Flowers. Photo from R. V. Roger |
Foliage Click on photos from Pacific Bulb Society |
Form |
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Plant Name |
Lilium cernuum - Species |
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Common Name |
Lily |
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Soil |
Well-drained Acidic Sand (Lime-tolerant) |
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Sun Aspect |
Roots in the shade from other plants, the flowers in the Full Sun |
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Soil Moisture |
Moist - see Introduction for further planting and cultivation details in the ground and pots. Plant 3, 7 or 11 bulbs in clumps in the ground from December-April. |
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Plant Type |
Herbaceous Bulb |
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Height x Spread in inches (cms) |
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Foliage |
Narrow Green |
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Flower Colour in Month(s). Seed |
Pale Pink to Lilac to pale Purple marked with Carmine in June- July and the seeds ripen from August-September. |
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Comment |
"The Wild species are natives to North America, Europe, and Asia. Wild species are the kind that still occur growing in the wild and which haven't yet been affected by hybridization. Lilium auratum (Gold-banded Lily) is one of the most beautiful of the wild species. It bears up to thirty-five, star-shaped, highly aromatic flowers per stem, usually in August and sometimes in September. The large flowers can reach a diameter of 10 to 12 inches (25-30 cms). They are white with a golden-yellow stripe down the center and numerous tiny red speckles. Lilium lancifolium (Tiger Lily) is a well-known native of Japan and China. Its flowers are borne in late summer atop 4- to 5-foot (48-60 inches = 120-150 cms) stems. They consist of reflexed, bright red or orange-red petals covered with little speckles. An interesting characteristic of this flower is that bulbils appear in the leaf axils. This Lily has a played an important part in the development of the Asiatic hybrids and other lilies." from Botany.com. "A smaller turks-cap species, with unusual nodding flowers which are pale lavender pink. Very dainty and tolerant of lime. Height: 45-60cm (18-24")." from R. V. Roger. "Lilium cernuum is from Korea and Manchuria. Flowers are pale pink to lilac to pale purple marked with carmine and have a very light mild scent. This lily grows from 33 to 50cm (16 to 24 inches) tall and can have up to eight buds per stem but usually has three to five down facing fully recurved florets. It is perfectly cold hardy. The foliage is narrow much like Lilium pumilum's but mostly clumped together near the base of the stem. " from Pacific Bulb Society. "This northern species is very hardy, having taken down to zone 5 in the USA and it probably takes worse than this in the wild. Ideal cultivation revolves around a very humus-rich soil. This can even be wet at times, but it should dry out a lot from this (or be frozen) in winter. It is lime-tolerant." from Rare Plants. "Prefers an open free-draining humus-rich loamy soil with its roots in the shade and its head in the sun. Lime tolerant. Stem rooting, the bulbs should be planted 10 - 12cm deep. Early to mid autumn is the best time to plant out the bulbs in cool temperate areas, in warmer areas they can be planted out as late as late autumn. Closely allied to Lilium pumilum. The plants are short lived in cultivation. The plant is well suited to growing at the foot of a rock garden. The flowers are sweetly scented. The plant should be protected against rabbits and slugs in early spring. If the shoot tip is eaten out the bulb will not grow in that year and will lose vigour." from Plants for a Future. "Set amongst the beautiful Northamptonshire countryside, this 60 acre, private woodland garden (Evenley Wood Garden) offers a huge variety of plants ranging from trees, shrubs and climbers, to a wide selection of bulbs, including a substantial collection of lilies." Available from R. V. Roger and Rare Plants with Pacific Rim Native Plant Nursery in Canada |
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Single Flower. Photo from R. V. Roger |
Single Leaf |
Fruit |
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HIPPEASTRUM AND LILY BULB GALLERY PAGES |
FLOWER COLOUR |
FOLIAGE COLOUR |
LILY DIVISION |
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7 Flower Colours per Month in Colour Wheel below in BULB, CORM, RHIZOME and TUBER GALLERY. Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month. |
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Besides the above Bulb Flower Colour Comparison Pages, you also have the following Comparison Pages:- |
BULB, CORM, RHIZOME AND TUBER INDEX - There are over 700 bulbs in the bulb galleries. The respective flower thumbnail, months of flowering, height and width, foliage thumbnail, form thumbnail use and comments are in the relevant index page below:- |
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Lilium INDEX link to Bulb Description Page |
Flower Colour with Flower Thumbnail |
Flowering Months Form Thumbnail Mat, |
Height x Width in inches (cms) - Seed Head Thumbnail Soil Sun Aspect Soil Moisture |
Foliage Colour |
Bulb Use |
Comments |
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Above all, it must be remembered that lilies do not like wet feet; they must have good drainage. The lily bulb is never completely dormant. Lilies like to have their feet in the shade and their heads in the sun. This shade can be provided by shrubs or perennials. |
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I Asiatic Hybrid Lilies "The most important part of any bulb is the basal plate, upon which the scales are arranged.The scales themselves are modified leaves that are used for storage. Unlike a tulip or narcissus, the bulbs of Liliums must be handled with care. When lifting and dividing, for example, it pays to take extra care, especially with the species that produce stoloniferous roots. These roots are able to form new bulbs along their length, often developing at some distance from the original planting location. Lilium Division I (Asiatic hybrids) - These are generally grown for their large, showy flowers. Each bulb will produce several flowers, held on one, sturdy flower stem, above the narrow leaves. There are three types of flowers in this division, upward facing, outward facing and pendant flower. Problems
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Yellow, red-speckled Upward-facing flowers |
June, July Clump and Erect. |
24 x 20 Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Green |
Particularly well suited to growing in pots as this is a very sturdy variety. |
Set amongst the beautiful Northampton-shire countryside, this 60 acre, private woodland garden (Evenley Wood Garden) offers a huge variety of plants ranging from trees, shrubs and climbers, to a wide selection of bulbs, including a substantial collection of lilies. |
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Golden yellow flowers edged in Orange-Red Upward-facing flowers |
June, July |
40 x 10 (100 x 25). Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Narrow, lance-shaped Green |
Excellent for bedding. Cut flower. |
Lilium Division I (Asiatic hybrids) - These are generally grown for their large, showy flowers. Each bulb will produce several flowers, held on one, sturdy flower stem, above the narrow leaves. There are 3 types of flowers in this division, |
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Lilium 'Citronella' |
Black or Red-spotted, bright Yellow with recurved petals
Dowward-facing flowers |
June, July Erect. |
Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Linear, spirally-arranged, Green leaves |
Excellent for bedding. Cut flower. |
This is a robust erect variety and is one of the easiest varieties to grow. |
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Lilium 'Claire' |
Red
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June, July 6 petal, helmet-shaped flowers in a bunch |
24 x 10 Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Green |
Use for bedding. Cut flower. |
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Lilium Cote 'd'Azur' |
June, July 6 petal, star-shaped flowers in a bunch |
40 x 20 Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Linear, spirally-arranged, glossy, dark Green with erect stems |
Another superb variety for planting in pots as it only gets 45-60cm (18-24”) high and has many flowers per stem. |
Upward facing variety with deep rosy-pink flowers, lightly spotted towards the centre. |
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Lilium |
Yellow, Maroon spots |
June 6 petal, star-shaped, Upward-facing, double flowers in a bunch |
Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Green |
Use for bedding. Plant next to Phygelius x rectus 'Moonraker' to provide a stunning combination of Yellows. |
An unusual semi-double variety, with many attributes - the flowers are a lovely golden-yellow, very long lasting and the plants are vigorous and sturdy. Highly recommended. |
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Lilium 'Gironde' |
Golden-Yellow |
June, July, August 6 petal, star-shaped flowers in a spike |
24-60 x 12 (60-150 x 30) Well-drained Acidic Sand. |
Green |
It is great for growing in containers and for cutting. Use for bedding. |
It is quite disease resistant |
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Lilium |
June, July Clump. |
Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Clump-forming Green leaves |
Use for bedding. |
Rich vermillion red flowers which really stand out - the petals are slightly pointed and there is some spotting. Blooms in 90 days from planting |
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Lilium 'Kingdom' |
White upward facing |
June, July 6 petal, helmet-shaped flowers in a spike |
38 x 18 Well-drained Acidic Sand. |
Green |
It is great for growing in containers and for cutting. Use for bedding. |
It is quite disease resistant with compact growth. |
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Lilium |
Lemon-Yellow with Brown freckles, outward-facing |
June, July Clump. |
32 x 12 Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Erect Green leaves |
Use for bedding. |
Bred in 1977, this is one of the few outward-facing varieties in this group. Strong stems and rich golden yellow flowers, slightly darker in the centre and lightly covered with small chocolate brown spots. |
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Lilium 'Lennox' |
White |
June, July 6 petal, trumpet-shaped flowers in a spike |
30 x 12 Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Green |
Cut flower. |
It grows at a fast rate, and under ideal conditions can be expected to live for approximately 10 years. This perennial does best in full sun to partial shade. It does best in average to evenly moist conditions, but will not tolerate standing water. It is not particular as to soil type or pH. It is somewhat tolerant of urban pollution. This plant can be propagated by multiplication of the underground bulbs. |
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Lilium 'Lollypop' |
Outward-facing, bright Pink flowers with creamy-white speckled throats |
June, July 6 petal, star-shaped flowers in a spike |
32 x 12 Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Linear, Dark Green leaves |
Use for bedding. |
A fun, upward facing variety with creamy white flowers, with the appearance that each petal has been dipped in pink paint. Most suited to pots where the wonderful flowers can be really seen. |
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Lilium 'Montreux' |
Upward-facing Dusky Pink , which does not fade or attract birds! |
June, July Clump. |
36 x 20 Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Erect and Green leaves |
Use for bedding. |
Sow seed as soon as ripe in containers in cold frame, or germinate indoors under lights at 65-70ºF/18-21ºC in spring. Remove scales, offsets, or bulbets from dormant bulbs as soon as the foliage dies down, or detach stem bulbils (where these are produced) in late summer. They'll gradually spread once established, forming bigger and better clumps with each succeeding season. |
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Lilium |
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June, July 6 petal, helmet-shaped flowers in a spike |
38 x 18 Well-drained Acidic Sand. |
Green |
Use for bedding. |
Asiatic hybrids were derived from a species that originated in Asia. They bloom in early summer, usually flowering for over a month. Their 4- to 6-inch (10-15 cms) blossoms, which may face up, out, or down, come in shades of red, orange, yellow, pink, lavender, and white. The plants produce compact growth and range from 24 to 60 inches (60-150 cms) high. They are great for growing in containers and for cutting and are quite disease resistant. |
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Lilium 'Prunotto' |
June, July, August 6 petal, helmet-shaped flowers in a spike |
36 x 12 Well-drained Acidic Sand. |
Dark Green |
Use for bedding. |
Asiatic lilies bloom in early summer, about 1 month before Oriental hybrids, with a different bloom style and color. |
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Lilium 'Rosella's Dream' |
Cream with Pink tips |
June, July, August 6 petal, star-shaped flowers in a spike |
Well-drained Acidic Sand. |
Green |
Use for bedding. |
A cream with pink tips lily which is great for growing in containers and for cutting; and is quite disease resistant. |
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I Dwarf Asiatic Hybrid Lilies |
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Lilium |
June, July 6 petal, helmet-shaped flowers in a dome |
Well-drained Acidic Sand. |
These vibrant lilies are short and sturdy, perfect for pots and flower beds. |
"On the landscaped six acre plot, over 2000 named varieties are grown spanning all nine divisions of the genus lilium, with up to 30,000 seedlings in various stages of growth." from The Lily Nook. |
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Lilium |
Large upturned |
June, July 6 petal, trumpet or star shaped flowers in a dome with no fragrance |
12-18 x 10-12 (30-45 x 25-30) Well-drained Acidic Sand , or "they can be planted in deep containers, using loam-based compost, such as John Innes Number 2. |
Butter Pixie lily, along with other dwarf Asiatic lilies, were bred for their compact growth habit in containers and offer no fragrance. The Butter Pixie is perfect for accents, |
Growing the Butter Pixie and other dwarf Asiatic lilies is quite easy. Plant the bulbs in fall or spring approximately 6 inches deep in organic rich soil. Best if planted in the ground or in containers with well draining soil in groupings of 3 or more bulbs. If planting in clay soil that will stay damp during winter, it would be best to plant the bulbs slightly higher as they do not tolerate wet or soggy soil (with a handful of sand under each bulb). After blooming, cut the stems down to no less than half for the fall and winter duration. This will allow the bulbs to absorb necessary nutrients back in for hibernation. The pixie lilies are fast multipliers and will need to be dug and divided every 3 or so years. |
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Lilium |
Upturned, Deep Crimson |
June, July 6 petal, |
14 x 8 |
Use for bedding, speciman and |
Asiatic Lilies are easy, dependable perennials that put on a great show in the early summer border. This is one of the dwarf Pixie series, bred originally for their compact habit in containers, but equally as unique and useful in the garden. Plants look their best when massed together in groups towards the front of the border, but are equally at home in the rock garden. Flowers are large, upfacing trumpets, colourful but lacking in fragrance. Excellent for cutting. The Pixie series is the perfect size for small gardens or narrow borders. |
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Lilium 'Inuvik' |
Upturned, Pure White |
June, July 6 petal, |
16-20 x 10-12 (40-50 x 25-30) |
Mid-Green |
Use for bedding, speciman and |
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Lilium |
Upturned, Tips clear Pink, Cream to Buff |
June, July 6 petal, |
16-20 x 10-12 (40-50 x 25-30) |
Use for bedding, speciman and |
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Upturned, Bright Orange |
June, July 6 petal, helmet-shaped flowers in a dome |
16-20 x 10-12 (40-50 x 25-30) |
Mid-Green |
Use for bedding, speciman and |
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II Martagon Hybrid Lilies |
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Lilium x marhan 'Mrs R.O. Backhouse' |
Down-facing, Golden-Orange flowers speckled with purple dots |
May, June 6 petal, helmet-shaped flowers in a dome |
Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Green |
Frequently used in cottage gardens along with Lilium regale, and in |
The 53 inch tall stalk is topped in June (NC) with lovely pendent, golden-orange flowers that are heavily speckled with purple dots. The buds emerge pink, and the pink color remains on the outside of the petals after opening. Moist soils and cool sites are best. |
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V Longiflorum Hybrid Lilies |
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Lilium formo-sanum var. pricei |
July, August Clump. |
40 x 12 Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Leafy Green upright stems |
They can be forced into flower to provide good pot plants in a cool greenhouse to flower at Easter or on the patio to flower in July or August. |
A glorious lily which makes the most impressive cut flower - huge long trumpets of the cleanest white and with a wonderful scent to match. |
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VI Trumpet Hybrid Lilies |
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Lilium |
Fragrant, Burnt-Orange |
July, August 6 petal, trumpet-shaped flowers in a dome |
60 x 12 |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers, using loam-based compost, such as John Innes No 2 for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
An old favourite (1958) with large, peachy apricot trumpets with a rich scent. It is reliable and looks stunning in the flower border. The buds are often very dark in colour, almost purple. |
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Lilium |
Downward-facing Deepest Gold with a Maroon stripe on the reverse of the petal flowers 6-8 inches long |
July, August 6 petal, trumpet-shaped flowers in a dome |
48-72 x 12 (120-180 x 30) (Space 18 inches - 45 cms). Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers, using loam-based compost, such as John Innes No 2 for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Very reliable and tough. Plant 3, 7 or 11 bulbs in clumps in the ground from December-April. |
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Lilium 'Pink Perfection' |
Purple-Pink trumpet-shaped flowers with bright Orange anthers |
June, July 6 petal, trumpet-shaped flowers in a spike |
80 x 12 Well-drained Sand, Chalk. |
Narrow, Dark green leaves Choose a sunny site where the plant can catch a little afternoon shade, this will preserve the colour of the petals and the flowers will last longer. |
It can be planted in deep containers, using loam-based compost, such as John Innes No 2 for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
An excellent, showy flower that provides color, contrast and good architectural height in summer to the perennial border. Plant in groups near the patio and enjoy the fragrance when sitting outside on summer evenings. It has deep pink, heavily scented flowers. The flowers can reach up to 15cm (6”) across and there can be up to 3 dozen per stem. Goes well with Geranium himalayense 'Gravetye', Iris 'Dusky Challenger', Verbascum phoenicum 'Violetta' and Antirrhinum majus 'Black Prince'. |
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Lilium 'Regale' |
Extrem-ely scented - especially at night - |
July 6 petal, trumpet-shaped flowers in a dome |
48-60 x 12 (120-150 x 30) |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers, using loam-based compost, such as John Innes No 2 for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. Easy to grow in the flower border, preferring a sunny spot. Mulch in march to protect juvenile growth from frost. |
Lilies are best planted in autumn when the bulbs are still plump, but they can still be planted in spring. Between August and March, choose a sunny spot where the plant can keep its feet in the shade. Plant 15-20cm (6-8in) deep in a well-drained soil, enriched with well-rotted organic matter or leaf mould, using a marker to minimise any unnecessary disturbance. Stake with ring stakes or bamboo canes in spring before the flowers appear. Deadhead the faded blooms and cut the stems back to ground level at the end of autumn. |
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VII Oriental Hybrid Lilies |
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Lilium 'Acapulco' |
Heavily-scented Paspberry-Pink with darker freckles, upward-facing and |
July 6 petal, funnel-shaped with recurved petals in a dome |
36 x 12 Well-drained Acidic Sand, or a loam-based potting compost such as John Innes no. 2 for pots. |
Lance-shaped , clump-forming, erect Green foliage |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
It grows at a fast rate, and under ideal conditions can be expected to live for approximately 10 years. It tends to be leggy, with a typical clearance of 12 inches (30 cms) from the ground, and should be underplanted with lower-growing perennials. The flower stalks may require staking in exposed sites or excessively rich soils. |
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Lilium 'Arena' |
Very fragrant White petals with a Yellow central band that turns into Raspberry-Red at the outer points of the petal |
July, August 6 petal, helmet-shaped flowers in a dome |
44 x 8 |
Green (24 inches - 60 cms - high in years 1 and 2, |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. Lily bulbs & bulbils are never really dormant, not even in winter, & they do not store well, so should be planted right away, usually around mid to late October. |
Cut flowers when the first flower is first opening. The flower lasts from 5-9 days in the vase. Pull the pollen sacks off when the flower opens to keep pollen from staining linens beneath the vase. If pollen should get on clothes or linens, let it dry before wiping it off. If wiped when wet, the pollen will stain. |
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Lilium 'Barbaresco' |
Fragrant, upward-facing, deep reddish pink flowers with light spotting |
June 6 petal, star-shaped flowers in a dome |
36-48 x 7-12 (90-120 x 17.5-30) |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
May need staking. |
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Lilium 'Bergamo' |
Sweetly fragrant Pink with Yellow markings |
July, August 6 petal, |
48-52 x 9-12 (120-130 x 22.5-30) |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Forcing time is 105 days from planting to flowering. May need staking. |
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Lilium |
Very dark Red, centre Green |
July, August 6 tepal, |
48-72 x 12 (120-180 x 30) |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Fragrant, flowers (to 3 inches = 7.5 cms) have distinctively reflexed tepals with thin white edges, protruding anthers and small green centers. |
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Lilium |
White, pollen orange-brown |
July, August 6 tepal, |
36-48 x 6 (90-120 x 15) |
Leaves alternate, dark Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Space them at approximately 30cm (12") intervals and provide support before the flowers appear. |
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Lilium 'Cobra' |
Magenta, White |
July, August 6 tepal, |
48 x 12 |
Linear, spirally-arranged, dark Green leaves. |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
A symbol of purity, refined beauty & nurturing. Official flower for 30th Wedding Anniversary & May Birthdays! Perennial in Zones 3 - 9. These bold blooms are not only gorgeous, but also fragrant and make EXCELLENT cut flowers. It survives heavy frost winters! |
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Lilium |
July, August 6 tepal, |
42 x 6 |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Forcing time from planting to flowers is 85 days. In spring, when lilies are at the spear stage of growth (like aspar-agus), fertilize with a complete organic fertilizer. Do not feed again for the rest of the year; excessive fertilizing can prom-ote disease and soft growth. |
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Lilium |
Yellowish-White with red or pink stripes |
July, August 6 tepal, |
14 -18 x 8 (35-45 x 20) |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Plant 6 inches deep with sharp sand both under and above the bulb to keep slugs away. A dwarf variety, standing only 60cm tall (24"), this is a great choice for growing in pots or at the front of the border. Lovely perfume. |
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Lilium |
Pale Pink with Yellow hearts and Pink speckles |
June, July 6 tepal, |
48 x 24 |
Linear, spirally-arranged, dark Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Lilium 'La Reve' was the Fresh Cut Flower of the Month in May 2007 for The Fresh Cut Flower of The Month Club. This is a great variety to grow where space may be limited and where the taller varieties may dominate too much. |
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Lilium |
Yellowish-White with light Yellow midveins and Red-brown speckles |
Jul 6 tepal, |
Well-drained Acidic Sand, or John Innes no. 2 for pots. Roots in the shade, flow-ers in the Full Sun. Moist |
Mid-Green, alternate leaves |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Lilies like their roots kept cool so a good mulch or ground covers to shade the soil is a good idea. One way I have planted them was at the base of a Weigelia shrub. When the shrub flowered in May the branches would weep from the flower's weight. Later; as the lilies came up through the branches, the branches supported the taller lilies while shading their bases. |
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Lilium |
Reddish-Purple with White edge |
July, August 4 tepal, |
24 x 12 |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
It is great for growing in containers, but may need staking because of their size. |
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Lilium |
Deep Red, edged Yellow |
July, August, September 6 tepal, |
Well-drained Acidic Sand, or John Innes no. 2 for pots. |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
They will attain their full height of 10 feet (300 cms) by the end of the third year. Because they can grow to heights of over 6 feet (180 cms) from their third year on, staking is recommended so they will not fall or blow over. Orienpet lilies are cross bred between Oriental and Trumpet lilies making them extremely fragrant and much taller than any other lilies. |
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Lilium 'Siberia' |
July, August 6 tepal, bowl-shaped flowers in a dome and very scented |
48 x 16 |
Lance-shaped Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Probably the best white Oriental Lily available. |
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Lilium 'Starfighter' |
Purplish-Red, White tips and edges |
June, July 6 tepal, bowl-shaped flowers in a dome and scented |
36 -41 x 24 (90-102.5 x 60) |
Mid-Green, leaves alternate |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
A fantastic new introduction, beautifully scented carmine-pink flowers edged with pure white. The outward-facing flowers have deeper red spots towards the centre. |
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Lilium |
Red with dark spots |
July, August 6 tepal, star-shaped flowers in a dome and superbly scented |
60 x 12-16 |
Stargazer lilies work well with other summer flowering bulbs such as dahlias, gladiolus and peonies. |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
For patio or container gardens, add 3 Stargazer lilies to a container in the early spring, placing them 5" inches (12.5 cms) below the surface. In May add a layer of Proven Winners annuals, mulch, fertilize with an organic liquid kelp fertilizer and enjoy. Mid summer the oriental lilies will push through the annuals and put on a spectacular show. |
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Lilium |
Deep Pink |
July, August 6 tepal, trumpet-shaped flowers in a spike with a light scent to tickle the nose. |
48 x 18 |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
This Oriental-Trumpet mixes beautifully with yellow, soft pink and medium rose tones for elegance in the garden. |
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VIII Miscellaneous Lilies Orienpet lilies tend to have large, broad, trumpet-shaped flowers with a strong sweet fragrance. Once they have flowered they will not bloom again until the following year, so be sure to plant them with ornamentals that look great later in the season. This lily prefers full to partial sun and neutral, well-drained, humus-rich soil. They grow from scaled bulbs that are easily planted. The typical depth is 8 inches (20 cms) for orienpets. |
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Lilium |
Yellow, pale Yellow |
July, August 6 tepal, |
44 x 18 |
Spirally-arrangedGreen alternate leaves |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
I know a lot of gardeners shy away from using yellow, but these pale tones make wonderful companions for blue and purple flowers. It makes a great cut flower because of its long, straight stems and numerous buds. Probably best suited to pot culture. |
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Lilium |
Red -Orange with Lemon-Yellow edges |
July, August 6 tepal, |
36-48 x 12-24 (90-120 x 30-60) |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
The colorful ‘Red Dutch’ bears huge, fragrant, outward facing, red-orange blooms with lemon yellow edges. It is ideal for perennial borders, large containers and cutting gardens. |
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Lilium 'Triumphator' |
Purplish-Red, White tips |
July, August 6 tepal, |
40 x 16 |
Spirally-arranged Green alternate leaves |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Quite unusual, long creamy white trumpets, with deep pink flush in the throat. A common mistake is not planting lilies deep enough. Put 6 inches (15 cms) of soil over the top of them to keep them from flopping over. They appreciate a regular feeding when grown in containers; in borders, they will be fine with little feeding. |
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IX Species Lilies |
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Lilium auratum |
White, Gold bands |
August, September |
60 x 12 |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
The bulbs should be topped by 10cm of gritty soil. Don’t be tempted to overfeed this species as it particularly resents it, although in winter it will appreciate a good topping of leaf mould. |
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Lilium cernuum A smaller turks-cap species, Named cernuum for its nodding flowers. |
Pale Pink, Carmine |
June, July 6 petal, |
Well-drained Acidic Sand (Lime-tolerant), or John Innes no. 2 for pots. Roots in the shade, flowers in the Full Sun. Moist |
Narrow Green leaves |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. Stem rooting, the bulbs should be planted 10 - 12cm deep. |
Early to mid autumn is the best time to plant out the bulbs in cool temperate areas, in warmer areas they can be planted out as late as late autumn. The plants are short lived in cultivation. The plant is well suited to growing at the foot of a rock garden. The flowers are sweetly scented. The plant should be protected against rabbits and slugs in early spring. If the shoot tip is eaten out the bulb will not grow in that year and will lose vigour. |
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Lilium duchartrei |
White, Purple veins |
June, July 6 petal, |
20-60 x 16 (50-150 x 40) |
Narrow Green leaves |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
An elegant and easily cultivated species, found at medium to high altitudes in south-western China, growing in forest margins and moist hillsides, even marshy ground. Emerging from small scaly bulbs which produce plentiful offsets when happy, with stems 50-150cm tall carrying narrow grassy leaves crowned by an inflorescence of 1-12 scented turk's-cap flowers, white with speckling of wine-red. For a moist humus rich soil in shade, where it can form a colony. |
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Lilium formosanum |
August, September, 6 petal, |
24-60 x 24-36 (50-150 x 60-90) |
Narrow, lance-shaped Green. Mulch well with composted manures or compost and shredded bark to keep the roots cool and add humus to the soil. |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Native habitat is "Grassy slopes, seashores; near sea level to 3500 m. Taiwan. |
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Lilium formosanum |
Long-tubed, White |
August, September, |
12-18 x 8 (30-45 x 20) |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
This short variety is reliably hardy even in northern New England, but seems to be short-lived, lasting 2-3 years then dying out, but not to worry, typically a few seedlings show up. |
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Lilium hansonii Native to Korea |
Yellow-Orange with Chestnut spotting |
June 6 petal, |
12-48 x 20 (30-120 x 50) |
Dense whorls of lance-shaped, mid-to-dark Green leaves |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
It does not suffer late spring frosts well and when hit by a late frost, it will take a couple years to recover. It grows fairly easily in most well drained soils, including those with lime. It does like to be planted deep in partial shade. Plant 3, 7 or 11 bulbs in clumps in the ground from December-April. |
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Lilium henryi |
August 6 petal, |
120 x 12 |
Green. |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
As a stem rooting type of lily, the bulbs need to be planted at a depth of at least 3 times the bulb height.The flowers are tough, which will grow just about anywhere except the most acid of gardens. Grow in neutral to alkaline soil in a partially shaded spot, such as under trees. |
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Lilium leichtilinii |
Yellow, Purple spots |
July, August 6 petal, |
20-80 x 12 (50-200 x 30) |
Narrowly lanceolate, up to 6 inches long, Green |
Use at back of border. |
Requires sufficient drainage. |
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Lilium martagon |
Pink-Purple, |
June, July 6 petal, |
40-80 x 20 (100-200 x 50) |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Grows in any fertile, well drained soil in sun or partial shade. It thrives in sub-alpine meadows, woods or scrubs up to 7,000feet (210,000 cms) above sea level and tolerates all soils, though it prefers neutral to alkaline conditions. |
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Lilium nepalense |
Lime-Green, |
June, July 6 petal, |
36 -54 x 16 (90-135 x 40) |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use in a cool greenhouse. |
Between 1 and 3 flowers are normally produced. Best grown in a cool greenhouse and give it plenty of root space as they like to travel. Normally unscented, you will also find that these spectacular downward-facing blooms are perfect for flower arranging as they can last for days once cut. |
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Lilium pardalinum |
Red-Orange, |
July Clump. |
80-98 x 24 (200-295 x 30) |
It can be planted in deep containers for use in a cool greenhouse. |
This species likes a moist soil in sun or partial shade; it will tolerate some lime in the soil. An American native - within woodlands - that bears up to 10 orange-red turk’s caps, the petals are covered in large, maroon spots. |
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Lilium pumilum Named pumilum for its small size, compared to other lilies. |
Red with Black spots |
June, July 6 petal, |
8-28 x 12 (20-70 x 30) |
Thin and narrow, 4 inch long, Green leaves |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
TIt lasts long as a cut flower. The bulbs thrive in any well-drained soil and are equally at home in the rock garden. This species is an exciting edition to summer containers. Does not like lime but otherwise will grow quite happily outdoors. It may be short lived in cultivation, but tends to last longest in well-drained soils. |
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Lilium superbum |
Yellow to Orange with brownish purple dots |
July, August 6 petal, |
36-84 x 5-9 (90-210 x 12.5-22.5) |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
Does best in a rich, damp soil with plenty of humus. If possible, plant in an area with morning sun and afternoon shade, such as the east side of a house. Habitats include moist meadows in woodland areas, open woodlands and young flatwoods, thickets, and areas along lakes. |
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Lilium wallichianum |
October, November 6 petal, |
48 x 12 |
Narrow, green leaves |
It can be planted in deep containers for use on the patio or cool greenhouse. |
It is one of the last lilies to flower and therefore should be grown in a large pot or in cool greenhouse where it can be protected from frosts. |
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Unspecified Lilies |
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Lilium lancifolium |
Deep Orange-Red with |
June, July, 6 petal, |
80 x 12 |
Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use in a cool greenhouse. |
The number of flowers borne does vary but it is reliable and remarkably tough. It thrives in a moist acid soil but will grow in alkaline soils as well. An easy to grow species from Asia. |
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Lilium speciosum |
Dark Crimson-Red with White edge and spotted |
August, September, 6 petal, |
42 x 12 Well-drained Acidic Sand, or John Innes no. 2 for pots. Roots in the shade, flowers in the Full Sun or Part Shade from trees or shrubs. |
Dark Green |
It can be planted in deep containers for use in a cool greenhouse. These lilies can't cope with lime or chalky soil, so it is essential to grow them either in acid soil or in pots filled with ericaceous compost. The lily is attractive to wildlife, although gardeners should be aware that these lilies are also highly poisonous to domestic cats. |
When planting, each bulb should be surrounded with a little sharp sand both under and above the bulb to keep slugs away and to ward off excessive wetness. As most liliums are stem rooting we strongly recommend you plant at 15cm deep. They give a much better display when planted in clumps of 3, 6 or 12 bulbs (45cm apart). Lilium bulbs will greatly appreciate the shelter of low growing shrubs or other plants near their roots. In active growth, apply water freely and it is advised that every two weeks you apply a high potash liquid fertilizer. Deadhead after flowering and let the stems die back before cutting them back to the ground. Prompt deadheading ensures a vigorous growth the following year |
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Site design and content copyright ©January 2012. DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site. |
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How to Force Lilies to Bloom 1. Remove any fruit or vegetables from one of your refrigerator’s crisper drawers so you can use it for cold storage of the bulbs. Place the lily bulbs in a brown paper bag, or several bags, and fold over the top to close. Store the bulbs in the refrigerator for about 12 weeks. Do not put vegetables or fruit in the same drawer with the bulbs. 2. Line a shallow gardening pot with landscape fabric or newspaper. 3. Fill a bucket with a mixture of 3 parts garden soil, 2 parts peat moss and 1 part sand. 4. Add about 2 inches (5 cms) of the soil mixture to the container. 5. Place the bulbs in the soil mixture, close together, so the sides almost touch. Position the bulbs so the pointed ends face upward. Bulb forcing is not the same method as planting, so you don’t need to follow the normal spacing considerations. 6. Add more soil to the container so only the top 1/2 to 1 inch (1.25-2.5 cm) of the bulb's noses peek out of the soil. 7. Place a saucer under the pot and water the bulbs and soil thoroughly. Keep the soil moist at all times, but do not allow the soil to become soggy or the bulbs will rot. 8. Place the pot in a bright location in your home or in an enclosed patio that receives a good amount of sun. The optimum temperature for forcing planted bulbs is between 65 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit (18-21 degrees Celsius). 9. Fertilize the bulbs with a water-soluble fertilizer every two to three weeks. You should see lily blooms within eight to 10 weeks. |
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These are the galleries that will provide the plants to be added to their own Extra Index Pages
The following Extra Index of Bulbs is created in the
Having transferred the Extra Index row entry to the relevant Extra Index row for the same type of plant in a gallery below; then
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Index of Bulbs from Further details on bulbs from the Infill Galleries:-
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Bulbs and Corms with
Index of Bulbs from
Website Structure Explanation and
There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website :-
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Functional combinations in the border from the International Flower Bulb Centre in Holland:- "Here is a list of the perennials shown by research to be the best plants to accompany various flower bulbs. The flower bulbs were tested over a period of years in several perennial borders that had been established for at least three years. In combination with hyacinths:
In combination with tulips:
In combination with narcissi:
For narcissi, the choice was difficult to make. The list contains only some of the perennials that are very suitable for combining with narcissi. In other words, narcissi can easily compete with perennials. In combination with specialty bulbs:
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Site design and content copyright ©June 2007. Page structure amended November 2012. DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site. |
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UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given. Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Cabbages - Large White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed |
Egg,
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40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf. |
May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
July or August; hatches in 3 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Cherry with |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
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(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Currants |
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 15 days in May-June. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome) |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
... |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
1 then |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Nasturtium from Gardens |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Mountain pansy, |
Egg, Chrysalis |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. 3 weeks in September |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk. |
15 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
|
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk. |
July-August for 17 days. |
|
Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base. |
July to hatch in 8 months in March. |
|
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Willow |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
|
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
Asters |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
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Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Aubretia in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
|
Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Holly Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Buddleias |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Wood White |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Cabbage and cabbages in fields |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October |
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Adonis Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Pale Clouded Yellow |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Cow-wheat |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
30 days in May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-September |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
May-June for 18 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month. |
||
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Painted Lady |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
|
Marigolds in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September. |
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Michaelmas Daisies |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
|
Nasturtiums in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September |
|
Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-May |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
7 weeks in July-August. |
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Comma |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
|
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days in August. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June.
|
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
April-May |
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Rotten Fruit |
Butterfly |
Drinks juice |
July-September |
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Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar |
Butterfly |
Hibernates inside hollow trees or outhouses until March. Eats sap or fruit juice until April. |
10 months in June-April |
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Wild Flowers |
Large Skipper |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
June-August |
Links to the other Butterflies:- Black Hairstreak |
Topic - Wildlife on Plant Photo Gallery. Some UK native butterflies eat material from UK Native Wildflowers and live on them as eggs, caterpillars (Large Skipper eats False Brome grass - Brachypodium sylvaticum - for 11 months from July to May as a Caterpillar before becoming a Chrysalis within 3 weeks in May) chrysalis or butterflies ALL YEAR ROUND. |
Wild Flower Family Page (the families within "The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers" by David McClintock & R.S.R. Fitter, Published in 1956 They are not in Common Name alphabetical order and neither are the common names of the plants detailed within each family. The information in the above book is back-referenced to the respective page in "Flora of the British Isles" by A.R. Clapham of University of Sheffield, |
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When you look at the life history graphs of each of the 68 butterflies of Britain, you will see that they use plants throughout all 12 months - the information of what plant is used by the egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly is also given in the above first column.
THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE - This details that life and death from July 1972 to 2019, with the following result:- End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure.
CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:-
Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:-
THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges." |
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Recommended Plants for Wildlife in different situations
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From the Ivydene Gardens Box to Crowberry Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
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The Bumblebee Pages website is divided into five major areas:
FORCED INDOOR BULBS in Window Box Gardens. |
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Thyme |
Thymus praecox, wild thyme Thymus pulegioides Thymus leucotrichus Thymus citriodorus |
Thymes make a very fragrant, easy to care for windowbox, and an excellent choice for windy sites. The flower colour will be pinky/purple, and you can eat the leaves if your air is not too polluted. Try to get one variegated thyme to add a little colour when there are no flowers. |
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Herb |
Sage, mint, chives, thyme, rosemary |
Get the plants from the herb section of the supermarket, so you can eat the leaves. Do not include basil as it need greater fertility than the others. Pot the rosemary up separately if it grows too large. |
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Mints |
Mentha longifolia, horse mint Mentha spicata, spear mint Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal Mentha piperita, peppermint Mentha suaveolens, apple mint |
Mints are fairly fast growers, so you could start this box with seed. They are thugs, though, and will very soon be fighting for space. So you will either have to thin and cut back or else you will end up with one species - the strongest. The very best mint tea I ever had was in Marrakesh. A glass full of fresh mint was placed in front of me, and boiling water was poured into it. Then I was given a cube of sugar to hold between my teeth while I sipped the tea. Plant this box and you can have mint tea for months. |
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Heather |
Too many to list See Heather Shrub gallery |
For year-round colour try to plant varieties that flower at different times of year. Heather requires acid soils, so fertilise with an ericaceous fertilser, and plant in ericaceous compost. Cut back after flowering and remove the cuttings. It is best to buy plants as heather is slow growing. |
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Blue |
Ajuga reptans, bugle Endymion non-scriptus, bluebell Myosotis spp., forget-me-not Pentaglottis sempervirens, alkanet |
This will give you flowers from March till July. The bluebells should be bought as bulbs, as seed will take a few years to flower. The others can be started from seed. |
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Yellow |
Anthyllis vulneraria, kidney vetch Geum urbanum, wood avens Lathryus pratensis, meadow vetchling Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lotus corniculatus, birdsfoot trefoil Primula vulgaris, primrose Ranunculus acris, meadow buttercup Ranunculus ficaria, lesser celandine |
These will give you flowers from May to October, and if you include the primrose, from February. Try to include a vetch as they can climb or trail so occupy the space that other plants can't. All can be grown from seed. |
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White |
Trifolium repens, white clover Bellis perennis, daisy Digitalis purpurea alba, white foxglove Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette |
All can be grown from seed. The clover and daisy will have to be cut back as they will take over. The clover roots add nitrogen to the soil. The mignonette flower doesn't look very special, but the fragrance is wonderful, and the alyssum smells of honey. |
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Pink |
Lychnis flos-cucli, ragged robin Scabiosa columbaria, small scabious Symphytum officinale, comfrey |
The comfrey will try to take over. Its leaves make an excellent fertiliser, and are very good on the compost heap, though windowbox gardeners rarely have one. |
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Fragrant |
Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Alyssum maritimum Redsea odorata, mignonette Lathyrus odoratus, sweet pea |
The sweet pea will need twine or something to climb up, so is suitable if you have sliding windows or window that open inwards. You will be rewarded by a fragrant curtain every time you open your window. |
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Spring bulbs and late wildflowers |
Galanthus nivalis, snowdrop Narcissus pseudonarcissus, narcissius Crocus purpureus, crocus Cyclamen spp. |
The idea of this box is to maximize your space. The bulbs (cyclamen has a corm) will flower and do their stuff early in the year. After flowering cut the heads off as you don't want them making seed, but leave the leaves as they fatten up the bulbs to store energy for next year. The foliage of the wildflowers will hide the bulb leaves to some extent. Then the wildflowers take over and flower till autumn |
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Aster spp., Michaelmas daisy Linaria vulgaris, toadflax Lonicera spp., honeysuckle Succisa pratensis, devil's bit scabious Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal |
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Bee Garden in Europe or North America |
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Plants for moths (including larval food plants and adult nectar sources) from Gardens for Wildlife - Practical advice on how to attract wildlife to your garden by Martin Walters as an Aura Garden Guide. Published in 2007 - ISBN 978 1905765041:- |
Marjoram - Origanum officinale |
"On average, 2 gardeners a year die in the UK as a result of poisonous plants. Those discussed in this blog illustrate a range of concerns that should be foremost in the designer’s mind." from Pages on poisonous plants in this website:- |
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Wildlife-friendly Show Gardens
Many of our gardens at Natural Surroundings demonstrate what you can do at home to encourage wildlife in your garden:-
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Ivydene Gardens Water Fern to Yew Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
Only Wildflowers detailed in the following Wildflower Colour Pages |
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