September, covered with greenish yellow bracts growing about 36 inches (90 cm) high. It has been growing here for 35 years quite happily in the herbaceous border. In 1909.' |
flowers in august and september, not in may |
Daphne sericea, |
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'This makes a round shrub about 48 inches (120 cm) high with mauvy red flowers in May and often flowers again in the autumn. In 1909.' |
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Daphne cneorum, |
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'It is delightful in the rock garden; the form of this daphne known as the variety 'eximia' is much the best, stronger than the type with larger deep pink flowers in may and the same delicious scent; it is one of the most beautiful of all rock plants. In 1909.' |
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Daphne cneorum eximia, |
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'It is delightful in the rock garden; the form of this daphne known as the variety 'eximia' is much the best, stronger than the type with larger deep pink flowers in may and the same delicious scent; it is one of the most beautiful of all rock plants. In 1909.' |
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Xanthoceras sorbifolium, |
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'This flowers at the of may with snow-white flowers when they first come out, and as they begin to go over, red markings appear at the base of the petals. It makes such a difference to the value of a shrub or tree if the flowers die pleasantly. |
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Cercis siliquastrum, |
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'The Judas tree flowers before the leaves appear in May. All the Cercis are very brittle and apt to be broken in severe gales. In 1909.' |
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Cercis chinensis, |
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'This was raised here, but the flowers were a 'washy' pink, so it was not considered worth a place in the garden. In 1909.' |
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Cercis racemosa, |
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'This makes a small tree and very charming when covered with pink racemes of flowers; these racemes make it quite different from the usual Judas tree. It is hardy and in a fine summer sets seeds. In 1909. |
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Cercis reniformis, |
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'This North American plant has never grown much here, perhaps it does not like the lime soil. In 1909. ' |
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Cercis griffithii, |
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'Some seedlings were raised, but they did not do well in pots in a frame and began to die off. In 1909.' |
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Fraxinus ornus, |
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'The Manna ash is happy on the chalk soil being a fine tree when the white flowers come out in may. In 1909.' |
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Paulonia fortunei, |
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'We are trying to grow this with its light mauve flowers in a warm place, facing south. It is carefully protected each winter and has survived a few winters, but has not yet flowered. In 1909.' |
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Paulonia tomentosa and Paulonia var. lanata, |
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'Paulonias are splendid at the end of may when in full flower. There are 2 hardy forms growing in this garden, one with deeply tomentose leaves and one with nearly glabrous leaves. We call the former P. tomentosa and the latter P. var. lanata. there is one disadvantage with these trees that they make their buds in the autumn, when the winter gales come the buds are often blown off. In 1909.' |
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Notholirion thomsonianum, |
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'The only Notholirion which does well here is this one; it will grow anywhere but seldom flowers, the bulbs breaking up into innumerable bulbils, making plenty of leaves but few flowers. We have found that if it is set among other plants that keep their leaves during the winter, such as sternbergias and some muscari and others, the leaves will be protected and the notholirion will more often flower; it is worth taking trouble with, as the light lilac flowers coming out all up the rather tall stem are unusual and attractive. In 1909.' |
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Iris tingitana fontanesii, |
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'Iris tingitana var. fontanesii is a common plant in the fields of Morocco, seeds itself and is perfectly hardy; the beautiful deep blue flowers come out at the end of may at the same time as Pancratium maritimum and Pancratium illyricum; the former is hardier than the latter and increases freely by seed. The white flowers of these 2 species are very attractive. In 1909.' |
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Pancratium illyricum, |
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'Iris tingitana var. fontanesii is a common plant in the fields of Morocco, seeds itself and is perfectly hardy; the beautiful deep blue flowers come out at the end of may at the same time as Pancratium maritimum and Pancratium illyricum; the former is hardier than the latter and increases freely by seed. The white flowers of these 2 species are very attractive. In 1909.' |
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Pancratium maritimum, |
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'Iris tingitana var. fontanesii is a common plant in the fields of Morocco, seeds itself and is perfectly hardy; the beautiful deep blue flowers come out at the end of may at the same time as Pancratium maritimum and Pancratium illyricum; the former is hardier than the latter and increases freely by seed. The white flowers of these 2 species are very attractive. In 1909.' |
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Lilium martagon, |
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'The dark red form of this lilium does well here, though not growing so tall as it does on better soil; they grow among a mat of Pulsatilla vulgaris, which is so lovely in flower or in seed. In 1909.' |
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Coronilla glauca, |
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'It grows luxuriantly and it always seems to have some of its yellow flowers in bloom. In 1909.' |
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Coronilla valentina (Coronilla valentinum), |
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'This is one of the low-growing species with deeper yellow flowers, but it is not so hardy but seeds itself, so that it does ot mtter if it is cut down. In 1909.' |
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Hesperoyucca whipplei (Yucca whipplei), |
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'A large plant, looks majestic, and does not seem to mind any frost; it has once flowered but the grey dagger-like leaves are decorative and extremely dangerous to weed around. In 1909.' |
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Clematis uncinata retusa, |
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'At the back of the border several roses grow up into the beech trees, and this Clematis uncinata var. retusa, covered with white flowers in July, rambles into the trees and over the coronillas and pomegranate bushes in front of it. These pomegranate bushes are the form with double flowers, and although perfectly hardy never seem to be worthy of place in the garden. In 1909.' |
flowers in july not may |
Scilla peruviana, |
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'This makes a good show in front of the border with its large heads of blue flowers; the white-flowered form is also pleasant, but does not show up so well on our white soil. These bulbs are seldom seen in gardens though they are hardy and appear to grow in any soil. In 1909.' |
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Muscari 'Heavenly Blue', |
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'M. macrocarpa - has sweet-scented yellow flowers - and M. polyanthum - with deep blue flowers taller and later-flowering than the more usual Muscari 'Heavenly Blue' - are in flower in May. |
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Muscari macrocarpa, |
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'M. macrocarpa - has sweet-scented yellow flowers - and M. polyanthum - with deep blue flowers taller and later-flowering than the more usual Muscari 'Heavenly Blue' - are in flower in May. |
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Muscari polyanthum, |
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'M. macrocarpa - has sweet-scented yellow flowers - and M. polyanthum - with deep blue flowers taller and later-flowering than the more usual Muscari 'Heavenly Blue' - are in flower in May. |
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SOIL PAGE MENU Soil Introduction - How does Water act in Soil SOIL SUBSIDENCE
|
Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month. |
LATE SUMMER GALLERY PAGES FOLIAGE COLOUR BULB, CORM, RHIZOME AND TUBER INDEX - There are over 700 bulbs in the bulb galleries. The respective flower thumbnail, months of flowering, height and width, foliage thumbnail, |
If you follow the normal procedure in the UK of weeding and leaving the ground bare, and then perhaps putting down chemical fertilisers, then that is like bearing a child and starving it to death. Perhaps you would like to read the following and do the job properly of looking after a garden from the following 4 steps:- |
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Besides the above Bulb Flower Colour Comparison Pages, you also have the following Comparison Pages:- |
Step 1 The normal method by which home gardeners provide nutrients to their garden plants:- In English gardens, you weed the ground in your beds and prune your plants including hedges and remove the weeds and prunings before donating them to the council or putting them into a 36 x 36 x 36 inch (90 x 90 x 90 cm) compost bin. The amount you put into that bin each day is so small that it never reaches more than 25 degrees Centigrade and therefore does not consume or destroy the seeds or the pests. The liquor produced goes into the ground below and unless your plants have accessed that ground area; is leached to the subsoil and therefore lost. If the compost bin was 180 x 180 x 180 inches (450 x 450 x 450 cms) and it was filled in one go, then it would reach about 55 degrees Centigrade which would consume and kill those seeds and pests/diseases. The end result of the compost bin is normally not much use, unless you use worm bins and then you can use the bottom tray compost on your garden beds. Then, if you are generous; you spread some general fertilser once a year like Growmore round your plants, or Rose Food round your roses again once a year and expect a marvellous year of flowers etc. As I have explained elsewhere this does not work for at least 2 reasons:-
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Late Summer INDEX link to Bulb Description Page |
Flower Colour with Flower Thumbnail |
Flowering Months Mat, |
Height x Width in inches (cms) - Seed Head Thumbnail Soil Sun Aspect Soil Moisture |
Foliage Colour |
Bulb Use |
Comments |
PLANTS PAGE PLANT USE Groundcover Height Poisonous Cultivated and UK Wildflower Plants with Photos
Following parts of Level 2a, |
PLANTS PAGE MENU
|
PLANTS PAGE MENU
Photos - 12 Flower Colours per Month in its Bloom Colour Wheel Gallery
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Acis "They are excellent for cutting and make a good display either in a bed or in a thin woodland. They also do quite well in grass, which must not be mown until their leaves begin to die down. "Indoor Culture in Window-boxes - Plant in clumps during October, 3 inches (7.5 cms) deep, 2 inches (5 cms) apart. These are excellent for a site in partial shade, but will only succeed if left undisturbed for 2 or 3 years. Suitable varieties are Leucojum aestivum 'Gravetye Giant' and Leucojum vernum." from Indoor Bulb Growing by Edward Pearson. Published by Latimer House Limited in 1953. |
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Acis autumnalis |
White |
August, September, |
4-6 x 4 |
Dark Green grass-like foliage, often being produced shortly after the flower spike. |
Plant at edge of bed. Use in rock garden. Cut flower. Thin woodland or shade from shrubs. Naturalize in grass. |
In autumn it throws up leafless stems from which it bears 2-4 bell shaped white flowers, often with red bases to them. |
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Acis autumnalis pulchellum - |
White |
August, September, |
8 x 4 |
Dark Green grass-like foliage being produced at the same time as the flower spike. |
Plant at edge of bed. Use in rock garden. Cut flower. Thin woodland or shade from shrubs. Naturalize in grass. |
Plant with 1 or 2 inches (2.5 or 5 cms) of soil over the tops of the bulbs towards the front of a bed in an area where they can be left undisturbed. |
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Acis |
Pure White flowers on 4-8 inch stems |
September, 6 petal, bell-shaped flowers in spike. |
4 x 2 |
Dark Green grass-like foliage being produced at the same time as the flower spike. |
Plant at edge of bed. Use in rock garden. Cut flower. Thin woodland or shade from shrubs. Naturalize in grass. |
Plant with 1 or 2 inches (2.5 or 5 cms) of soil over the tops of the bulbs towards the front of a bed in an area where they can be left undisturbed. |
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Acis valentinum |
White |
February, March, |
10 x 12 |
Thin Grey-Green leaves being produced after the flower spike. |
Plant at edge of bed. Use in rock garden. Cut flow-er. Thin woodland or shade from shrubs. Naturalize in grass. Coastal conditions |
Grows in open, calcareous, stony and rocky places, hill slopes. Requires winter mulch to protect it from the worst of the weather. |
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White with Red stripes |
September, October, Umbel |
6-12 x 12 (15-30 x 30) Sand, Chalk |
Green cylindrical and hollow leaves |
These unusual autumn flowering species are ideal on a scree or rockery in full sun. They are hardy and also make nice pot specimens in a cold greenhouse. |
Native of the Pelo-ponnese. Plant at soil level and 4 inches (10 cms) apart. All Alliums have the distinctive onion smell, both in the foliage and bulb. This smell can be used to reduce aphid infestations on flowers by planting 1 each side of the infected plant. |
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Babiana stricta - tender |
Pale Cream through Purple, Mauve and Blue and Crimson |
March, April, May 5 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a spike with slight fragrance |
6-18 x 4 |
Sword-shaped 5 inches (12.5 cm) long, 0.5 inches (1.125 cms) wide, green |
Plant against South-facing House Wall in Southern England where temperatures do not go below -5 degrees Centigrade. Mulch with 3 inches (7.5 cms) of organic compost to conserve moisture in the summer. |
Set 6 inches (15 cms) deep in average and sandy soils, a little shallower in heavy clay - put 2 inches (5 cms) of sand surrounding bulb to prevent rotting - soils, 6 inches (15 cms) apart. Leave undisturbed for years. Remove mulch during autumn and winter. |
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Dark Green to Dark Brown Spathe |
September, October, November Up to 6 inches (15 cm) long spathe but not a flower |
4-8 x 12 Scree, Sand or Chalky soil with 1 inch (2.5 cms) of sand worked into the top 2 inches (5 cms). |
The 5-10 light green leaves are 1 inch wide and 2-4 inches long. |
Can be planted beside a path in a rock garden where it is is a rocky, sandy location in full sun in Southern England. |
Biarum is a group of unusual looking bulbs, grown for their weird and wonderful spathes that are produced in autumn. Not fully hardy so these are best grown in pots in the garden before spending the winter in a greenhouse. |
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Light Green with |
September, October Up to 6 inches (15 cm) long spathe but not a flower |
3-4 x 12 |
5-10 light Green leaves emerge in Sep-Oct |
Can be planted beside a path in a rock garden where it is is a rocky, sandy location in full sun in Southern England. |
Not fully hardy so these are best grown in pots in the garden before spending the winter in a greenhouse. |
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Biarum tenuifolium |
Pale Green with Purple Flush Spathe |
July, August, September, October, November |
10 x 12 |
5-10 light Green leaves emerge in Sep-Oct |
Can be planted beside a path in a rock garden where it is is a rocky, sandy location in full sun in Southern England. |
Native to the central and eastern Mediterranean. |
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Bright Green with |
September Up to 6 inches (15 cm) long spathe but not a flower |
9 x 12 |
5-10 light Green leaves emerge in Sep-Oct |
Can be planted beside a path in a rock garden where it is is a rocky, sandy location in full sun in Southern England. |
Native to Northern Greece and Italy. Not fully hardy so these are best grown in pots in the garden before spending the winter in a greenhouse. |
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"The Erythroniums native to the Western U.S. are considered by many to be the most beautiful of the genus. Often called "Fawn Lilies" because of the dappled coloring to the leaves, they have dainty nodding flowers like small lilies, set off by large shining leaves that are either plain green or marbled with silver and bronze. Most grow in shaded woodland areas that go quite dry in summer, but with excellent drainage, they can tolerate some summer water." from Telos Rare Bulbs in USA. "Culture in Garden - They like a damp, well-drained soil, and a partially drained position. The bulbs must not be kept out of the ground any longer than necessary, as they resent being moved, nor must the best results be expected at their first time of flowering. It follows that they should be left alone as long as they flower well. An anual top-dressing of a mixture of light decayed manure and peat benefits them. They are increased by offsets and by seed, which last should be thinly sown in pans in a cold frame in August, and the seedlings grown on for 2 years before planted out in the the open; or if room can be found, in loose soil in a cold frame where they remain until the bloom, when the best can be marked before they are put in their permanent places." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis, F.R.H.S. Second edition. Published by A. & C. Black Ltd. in 1928. "The largest flower spikes are found where the ground has recently been burnt, so it is possible that a top dressing of potash would have the same effect. If they are to be divided and moved in the same garden this is probably best done when they are beginning to die down after flowering." from Collins Guide to Bulbs by Patrick M. Synge. Reprinted 173. ISBN 0 00 214016-0 "Suitable for cultivation in the garden, greenhouse or house. They succeed in any good well-drained garden soil, but the ideal compost is equal parts loam, peat, leaf mould and sand. The bulbs should be planted in August in a shady position in beds, rock gardens, edges or under trees. Once planted, they need not be disturbed for many years. "Rock Garden Culture for Erythronium citrinum (Yellow flowers); Erythronium Frans Hals (Purple-rose flowers); Erythronium revolutum (Pink flowers); Erythronium Hartwegii (Creamy-white flowers) - Plant in September 1.5 inches (3.75 cms) deep and 4 inches (10 cms) apart, in partial shade, in moist, well-drained sandy loam and ample leaf-mould or peat. Surround the tubers with about an inch (2.5 cms) of silver sand, and do not lift more often than necessary, but mulch annually with well-rotted manure and leaf-mould. Propagate by means of seed in a frame in August. Thin out but do not plant the seedlings out until the third September after sowing. The plants are also increased by offsets." from Rock Gardens how to plan and plant them with sections on the Wall, Paved, Marsh and Water Gardens by A. Edwards in charge of the rock garden, kew. Published by Ward, Lock & Co. in 1929. |
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Erythronium |
White, Each flower stem will have 1-10 downward pointing flowers, with reflexed petals. |
April, May, June Clump. |
6 x 5 Humus-rich Sand. Bulbs must be kept slightly damp during storage and before planting. |
The broad, often mottled, mid-Green marbled purplish- Erythroniums fit in naturally with Trilliums, Galanthus, Hepatica, Helleborus, Hosta, Pulmonaria, Cyclamen coum and Cyclamen hederifolium. |
Grow under deciduous trees/shrubs, in a rock garden, or naturalize in thin grass. Ideally they like a soil which will dry out in Summer although many will do very well in a normal shady bed or border. Must receive adequate moisture during early spring when the foliage is making growth. Appreciates additional dressings of fallen leaves when the plant is in woodland gardens. |
Erythroniums do best when planted under trees and shrubs - to provide partial shade during the hottest part of the day, in as near to a woodland setting as possible. Plant bulbs 5 inches (12.5 cms) deep in good, rich soil; in the autumn in soil that does not dry out. If you want to plant them in pots use a John Innes compost rather than a peat based compost. They will be fine in this and should only be repotted when it is absolutely necessary. |
Step 2 Have you ever been to an unmanaged forest and walked through it? You will find litter on the ground and the following article from Wikipedia will explain where that forest gets its nutrients from:- "Litterfall, plant litter, leaf litter, tree litter, soil litter, or duff, is dead plant material, such as leaves, bark, needles, and twigs, that have fallen to the ground. This detritus or dead organic material and its constituent nutrients are added to the top layer of soil, commonly known as the litter layer or O horizon ("O" for "organic"). Litterfall is characterized as fresh, undecomposed, and easily recognizable (by species and type) plant debris. This can be anything from leaves, cones, needles, twigs, bark, seeds/nuts, logs, or reproductive organs (e.g. the stamen of flowering plants). Items larger than 2 cm diameter are referred to as coarse litter, while anything smaller is referred to as fine litter or litter. The type of litterfall is most directly affected by ecosystem type. For example, leaf tissues account for about 70 percent of litterfall in forests, but woody litter tends to increase with forest age. In grasslands, there is very little aboveground perennial tissue so the annual litterfall is very low and quite nearly equal to the net primary production. In soil science, soil litter is classified in three layers, which form on the surface of the O Horizon. These are the L, F, and H layers: L - organic horizon characterized by relatively undecomposed plant material (described above). F - organic horizon found beneath L characterized by accumulation of partly decomposed organic matter. H - organic horizon below F characterized by accumulation of fully decomposed organic matter mostly indiscernible. Surface detritus facilitates the capture and infiltration of rainwater into lower soil layers. Soil litter protects soil aggregates from raindrop impact, preventing the release of clay and silt particles from plugging soil pores. Releasing clay and silt particles reduces the capacity for soil to absorb water and increases cross surface flow, accelerating soil erosion. In addition soil litter reduces wind erosion by preventing soil from losing moisture and providing cover preventing soil transportation. Many organisms that live on the forest floor are decomposers, such as fungi. Organisms whose diet consists of plant detritus, such as earthworms, are termed detritivores. The community of decomposers in the litter layer also includes bacteria, amoeba, nematodes, rotifer, springtails, cryptostigmata, potworms, insect larvae, mollusks, oribatid mites, woodlice, and millipedes. Their consumption of the litterfall results in the breakdown of simple carbon compounds into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), and releases inorganic ions (like nitrogen and phosphorus) into the soil where the surrounding plants can then reabsorb the nutrients that were shed as litterfall. In this way, litterfall becomes an important part of the nutrient cycle that sustains forest environments. As litter decomposes, nutrients are released into the environment. The portion of the litter that is not readily decomposable is known as humus. Litter aids in soil moisture retention by cooling the ground surface and holding moisture in decaying organic matter. The flora and fauna working to decompose soil litter also aid in soil respiration. A litter layer of decomposing biomass provides a continuous energy source for macro- and micro-organisms." This is why when I am maintaining a client's garden, I weed and put the weeds under the hedge or inside the base area of groundcover shrubs/trees, remembering to take out the weed roots as well. I spread a 4 inch (10 cms) depth of Spent Mushroom Compost on the weeded area before going to the next area to be weeded the following visit. When I have weeded and mulched the garden beds/hedges, then on each subsequent visit I go round all the garden beds and hoe any weed that pushes its way through the mulch and leave it to dry off and wither away on top of the mulch. I then prune the shrubs/hedges or remove bedding plants etc as required and place those on the lawn before mowing them and the lawn and putting a 0.5 inch (1 cm) layer of grass mowings/prunings on top of the mulch. This then mimics the same process as detailed above in the Wikipedia article to feed my client's plants and reduce their water consumption. |
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Erythronium |
Sulphur-Yellow with brown central rings |
April, May, June Forms a large Clump. |
12 x 4 Chalk, |
Bronze-mottled, glossy, deep green |
Plant in pots, woodland or under shrubs in bed. Use as indoor plant in Green-house or sunny window of cool room inside house. Inside Alpine House, or outside in Alpine Trough, or Window-box. |
Bulbs must be kept slightly damp during storage and before planting. A good variety to start off with. Received an 'Award of Merit' in 1959. Ideal compost is equal parts loam, peat, leaf mould and sand for pots. |
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Erythronium |
Bright Yellow |
April, May, June Forms a large clump. |
12 x 4 Chalk, |
Wavy-margined, pale to mid-green. |
Plant in pots, woodland or under shrubs in bed. Use as indoor plant in Green-house or sunny window of cool room inside house. |
Plant inside Alpine House, or outside in Alpine Trough, or Window-box. |
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Dark Brown, Maroon and Black |
October, November, December 6 petal, star-shaped flowers |
16-20 x 16 ( 40-50 x 40) Well-drained Sand, Scree Suitable for coastal conditions in stony or sandy soil. |
Light green leaves overlap each other being up to 12 inches long, with the uppermost surrounding the flowers. |
The corms should be planted 3-4 inches (7.5-10 cms) deep and 6-8 inches (15-20 cms) apart in pots in a frost-free greenhouse during the winter and then the pots can be sunk into a south-facing rock garden during the summer in bold clumps. |
It grows in dunes and sandy places in South Africa. Flowers may last only one day, but the plant will continue to produce flowers for several weeks from October to early December. |
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Freesia "For outdoor culture, any light rich sandy soil will suffice, and the bulbs should be planted 2 inch (5 cms) deep and 2 inches apart in August and September. Do not move plants while growing as plants resent being disturbed. "Pot not more than 5 top-sized corms into a 5 inch (12.5 cm) pot from August and onwards, using John Innes compost or 4 parts sand, 3 parts leaf-mould with 0.5 ounces medium bone-meal mixed in the compost. The pots should then be plunged in a sunny spot in the garden, or frame, and remain there until there is the first possibility of frosts. During this time the corms must develop a good length of leaf. Where there is no garden a peat-filled box set up by a sunny window will do as a plunging ground. In such case it is important to see that the peat is kept sufficiently moist and that the excessive heat through the window does not scorch the potting compost. The window should be kept open in hot weather and at all convenient times. |
The following details come from Cactus Art:- "A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female). Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds. Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube.
Androecium (male Parts or stamens) Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil) It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures. Stigma This is the part of the pistil which receives the pollen grains and on which they germinate. Style This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of. Ovary The part of the plant that contains the ovules. Ovule The part of the ovary that becomes the seeds. Petal The colorful, often bright part of the flower (corolla). Sepal The parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower bud (calix). (Undifferentiated "Perianth segment" that are not clearly differentiated into sepals and petals, take the names of tepals.)"
The following details come from Nectary Genomics:- "NECTAR. Many flowering plants attract potential pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. The primary solutes found in most nectars are varying ratios of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which can range from as little a 8% (w/w) in some species to as high as 80% in others. This abundance of simple sugars has resulted in the general perception that nectar consists of little more than sugar-water; however, numerous studies indicate that it is actually a complex mixture of components. Additional compounds found in a variety of nectars include other sugars, all 20 standard amino acids, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, vitamins, organic acids, oils, free fatty acids, metal ions and proteins. NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate. WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%." |
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Freesia alba |
White |
March, 6 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a cluster. Very strongly scented. |
8-17 x 4 Sand, or potting compost, |
Light Green sword-like leaves |
Bring pot indoors when nightime temperature drops below 9 degrees Centigrade. Excellent house plants and cut flowers. |
Native to South Africa. Main attraction with these bulbs is the sweet fragrance that fills the room. If outside, mulch in autumn, remove mulch in summer. |
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Freesia andersoniae |
Cream to Purple with yellow. |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a cluster. Very fragrant. |
8 x 4 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Native to southern coastal areas of South Africa. Plant against South-facing House Wall in Southern England |
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Pale yellow with bright yellow-orange markings. |
April, May. |
12 x 24 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Erect, spiral dark green fan, 10 inches (25 cms) long. |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Native to eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Plant against South-facing House Wall in Southern England |
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Fragrant Ivory White with mauve reverse and yellow markings. |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a cluster. |
6-12 x 6 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Native to South Africa. In colder areas, lift corms after foliage dies, store overwinter, and replant in the spring. |
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Fragrant Ivory-White |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a cluster. |
10 x 20 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green foliage held in fan shape |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Introduced in 1957 and recei-ved an 'Award of Merit' in 1962. |
Step 3 Negatative impacts on the soil food web Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and fungicides affect the soil food web, toxic to some members, warding off others, and changing the environment. Important fungal and bacterial relationships don't form when a plant can get free nutrients. When chemically fed, plants bypass the microbial-assisted method of obtaining nutrients, and microbial populations adjust accordingly. Trouble is, you have to keep adding chemical fertilizers and using "-icides", because the right mix and diversity - the very foundation of the soil food web - has been altered. It makes sense that once the bacteria, fungi, nematodes and protozoa are gone, other members of the soil food web disappear as well. Earthworms, for example, lacking food and irritated by the synthetic nitrates in soluble nitrogen fertilizers, move out. Since they are major shredders of organic material, their absence is a great loss. Soil structure deteriorates, watering can become problematic, pathogens and pests establish themselves and, worst of all, gardening becomes a lot more work than it needs to be. If the salt-based chemical fertilizers don't kill portions of the soil food web, rototilling (rotovating) will. This gardening rite of spring breaks up fungal hyphae, decimates worms, and rips and crushes arthropods. It destroys soil structure and eventually saps soil of necessary air. Any chain is only as strong as its weakest link: if there is a gap in the soil food web, the system will break down and stop functioning properly. Gardening with the soil food web is easy, but you must get the life back in your soils. First, however, you have to know something about the soil in which the soil food web operates; second, you need to know what each of the key members of the food web community does. Both these concerns are taken up in the rest of Part 1" of Teaming with Microbes - The Organic Gardener's Guide to the Soil Food Web by Jeff Lowenfels and Wayne Lewis ISBN-13:978-1-60469-113-9 Published 2010. This book explains in non-technical language how soil works and how you can improve your garden soil to make it suitable for what you plant and hopefully stop you using chemicals to kill this or that, but use your grass cuttings and prunings to mulch your soil - the leaves fall off the trees, the branches fall on the ground, the animals shit and die on the land in old woodlands and that material is then recycled to provide the nutrients for those same trees, rather than being carefully removed and sent to the dump as most people do in their gardens leaving bare soil. |
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Fragrant Ivory-White. |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a cluster. |
10 x 20 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green foliage held in fan shape |
Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. |
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Dusky Pink on a |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped double-flowered flowers in a cluster. |
10 x 20 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green foliage held in fan shape |
Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. |
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Dark Red on a pale |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped single-flowered flowers in a cluster. |
10 x 20 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green foliage held in fan shape |
Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. |
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Lemon Yellow. |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped single-flowered flowers in a cluster. |
10 x 20 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green foliage held in fan shape |
Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. |
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Yellow. |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped double-flowered flowers in a cluster. |
10 x 20 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green foliage held in fan shape |
Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. |
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White. |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped double-flowered flowers in a cluster. |
10 x 20 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green foliage held in fan shape |
Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. |
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Red. |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped single-flowered flowers in a cluster. |
10 x 20 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green foliage held in fan shape |
Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. |
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Creamy-White. |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped double-flowered flowers in a cluster. |
10 x 20 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green foliage held in fan shape |
Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. |
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Buttercup Yellow. |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped single-flowered flowers in a cluster. |
10 x 20 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green foliage held in fan shape |
Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. |
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Purple-Red. |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped semi-double-flowered flowers in a cluster. |
10 x 20 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green foliage held in fan shape |
Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. |
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Yellow. |
April, May. 6 petal, funnel-shaped single-flowered flowers in a cluster. |
10 x 20 Sand, Gravel, or potting compost, |
Dark Green foliage held in fan shape |
Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall. |
Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. |
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Ixia 'Blue Bird' - tender |
Pale Blue and Purple |
June, July Clump. |
16 x 12 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia 'Castor' - tender |
Violet Purple |
June, July Clump. |
16 x 12 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia flexuosa - tender |
Pinkish Mauve |
June, July Clump. |
24 x 24 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia 'Giant' - tender |
Ivory and Purple |
June, July Clump. |
16 x 12 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia 'Hogarth' - tender |
Cream and Purple |
June, July Clump. |
16 x 12 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia 'Holland's Gloire' |
Yellow |
July Clump. |
16 x 12 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia 'Mabel' - tender |
Pink with Red Blush |
June, July Clump. |
16 x 12 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia maculata - tender |
Yellow with Purplish- |
May, June Clump. |
18 x 12 |
4 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia 'Marquette' - tender |
Yellow and Purple |
June, July Clump. |
16 x 12 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia 'Rose Emperor' |
Pink with |
June, July Clump. |
16 x 12 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia 'Titia' - tender |
Magenta |
June, July Clump. |
16 x 12 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia 'Venus' - tender |
Dark Red |
June, July Clump. |
16 x 12 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia 'Vulcan' - tender |
Pink and Purple |
June, July Clump. |
16 x 12 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Ixia 'Yellow Emperor' |
Yellow with |
June, July Clump. |
16 x 12 |
3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm |
Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover |
In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry. |
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Lachenalia aloides - |
Green, Crimson and |
March, April, May 3 petal, |
10 x 12 Sand or potting compost, |
2 broad-to-lanceolate leaves which are dark green with purple markings |
Edging in frost-free gardens. |
Use either John Innes compost or a mixture of 2 parts sandy loam, 0.5 part leaf-mould and 0.5 part decayed manure, with 1 part coarse sand in pots or hanging baskets. Will not tolerate frost so grow in Greenhouse or as houseplant in a sunny but unheated room. They can be grown as bed edging in only Southern England, Isle of Wight and Channel Islands within the UK. |
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Lachenalia aloides |
Yellow |
March, April, May 3 petal, |
10 x 12 Sand or potting compost, |
2 broad-to-lanceolate leaves which are dark green with purple markings |
Edging in frost-free gardens. |
Use either John Innes compost or a mixture of 2 parts sandy loam, 0.5 part leaf-mould and 0.5 part decayed manure, with 1 part coarse sand in pots or hanging baskets. Will not tolerate frost so grow in Greenhouse or as houseplant in a sunny but unheated room. They can be grown as bed edging in only Southern England, Isle of Wight and Channel Islands within the UK. |
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Lachenalia aloides |
Red, Yellow, Green |
March, April, May 3 petal, |
8-12 x 12 Sand or potting compost, |
2 broad-to-lanceolate leaves which are dark green with purple markings |
Edging in frost-free gardens. |
Use either John Innes compost or a mixture of 2 parts sandy loam, 0.5 part leaf-mould and 0.5 part decayed manure, with 1 part coarse sand in pots or hanging baskets. Will not tolerate frost so grow in Greenhouse or as houseplant in a sunny but unheated room. They can be grown as bed edging in only Southern England, Isle of Wight and Channel Islands within the UK. |
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Lachenalia aloides |
Bright Orange edged |
March, April, May 3 petal, |
12-16 x 12 (30-40 x 30) Sand or potting compost, |
Mid-Green foliage and flower stems with brown markings |
Edging in frost-free gardens. |
Use either John Innes compost or a mixture of 2 parts sandy loam, 0.5 part leaf-mould and 0.5 part decayed manure, with 1 part coarse sand in pots or hanging baskets. Will not tolerate frost so grow in Greenhouse or as houseplant in a sunny but unheated room. They can be grown as bed edging in only Southern England, Isle of Wight and Channel Islands within the UK. |
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Lachenalia aloides |
Greenish-White |
March, April, May 3 petal, |
4-8 x 12 Sand or potting compost, |
2 broad-to-lanceolate leaves which are dark green with purple markings |
Edging in frost-free gardens. Very robust |
Use either John Innes compost or a mixture of 2 parts sandy loam, 0.5 part leaf-mould and 0.5 part decayed manure, with 1 part coarse sand in pots or hanging baskets. Will not tolerate frost so grow in Greenhouse or as houseplant in a sunny but unheated room. They can be grown as bed edging in only Southern England, Isle of Wight and Channel Islands within the UK. |
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Lachenalia bulbifera |
Coral-Red edged with Green or Purple |
March, April, May 3 petal, |
6-15 x 12 Sand or potting compost, |
2 broad-to-lanceolate leaves which are dark green with purple spots |
Edging in frost-free gardens. |
Use either John Innes compost or a mixture of 2 parts sandy loam, 0.5 part leaf-mould and 0.5 part decayed manure, with 1 part coarse sand in pots or hanging baskets. Will not tolerate frost so grow in Greenhouse or as houseplant in a sunny but unheated room. They can be grown as bed edging in only Southern England, Isle of Wight and Channel Islands within the UK. |
These are the galleries that will provide the plants to be added to their own Extra Index Pages
The following Extra Index of Bulbs is created in the
Having transferred the Extra Index row entry to the relevant Extra Index row for the same type of plant in a gallery below; then
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Index of Bulbs from Further details on bulbs from the Infill Galleries:-
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Bulbs and Corms with
Index of Bulbs from
Website Structure Explanation and
There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website :-
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